966:(ALR) provides timely treatment of significant developments in law through articles contributed by judges, leading scholars and practitioners. The Law Messenger is an internationally standard law report which started publication in 2016. It is the first law journal in Bangladesh which specifically publishes law decisions of Supreme Court of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan only. Mainstream Law Reports (MLR) is the most-cited law journal and it ranks among the country's most-cited law reviews of any kind. Published monthly, the MLR provides timely treatment of significant developments in law through articles contributed by judges, leading scholars and practitioners. Bangladesh Legal Decisions is published under the authority of the Bangladesh Bar Council. The other law reports include Bangladesh Law Chronicles, Lawyers and Jurists, BCR, ADC, Bangladesh Legal Times and Bangladesh Law Times.
544:) there are various sets of reports of cases decided in the higher English courts down to the present time. Until the nineteenth century, both the quality of early reports, and the extent to which the judge explained the facts of the case and his judgment, are highly variable, and the weight of the precedent may depend on the reputations of both the judge and the reporter. Such reports are now largely of academic interest, having been overtaken by statutes and later developments, but binding precedents can still be found, often most cogently expressed.
412:
937:. The reports, which were initially sorted by volume, are sorted by year. Three volumes per year are now published, with the number of volumes having increased over time from one, to two and now to three. The reports do not focus on any particular area of law, with subject specific reports filling this niche. There are approximately 20 privately published report series focusing on specialist areas of law. Some areas are covered by more than one report series—such as employment, tax and family law.
844:
514:
3026:
1098:
29:
3040:
642:
706:
229:
1819:
297:). Because a court can post a decision on a Web site as soon as it is rendered, the need for a quickly printed case in an unofficial, commercial report becomes less crucial. However, the very ease of internet publication has raised new concerns about the ease with which internet-published decisions can be modified after publication, creating uncertainty about the validity of internet opinions.
973:
which is published by the official regulator of the enrolled lawyers of the country; the
Bangladesh Bar Council. Various others for example, Bangladesh Law Chronicles, Bangladesh Legal Times, Lawyers and Jurists, Counsel Law Reports, Legal Circle Law Reports, Bangladesh Legal Times, BCR, ADC are also in operation. The decisions of the lower judiciary are not reported in any law report.
694:(NRS), which is a family of regional reporters, each of which collects select state court opinions from a specific group of states. The National Reporter System is now the dominant unofficial reporter system in the U.S., and 21 states have discontinued their own official reporters and certified the appropriate West regional reporter as their official reporter. West and its rival,
567:. Even today, the UK government does not publish an official report, but its courts have promulgated rules stating that the ICLR reports must be cited when available. Historical practice, which may still apply where no other report is available, permitted parties to rely on any report "with the name of a barrister annexed to it".
1031:
Seychelles and
Somaliland. They were published under an editorial board consisting of the Chief Justices of the Territories and the presiding judge of the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa. Following the collapse of the East African Community, under whose auspices the reports were published, the reports went out of publication.
1443:
The reports are published without any judicial control or sanction, nor is there any provision to secure correctness or security against error, but as soon as a report is published of any case with the name of a barrister annexed to it the report is accredited, and may be cited as an authority before
1061:
Law reports relating to special topics have also been published. Ten volumes of the Court of Review Law
Reports covering the period 1953 to 1962 and including the decisions on customary law by the African Court of Review were published by the Government Printer. There was no editorial board and it is
1081:
Reports (HKCFAR) and Hong Kong Law
Reports and Digests (HKLRD), as well as the unauthorised but the oldest Hong Kong Cases (HKC). Some specialist series are available including the Hong Kong Family Law Reports (HKFLR), Hong Kong Public Law Reports (HKPLR) and Conveyancing and Property Reports (CPR).
