Late Middle Ages - Knowledge

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The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century is rather seen as characterized by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of Western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the

1018: 8012: 2166: 1121: 8002: 1346:. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the 1408: 8022: 1524: 43: 4170: 2139:(1414–1418), the Papacy was once more united in Rome. Even though the unity of the Western Church was to last for another hundred years, and though the Papacy was to experience greater material prosperity than ever before, the Great Schism had done irreparable damage. The internal struggles within the Church had impaired her claim to universal rule and promoted 2792:. Giotto was the first painter since antiquity to attempt the representation of three-dimensional reality and endow his characters with true human emotions. The most important developments, however, came in 15th-century Florence. The affluence of the merchant class allowed extensive patronage of the arts, and foremost among the patrons were the Medici. 5146: 2653: – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided. This maxim is, however, often misquoted. Occam was referring to his nominalism in this quotation. Essentially saying the theory of absolutes, or metaphysical realism, was unnecessary to make sense of the world. 1902:

The accumulation of social, environmental, and health-related problems also led to an increase in interpersonal violence in most parts of Europe. Population increase, religious intolerance, famine, and disease led to an increase in violent acts in vast parts of medieval society. One exception to this

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While the Jews were suffering persecution, one group that probably experienced increased empowerment in the late Middle Ages was women. The great social changes of the period opened up new possibilities for women in the fields of commerce, learning, and religion. Yet at the same time, women were also

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terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called

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Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now generally acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and the term "late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography.

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of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and

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was a champion of the new medium and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

2132:(1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland, and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia, and most of the German princes. 2072:

code of conduct for the warrior class. This newfound ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and it gradually became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new

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each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, and the Low Countries, as well as London in England.

3463:(1458–1490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor 3267:

in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in

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In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a "commercial revolution". Among the innovations of the period were new forms of

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To many secular rulers, the Protestant Reformation was a welcome opportunity to expand their wealth and influence. The Catholic Church met the challenges of the reforming movements with what has been called the Catholic Reformation, or

2571:. Though the 15th-century Renaissance was a highly localised phenomenon – limited mostly to the city-states of northern Italy – artistic developments were taking place also further north, particularly in the Netherlands. 1891:. States were also guilty of discrimination against the Jews. Monarchs gave in to the demands of the people, and the Jews were expelled from England in 1290, from France in 1306, from Spain in 1492, and from Portugal in 1497. 3294:

spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an

2989:, which contained a wide variety of narrators and stories (including some translated from Boccaccio). The spread of vernacular literature eventually reached as far as Bohemia and the Baltic, Slavic, and Byzantine worlds. 1302:(1342–82) were marked by success. The country grew wealthy as the main European supplier of gold and silver. Louis the Great led successful campaigns from Lithuania to Southern Italy, and from Poland to Northern Greece. 2846:

remained the norm, and the Gothic cathedral was further elaborated. In Italy, on the other hand, architecture took a different direction, also here inspired by classical ideals. The crowning work of the period was the

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As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour was consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351

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and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the death of the young king

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of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

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were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting,

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Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing, which facilitated the dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. Those two things would later lead to the

2275:, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent 236:. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era. 1910:. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce, and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris, and 800:, "Man became a spiritual individual and recognized himself as such." This proposition was later challenged, and it was argued that the 12th century was a period of greater cultural achievement. 1845:. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the 3480:

drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, Pál Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of medieval times.

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presented an impediment to trade for the Christian nations of the west, who in turn started looking for alternatives. Portuguese and Spanish explorers found new trade routes – south of

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to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the

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This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of

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1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of

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Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the “Rise of the West”: Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries",

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began. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire cut off trading possibilities with the East. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the Spanish expedition under

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in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the

2811:. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the 3004: 3522: 2532:"depression of the Renaissance". In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made. 3525: 803:

As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis.

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was North-Eastern Europe, whose population managed to maintain low levels of violence due to a more organized society resulting from extensive and successful trade.

1275:, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the 1412: 2912:. Though Italy was later in evolving a native literature in the vernacular language, it was here that the most important developments of the period were to come. 2212:

had long fought against heretic movements, but during the late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from

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in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.

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At the same time, English wool export shifted from raw wool to processed cloth, resulting in losses for the cloth manufacturers of the Low Countries. In the

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languages. The vernacular had been in use in England since the 8th century and France since the 11th century, where the most popular genres had been the

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in this period, and some type of religious drama was performed in nearly every European country in the late Middle Ages. Many of these plays contained

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soon squandered all previous gains. The loss of France led to discontent at home. Soon after the end of the war in 1453, the dynastic struggles of the

4608: 3517: 1861:, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French 4128: 1540: 1215: 3510: 3220:

of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a "screen" at the other for the actors. Also important were

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were becoming gradually more assimilated into Irish society, and the island was allowed to develop virtual independence under English overlordship.

892:. The financial demands of war necessitated higher levels of taxation, resulting in the emergence of representative bodies – most notably the 4049: 9873: 9777: 7480: 3495: 3415:, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope 220:. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result, there was 2630: 9802: 3516: 3255:

forbid all religious plays in 1558, and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the

2649:, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or 9147: 7557: 4416:

The Waning of the Middle Ages: A Study of the Forms of Life, Thought and Art in France and the Netherlands in the XIVth and XVth Centuries

8058: 3512: 2711:. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle not only affected military organisation but also helped advance the nation-state. 1211: 150:

Despite the crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient

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Though many of the events were outside the traditional time period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the

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Cipolla (1976), pp. 318–29; Cipolla (1994), pp. 160–4; Holmes, p. 235; Jones, pp. 176–81; Koenigsberger, p. 226; Pounds, pp. 407–27.

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Baten, Joerg; Steckel, Richard H. (2019). "The History of Violence in Europe: Evidence from Cranial and Postcranial Bone Traumata".

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With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of

3514: 111:, reduced the population to around half of what it had been before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and 8631: 3667: 748: 3506: 3505: 3499: 661: 9079: 2061:

were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in

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origin or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular

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Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in

1393:. Hungary then fell into a serious crisis and was invaded, ending its significance in central Europe during the medieval era. 9657: 7435: 6587: 4837: 4183: 2584: 4843: 4068: 4058: 3501: 1814: 973:

died out, probably under extreme weather conditions in the 15th century. These conditions might have been the effect of the

6231: 6207: 3631: 1268: 4088: 3509: 3508: 3497: 552: 464: 8573: 7891: 7866: 7806: 5842: 4193: 3425:, or Champion of Christ, for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe. 2597:

European output of manuscripts 500–1500. The rising trend in medieval book production saw its continuation in the period.

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He had the greatest military potential of the 14th century with his enormous armies (often over 100,000 men). Meanwhile,

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France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.

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as a military leader changed the course of war in favour of the French, and the initiative was carried further by King

998: 885:. Meanwhile, the remaining nations of the continent were locked in almost constant international or internal conflict. 6970: 638: 547: 9822: 8025: 7987: 7517: 7387: 7364: 7343: 7324: 7302: 7280: 7258: 7229: 7205: 7186: 7162: 7138: 7109: 7090: 7068: 7049: 7020: 7001: 6959: 6937: 6918: 6897: 6871: 6849: 6828: 6807: 6785: 6756: 6737: 6715: 6694: 6670: 6651: 6625: 6606: 6568: 6549: 6527: 6505: 6481: 6455: 6422: 6403: 6369: 6347: 6328: 6307: 6274: 6250: 5507: 5099: 5065: 4501: 4451: 4424: 4381: 4349: 4270: 3464: 3444:

defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as

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Harvey, Barbara F. (1991). "Introduction: The 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century". In Campbell, B.M.S. (ed.).

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style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the

9652: 9013: 8558: 8153: 3069:. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of 3021:

Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities, it made up part of the

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which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the

2552:, the movement also led to innovations within the fields of science, art, and literature, helped by impulses from 9868: 9863: 9858: 9752: 9687: 8732: 8583: 8186: 8051: 7485: 2494: 986: 205:'s voyage to Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. 163: 3511: 2924:, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval worldview with classical ideals. Another promoter of the 8943: 8370: 8203: 8141: 7851: 7791: 7763: 7522: 7317:

The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts

6980: 3519: 3518: 3515: 1788: 1575: 702: 455: 144: 4108: 2470: 60:. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth. 9096: 8578: 8487: 7937: 7768: 3973: 3605: 2637:, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical, restrictions that had implication for 2314: 2259:

established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the

1996: 1987:(1315), it became clear to the great territorial princes of Europe that the military advantage of the feudal 1876:

The upheavals caused by the Black Death left certain minority groups particularly vulnerable, especially the

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created an enormous entity in the region. The union, and the conversion of Lithuania, also marked the end of

1041: 1012: 994: 833: 831:, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the late Middle Ages, with his book 208:

The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the

104: 57: 17: 3185:'s summons, struggles to escape, and finally resigns himself to necessity. Along the way, he is deserted by 2244:, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the 2026:

that major change was brought about; the new methods would eventually change the architectural structure of

2003:. Once properly managed, this weapon gave them a great advantage over the French in the Hundred Years' War. 647: 9707: 9692: 9587: 7178:

The Age of Reform, 1250–1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe

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in 1380. The victory did not end Tartar rule in the region, however, and its immediate beneficiary was the

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Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince

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in 1328, was at its outset marginalized in its own country, first by the English invading forces of the

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The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the

1044:. The English were eventually defeated, and the Scots were able to develop a stronger state under the 9848: 9632: 9592: 9033: 8563: 8317: 8278: 7665: 7428: 6491: 6193: 3770: 2676:

as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of

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reached the peak of their power in the 14th century but started going into decline in the fifteenth.

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fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the

1956: 1107: 1029: 3452:. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned. 2524:

in France would help finance the wars of kings, achieving great political influence in the process.

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but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The

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were challenged for the first time since antiquity. Within the arts, humanism took the form of the

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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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Lithuania defeats Golden Horde. Principality of Kiev becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

3498: 2593: 2271:, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in 633: 628: 445: 9510: 9418: 8717: 8712: 8568: 8226: 7620: 7590: 7268: 5493: 4198: 3695: 3684: 3404: 3128: 2796: 2306: 1555: 1514: 1506: 1291: 947: 917: 510: 4341: 4335: 3027:

of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the

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grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant

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had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the

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in politics and culture. By the 14th century, however, it had almost entirely collapsed into a

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The situation gradually led to the consolidation of central authority and the emergence of the

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and southern Catholic parts, resulting in the Religious Wars of the 16th and 17th centuries.

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The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340

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emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550, an example being

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For 18th-century historians studying the 14th and 15th centuries, the central theme was the

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in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the

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appeared. However, the glory of the Kingdom ended in the early 16th century, when the King

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The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present

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both maintained small companies of professional actors. Their plays were performed in the

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affected the conduct of war significantly. Though employed by the English as early as the

896:. The growth of secular authority was further aided by the decline of the papacy with the 8: 9812: 9677: 9547: 9337: 9266: 9023: 8996: 8979: 8967: 8789: 8745: 8492: 8422: 8365: 8282: 8108: 7901: 7881: 7861: 7826: 7758: 7670: 7537: 7148: 7037: 6217: 5757: 3961: 3922: 3831: 3777: 3722: 3477: 3324: 3285: 3043: 2876: 2843: 2831: 2685: 2634: 2588: 2580: 2330: 2176: 2090: 2033:

Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the

1984: 1858: 1829:. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the 1756: 1571: 1382: 1248: 1064: 1060: 1040:, was brought in to arbitrate. Edward claimed overlordship over Scotland, leading to the 1037: 951: 782: 594: 478: 411: 229: 217: 159: 128: 85: 3860: 3473: 2942:, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would 2283:, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. 1386: 9532: 9448: 9438: 9271: 9234: 9164: 9103: 9086: 9040: 8950: 8864: 8678: 8598: 8502: 8286: 8238: 8233: 8136: 8126: 8083: 8075: 8005: 7841: 7816: 7718: 7595: 7547: 7542: 7532: 7470: 7404:

The Medieval and Classical Literature Library: Original sources on the Late Middle Ages

7376: 7176: 6705: 6444: 6383: 5779: 4161: 4099: 3883: 3819: 3708: 3449: 3437: 3355: 3120: 3074: 2968: 2929: 2669: 2626: 2606: 2549: 2290: 2225: 2193: 1563: 1470: 1459: 1183: 1166:, met resistance in his attempts to consolidate his possessions, particularly from the 1152: 1072: 1056: 652: 524: 355: 120: 6243:

Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation

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Around 1350, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of

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The most important development of late medieval literature was the ascendancy of the

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Allmand (1998), pp. 150–3; Holmes, p. 304; Koenigsberger, p. 299; McKisack, p. 160.

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in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

3296: 3190: 3106: 3031:, a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards emerged the 2976: 2961: 2925: 2901: 2856: 2812: 2712: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2553: 2454: 2364: 2237: 2140: 1932: 1924: 1771:. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of 1666:

developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of

1583: 1579: 1502: 1482: 1276: 1163: 1159: 816: 797: 680: 341: 190: 179: 100: 81: 77: 7152: 6393: 5838: 1853:. It took 150 years for the European population to regain similar levels of 1300. 1473:(1462–1505), Moscow became a major regional power, and the annexation of the vast 1290:

experienced a golden age during the 14th century. In particular the reigns of the

9797: 9737: 9622: 9470: 9465: 9443: 9363: 9317: 9074: 9028: 8926: 8903: 8886: 8859: 8644: 8507: 8482: 8270: 8253: 8098: 7972: 7886: 7856: 7580: 7497: 7336:

Northern Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, the Graphic Arts from 1350 to 1575

6495: 6389: 4827: 3993: 3941: 3909: 3890: 3587: 3574: 3567: 3445: 3421: 3408: 3244: 2915: 2885: 2638: 2517: 2513: 2439: 2322: 2256: 2209: 2078: 2062: 2000: 1299: 1175: 1171: 1132: 1063:

in 1415 briefly paved the way for a unification of the two kingdoms, but his son

1045: 970: 781:(1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian 697: 379: 225: 136: 112: 48: 2967:

The new literary style spread rapidly and in France, influenced such writers as

2952:

also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern

2521: 1887:

were carried out all over Europe; in February 1349, 2,000 Jews were murdered in

1567: 9827: 9747: 9702: 9642: 9607: 9399: 9312: 9217: 9125: 8916: 8750: 8673: 8457: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8417: 8407: 8322: 8265: 8158: 8121: 7876: 7821: 7775: 7728: 7708: 7552: 7475: 7078: 6859: 6439: 5092:

Before the Black Death: Studies in The 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century

4410: 4175: 3766: 3736: 3701: 3635: 3581: 3391: 3359: 3269: 3162: 3090: 2998: 2980: 2957: 2719: 2704: 2486: 2419: 2403: 2129: 2107: 2068:

Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate

1951: 1911: 1826: 1796: 1703: 1683: 1587: 1518: 1510: 1443: 1424: 1390: 1374: 1351: 1252: 1136: 1091: 1087: 974: 897: 882: 828: 766: 416: 213: 175: 151: 140: 2881: 2795:

The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of

2224:

should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against

2018:

initially had little effect in the field of battle. It was through the use of

1354:, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. 9842: 9782: 9667: 9582: 9527: 9387: 9307: 9202: 9052: 9045: 8938: 8891: 8784: 8640: 8553: 8352: 7635: 7246: 7172: 7126: 6991: 6795: 6680: 6260: 5405: 4139: 4134: 4026: 3980: 3873: 3729: 3660: 3592: 3316: 3116: 3112: 2948: 2934: 2681: 2665: 2541: 2509: 2469:, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the 2354: 2310: 2286: 2241: 2217: 2198: 2188: 2027: 1810: 1806: 1764: 1720:. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. 1332: 1076: 866: 838: 808: 774: 690: 365: 256: 202: 73: 30: 8609: 6751:(New ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. 6221: 6197: 2601: 2208:) was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The 1940: 1640: 1237: 9817: 9617: 9522: 9368: 9342: 9251: 8933: 8921: 8869: 8829: 8824: 8688: 8683: 8512: 8342: 8213: 8131: 7801: 7698: 7502: 7312: 6537: 6465: 6357: 6241:

Oberman, Heiko Augustinus; Tracy, James D.; Brady, Thomas A., eds. (1994).

4155: 3850: 3798: 3784: 3558: 3412: 3411:

in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of Count

3350: 3273: 3260: 3221: 3200:

At the end of the late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in

3132: 2835: 2820: 2763: 2716: 2661: 2276: 2034: 2023: 2007: 1907: 1881: 1481:

in 1453, the Russian princes started to see themselves as the heirs of the

1455: 1324: 1256: 939: 925: 889: 846: 387: 360: 155: 5254:

The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence over Two Millennia

1906:

Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing

1232: 1051:

From 1337, England's attention was largely directed towards France in the

946:-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King 841:

rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

9757: 9505: 9500: 9492: 9477: 9302: 9207: 9018: 8854: 8819: 8799: 8779: 8757: 8722: 8497: 8375: 8360: 8332: 8168: 7952: 7655: 7562: 7444: 7409:

Historyteacher.net: Collection of links on the Late Middle Ages in Europe

6515: 4074: 3999: 3866: 3641: 3433: 3291: 3256: 3252: 3057: 2785: 2777: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2568: 2462: 2260: 2152: 2054: 2038: 1842: 1792: 1748: 1679: 1663: 1378: 1148: 1017: 966: 962: 874: 858: 824: 820: 793: 762: 566: 561: 431: 281: 209: 186: 108: 89: 7042:

Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy 1000–1700

6844:(1st ed.). Taylor & Francis, Inc.: Cambridge University Press. 6446:

The Western Mediterranean Kingdoms: The Struggle for Dominion, 1200-1500

5492:

A famous account of the nature and suppression of a heretic movement is

2143:

among the people and their rulers, paving the way for reform movements.

1999:, the English became acquainted with, and adopted, the highly efficient 1686:

also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily

9288: 9276: 9246: 9212: 9152: 8834: 8260: 7527: 7413: 6947: 5783: 5702:

Cipolla (1976), p. 275; Cipolla (1994), p. 203, 234; Pounds, pp. 387–8.

5230:

Brady et al., pp. 266–267; Chazan, pp. 166, 232; Koenigsberger, p. 251.

3233: 3217: 3194: 3039: 3023: 3015: 2953: 2905: 2897: 2505: 2490: 2446: 2334: 2313:

in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by

2302: 2298: 2233: 2184: 2165: 1896: 1888: 1599: 1490: 582: 392: 345: 320: 266: 233: 4735:

Allmand (1998), p. 455; Hollister, p. 363; Koenigsberger, pp. 306–307.

3476:, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and 1775:

to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the

849:, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. 761:

The term "late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the

9722: 9559: 9294: 9256: 8849: 8663: 8307: 7836: 7605: 6295: 4013: 3307:. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with 3225: 3032: 2808: 2700: 2622: 2564: 2474: 2466: 2450: 2301:

on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was

2294: 2046: 1862: 1477:

in 1478 laid the foundations for a Russian national state. After the

1120: 685: 406: 270: 170:, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the 124: 8036: 5775: 9712: 9408: 9229: 9057: 8972: 8911: 8874: 8517: 8312: 7871: 7748: 7625: 6472:

France in the Middle Ages, 987–1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc

5585:

Allmand (1998), p. 353; Hollister, p. 344; Koenigsberger, p. 332–3.

4771:

Allmand (1998), pp. 152–153; Cantor, p. 508; Koenigsberger, p. 345.

3976:. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke over the Russian principalities. 3951: 3877: 3441: 3312: 3300: 3299:. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of 3051: 3036: 3012: 2943: 2852: 2800: 2435: 2423: 2268: 2245: 2229: 2160: 2156: 2117: 2069: 2015: 1838: 1776: 1752: 1671: 1603: 1347: 1336: 1318: 1195: 861:

were still being defined in the 14th and 15th centuries. While the

787:

Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

397: 294: 198: 167: 5693:

Cipolla (1976), p. 283; Koenigsberger, p. 297; Pounds, pp. 378–81.

5531:

Allmand (1998), p. 15; Cantor, pp. 499–500; Koenigsberger, p. 331.

4552:

Allmand (1998), p. 29; Cantor, p. 514; Koenigsberger, pp. 300–303.

2938:. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of 2746:. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as 2672:

challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of

9627: 9482: 9394: 8387: 8198: 7512: 7061:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Volume 1: The Middle Ages

6730:

The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century

4726:

Allmand (1998), p. 455; Hollister, p. 355; Koenigsberger, p. 304.

4534:

Allmand (1998), p. 3; Holmes, p. 294; Koenigsberger, pp. 299–300.

4114: 3854: 3837: 3460: 3416: 3201: 3186: 3175:'s progress from birth to death. Another famous morality play is 3152: 3140: 3094: 2824: 2747: 2727: 2708: 2691:

Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of

2677: 2618: 2478: 2272: 2264: 2169: 2121: 2074: 2042: 1988: 1870: 1740: 1651: 1611: 1407: 1370: 1366: 1283:

family, held great power, on both economic and political levels.