1034:
The period before the resumption of the East Africa Law
Reports saw sporadic and transitory attempts at law reporting. Firstly, with the authority of the then Attorney-General, six volumes named the New Kenya Law Reports covering the period between and including the years 1976 to 1980 were published
1011:
Kenya's first output of law reports was in the form of volumes under the citation E.A.L.R (East
African Law Reports). They were first published between 1897 and 1905. Seven of these volumes were compiled by the Hon Mr Justice R. W. Hamilton, who was then the Chief Justice of the Protectorate and the
1002:
In addition, there are books dealing with specific areas of law, such as the "Civil Law Cases" (CLC), which as the name suggests deals with Civil cases; the "Pakistan
Criminal Law Journal" (PCrLJ), which reports Criminal Cases; and the "Pakistan Tax Decisions" (PTD), on the Income Tax tribunal cases
272:
It is only the last item that is authoritative. The others, although useful for its understanding, are only the law reporter's contribution. Thus, law students are warned that the headnote is not part of the decision rendered, since headnotes occasionally contain misinterpretations of the law, and
972:
After the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh was established in 1972, its online law report is Supreme Court Online Bulletin and it initially published a law report, containing the judgments, orders and decisions of the Court. Another widely used law report in the country is the Bangladesh Legal Decisions
1022:
Then came the period covering 1934 to 1956 which saw the birth of the famous Court of Appeal for
Eastern Africa Law Reports (E.A.L.R). These reports comprised twenty-three volumes altogether which were also compiled by puisne judges and magistrates, a Registrar of the High Court and a Registrar of
1030:
The East Africa Law
Reports (cited as E.A.) were introduced in 1957 and were published in nineteen consecutive volumes until 1975. These reports covered decisions of the Court of Appeal for East Africa and the superior courts of the constituent territories, namely, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Aden,
362:
for cases posted on the Web (versus the standard volume and page number used for print law reports). Furthermore, turning away from the traditional "official-commercial" print report model raises questions about the accuracy, authority, and reliability of case law found on the Web. The answer to
1065:
In 1994, the Kenyan Parliament passed the National Council for Law Reporting Act, 1994 and gave the Council the exclusive mandate of: "publication of the reports to be known as the Kenya Law Reports which shall contain judgments, rulings and opinions of the superior courts of record and also
759:
Some government agencies use (and require attorneys and agents practicing before them to cite to) certain unofficial reporters that specialize in the types of cases likely to be material to matters before the agency. For example, for both patent and trademark practice, the
996:, the various provincial High Courts, the Service, Professional and Election Tribunals as well as the superior courts of territories such as Azad Kashmir. PLD is augmented by other books, most notably the "Yearly Law Reports" (YLR), and the "Monthly Law Digest" (MLD).
717:
does not publish an official reporter for the federal courts at the circuit and district levels. However, just as the UK government uses the ICLR reporters by default, the U.S. courts use the unofficial West federal reporters for cases after 1880, which are the
128:). That rule requires a court to apply a legal principle that was set forth earlier by a court of a superior (sometimes, the same) jurisdiction dealing with a similar set of facts. Thus, the regular publication of such opinions is important so that everyone—
961:
In Bangladesh, the law reports are published according to the provisions of the Law Reports Act, 1875. There are many law reports now in Bangladesh. The most widely known being the Dhaka Law Report which started publication in 1949. Published monthly, the
878:
are the largest series of unauthorised reports although there are several others general reports and reports relating to specific areas of the law, e.g. the Australian Torts Reports publish decisions from any state or federal court relating to
663:, there are published reports of all cases decided by the courts having appellate jurisdiction going back to the date of their organization. There are also complete reports of the cases decided in the
575:
While maritime cases often have a contract or tort element and are reported in the standard volumes, the standard source for maritime cases is the Lloyd's Law Reports, which covers matters including
1066:
undertake such other publications as in the opinion of the Council are reasonably related to or connected with the preparation and publication of the Kenya Law Reports" (section 3 of the Act).
922:
900:
1086:
judgments are published in the Hong Kong Chinese Law Reports and Translation (HKCLRT). The Hong Kong Law Reports and Digests were published as the Hong Kong Law Reports (HKLR) until 1997.
1050:
Later, two volumes of what were known as the Kenya Appeal Reports were published for the period 1982–1992 by Butterworths, a private entity, under the editorship of The Hon Chief Justice
773:
Today, both Westlaw and LexisNexis also publish a variety of official and unofficial reporters covering the decisions of many federal and state administrative agencies which possess
475:
1240:
1054:(hence the pseudonym "Hancox Reports") who had the assistance of an editorial board of seven persons. These reports, as their name suggested, included only the decisions of the
981:
The Supreme Court Reports (SCR) is the official reporter for Supreme Court decisions. In addition, some private reporters have been authorised to publish the Court's decisions.
273:
are not part of the official judgment. (In the United States, however, the headnote, also called the syllabus, is sometimes written by the court itself, which fact is stated.)
82:
702:
to help lawyers find cases in its reporters. West digests and reporters have always featured a "Key Numbering System" with a unique number for every conceivable legal topic.
1281:
1027:. These volumes reported the decisions of the then Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa and of the Privy Council. They covered only those appeals filed from the territories.