1244: 1095: 958: 943: 942:

was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the

878: 804: 6890:

The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300–c. 1450

5500:

Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village, 1294–1324

3049:

The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as

1523: 1377:. After Italy, Hungary was the first European country where the 1361:

of Hungary led the largest army of mercenaries of the time, the

80:

lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. The late Middle Ages followed the

9647: 6644:

Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture

5729:

Jones, p. 121; Pearl, pp. 299–300; Koenigsberger, pp. 286, 291.

4263:

A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective

3320: 3229: 3205: 3144: 3136: 3008: 2431: 2411: 2371: 2280: 2113: 2019: 1884: 1834: 1760: 1691: 1675: 1615: 1559: 1544: 1543:, centered on the city of Constantinople and a few enclaves in 1280: 1129: 935: 931: 769:

was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his

721: 96: 53: 42: 6802:. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. 6689:. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. 5684:

Cipolla (1976), p. 275; Koenigsberger, p. 295; Pounds, p. 361.

5194:

Cantor, p. 564; Hollister, pp. 332–333; Koenigsberger, p. 285.

4829:

Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance

4699:

Hollister, p. 355; Holmes, pp. 288–289; Koenigsberger, p. 304.

4398:

Académie Royale de Belgique. Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres

3531:

Dates are approximate, consult particular articles for details

3494: 2738:, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the 2617:

The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the

1454:

rose in power thereafter, winning a great victory against the

837:(1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the 135:. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the 9612: 9602: 9597: 9069: 9064: 6646:(Reprint ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 5805:

Allmand (1998), pp. 243–54; Cantor, p. 594; Nicholas, p. 156.

4443:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 7: c. 1415 – c. 1500

3264: 3182: 3172: 3156: 3148: 3093:; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the 3028: 2939: 2751: 2696: 2610: 2501: 2482: 2427: 2415: 2378: 2267:

were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the

2221: 1768: 1744: 1736: 1695: 1687: 1562:

was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the

1328: 779:

Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

765:, along with the early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. 182:

scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

5902:

Jones, pp. 11–2; Koenigsberger, pp. 297–8; Nicholas, p. 165.

5483:

Hollister, p. 339; Holmes, p. 260; Koenigsberger, pp. 327–8.

5143:"World History in Context - Document - The Late Middle Ages" 4221: 4219: 3232:. These masques were especially popular during the reign of 1551:

in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was permanently extinguished.

162:

began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the

9742: 6223:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 7, c.1415–c.1500

6199:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415

4645:

Jones, pp. 350–351; Koenigsberger, p. 232; McKisack, p. 40.

4609:"The Little Ice Age: When global cooling gripped the world" 4029:'s first voyage reached India after circumnavigating Africa 3694:—first substantial Ottoman victory in Europe; partition of 2864: 2788:

art can be seen already in the early 14th-century works of

2692: 2309:

in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the

2125: 1659: 1655: 1486: 1071:(c. 1455–1485) began, involving the rival dynasties of the 950:

had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the

5094:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 1–24. 4992:

Allmand (1998), p. 547; Hollister, p. 363; Holmes, p. 258.

4974:

Allmand (1998), p. 586; Hollister, p. 339; Holmes, p. 260.

4872:

Koenigsberger, p. 322; Jones, p. 793; Martin, pp. 236–237.

3046:, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon. 1895:

vulnerable to incrimination and persecution, as belief in

1809:

and sowing for the winter grain. The background shows the

1682:

through their patronage of the arts. Other city-states in

1558:

was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of

877:

of the peninsula and turned their attention outwards, the

131:, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict, the 7403: 5456:

Hollister, p. 338; Koenigsberger, p. 326; Ozment, p. 158.

5028:

Allmand (1998), p. 162; Hollister, p. 99; Holmes, p. 265.

5001:

Cantor, p. 511; Hollister, p. 264; Koenigsberger, p. 255.

4983:

Allmand, pp. 150, 155; Cantor, p. 544; Hollister, p. 326.

4216: 3003: 2305:'s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new 1877: 5818:, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1) 5497: 5359:

Contamine, pp. 150–65; Holmes, p. 261; McKisack, p. 234.

3467:, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the 3251:, and the banning of religious plays in many countries. 2548:

movement. Though primarily an attempt to revitalise the

9727: 6972:

100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present

6582:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2540:

In the 14th century, the predominant academic trend of

2089:

in 1325, while the best known was probably the English

1610:

of 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire

1535:

The Byzantine Empire had for a long time dominated the

961:

benefited from its relative isolation and was the last

7297:(New ed.). New York: Princeton University Press. 6055:

Curtius, p. 396; Koenigsberger, p. 368; Jones, p. 258.

5938:

Burke, p. 24; Koenigsberger, p. 363; Nicholas, p. 161.

5167:

Duby, p. 270; Koenigsberger, p. 284; McKisack, p. 334.

4952: 4950: 4376:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3042:. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century 2556:

scholars who had to seek refuge in the west after the

1755:

had during the 15th century – particularly under

143:. Collectively, those events are sometimes called the 7359:(reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6500:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 6109:

Allmand, p. 319; Grant, p. 14; Koenigsberger, p. 382.

6064:

Curtius, p. 26; Jones, p. 258; Koenigsberger, p. 368.

5549:

Holmes, p. 312; MacCulloch, pp. 35–6; Ozment, p. 165.

2574: 1869:

in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of

1841:

that occurred later in the century, particularly the

5238: 5236: 4561:

Brady et al., p. xvii; Holmes, p. 276; Ozment, p. 4.

4151: 3762:—Serbian and Bosnian forces defeated by the Ottomans 3276:

theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

1805:

Peasants preparing the fields for the winter with a

1198:

control, setting up conflict for centuries to come.

6663:

The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500

5760:(1964). "Economic depression of the Renaissance?". 5296:

Jones, p. 350; McKisack, p. 39; Verbruggen, p. 111.

4947: 3119:were written in cycles of a large number of plays: 2497:, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy. 1586:was killed and the south of the country came under 239: 123:experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the 27:

Period of European history between AD 1300 and 1500

7375: 6800:The Black Death and the transformation of the West 6469: 6443: 5447:Cantor, p. 497; Hollister, p. 338; Holmes, p. 309. 5185:Cantor, p. 484; Hollister, p. 332; Holmes, p. 303. 4369: 3290:After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the 2660:, great advances were made, when such scholars as 2041:was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic 1658:from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to 158:texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the 7273:The European Renaissance: Centres and Peripheries 7221:Western society and the Church in the Middle Ages 6601:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6342:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6240: 5233: 2645:, following the manner of the earlier Franciscan 2112:The French crown's increasing dominance over the 1782: 1216:History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty 1021:The Battle of Agincourt, 15th-century miniature, 9840: 6641: 6300:Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries 5429:Cantor, p. 537; Jones, p. 209; McKisack, p. 251. 4717:Allmand (1998), pp. 450–455; Jones, pp. 528–529. 2473:and other forms of credit that circumvented the 2096: 1485:. They eventually took on the imperial title of 7181:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 6866:(New ed.). Sutton: Sutton Publishing Ltd. 6778:The Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History 6323:(10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2757: 2321:, he was then able to translate the Bible into 2236:. In spite of influential supporters among the 1182:was reclaimed by France. At the same time, the 1170:formed in 1291. When Charles was killed in the 7104:(2nd ed.). London and New York: Longman. 6746: 6599:Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550 5974:Allmand (1998), p. 269; Koenigsberger, p. 376. 5666:Allmand (1998), pp. 159–60; Pounds, pp. 467–8. 5567:Allmand (1998), p. 377; Koenigsberger, p. 332. 4890:Allmand (1998), p. 754; Koenigsberger, p. 323. 4825: 4663:Allmand (1998), p. 458; Koenigsberger, p. 309. 4494:Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550 2680:. The works of these scholars anticipated the 1813:in Paris, c. 1410; October as depicted in the 1124:France by 1477: a mosaic of feudal territories 8639: 8625: 8052: 7429: 7295:European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages 6001:Allmand (1998), pp. 300–1, Hollister, p. 375. 5836: 5341:Allmand (1998), p. 169; Contamine, pp. 200–7. 5283: 5281: 4396:"Les périodes de l'histoire du capitalisme", 2956:). Together, the three poets established the 2057:of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, 742: 5639:Allmand (1998), pp. 16–7; Cantor, pp. 500–1. 5540:Allmand (1998), pp. 15–6; MacCulloch, p. 35. 5474:Koenigsberger, pp. 327–8; MacCulloch, p. 34. 5251: 4672:Allmand (1998), p. 458; Nicholas, pp. 32–33. 4517: 4515: 4513: 4337:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 3135:(42). A larger number of plays survive from 3089:from the first half of the 14th century was 1880:, who were often blamed for the calamities. 7015:(2nd ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 6837: 6823:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 6412: 4917:Allmand (1998), pp. 771–774; Mango, p. 248. 4606: 4446:. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. 2730:, along with other innovations such as the 2434:merchants opened up direct sea routes with 1273:extensive territories held by the Habsburgs 819:, and late Middle Ages in the years around 8632: 8618: 8059: 8045: 7436: 7422: 7251:The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction 7147: 7010: 6772: 6732:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 5278: 4826:Waldman, Louis A.; Farbaky, Péter (2011). 4537: 4330: 3886:first used movable type printing in Europe 2402:The increasingly dominant position of the 2358:Main trade routes of late medieval Europe. 1466:, which extended its influence eastwards. 1309:'s attention was turned eastwards, as the 749: 735: 7319:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7085:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7063:(2nd ed.). New York: Fontana Books. 6927: 6913:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6892:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6841:Encyclopedia of African History, Volume 1 6665:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6316: 6226:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6202:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6171: 6169: 5830: 5576:Koenigsberger, p. 332; MacCulloch, p. 36. 4956:Hollister, p. 360; Koenigsberger, p. 339. 4510: 4265:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 2776:Urban dwelling house, late 15th century, 2641:thought. An alternative was presented by 2248:, were eventually suppressed in England. 2146: 1678:family became important promoters of the 1251:made the king of Bohemia first among the 7443: 7214: 6536: 6438: 5019:Hollister, p. 356; Koenigsberger, p. 314 4926:Hollister, p. 99; Koenigsberger, p. 340. 4409: 3769:(Galicia) between Poland and Lithuania ( 3373: 3349: 3279: 3002: 2880: 2771: 2600: 2592: 2353: 2175: 2164: 1939: 1800: 1759: – gradually explored the coast of 1639: 1522: 1406: 1323: 1231: 1119: 1016: 41: 29: 7289: 7245: 7058: 7036: 6887: 6858: 6794: 6703: 6679: 6615: 6388: 6364:(New ed.). London: Penguin Books. 6216: 6037:Curtius, p. 387; Koenigsberger, p. 368. 6010:Allmand (1998), p. 305; Cantor, p. 371. 5983:Allmand (1998), p. 302; Cantor, p. 539. 5947:Allmand (1998), p. 253; Cantor, p. 556. 5929:Allmand (1998), p. 155; Brotton, p. 27. 5756: 5657:MacCulloch, p. 266; Ozment, pp. 259–60. 5323:Contamine, pp. 139–40; Jones, pp. 11–2. 5314:McKisack, p. 240, Verbruggen, pp. 171–2 4439: 4364: 4308:, Volume 1, Books 1–4, (2001), p. xvii. 3472:Central Europe was defenseless. At the 3236:who had a House of Revels built and an 2563:In science, classical authorities like 2485:and eliminated the dangers of carrying 1833:. The demographic consequences of this 1247:prospered in the 14th century, and the 1212:Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1526) 14: 9841: 7373: 7333: 7239: 7171: 7102:An Economic History of Medieval Europe 7099: 7077: 6816: 6724: 6660: 6596: 6577: 6362:The Penguin History of Medieval Europe 6337: 6259: 6166: 6145:Koenigsberger, p. 383; Wilson, p. 329. 6136:Koenigsberger, p. 381; Wilson, p. 329. 6046:Cantor, p. 546; Curtius, pp. 351, 378. 5920:Cantor, p. 433; Koenigsberger, p. 363. 5711:Koenigsberger, p. 226; Pounds, p. 407. 5558:Allmand (1998), p. 16; Cantor, p. 500. 5377:Contamine, pp. 165–72; Holmes, p. 300. 5305:Allmand (1988), p. 59; Cantor, p. 467. 5089: 4807:Koenigsberger, p. 318; Wandycz, p. 41. 4681:Hollister, p. 353; Jones, pp. 488–492. 4491: 4372:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 4298: 3358:and the Hungarian armies fighting the 3330: 2116:culminated in the transference of the 1702:had by the early 14th century divided 166:through contact with Arabs during the 9874:14th-century establishments in Europe 8613: 8066: 8040: 7417: 7352: 7311: 7267: 7195: 7125: 6968: 6946: 6906: 6558: 6514: 6413:Waley, Daniel; Denley, Peter (2001). 6340:The Oxford History of Medieval Europe 6192: 5911:Grant, p. 160; Koenigsberger, p. 297. 5275:Jones, p. 164; Koenigsberger, p. 343. 5203:Hollister, pp. 332–333; Jones, p. 15. 5055: 4184:List of basic medieval history topics 2585:History of science in the Middle Ages 2340: 1837:, however, were not as severe as the 1541:tributary state of the Ottoman Empire 1267:in 1438, where it remained until its 34:Europe and the Mediterranean region, 6996:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 6989: 6490: 6464: 6356: 5956:Cantor, p. 554; Nichols, pp. 159–60. 5827:Jones, p. 42; Koenigsberger, p. 242. 5037:Allmand (1998), p. 192; Cantor, 513. 4543:Brady et al., p. xvii; Jones, p. 21. 3780:and first Ottoman conquest in Europe 3390:By the end of the 15th century, the 2535: 2333:. Europe became split into northern 1614:peninsula was annexed by, or became 1594:had become Ottoman territory in the 1446:fell during the 13th century in the 189:. Toward the end of the period, the 8574:History of the Mediterranean region 8021: 7466:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 7356:Art in Renaissance Italy, 1350–1500 7275:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. 7253:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7133:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7044:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge. 6975:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6747:Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1994). 6620:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 6563:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6544:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6522:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6432: 6294: 6266:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 5843:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5648:MacCulloch, p. 107; Ozment, p. 397. 5612:MacCulloch, p. 127; Ozment, p. 245. 5386:Cantor, p. 349; Holmes, pp. 319–20. 5123:Herlihy (1997), p. 17; Jones, p. 9. 4899:Allmand, p. 769; Hollister, p. 368. 4744:Holmes, pp. 311–312; Wandycz, p. 40 4496:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4479:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 4284:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 4194:Church and state in medieval Europe 2621:reconciliation of the teachings of 2220:in England. Wycliffe held that the 2124:in 1309. When the Pope returned to 2101: 2049:. The practice was associated with 1918: 1621: 1566:in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king 1496: 1259:threw the country into crisis. The 980: 938:of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian 24: 7558:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 6910:Firearms: A Global History to 1700 6766: 6181: 6175:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 101-103) 5266:Hollister, p. 323; Holmes, p. 304. 5221:Hollister, p. 330; Holmes, p. 255. 4762:Cantor, p. 507; Hollister, p. 362. 4753:Hollister, p. 362; Holmes, p. 280. 4708:Duby, pp. 288–293; Holmes, p. 300. 3618:First War of Scottish Independence 2575:Philosophy, science and technology 1991:was lost and that a well equipped 1815:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 1735:led to the creation of modern-day 1647:between Portugal and Castile, 1385 1489:, and Moscow was described as the 1082:The war ended in the accession of 907: 25: 9890: 9823:Western European and Others Group 7988:Historiography in the Middle Ages 7397: 6542:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399 6417:(3rd ed.). London: Longman. 6302:(2nd ed.). London: Longman. 5498:Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie. (1978). 5406:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Chivalry" 5149:from the original on 10 June 2024 5046:Cantor, 513; Holmes, pp. 266–267. 4570:Hollister, p. 366; Jones, p. 722. 3073:, and the leading composers were 2093:, founded by Edward III in 1348. 1396: 1201: 1101: 1032:in 1286 threw the country into a 139:was temporarily shattered by the 9879:1520 disestablishments in Europe 8559:Bibliography of European history 8154:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8020: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7224:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 6642:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1994). 6520:The Fifteenth Century: 1399–1485 6476:(New ed.). WileyBlackwell. 6415:Later Medieval Europe: 1250–1520 6320:Medieval Europe: A Short History 6245:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. 6157: 6148: 6139: 6130: 6121: 6118:Allmand, p. 322; Wilson, p. 229. 6112: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5992:Burke, p. 250; Nicholas, p. 161. 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5866:Grant, p. 142; Nicholas, p. 134. 5860: 5821: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5516: 5486: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5398: 5114:Jones, pp. 136–8;Cantor, p. 482. 