1019:(under the citation K.L.R). These reports included the decisions of the High Court only and were collated, compiled and edited by different puisne judges and magistrates.
467:
1319:
679:. The early reporters were unofficial as they were published solely by private entrepreneurs, but in the middle of the 19th century, the U.S. Supreme Court and many
580:
463:
1417:
151:
or other governmental ruling. Governments designate law reports as official to provide an authoritative, consistent, and authentic statement of a jurisdiction's
289:. This is a relatively low cost publication method compared to paper and makes court decisions more easily available to the public (particularly important in
1069:
The Kenya Law Reports are the official law reports of the Republic of Kenya which may be cited in proceedings in all courts of Kenya (section 21 of the Act).
383:(the part that a lawyer would be most interested in when searching for a case). The volume number is usually printed in large type to make it easy to spot.
1062:
not known who the compilers of these reports were. Their apocryphal origin notwithstanding, they were commonly cited by legal practitioners and scholars.
182:
over the official ones, unofficial reports usually provide helpful research aids (e.g., summaries, indexes), like the editorial enhancements used in the
1043:
and were compiled by the Late Hon Mr Justice S. K. Sachdeva and were edited by Mr Paul H Niekirk and the Hon Mr Justice Richard Kuloba, a judge of the
756:. The NRS now numbers well over 10,000 volumes; therefore, only the largest law libraries maintain a full hard copy set in their on-site collections.
612:
428:
471:
999:
The Supreme Court also has its own law book, the "Supreme Court Monthly Review" (SCMR), which lists more recent cases that the appex court heard.
1656:
432:
323:
writes that the "primacy of the old paper sets is fading, and a vortex of conflicting claims and products is spinning into place". In theory,
989:
Pakistan inherited a common law system upon independence from Great Britain in 1947, and thus its legal system relies heavily on law reports.
888:
1248:
761:
3007:
1271:
420:
216:
must cite the unofficial report until the case comes out in the official report. But once a court opinion is officially published,
1379:
1408:
714:
871:
has a series of authorised reports, e.g. the Victorian Reports, of decisions of the superior courts of the state or territory.
969:
The online law report in Bangladesh is Chancery Law Chronicles, which now publishes verdicts of Supreme Court of Bangladesh.
548:
502:
70:. When a particular judicial opinion is referenced, the law report series in which the opinion is printed will determine the
19:
This article is about law reports in general. For the law report published by the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting, see
1304:
1047:. The publication of these reports ceased when the publishing house folded them up ostensibly on account of lack of funds.
315:
and academics have commented on the changing system of legal information delivery brought about by the rapid growth of the
752:
marked with West key numbers. West's NRS also includes several unofficial state-specific reporters for large states like
1436:
868:
498:
1678:
1634:
1606:
1578:
1553:
1525:
1500:
1415:
1024:
664:
619:. Those two series are the most authoritative and are cited in court in preference to other report series, such as the
37:
2433:
1991:
1890:
1475:
1217:
1183:
1078:
1742:
81:
was used to refer to the individual persons who actually compile, edit, and publish such opinions. For example, the
2547:
2416:
1361:
892:
837:
440:
1698:
3002:
2349:
2250:
766:
2509:
2143:
1833:
1712:
1121:
930:
551:(ICLR) for England and Wales was founded, and it has gradually become the dominant publisher of reports in the
452:
159:
law reports, on the other hand, are not officially sanctioned and are published as a commercial enterprise. In
1862:
1036:
949:(IR), published by the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for Ireland. Other reports are contained in the
2669:
2148:
934:
668:
730:(for district courts). For cases from federal circuit and district courts prior to 1880, U.S. courts use
304:
Web site, and the sites of its member organizations. These projects have been strongly encouraged by the
3080:
2664:
1801:
992:
The most comprehensive law book is the "Pakistan Law Decisions" (PLD), which contains judgments from the
699:
305:
183:
2639:
2138:
1051:
864:
676:
501:
publishes on its own website the court's judgments after they have been handed down, together with the
1653:
709:
Map of the U.S., showing areas covered by the Thomson West National Reporter System state law reports.
387:
is traditionally used on the spine for the name of the report and for some decorative lines and bars.
2722:
993:
926:
904:
155:. Official case law publishing may be carried out by a government agency, or by a commercial entity.
925:
and have been published continuously since 1883. The reports publish cases of significance from the
633:
is supplemented by other reports such as the Scottish Civil Case Reports and Green's Weekly Digest.