4306:History of the Florentine people 4168: 4154: 4127: 4107: 4087: 4067: 4048: 2983:as a literary language with his 2842:In northern European countries, 2520:in England and individuals like 1236:Silver mining and processing in 991:Scotland in the Late Middle Ages 881:fell under the dominance of the 771:History of the Florentine People 240:Historiography and periodization 8584:History of Western civilization 8187:Christianity in the Middle Ages 7486:Christianity in the Middle Ages 7481:Decline of Hellenistic religion 7338:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. 7059:Cipolla, Carlo M., ed. (1993). 6561:The Oxford History of Byzantium 6285:Europe in transition, 1300-1520 5849:from the original on 2017-03-11 5816:The Journal of Economic History 5465:Cantor, p. 498; Ozment, p. 164. 5412:from the original on 2018-01-09 5389: 5380: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5269: 5260: 5245: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5083: 5074: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4846:from the original on 2024-06-10 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4528: 4484: 4471: 4460:from the original on 2024-06-10 4433: 4403: 4304:Leonardo Bruni, James Hankins, 4261:Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). 4246:Europe in transition, 1300–1520 4025:1497–1498: Portuguese explorer 3765:1342–1392: Partitioning of the 2892:, from a fresco painted in 1465 2442:lost much of their importance. 1967:saw many military innovations. 987:England in the Late Middle Ages 164:Renaissance of the 12th century 8428:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8371:Christianity in the modern era 8142:Christianity in late antiquity 7764:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 7374:Wilson, David Fenwick (1990). 6749:A history of women in the West 6269:. New York: Harper Perennial. 6091:Curtius, p. 35; Jones. p. 264. 4390: 4358: 4324: 4311: 4289: 4276: 4255: 4238: 2867:of unprecedented proportions. 2317:. Receiving the protection of 1789:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages 1783:Late medieval European society 1228:Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) 999:History of Ireland (1169–1536) 145:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages 84:and preceded the onset of the 13: 1: 8579:History of the European Union 7938:Disability in the Middle Ages 7611:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 7543:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6888:Allmand, Christopher (1988). 6780:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 6597:Najemy, John M., ed. (2004). 6395:The Birth of Europe: 400–1500 6317:Hollister, C. Warren (2005). 6163:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 86) 6127:Wilson, pp. 229, 289–90, 327. 5965:Brotton, p. 67; Burke, p. 69. 5875:Grant, pp. 100–3, 149, 164–5. 4232: 3974:Great Stand on the Ugra River 3428:Hunyadi succeeded during the 2908:, and romantic epics, or the 2870: 2855:, with Giotto's clock tower, 2613:in Europe in the 15th century 2289:, a German monk, started the 2097:Christian conflict and reform 2081:; the first of these was the 1271:in 1806. Yet in spite of the 1042:Wars of Scottish Independence 1013:Wars of Scottish Independence 995:Wales in the Late Middle Ages 834:The Autumn of the Middle Ages 811:continued the subdivision of 35: 7382:. New York: Schirmer Books. 6928:Contamine, Philippe (1984). 6707:Medieval Culture and Society 6338:Holmes, George, ed. (2001). 4340:. Harper & Row. p. 3398:, eventually conquering the 3197:goes with him to the grave. 3097:in the following centuries. 2758:Visual arts and architecture 2394:) Overland and river routes 1995:was preferable. Through the 965:country to be struck by the 777:used a similar framework in 88:(and in much of Europe, the 7: 8538:Russian invasion of Ukraine 8149:Crisis of the Third Century 7119: 7083:Mediaeval Trade and Finance 6838:Shillington, Kevin (2004). 4189:Timeline of the Middle Ages 4147: 3490:Timeline of the Middle Ages 3483: 2960:as the norm for the modern 2722:made possible not only the 1700:War of the Sicilian Vespers 1636:Portugal in the Middle Ages 1582:in 1389, where most of the 1365:, which he used to conquer 865:was beginning to repel the 10: 9895: 8594:Military history of Europe 8589:Maritime history of Europe 7739:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 7030: 7011:Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). 6954:. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 6881: 6635: 6559:Mango, Cyril, ed. (2002). 6380:Medieval Europe 400 - 1500 6186: 4607:Alan Cutler (1997-08-13). 4490:Le Goff, p. 154. See e.g. 4225:For references, see below. 4041: 3796: 3634:established a short-lived 3556: 3545: 3487: 3334: 3283: 3168:The Castle of Perseverance 3104: 3100: 3085:. A prominent reformer of 2996: 2874: 2761: 2578: 2150: 2105: 1922: 1786: 1625: 1500: 1400: 1205: 1143:and later by the powerful 1105: 1002: 984: 930:After the failed union of 914:Denmark in the Middle Ages 911: 852: 9593:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 9573: 9491: 9328: 9163: 9034:Standard Average European 8902: 8731: 8651: 8564:Genetic history of Europe 8546: 8351: 8167: 8107: 8074: 7996: 7925: 7784: 7679: 7666:Mongol invasion of Europe 7571: 7451: 6817:Horrox, Rosemary (1994). 6580:Medieval Russia, 980–1584 6154:Wilson, pp. 357–8, 361–2. 4321:, p. xiv; Cantor, p. 529. 3465:Frederick III of Habsburg 3419:awarded him the title of 3382:'s Black Army campaigns. 3343: 2859:'s baptistery gates, and 2348:Medieval merchant routes 1831:Great Famine of 1315–1317 1747:, thereby completing the 1527:Ottoman miniature of the 1108:France in the Middle Ages 1030:Alexander III of Scotland 971:Norse colony in Greenland 922:Sweden in the Middle Ages 918:Norway in the Middle Ages 105:Great Famine of 1315–1317 46:From the Apocalypse in a 9733:Lancaster House Treaties 9223:Christian existentialism 9183:Ancient Roman philosophy 9173:Ancient Greek philosophy 7378:Music of the Middle Ages 5603:MacCulloch, pp. 70, 117. 5502:. London: Scolar Press. 5368:Contamine, pp. 124, 135. 4492:Najemy, John M. (2004). 4209: 4204:Gothic book illustration 3753:University of Heidelberg 3193:, and Fellowship – only 2992: 2742:and the early phases of 2495:double-entry bookkeeping 2418:, as well as across the 2297:on the castle church of 1975:Through battles such as 1865:in 1358 and the English 1632:Spain in the Middle Ages 1628:Italy in the Middle Ages 1464:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1224:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1036:, and the English king, 1023:Enguerrand de Monstrelet 222:developmental continuity 9511:Equality before the law 8718:Romano-Germanic culture 8569:History of Christianity 7621:Investiture Controversy 7591:Second Bulgarian Empire 7196:Smith, John H. (1970). 7100:Pounds, N.J.P. (1994). 6969:Davis, Paul K. (2001). 6907:Chase, Kenneth (2003). 6726:Jordan, William Chester 6704:Herlihy, David (1968). 6661:Chazan, Robert (2006). 6616:Wandycz, Piotr (2001). 5763:Economic History Review 5494:Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie 5332:Contamine, pp. 198–200. 5242:Klapisch-Zuber, p. 268. 5056:Grove, Jean M. (2003). 5010:Allmand (1998), p. 577. 4597:Allmand (1998), p. 193. 4588:Allmand (1998), p. 673. 4199:Jews in the Middle Ages 3869:was burned at the stake 3840:was burned at the stake 3741:Polish–Lithuanian union 3685:Jagiellonian University 3405:Vladislaus I of Hungary 3319:'s circumnavigation of 3224:, performed during the 2803:and later described by 1767:found the sea route to 1515:Albanian principalities 1507:Second Bulgarian Empire 1415:around 1470, including 1240:, Bohemia, 15th century 948:Christian II of Denmark 873:kingdoms completed the 56:around the time of the 9869:16th century in Europe 9864:15th century in Europe 9859:14th century in Europe 9673:Eastern European Group 9262:Continental philosophy 9193:Judeo-Christian ethics 9178:Hellenistic philosophy 8659:Cradle of civilization 8393:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 7978:Post-classical history 7734:Fall of Constantinople 7641:Capet–Plantagenet feud 7508:First Bulgarian Empire 7353:Welch, Evelyn (2000). 7334:Snyder, James (2004). 7291:Curtius, Ernest Robert 7198:The Great Schism, 1378 6990:Keen, Maurice (1984). 6930:War in the Middle Ages 6578:Martin, Janet (2007). 6073:Koenigsberger, p. 369. 5839:"Condemnation of 1277" 5837:Hans Thijssen (2003). 5287:Allmand (1998), p. 125 5176:Koenigsberger, p. 285. 4690:McKisack, pp. 228–229. 4579:Allmand (1998), p. 703 4366:Haskins, Charles Homer 3394:had advanced all over 3383: 3367: 3337:Ottoman wars in Europe 3305:Protestant Reformation 3297:era of world discovery 3249:Protestant Reformation 3018: 2893: 2781: 2750:and the weight-driven 2614: 2605:Spread of printing by 2598: 2558:Fall of Constantinople 2544:was challenged by the 2395: 2206:Protestant Reformation 2201: 2173: 2147:Protestant Reformation 1968: 1821:Around 1300–1350, the 1818: 1743:was captured from the 1731:and the 1479 death of 1729:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1648: 1549:Fall of Constantinople 1532: 1479:Fall of Constantinople 1439: 1344:Sigismund of Luxemburg 1339: 1298:(1308–42) and his son 1241: 1188:Burgundian Netherlands 1125: 1116:Burgundian Netherlands 1025: 902:Protestant Reformation 900:and the coming of the 172:fall of Constantinople 61: 39: 9793:Three Seas Initiative 9768:Pacific Islands Forum 9633:British–Irish Council 9381:Greek Orthodox Church 8840:Industrial Revolution 8810:Scientific Revolution 8473:Industrial Revolution 6952:The Hundred Years War 6932:. Oxford: Blackwell. 6710:. London: Macmillan. 6283:Ferguson, Wallace K. 5675:Hollister, pp. 334–5. 5060:. London: Routledge. 4440:Allmand, ed. (1998). 4419:. London: E. Arnold. 4244:Wallace K. Ferguson, 4021:Treaty of Tordesillas 3771:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 3747:Battle of Aljubarrota 3674:Battle of Blue Waters 3668:Byzantine–Genoese War 3600:Battle of Bannockburn 3548:World history (field) 3377: 3353: 3280:After the Middle Ages 3240:established in 1545. 3087:Orthodox Church music 3061:, were the composers 3007:A musician plays the 3006: 2890:Domenico di Michelino 2884: 2875:Further information: 2849:Santa Maria del Fiore 2799:found in the work of 2775: 2768:Medieval architecture 2604: 2596: 2357: 2253:Richard II of England 2240:aristocracy, such as 2179: 2168: 2051:Edward III of England 1943: 1804: 1725:Isabella I of Castile 1723:The 1469 marriage of 1645:Battle of Aljubarrota 1643: 1537:eastern Mediterranean 1526: 1452:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1410: 1403:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1363:Black Army of Hungary 1327: 1235: 1220:Old Swiss Confederacy 1135:, which followed the 1123: 1020: 1003:Further information: 863:Grand Duchy of Moscow 337:Age of the human race 212:and the beginning of 45: 33: 9788:Special Relationship 9198:Christian philosophy 9143:Western Christianity 8805:Age of Enlightenment 8679:Hellenistic Kingdoms 8528:European debt crisis 8523:European integration 8463:Age of Enlightenment 8303:Republic of Florence 7958:Medieval reenactment 7754:Renaissance Humanism 7661:Medieval Warm Period 7631:Republic of Florence 7445:European Middle Ages 7200:. London: Hamilton. 7149:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 6492:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 6378:Koenigsberger, H.G. 6218:Allmand, Christopher 5522:MacCulloch, p. 34–5. 4863:Martin, pp. 100–101. 4120:Bohemian Reformation 4010:Christopher Columbus 3968:Battle of Breadfield 3903:Constantinople falls 3845:Council of Constance 3739:, initiation of the 3732:translated the Bible 3649:University of Prague 3344:Ottomans and Europe 3181:. Everyman receives 3067:Guillaume de Machaut 2973:Guillaume de Machaut 2631:Condemnation of 1277 2385:Venetian and Genoese 2307:St. Peter's Basilica 2137:Council of Constance 2087:Charles I of Hungary 2006:The introduction of 1847:population of Europe 1823:Medieval Warm Period 1773:Christopher Columbus 1654:was the seat of the 1574:was defeated by the 1475:Republic of Novgorod 1389:in 1526 against the 195:Christopher Columbus 70:late medieval period 9813:West Nordic Council 9678:Eastern Partnership 9267:Analytic philosophy 8968:Classical tradition 8790:Early modern period 8746:Classical antiquity 8741:European Bronze Age 8493:Revolutions of 1848 8423:Early modern France 8204:Anglo-Saxon England 8109:Classical antiquity 7671:Kingdom of Portugal 7538:Old Church Slavonic 7523:Anglo-Saxon England 6686:Medieval Households 6450:. London: Longman. 5621:MacCulloch, p. 128. 5594:MacCulloch, p. 115. 4935:Jones, pp. 796–797. 4636:Jones, pp. 348–349. 4613:The Washington Post 3962:Spanish Inquisition 3923:Empire of Trebizond 3905:to Ottoman conquest 3832:Battle of Agincourt 3778:Battle of Nicopolis 3612:Byzantine civil war 3580:1309: Beginning of 3539:Middle Ages themes 3478:Louis II of Hungary 3331:Ottomans and Europe 3286:Early modern period 3044:Albigensian Crusade 2877:Medieval literature 2844:Gothic architecture 2832:Italian Renaissance 2736:mariner's astrolabe 2686:Nicolaus Copernicus 2635:University of Paris 2589:Medieval technology 2581:Medieval philosophy 2550:classical languages 2489:; and new forms of 2465:and the issuing of 2331:Counter-Reformation 2091:Order of the Garter 2083:Order of St. George 1859:Statute of Laborers 1757:Henry the Navigator 1572:Lazar Hrebeljanovic 1469:Under the reign of 1383:Louis II of Hungary 1249:Golden Bull of 1356 1168:Swiss Confederation 1147:. The emergence of 1061:Battle of Agincourt 952:Stockholm Bloodbath 783:Christoph Cellarius 412:Classical antiquity 230:classical antiquity 218:early modern Europe 160:Italian Renaissance 86:early modern period 9272:Post-structuralism 9235:Christian humanism 8865:Universal suffrage 8599:Crusading movement 8503:Russian Revolution 8338:Hundred Years' War 8234:Maritime republics 8137:Early Christianity 8127:Hellenistic period 8084:Paleolithic Europe 7852:In popular culture 7817:Crusading movement 7689:Hundred Years' War 7548:Civitas Schinesghe 7533:Carolingian Empire 7518:Kingdom of Croatia 7471:Barbarian kingdoms 6774:Benedictow, Ole J. 6398:. WileyBlackwell. 5796:Pounds, pp. 484–5. 5395:Hollister, p. 336. 5132:Hollister, p. 347. 5058:The Little Ice Age 4965:Hollister, p. 338. 4162:Middle Ages portal 4100:Kingdom of Hungary 4080:Hundred Years' War 4059:Très Riches Heures 4055:Peasants in fields 3884:Johannes Gutenberg 3820:Battle of Grunwald 3709:Battle of Kulikovo 3625:Hundred Years' War 3450:Hungarian nobility 3438:John of Capistrano 3384: 3368: 3356:John of Capistrano 3228:season, and court 3075:Giovanni da Cascia 3019: 3011:in a 14th-century 2969:Eustache Deschamps 2894: 2797:linear perspective 2782: 2670:Oxford Calculators 2627:Christian theology 2615: 2607:Johannes Gutenberg 2599: 2516:in Italy, and the 2396: 2341:Trade and commerce 2319:Frederick the Wise 2291:German Reformation 2226:transubstantiation 2202: 2194:Ninety-five Theses 2181:All Saints' Church 2174: 2172:burnt at the stake 1969: 1965:Hundred Years' War 1851:Hundred Years' War 1819: 1649: 1618:to, the Ottomans. 1588:Ottoman occupation 1564:Battle of Velbazhd 1533: 1460:Battle of Kulikovo 1440: 1385:was killed in the 1340: 1288:Kingdom of Hungary 1257:Hussite revolution 1242: 1184:County of Burgundy 1141:Hundred Years' War 1126: 1073:House of Lancaster 1053:Hundred Years' War 1026: 1005:Hundred Years' War 894:English Parliament 133:Hundred Years' War 62: 40: 9836: 9835: 9663:Council of Europe 9565:International law 9518:Constitutionalism 9376:Eastern Orthodoxy 8882:Post–Cold War era 8815:Age of Revolution 8669:Greco-Roman world 8607: 8606: 8533:COVID-19 pandemic 8478:French Revolution 8453:Habsburg monarchy 8433:Cossack Hetmanate 8413:Portuguese Empire 8403:Absolute monarchy 8398:Thirty Years' War 8293:Holy Roman Empire 8218:Bulgarian Empire 8177:Early Middle Ages 8094:Bronze Age Europe 8068:History of Europe 8034: 8033: 7943:Basic topics list 7744:Swiss mercenaries 7694:Wars of the Roses 7601:Kingdom of Poland 7586:Holy Roman Empire 7453:Early Middle Ages 7240:Arts and sciences 7173:Ozment, Steven E. 7038:Cipolla, Carlo M. 6589:978-0-521-85916-5 5893:Grant, pp. 112–3. 4908:Hollister, p. 49. 4839:978-0-674-06346-4 4832:. Villa I Tatti. 4332:Burckhardt, Jacob 4034:Battle of Zonchio 3986:Le Morte d'Arthur 3958:Catholic Monarchs 3930:Catholic Monarchs 3925:fell to the Turks 3917:Siege of Belgrade 3861:Battle of Orléans 3826:Conquest of Ceuta 3814:Venetian Dalmatia 3692:Battle of Maritsa 3658:finishes work on 3457:Matthias Corvinus 3430:siege of Belgrade 3388: 3387: 3380:Matthias Corvinus 3364:siege of Belgrade 3083:Francesco Landini 3079:Jacopo da Bologna 3063:Philippe de Vitry 2979:helped establish 2906:troubadour lyrics 2830:The ideas of the 2643:William of Ockham 2633:, enacted at the 2536:Arts and sciences 2400: 2399: 2197:, giving rise to 2059:Swiss mercenaries 1973: 1972: 1944:Miniature of the 1733:John II of Aragon 1718:Kingdom of Naples 1711:Kingdom of Sicily 1608:siege of Belgrade 1596:Battle of Maritsa 1592:southern Bulgaria 1529:siege of Belgrade 1373:and to fight the 1359:Matthias Corvinus 1265:House of Habsburg 1261:Holy Roman Empire 1253:imperial electors 1208:Holy Roman Empire 1192:Holy Roman Empire 1180:Duchy of Burgundy 1145:Duchy of Burgundy 1112:Duchy of Burgundy 1069:Wars of the Roses 1034:succession crisis 1009:Wars of the Roses 969:. Meanwhile, the 823:. Yet it was his 759: 758: 711: 710: 703:Political history 328: 316: 286: 282:Pleistocene epoch 16:(Redirected from 9886: 9849:Late Middle Ages 9708:EU Customs Union 9240:Secular humanism 9188:Christian ethics 9138:East–West Schism 9121:Physical culture 8845:Great Divergence 8795:Age of Discovery 8634: 8627: 8620: 8611: 8610: 8468:Great Divergence 8383:Age of Discovery 8328:Late Middle Ages 8298:High Middle Ages 8209:Byzantine Empire 8192:Christianization 8182:Migration Period 8117:Classical Greece 8089:Neolithic Europe 8061: 8054: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8024: 8023: 8014: 8013: 8004: 7963:Medieval studies 7807:Church and State 7681:Late Middle Ages 7573:High Middle Ages 7491:Christianization 7461:Migration Period 7438: 7431: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7393: 7381: 7370: 7349: 7330: 7308: 7286: 7264: 7235: 7211: 7192: 7168: 7144: 7115: 7096: 7074: 7055: 7026: 7007: 6986: 6965: 6943: 6924: 6903: 6877: 6855: 6834: 6813: 6791: 6762: 6743: 6721: 6700: 6676: 6657: 6631: 6612: 6593: 6574: 6555: 6533: 6511: 6487: 6475: 6461: 6449: 6433:Specific regions 6428: 6409: 6390:Le Goff, Jacques 6375: 6353: 6334: 6313: 6280: 6256: 6237: 6233:978-1-13905575-8 6213: 6209:978-1-13905574-1 6176: 6173: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5885: 5884:Grant, pp. 95–7. 5882: 5876: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4615:. Archived from 4604: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4508: 4507: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4375: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4259: 4253: 4242: 4226: 4223: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4131: 4111: 4091: 4071: 4052: 3960:established the 3936:Battle of Lipnic 3912:printed in Mainz 3897:Battle of Suzdal 3808:Battle of Ankara 3760:Battle of Kosovo 3723:Peasants' Revolt 3716:Canterbury Tales 3656:Giovanni Villani 3542: 3538: 3535: 3474:Battle of Mohács 3400:Byzantine Empire 3396:Southeast Europe 3341: 3340: 3311:' travel to the 3238:Office of Revels 3171:, which depicts 3107:Medieval theatre 2986:Canterbury Tales 2977:Geoffrey Chaucer 2962:Italian language 2926:Italian language 2902:chanson de geste 2888:as portrayed by 2813:High Renaissance 2647:John Duns Scotus 2512:in Germany, the 2493:, in particular 2471:bill of exchange 2455:Hanseatic League 2389: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2345: 2344: 2251:The marriage of 2141:anti-clericalism 2102:The Papal Schism 2079:chivalric orders 1933:Medieval warfare 1929: 1928: 1925:Medieval warfare 1919:Military history 1867:Peasants' Revolt 1825:gave way to the 1622:Southwest Europe 1584:Serbian nobility 1580:Battle of Kosovo 1556:Bulgarian Empire 1503:Byzantine Empire 1497:Southeast Europe 1483:Byzantine Empire 1387:Battle of Mohács 1277:Hanseatic League 1186:and the wealthy 1164:Duke of Burgundy 1160:Charles the Bold 981:Northwest Europe 859:Christian Europe 798:Jacob Burckhardt 751: 744: 737: 726: 720: 681:Age of Discovery 588: 587: 356:Earliest records 342:Recorded history 318: 306: 278: 276: 265: 244: 243: 191:Age of Discovery 129:Peasants' Revolt 103:, including the 82:High Middle Ages 78:European history 66:late Middle Ages 37: 21: 9894: 9893: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9798:UKUSA Agreement 9738:Lublin Triangle 9623:Baltic Assembly 9575: 9569: 9487: 9324: 9159: 9029:Eurolinguistics 8898: 8887:Information age 8860:Interwar period 8727: 8647: 8638: 8608: 8603: 8542: 8508:Interwar period 8483:Napoleonic Wars 8347: 8318:Mongol invasion 8271:Crown of Aragon 8163: 8103: 8099:Iron Age Europe 8070: 8065: 8035: 8030: 7992: 7973:Neo-medievalism 7921: 7857:Itinerant court 7780: 7675: 7596:Georgian Empire 7581:Norman Conquest 7567: 7513:Frankish Empire 7447: 7442: 7400: 7390: 7367: 7346: 7327: 7305: 7283: 7261: 7242: 7232: 7208: 7189: 7165: 7154:The Reformation 7141: 7122: 7112: 7093: 7071: 7052: 7033: 7023: 7004: 6983: 6962: 6940: 6921: 6900: 6884: 6874: 6864:The Black Death 6860:Ziegler, Philip 6852: 6831: 6820:The Black Death 6810: 6788: 6769: 6767:The Black Death 6759: 6740: 6718: 6697: 6673: 6654: 6638: 6628: 6609: 6590: 6571: 6552: 6530: 6508: 6484: 6458: 6440:Abulafia, David 6435: 6425: 6406: 6372: 6350: 6331: 6310: 6277: 6253: 6234: 6210: 6189: 6184: 6182:Further reading 6179: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028:Cantor, p. 346. 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5850: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5776:10.2307/2592852 5755: 5751: 5747:Pounds, p. 483. 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630:Ozment, p. 246. 5629: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5438:Cantor, p. 496. 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350:Cantor, p. 515. 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5212:Chazan, p. 194. 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881:Martin, p. 239. 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4849: 4847: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789:Wandycz, p. 40. 4788: 4784: 4780:Wandycz, p. 38. 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4477:Norman Cantor, 4476: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4411:Huizinga, Johan 4408: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4295:Cantor, p. 594. 