268:
The judgment (a verbatim transcript of the words used by the judge to explain his or her reasoning).
2517:
2499:
1783:
1756:
1055:
1040:
852:
691:
616:
379:
Reports usually come in the form of sturdy hardcover books with most of the design elements on the
343:. The general public can more readily find court opinions online, whether posted on Web-accessible
107:, the title that usually appears on the covers of the periodical parts and the individual volumes.
2851:
3085:
2892:
2679:
2168:
2153:
1405:
1111:
916:
856:
584:
448:
265:
A note of the arguments of counsel before the judge. (This is often omitted in modern reports.)
208:
Unofficially published court opinions are also often published before the official opinions, so
2947:
2932:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1127:
875:
672:
436:
348:
1207:
1173:
3051:
2644:
2322:
2133:
1465:
860:
698:, both publish unofficial reporters of U.S. Supreme Court opinions. West also publishes the
541:
179:
87:
33:
2772:
2118:
537:
459:
100:
367:, and by the degree of influence exerted by commercial database providers on global legal
8:
2927:
2067:
1984:
1461:
1044:
880:
774:
680:
444:
234:
2742:
2401:
2255:
2240:
2218:
1962:
1942:
1895:
1885:
1828:
1375:
726:
368:
629:
and lands tribunal cases in addition to the higher courts. The law reports service of
2727:
2649:
2487:
2230:
2225:
2178:
2103:
2097:
1937:
1855:
1630:
1602:
1574:
1549:
1521:
1496:
1471:
1213:
1179:
1147:
1116:
1016:
896:
462:, that publishes cases of national significance. Other law report series include the
152:
1675:
1340:
259:(a brief summary of the case, the holding, and any significant case law considered).
242:
A good printed law report in traditional form usually contains the following items:
2732:
2699:
2198:
2062:
2057:
2022:
1137:
1083:
720:
647:
481:
364:
187:
92:
85:
is the person authorized to publish the Court's cases in the bound volumes of the
2981:
2954:
2942:
2922:
2856:
2834:
2814:
2809:
2789:
2654:
2634:
2629:
2532:
2492:
2203:
2128:
2052:
2037:
1957:
1682:
1660:
1421:
884:
806:
778:
621:
557:
190:
3058:
2866:
2784:
2373:
2339:
2290:
2275:
2047:
1952:
1932:
1922:
1276:
794:
608:
555:. It has compiled most of the best available copies of pre-1866 cases into the
552:
363:
these questions will be determined, in large part, through changing government
352:
324:
316:
294:
194:
3074:
2912:
2871:
2757:
2737:
2709:
2659:
2624:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2537:
2477:
2317:
2307:
2265:
2188:
2183:
2113:
2072:
1996:
1823:
732:
660:
626:
600:
588:
395:
359:
217:
118:
71:
59:
3044:
2794:
2762:
2717:
2455:
2450:
2421:
2334:
2312:
2280:
2213:
2193:
2087:
2027:
2017:
1969:
1927:
1905:
1848:
1077:
Cases of Hong Kong are predominantly published in the authorised Hong Kong
843:
687:
576:
513:
380:
213:
2966:
2907:
2897:
2694:
2689:
2527:
2428:
2344:
2303:
2270:
2235:
2158:
2082:
2032:
1947:
1738:
1300:
1015:
The 1922–1956 period saw the emergence of some twenty-one volumes of the
563:
518:
411:
332:
320:
312:
300:
Decisions of courts from all over the world can now be found through the
202:
164:
20:
28:
3030:
2959:
2839:
2777:
2522:
2443:
2438:
2396:
2378:
2327:
2173:
2163:
2123:
2108:
2092:
2042:
1979:
1974:
1103:
782:
753:
695:
656:
533:
290:
111:
1694:
641:
435:
decisions of the respective province. The federal courts, such as the
262:
A recital of the facts of the case (unless appearing in the judgment).
136:, and laymen—can all find out what the law is, as declared by judges.
2937:
2902:
2844:
2819:
2684:
2581:
2569:
2554:
2542:
2470:
2388:
2361:
2245:
921:
The New Zealand Law Reports (NZLR) are the authorised reports of the
790:
786:
384:
344:
160:
125:
3025:
1097:
705:
2986:
2971:
2674:
2559:
2356:
1900:
1822: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1716:
1305:"Chaos, Cyberspace and Tradition: Legal Information Transmogrified"
749:
630:
604:
398:, the rows of books visible behind the lawyer are usually reports.
391:
358:
Questions remain, however, on the need for a uniform and practical
301:
286:
282:
256:
63:
1797:
1178:(4th ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 308–310.
2876:
2824:
2804:
2752:
2564:
2482:
2298:
2260:
2208:
525:
336:
285:
created the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on
198:
148:
147:
law reports or reporters are those authorized for publication by
1764:
220:
rules usually require a person to cite to the official reports.
114:
countries, court opinions are legally binding under the rule of
2976:
2829:
2574:
2465:
2460:
2406:
2077:
1625:
Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara A.; Whisner, Mary (2015).
1597:
Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara A.; Whisner, Mary (2015).
1569:
Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara A.; Whisner, Mary (2015).
1544:
Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara A.; Whisner, Mary (2015).
1516:
Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara A.; Whisner, Mary (2015).
1491:
Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara A.; Whisner, Mary (2015).
424:
209:
129:
83:
Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
1780:"Chancery Law Chronicles – Online Database of Bangladesh Laws"
2917:
2861:
2767:
2608:
2411:
1910:
1629:(10th ed.). St. Paul: Foundation Press. pp. 68–69.
1520:(10th ed.). St. Paul: Foundation Press. pp. 64–67.
1470:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 55.
1341:"Case law: online resources for common law countries: Canada"
1212:(3rd ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. p. 138.
1039:. These reports included the decisions of the High Court and
529:
340:
228:
139:
133:
67:
186:. Some commercial publishers also provide court opinions in
2799:
2747:
2603:
2001:
1917:
1272:"Final Word on U.S. Law Isn't: Supreme Court Keeps Editing"
458:
There are also general reporters, such as the long-running
953:(ILRM) and various online collections of court decisions.
401:
1871:
1601:(10th ed.). St. Paul: Foundation Press. p. 67.
1573:(10th ed.). St. Paul: Foundation Press. p. 82.
1548:(10th ed.). St. Paul: Foundation Press. p. 83.
1495:(10th ed.). St. Paul: Foundation Press. p. 81.
328:
1467:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
899:
are published by Little William Bourke on behalf of the
1779:
1012:
reports covered all courts of different jurisdictions.
532:, beginning with the reports of cases contained in the
178:
For the publishers of unofficial reports to maintain a
1840:
492:
52:
1624:
1596:
1568:
1543:
1515:
1490:
44:
1676:
Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 705.05
1456:
1454:
1452:
1093:
818:
Lawyers' Reference Manual of Law Books and Citations
351:public access site, above), or through general Web
276:
1620:
1618:
1362:Guide to Foreign and International Legal Citations
1206:Putman, William H.; Albright, Jennifer R. (2014).
825:Legal Research: How To Find And Understand The Law
561:. Post-1865 cases are contained in the ICLR's own
249:The name of the case (usually the parties' names).
1831:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "yes".
1449:
777:powers. A recent trend in American states is for
374:
3072:
252:Catchwords (for information retrieval purposes).
223:
1827:
1615:
1592:
1590:
1539:
1537:
1509:
863:are the authorised reports of decisions of the
683:began publishing their own official reporters.
603:report cases heard in the Court of Session and
427:has an official reporter series that publishes
1433:MacQueen QC, John Fraser, ed. (12 June 1863).
1205:
855:are the authorised reports of decision of the
171:reports—unofficial reports are referred to as
1856:
1672:Citation of Decisions and Office Publications
16:Type of series of books that contain case law
1587:
1562:
1534:
1484:
1413:Practice Direction (Citation of Authorities)
889:Council of Law Reporting for New South Wales
1818:
1432:
651:, a part of West's National Reporter System
447:, each have their own reporter series. The
232:The headnote from the leading English case
116:
1863:
1849:
1739:"Editorial Team, Judges Name & Others"
1460:
517:A few volumes of the English Reports at a
293:countries where court decisions are major
193:that are part of larger fee-based, online
140:Official and unofficial case law reporting
1798:"Home : Supreme Court of Bangladesh"
1335:
1333:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1245:, definition for 'Official Publications'"
762:United States Patent and Trademark Office
167:(see below), official reports are called
103:, these are described by the plural term
3008:History of the American legal profession
1394:History of the Origin of the Law Reports
1171:
945:Most Irish law reports are contained in
842:
704:
640:
512:
410:
227:
27:
1325:from the original on 11 September 2015.
1299:
1165:
847:Volumes of the Commonwealth Law Reports
570:
402:History and case reporting (by country)
327:posted on the Web expand access to the
3073:
1804:from the original on 21 December 2010.