4294: 4290: 4282:Norman Cantor, 4281: 4277: 4260: 4256: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4112: 4103: 4097: 4092: 4083: 4077: 4072: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4004:fall of Granada 4002:ended with the 3994:Alhambra Decree 3942:Burgundian Wars 3910:Gutenberg Bible 3891:Battle of Varna 3801: 3790: 3789: 3575:Knights Templar 3568:William Wallace 3561: 3550: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3492: 3486: 3446:king of Hungary 3422:Athleta Christi 3409:Battle of Varna 3339: 3333: 3288: 3282: 3245:Catholic Church 3109: 3103: 3001: 2995: 2916:Dante Alighieri 2879: 2873: 2784:A precursor to 2770: 2762:Main articles: 2760: 2591: 2579:Main articles: 2577: 2538: 2440:Champagne fairs 2406:in the eastern 2387: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2343: 2257:Anne of Bohemia 2210:Catholic Church 2163: 2151:Main articles: 2149: 2110: 2104: 2099: 2012:Battle of Crécy 1962: 1961: 1949: 1946:Battle of Crécy 1927: 1921: 1799: 1785: 1763:, and in 1498, 1638: 1626:Main articles: 1624: 1521: 1501:Main articles: 1499: 1448:Mongol invasion 1405: 1399: 1300:Louis the Great 1230: 1206:Main articles: 1204: 1176:Battle of Nancy 1172:Burgundian Wars 1133:House of Valois 1118: 1106:Main articles: 1104: 1059:victory at the 1015: 1001: 985:Main articles: 983: 928: 912:Main articles: 910: 908:Northern Europe 855: 755: 724: 718: 713: 712: 707: 667: 666: 657: 643: 624: 605: 604: 585: 575: 574: 573: 557: 543: 534: 520: 506: 505: 495: 485: 484: 483: 474: 460: 441: 422: 421: 402: 382: 372: 371: 370: 351: 332: 331: 317: 305: 297: 274: 263: 242: 137:Catholic Church 113:endemic warfare 52:illuminated at 49:Biblia Pauperum 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9892: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9828:Westernization 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9808:Visegrád Group 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9748:Nordic Council 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9643:Bucharest Nine 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9608:Arctic Council 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9520: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9218:Existentialism 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9089: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8994: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8953: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8936: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8908: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8782: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8751:Late antiquity 8743: 8737: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8637: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8614: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8458:Russian Empire 8455: 8450: 8448:British Empire 8445: 8443:Dutch Republic 8440: 8438:Swedish Empire 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8418:Spanish Empire 8415: 8410: 8408:Ottoman Empire 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8323:Serbian Empire 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8159:Late antiquity 8156: 8151: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8122:Roman Republic 8119: 8113: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8064: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8018: 8008: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7968:Misconceptions 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7776:Little Ice Age 7773: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7729:Western Schism 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7483: 7478: 7476:Late antiquity 7473: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7399: 7398:External links 7396: 7395: 7394: 7388: 7371: 7365: 7350: 7344: 7331: 7325: 7309: 7303: 7287: 7281: 7265: 7259: 7247:Brotton, Jerry 7241: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7216:Southern, R.W. 7212: 7206: 7193: 7187: 7169: 7163: 7145: 7139: 7127:Kenny, Anthony 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7110: 7097: 7091: 7075: 7069: 7056: 7050: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7021: 7008: 7002: 6987: 6981: 6966: 6960: 6944: 6938: 6925: 6919: 6904: 6898: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6872: 6856: 6850: 6835: 6829: 6814: 6808: 6796:Herlihy, David 6792: 6786: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6757: 6744: 6738: 6722: 6716: 6701: 6695: 6681:Herlihy, David 6677: 6671: 6658: 6652: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6626: 6613: 6607: 6594: 6588: 6575: 6569: 6556: 6550: 6534: 6528: 6512: 6506: 6488: 6482: 6462: 6456: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6410: 6404: 6386: 6376: 6370: 6354: 6348: 6335: 6329: 6314: 6308: 6292: 6281: 6275: 6261:Cantor, Norman 6257: 6251: 6238: 6232: 6220:, ed. (1998). 6214: 6208: 6196:, ed. (2000). 6194:Jones, Michael 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6082:Jones, p. 264. 6075: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5829: 5820: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5508: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5431: 5422: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5244: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5100: 5082: 5073: 5066: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4946: 4944:Jones, p. 875. 4937: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4838: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4798:Jones, p. 737. 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4654:Jones, p. 351. 4647: 4638: 4629: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4509: 4502: 4483: 4481:(1994) p. 530. 4470: 4452: 4432: 4425: 4402: 4389: 4382: 4357: 4350: 4323: 4310: 4297: 4288: 4286:(1994) p. 480. 4275: 4254: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4176:History portal 4165: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4113: 4106: 4104: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4006: 3996: 3990: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3954: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3803: 3802: 3797:Main article: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3767:Kingdom of Rus 3763: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3737:Union of Krewo 3733: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3702:Avignon Papacy 3698: 3688: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3636:Serbian Empire 3628: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3584: 3582:Avignon papacy 3578: 3577:were destroyed 3571: 3563: 3562: 3557:Main article: 3493: 3488:Main article: 3485: 3482: 3392:Ottoman Empire 3386: 3385: 3370: 3369: 3360:Ottoman Empire 3346: 3345: 3335:Main article: 3332: 3329: 3284:Main article: 3281: 3278: 3222:Mummers' plays 3163:Morality plays 3105:Main article: 3102: 3099: 3091:John Kukuzelis 3055:as opposed to 2999:Medieval music 2997:Main article: 2994: 2991: 2981:Middle English 2975:. In England, 2958:Tuscan dialect 2872: 2869: 2759: 2756: 2720:printing press 2705:printing press 2576: 2573: 2537: 2534: 2475:canonical laws 2420:Atlantic Ocean 2404:Ottoman Empire 2398: 2397: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2339: 2148: 2145: 2130:Western Schism 2108:Western Schism 2106:Main article: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2028:fortifications 1971: 1970: 1952:Jean Froissart 1950:Manuscript of 1936: 1935: 1923:Main article: 1920: 1917: 1912:Constantinople 1827:Little Ice Age 1797:Little Ice Age 1784: 1781: 1704:southern Italy 1684:northern Italy 1623: 1620: 1519:Ottoman Empire 1511:Serbian Empire 1498: 1495: 1471:Ivan the Great 1413:Russian states 1401:Main article: 1398: 1397:Eastern Europe 1395: 1391:Ottoman Empire 1375:Ottoman Empire 1352:Ottoman Empire 1296:Charles Robert 1263:passed to the 1203: 1202:Central Europe 1200: 1190:came into the 1137:House of Capet 1103: 1102:Western Europe 1100: 1092:Hiberno-Norman 1088:House of Tudor 982: 979: 975:Little Ice Age 909: 906: 898:Western Schism 883:Ottoman Empire 857:The limits of 854: 851: 829:Johan Huizinga 767:Leonardo Bruni 757: 756: 754: 753: 746: 739: 731: 728: 727: 715: 714: 709: 708: 706: 705: 700: 695: 694: 693: 683: 677: 674: 673: 669: 668: 665: 664: 658: 656: 655: 650: 648:Southeast Asia 644: 642: 641: 636: 631: 625: 623: 622: 617: 612: 606: 603: 602: 597: 591: 586: 581: 580: 577: 576: 572: 571: 570: 569: 558: 556: 555: 550: 548:Southeast Asia 544: 542: 541: 535: 533: 532: 527: 521: 519: 518: 513: 507: 504: 503: 497: 496: 491: 490: 487: 486: 482: 481: 475: 473: 472: 467: 465:Southeast Asia 461: 459: 458: 453: 448: 442: 440: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 417:Late antiquity 414: 409: 403: 401: 400: 395: 390: 384: 383: 378: 377: 374: 373: 369: 368: 363: 358: 352: 350: 349: 339: 333: 330: 329: 299: 298: 293: 292: 289: 288: 260: 259: 253: 252: 241: 238: 214:modern history 141:Western Schism 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9891: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9773:PROSUR/PROSUL 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9668:Craiova Group 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9583:ABCANZ Armies 9581: 9580: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9388:Protestantism 9386: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9308:Sovereigntism 9306: 9304: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9203:Scholasticism 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8892:War on terror 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8785:Modern period 8783: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8641:Western world 8635: 8630: 8628: 8623: 8621: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8554:Art of Europe 8552: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8353:Modern period 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8027: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7636:Scholasticism 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498:Rise of Islam 7496: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7391: 7389:0-02-872951-X 7385: 7380: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7366:0-19-284279-X 7362: 7358: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7345:0-13-189564-8 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7326:0-521-56762-9 7322: 7318: 7314: 7313:Grant, Edward 7310: 7306: 7304:0-691-01899-5 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7282:0-631-19845-8 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7260:0-19-280163-5 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7231:0-14-020503-9 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7207:0-241-01520-0 7203: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7188:0-300-02477-0 7184: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7164:0-14-303538-X 7160: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7140:0-19-287647-3 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7111:0-582-21599-4 7107: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7092:0-521-52202-1 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7070:0-85527-159-0 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7051:0-415-09005-9 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7024: 7022:0-85115-630-4 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7003:0-300-03150-5 6999: 6995: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6961:0-333-53175-2 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6939:0-631-13142-6 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6920:9780521822749 6916: 6912: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6899:0-521-31923-4 6895: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6875: 6873:0-7509-3202-3 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6851:9781579582456 6847: 6843: 6842: 6836: 6832: 6830:0-7190-3497-3 6826: 6822: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6809:0-7509-3202-3 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6787:0-85115-943-5 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6758:0-674-40368-1 6754: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6739:0-691-01134-6 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6717:0-88133-747-1 6713: 6709: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6696:0-674-56375-1 6692: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6672:0-521-61664-6 6668: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6653:0-472-08260-4 6649: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6629: 6627:0-415-25491-4 6623: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6608:0-19-870040-7 6604: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6570:0-19-814098-3 6566: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6551:0-19-821712-9 6547: 6543: 6539: 6538:McKisack, May 6535: 6531: 6529:0-19-821714-5 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6507:0-472-08260-4 6503: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6483:0-631-18945-9 6479: 6474: 6473: 6467: 6466:Duby, Georges 6463: 6459: 6457:0-582-07820-2 6453: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6426: 6424:0-582-25831-6 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6405:0-631-22888-8 6401: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6371:0-14-013630-4 6367: 6363: 6359: 6358:Keen, Maurice 6355: 6351: 6349:0-19-280133-3 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6330:0-07-295515-5 6326: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6309:0-582-49179-7 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6276:0-06-017033-6 6272: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6252:90-04-09762-7 6248: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6172: 6170: 6160: 6151: 6142: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770:(3): 519–24. 