1330:
1288:
1284:from the original on 29 February 2016.
1269:
99:also denotes the books themselves. In
1844:
1837:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1199:
923:New Zealand Council for Law Reporting
789:. Casemaker gives members of a state
549:Incorporated Council of Law Reporting
1786:from the original on 7 January 2010.
901:Council of Law Reporting in Victoria
748:are all part of the NRS and include
508:
1745:from the original on 16 April 2017.
1376:"Decided cases – The Supreme Court"
1355:
836:For a more comprehensive list, see
823:Stephen Elias and Susan Levinkind,
493:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
415:Canadian Criminal Cases law report.
13:
1777:
1382:from the original on 24 June 2016.
1025:Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa
38:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3097:
1992:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1701:from the original on 10 May 2017.
1441:. London: W. Maxwell. p. 9.
1373:
867:(including the Full Court). Each
487:
484:are also used to identify cases.
451:has its own Reporter series, the
58:are series of books that contain
3039:
3038:
3024:
1817:
1096:
893:Supreme Court of New South Wales
838:List of Law Reports in Australia
724:(for courts of appeals) and the
636:
277:Open publication on the Internet
3003:History of the legal profession
1790:
1771:
1749:
1731:
1705:
1687:
1665:
1643:
1464:(2010). Sheppard, Steve (ed.).
1426:
1399:
1312:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
800:
767:United States Patents Quarterly
675:since their creation under the
36:, the official reporter of the
1834:New International Encyclopedia
1812:
1627:Fundamentals of Legal Research
1599:Fundamentals of Legal Research
1571:Fundamentals of Legal Research
1546:Fundamentals of Legal Research
1518:Fundamentals of Legal Research
1493:Fundamentals of Legal Research
1386:
1367:
1263:
1233:
1172:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
1122:European Patent Office Reports
910:
813:(second edition, Boston, 1894)
375:Design and cultural references
335:collections used primarily by
1:
1241:"Harvard Law School Library,
1158:
1037:East African Publishing House
956:
607:cases heard on appeal in the
476:Rapports Juridiques du Québec
224:Contents of a good law report
1270:Liptak, Adam (24 May 2014).
1072:
935:Supreme Court of New Zealand
831:
827:(Berkeley: Nolo Press, 2004)
53:
45:
7:
1089:
1058:selected over that period.
984:
700:West American Digest System
665:United States Supreme Court
594:
306:Free Access to Law Movement
184:West American Digest System
10:
3102:
2670:International legal theory
2149:International slavery laws
2144:International human rights
2139:International criminal law
1757:"Appellate Division Civil"
1439:on the Revision of the Law
940:
914:
865:Federal Court of Australia
835:
677:United States Constitution
18:
3018:
2995:
2885:
2723:Administration of justice
2708:
2617:
2508:
2387:
2289:
2010:
1878:
1175:A History of American Law
994:Supreme Court of Pakistan
951:Irish Law Reports Monthly
905:Supreme Court of Victoria
793:access to a computerized
764:requires citation to the
505:summary (or "headnote").
468:Canadian Criminal Reports
406:
2500:Basic structure doctrine
2350:Natural and legal rights
2231:Public international law
1056:Court of Appeal of Kenya
1041:Court of Appeal of Kenya
1006:
976:
853:Commonwealth Law Reports
692:National Reporter System
617:High Court of Justiciary
581:carriage of goods by sea
2680:Principle of typicality
2154:International trade law
1870:
1713:"Little William Bourke"
1654:37 C.F.R. § 42.12(a)(2)
1112:All England Law Reports
917:New Zealand Law Reports
857:High Court of Australia
715:U.S. federal government
688:West Publishing Company
585:international trade law
547:In 1865, the nonprofit
464:Canadian Criminal Cases
449:Supreme Court of Canada
441:Federal Court of Appeal
331:beyond the specialized
281:The development of the
246:The citation reference.
77:Historically, the term
1153:South Western Reporter
1143:South Eastern Reporter
1133:North Western Reporter
1128:North Eastern Reporter
876:Australian Law Reports
848:
710:
673:appellate jurisdiction
652:
521:
416:
239:
117:
40:
2675:Principle of legality
2434:Delegated legislation
2134:Intellectual property
1778:Rahman, S.M. Saidur.
1650:Citation of authority
1079:Court of Final Appeal
887:are published by the
861:Federal Court Reports
846:
708:
644:
516:
453:Supreme Court Reports
414:
231:
180:competitive advantage
88:United States Reports
34:United States Reports
31:
2893:Barristers' chambers
2835:Legal representation
2773:Justice of the peace
2119:Financial regulation
1462:Farnsworth, E. Allan
1374:Court, The Supreme.
1343:. Bodleian Libraries
681:state supreme courts
571:English maritime law
460:Dominion Law Reports
365:information policies
101:Commonwealth English
62:from a selection of
2928:Election commission
2640:Expressive function
2169:Landlord–tenant law
2068:Consumer protection
1695:"Victorian Reports"
1045:High Court of Kenya
1003:and their appeals.
869:state and territory
369:information markets
349:Hong Kong Judiciary
235:Wilkinson v Downton
3081:Case law reporters
2886:Legal institutions
2753:Lawsuit/Litigation
2743:Dispute resolution
2548:Catholic canon law
2256:State of emergency
2219:Will and testament
1943:Law of obligations
1896:Constitutional law
1886:Administrative law
1681:2008-03-24 at the
1659:2007-07-13 at the
1420:2015-09-28 at the
1318:: 189 at 200–203.
849:
742:Federal Supplement
727:Federal Supplement
711:
686:In the 1880s, the
653:
522:
417:
240:
41:
3068:
3067:
2728:Constitutionalism
2650:Law and economics
2488:Act of parliament
2226:Product liability
2179:Legal archaeology
2104:Environmental law
2098:Entertainment law
1938:International law
1392:W. T. S. Daniel,
1148:Southern Reporter
1117:Atlantic Reporter
1017:Kenya Law Reports
947:The Irish Reports
897:Victorian Reports
667:and the inferior
509:England and Wales
482:Neutral citations
197:systems, such as
60:judicial opinions
3093:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
2852:Question of fact
2733:Criminal justice
2063:Construction law
2058:Conflict of laws
2023:Agricultural law
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1821:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1763:. Archived from
1753:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1715:. Archived from
1709:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1424:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:on 30 April 2008
1247:. Archived from
1243:One-L Dictionary
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1169:
1138:Pacific Reporter
1106:
1101:
1100:
1084:Chinese-language
964:Apex Law Reports
779:bar associations
738:Federal Reporter
721:Federal Reporter
648:Federal Reporter
625:, which reports
615:report from the
613:Justiciary Cases
577:maritime matters
499:UK Supreme Court
191:online databases
122:
93:American English
56:
55:
48:
47:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3037:
3023:
3014:
2991:
2982:Political party
2955:Legal education
2943:Law enforcement
2923:Court of equity
2881:
2857:Question of law
2810:Practice of law
2790:Judicial review
2704:
2655:Legal formalism
2635:Comparative law
2630:Contract theory
2613:
2533:Legal pluralism
2504:
2493:Act of Congress
2417:Executive order
2383:
2285:
2204:Nationality law
2129:Immigration law
2053:Competition law
2006:
1874:
1869:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1772:
1767:on 6 July 2011.
1755:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1683:Wayback Machine
1670:
1666:
1661:Wayback Machine
1648:
1644:
1637:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1459:
1450:
1437:Lord Chancellor
1431:
1427:
1422:Wayback Machine
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1307:
1303:(Spring 1997).
1298:
1289:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1075:
1009:
987:
979:
959:
943:
931:Court of Appeal
919:
913:
885:NSW Law Reports
841:
834:
807:Eugene Wambaugh
803:
639:
622:Scots Law Times
597:
573:
558:English Reports
511:
495:
490:
472:Ontario Reports
433:appellate court
409:
404:
377:
360:citation format
325:court decisions
279:
226:
142:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3086:Legal research
3083:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3034:
3031:Law portal
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Trial advocacy
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2397:Ballot measure
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2374:Legal treatise
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2340:Letters patent
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2291:Sources of law
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:Unenforced law
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Commercial law
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1770:
1748:
1730:
1719:on 10 May 2017
1704:
1686:
1664:
1642:
1636:978-1609300562
1635:
1614:
1608:978-1609300562
1607:
1586:
1580:978-1609300562
1579:
1561:
1555:978-1609300562
1554:
1533:
1527:978-1609300562
1526:
1508:
1502:978-1609300562
1501:
1483:
1476:
1448:
1435:Speech of the
1425:
1398:
1396:(London, 1884)
1385:
1366:
1354:
1329:
1287:
1277:New York Times
1262:
1232:
1218:
1209:Legal Research
1198:
1184:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1091:
1088:
1074:
1071:
1008:
1005:
986:
983:
978:
975:
958:
955:
942:
939:
915:Main article:
912:
909:
903:and cover the
891:and cover the
833:
830:
829:
828:
821:
820:(Boston, 1884)
814:
811:Study of Cases
802:
799:
795:legal research
775:quasi-judicial
669:federal courts
638:
635:
609:House of Lords
596:
593:
572:
569:
510:
507:
494:
491:
489:
488:United Kingdom
486:
429:superior court
408:
405:
403:
400:
396:advertisements
376:
373:
353:search engines
317:World Wide Web
313:law librarians
295:sources of law
278:
275:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
253:
250:
247:
225:
222:
195:legal research
141:
138:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3098:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Civil society
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Trier of fact
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Legal opinion
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Court-martial
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2710:Jurisprudence
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Statutory law
2597:
2595:
2594:Socialist law
2592:
2588:
2587:Byzantine law
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:Religious law
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2510:Legal systems
2507:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:Statutory law
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Statutory law
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Transport law
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Legal fiction
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Financial law
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Corporate law
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Statutory law
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:Core subjects
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:Gilman, D. C.