5769: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5758:Cipolla, C.M. 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5511: 5509:0-85967-403-7 5505: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5272: 5263: 5255: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5111: 5103: 5101:0-7190-3208-3 5097: 5093: 5086: 5080:Jones, p. 88. 5077: 5069: 5067:0-415-01449-2 5063: 5059: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4619:on 2019-10-22 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4503:0-19-870040-7 4499: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4453:9780521382960 4449: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4428: 4426:0-312-85540-0 4422: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4383:0-19-821934-2 4379: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4351:0-06-090460-7 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4271:0-8263-2871-7 4268: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4152: 4141: 4140:Protestantism 4136: 4135:Martin Luther 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4027:Vasco da Gama 4024: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4012:reached the " 4011: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3981:Thomas Malory 3978: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3874:Medici family 3871: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3730:John Wycliffe 3727: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3661:Nuova Cronica 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3632:Stephen Dušan 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3593:Divine Comedy 3589: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3543:Other themes 3532: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317:Vasco da Gama 3315:in 1492, and 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3263:in 1547, and 3262: 3259:in 1539, the 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117:Mystery plays 3114: 3113:British Isles 3108: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2946:later (whose 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2921:Divine Comedy 2917: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2863:'s cathedral 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2684:worldview of 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666:Nicole Oresme 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2651:Occam's razor 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:scholasticism 2533: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408:Mediterranean 2405: 2393: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311:Diet of Worms 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Martin Luther 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2242:John of Gaunt 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:John Wycliffe 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2199:Protestantism 2196: 2195: 2190: 2189:Martin Luther 2186: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2085:, founded by 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2024:siege weapons 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1966: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1811:Louvre castle 1808: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Vasco da Gama 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662:in 1378, the 1661: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590:, as much of 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442:The state of 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1333:Beckov Castle 1330: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178:in 1477, the 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1077:House of York 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028:The death of 1024: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 927: 923: 919: 915: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 850: 848: 842: 840: 839:Low Countries 836: 835: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:Henri Pirenne 806: 801: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775:Flavio Biondo 772: 768: 764: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 733: 732: 730: 729: 723: 717: 716: 704: 701: 699: 696: 692: 691:Postmodernity 689: 688: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 676: 675: 671: 670: 663: 660: 659: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 621: 620:South America 618: 616: 615:North America 613: 611: 608: 607: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 590: 589: 584: 579: 578: 568: 565: 564: 563: 560: 559: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 540: 537: 536: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 502: 499: 498: 494: 493:Postclassical 489: 488: 480: 477: 476: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 438: 437:South America 435: 433: 432:North America 430: 428: 425: 424: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 376: 375: 367: 366:Proto-writing 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 347: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 326: 322: 315: 314: 310: 304: 301: 300: 296: 291: 290: 285: 284: 283: 272: 268: 262: 261: 258: 257:Human history 255: 254: 250: 246: 245: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 204: 203:Vasco da Gama 200: 196: 192: 188: 183: 181: 177: 176:Ottoman Turks 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 59: 55: 51: 50: 44: 32: 19: 18:Late-medieval 9818:Western Bloc 9618:AUSCANNZUKUS 9574:Contemporary 9523:Human rights 9369:Latin Church 9343:Christianity 9293: 9252:Conservatism 9097:contemporary 8934:Architecture 8870:World War II 8830:Emancipation 8825:Abolitionism 8772: 8713:Romanization 8708:Roman legacy 8689:Roman Empire 8513:World War II 8366:Early modern 8343:Kalmar Union 8327: 8214:Papal States 8132:Roman Empire 7797:Architecture 7769:Great Famine 7759:Universities 7699:Hussite Wars 7680: 7616:Great Schism 7503:Papal States 7377: 7355: 7335: 7316: 7294: 7272: 7269:Burke, Peter 7250: 7220: 7197: 7177: 7153: 7130: 7101: 7082: 7079:Postan, M.M. 7060: 7041: 7012: 6992: 6971: 6951: 6929: 6909: 6889: 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Penguin. 6948:Curry, Anne 6516:Jacob, E.F. 4075:Joan of Arc 4000:Reconquista 3940:1474–1477: 3867:Joan of Arc 3849:1419–1434: 3755:was founded 3687:was founded 3666:1348–1349: 3651:was founded 3642:Black Death 3407:during the 3292:Renaissance 3257:Netherlands 3253:Elizabeth I 3210:Richard III 3058:ars antiqua 3040:troubadours 2954:lyric poems 2786:Renaissance 2778:Halberstadt 2744:colonialism 2732:cross-staff 2724:Reformation 2569:Renaissance 2518:de la Poles 2463:partnership 2293:by posting 2234:indulgences 2191:posted his 2153:Reformation 2055:condottieri 2047:mercenaries 2045:or foreign 2039:feudal levy 1981:Bannockburn 1899:increased. 1882:Anti-Jewish 1843:Black Death 1793:Black Death 1749:Reconquista 1739:. In 1492, 1680:Renaissance 1664:Papal State 1547:. With the 1444:Kievan Rus' 1379:Renaissance 1321:in Europe. 1269:dissolution 1158:Meanwhile, 1149:Joan of Arc 967:Black Death 875:Reconquista 827:colleague, 821:World War I 794:Renaissance 763:Middle Ages 567:Renaissance 226:ancient age 210:Middle Ages 187:Reformation 109:Black Death 90:Renaissance 9843:Categories 9778:Rio Treaty 9289:Relativism 9247:Liberalism 9213:Empiricism 9165:Philosophy 9153:Secularism 9104:Philosophy 9041:Literature 8835:Capitalism 8261:Viking Age 8076:Prehistory 7948:Land terms 7902:Technology 7882:Philosophy 7862:Literature 7827:Demography 7528:Viking Age 6982:0195143663 6296:Hay, Denys 5853:2008-04-21 5416:2010-01-26 5256:: 300–324. 4850:2021-02-10 4623:2008-03-12 4525:, p. xvii. 4464:2023-12-07 4233:References 3956:1478: The 3950:conquered 3921:1461: The 3872:1434: The 3843:1417: The 3713:1380: The 3640:1347: The 3623:1337: The 3610:1321–1328 3604:1315–1317 3590:began the 3573:1307: The 3546:See also: 3469:Black Army 3434:Franciscan 3234:Henry VIII 3218:Great Hall 3195:Good Deeds 3131:(32), and 3033:polyphonic 3024:quadrivium 3016:manuscript 2949:Canzoniere 2898:vernacular 2871:Literature 2748:eyeglasses 2707:, and the 2668:, and the 2491:accounting 2335:Protestant 2303:Pope Leo X 2299:Wittenberg 2216:professor 2185:Wittenberg 2077:) type of 1997:Welsh Wars 1957:Chronicles 1897:witchcraft 1889:Strasbourg 1787:See also: 1600:Skanderbeg 1491:Third Rome 1255:, but the 1238:Kutná Hora 869:, and the 807:historian 785:published 698:Futurology 639:South Asia 539:South Asia 456:South Asia 393:Bronze Age 388:Copper Age 346:Common Era 321:10,000 BCE 267:Prehistory 234:modern age 232:) and the 9723:Five Eyes 9718:EU–UK TCA 9560:Democracy 9449:Old Norse 9338:Abrahamic 9295:Peritrope 9277:Tolerance 9257:Socialism 9087:Mythology 9075:Classical 9024:Languages 9002:Astrology 8850:Modernism 8664:Old World 8308:Feudalism 8279:Catalonia 7933:Dark Ages 7842:Household 7837:Hastilude 7606:Feudalism 6494:(1994) . 4095:Charles I 4014:New World 3725:(England) 3226:Christmas 3214:Henry VII 3129:Wakefield 3037:Provençal 2935:Decameron 2932:with his 2930:Boccaccio 2809:Donatello 2780:, Germany 2713:Gutenberg 2701:gunpowder 2623:Aristotle 2619:Thomistic 2565:Aristotle 2560:in 1453. 2554:Byzantine 2467:insurance 2451:North Sea 2315:Charles V 2295:95 theses 2070:chivalric 2014:in 1346, 2008:gunpowder 1985:Morgarten 1863:Jacquerie 1779:in 1492. 1411:Medieval 1315:Lithuania 1094:lords in 1084:Henry VII 1057:Henry V's 686:Modernity 653:West Asia 634:East Asia 553:West Asia 530:East Asia 470:West Asia 451:East Asia 407:Axial Age 309:Neolithic 303:Timelines 271:Stone Age 180:Byzantine 125:Jacquerie 9783:Schengen 9713:Eurozone 9553:Property 9548:Religion 9439:Frankish 9429:Germanic 9409:Paganism 9330:Religion 9318:European 9230:Humanism 9133:Religion 9092:Painting 9058:Internet 9009:Folklore 8980:Clothing 8951:Calendar 8927:Cyrillic 8912:Alphabet 8875:Cold War 8547:See also 8518:Cold War 8313:Crusades 8283:Valencia 8016:Category 7983:Timeline 7872:Minstrel 7867:Medicine 7749:Chivalry 7704:Burgundy 7626:Crusades 7315:(1996). 7293:(1991). 7271:(1998). 7249:(2006). 7218:(1970). 7175:(1980). 7151:(2005). 7129:(1985). 7120:Religion 7081:(2002). 7040:(1993). 6993:Chivalry 6950:(1993). 6862:(2003). 6798:(1997). 6776:(2004). 6728:(1996). 6683:(1985). 6540:(1959). 6518:(1961). 6468:(1993). 6442:(1997). 6392:(2005). 6360:(1991). 6298:(1988). 6263:(1994). 5847:Archived 5410:Archived 5147:Archived 4844:Archived 4458:Archived 4413:(1924). 4368:(1927). 4334:(1860). 4148:See also 3952:Novgorod 3878:Florence 3696:Bulgaria 3484:Timeline 3442:Pannonia 3366:in 1456 3313:Americas 3309:Columbus 3301:printing 3178:Everyman 3153:villains 3071:trecento 3052:ars nova 3013:Medieval 2944:Petrarch 2857:Ghiberti 2853:Florence 2817:da Vinci 2815:masters 2801:Masaccio 2546:humanist 2529:absolute 2481:against 2479:gentiles 2436:Flanders 2432:Venetian 2392:stippled 2372:Venetian 2269:Hussites 2246:Lollards 2230:celibacy 2187:, where 2161:Lollardy 2157:Hussites 2118:Holy See 2053:and the 2043:retinues 2035:national 2016:firearms 1993:infantry 1979:(1302), 1977:Courtrai 1777:Americas 1753:Portugal 1706:into an 1672:Florence 1604:Belgrade 1417:Novgorod 1350:and the 1348:Hussites 1337:Slovakia 1319:paganism 1279:and the 1196:Habsburg 1153:Louis XI 1065:Henry VI 1046:Stewarts 1038:Edward I 789:(1683). 773:(1442). 672:See also 516:Americas 501:Timeline 398:Iron Age 295:Holocene 249:a series 247:Part of 199:Americas 168:Crusades 127:and the 107:and the 72:was the 9628:Benelux 9533:Thought 9483:Atheism 9424:Finnish 9400:Culture 9395:Judaism 9357:Eastern 9353:Western 9348:Culture 9282:Paradox 9148:Decline 9109:Science 8985:History 8973:Studies 8956:Cuisine 8944:Periods 8904:Culture 8733:History 8699:Eastern 8694:Western 8645:culture 8388:Baroque 8287:Majorca 8199:Francia 7926:Related 7912:Warfare 7907:Theatre 7897:Slavery 7892:Science 7847:Hunting 7812:Cuisine 7785:Culture 7724:Castile 7719:England 7031:Economy 6882:Warfare 6636:Society 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