1825:
1824:public domain
1803:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1761:www.mlrbd.com
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1621:
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2402:Codification
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2335:Human rights
2323:Divine right
2313:Constitution
2281:Women in law
2199:Military law
2194:Marriage law
2189:Maritime law
2088:Election law
2028:Aviation law
2018:Abortion law
1970:Property law
1906:Criminal law
1832:
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1301:Berring, Bob
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2898:Bureaucracy
2695:Rule of man
2690:Rule of law
2665:Libertarian
2528:Chinese law
2429:Legislation
2379:Regulations
2367:Law reports
2345:Natural law
2241:Reparations
2236:Refugee law
2159:Jurimetrics
2100:(Media law)
2038:Banking law
2033:Amnesty law
2011:Disciplines
1948:Private law
1813:Source note
1364:law.nyu.edu
1225:14 December
911:New Zealand
564:Law Reports
519:law library
333:law library
321:Bob Berring
205:or Justis.
203:Lexis-Nexis
165:New Zealand
153:primary law
105:law reports
66:decided by
46:Law reports
21:Law Reports
3075:Categories
2960:Law school
2840:Prosecutor
2778:Magistrate
2565:Jewish law
2523:Common law
2444:Rulemaking
2439:Regulation
2389:Law making
2328:Divine law
2304:Legal code
2251:Sports law
2174:Law of war
2124:Health law
2109:Family law
2093:Energy law
2043:Bankruptcy
1980:Punishment
1975:Public law
1406:Lord Judge
1191:7 November
1159:References
1104:Law portal
957:Bangladesh
927:High Court
783:consortium
781:to join a
754:California
696:LexisNexis
542:Henry VIII
534:Year Books
390:In lawyer
291:common law
188:searchable
169:authorised
157:Unofficial
112:common law
2938:Judiciary
2933:Executive
2908:The bench
2845:Solicitor
2820:Barrister
2700:Sociology
2685:Pseudolaw
2625:Anarchist
2582:Roman law
2570:Parsi law
2555:Hindu law
2543:Canon law
2518:Civil law
2471:Concordat
2362:Precedent
2271:Trust law
2246:Space law
2083:Drugs law
1953:Procedure
1891:Civil law
1073:Hong Kong
832:Australia
787:Casemaker
750:headnotes
538:Edward II
445:Tax Court
392:portraits
385:Gold leaf
345:databases
287:Web sites
175:reports.
161:Australia
126:precedent
54:reporters
3045:Category
2987:Tribunal
2972:Military
2815:Attorney
2785:Judgment
2645:Feminist
2560:Jain law
2357:Case law
2078:Cyberlaw
1985:Corporal
1963:Criminal
1933:Evidence
1923:Doctrine
1901:Contract
1802:Archived
1784:Archived
1743:Archived
1723:26 April
1699:Archived
1679:Archived
1657:Archived
1418:Archived
1380:Archived
1347:19 March
1320:Archived
1282:Archived
1090:See also
985:Pakistan
881:tort law
797:system.
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655:In each
631:Scotland
605:Scottish
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3059:Outline
2996:History
2903:The bar
2877:Verdict
2825:Counsel
2805:Justice
2660:History
2483:Statute
2299:Charter
2261:Tax law
2209:Probate
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1035:by the
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785:called
671:having
659:of the
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149:statute
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2977:Police
2948:Agency
2830:Lawyer
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2768:Judge
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2412:Edict
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