583:. The emphasis of the recovery plan is the distribution of additional viable populations in the Laysan duck's historical and prehistorical range. The creation of multiple populations will decrease the risk that catastrophic events will result in species extinction. The increase of population size will diminish the threats from demographic and environmental uncertainties. To achieve this goal, biologists plan to establish at least five populations on a combination of predator-free Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and predator-controlled sites on Main Hawaiian Islands. This plan includes wild translocation and the establishment of a successful captive or semi-captive breeding program using wild source eggs for reintroductions to the Main Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, the plan calls for achieving
526:, which may change vital rates, displace native species and adversely affect nesting and foraging opportunities. Devastation to vegetation could increase sedimentation of the lakes and seeps that serve as important foraging habitat. Human disturbance may impact nesting and brooding, and landing permits to the Laysan Island refuge are granted only for official or scientific purposes. Debris and contaminants washed ashore by ocean currents could pose a serious threat to the duck. Pesticide containers and oil spills have contaminated Laysan in the past. The island homes of the duck are especially vulnerable to a rise in sea level and extreme weather associated with
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218:
507:" of Laysan ducks on Midway has grown quickly, more than doubling in size within the first two years. As of January 2007, 100 ducks called Midway's Sand and Eastern Islands home. Researchers monitoring the Midway population found that the ducks were breeding at an earlier age, and laying more eggs than birds on Laysan. This suggests that the abundant habitat and food available on Midway stimulated greater reproductive effort in the ducks, which contributes optimism for the success of this re-introduced population.
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434:. For example, Laysan ducks are more likely to freeze their movement rather than flush or fly when startled— a strategy well suited for cryptic defense against Hawaiʻi's native flying predators, but ineffective against ground predators. The Laysan duck can still fly, but not very well and not for long distances; it does not disperse between islands.
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The Laysan duck is teal-sized and dark brown, with a prominent white eye-ring. The bill is short and spatulate, dark green with variable black blotching in males, and dull orange with variable black blotching in females. The Laysan duck usually has a ring of fat around its neck. Some males show faint
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miners at the end of the 19th century brought the bird to the brink of extinction in 1912, with twelve surviving individuals. Rabbits were eradicated from the island in 1923 and numbers of Laysan ducks began to rise, reaching 500 by the 1950s. In an effort to ensure the long-term future of this duck,
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between the wild source populations through long-term inter-island translocations, and island-specific management for each population to reduce threats and improve quality of habitat. As basic criteria of the recovery plan were met, the Laysan duck was down-listed from endangered to threatened after
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It is also said by the Fish and
Wildlife when they returned to eliminate the last of the rabbits that there was just one Laysan duck hen that still existed on the Island on a nest with broken eggs in it. By this information would pertain that all Laysan Teals are from this female and the fact they
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bunchgrass. The nest is a shallow bowl lined with dead grass and down feathers. Egg-laying typically occurs from April to August. Average clutch size on Laysan Island is approximately four bird egg/eggs. The newly established population on Midway lays larger clutches, presumably because of better
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starved and the remaining ones were eradicated by biologists in 1923, the ducks began to recover, increasing to a population of about 500 individuals by the 1950s. Congress passed the
Endangered Species Preservation Act in 1966, and in 1967 the Laysan duck was declared an endangered species with
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swarms. With necks outstretched, and bills close to the ground, the ducks run along a mudflat and as clouds of flies rise up in front, snap them up by rapidly opening and closing their bills. The ducks also will dabble and filter feed along lake shallows, shore, and in upland vegetation for
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The Laysan duck found refuge through most of the nineteenth century on rat-free Laysan Island, surviving within the smallest geographic range of any duck species worldwide (415 hectares or 1.60 square miles). Laysan Island gained federal protection in 1909, with the establishment of the
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to establish a second population of ducks in the wild. The creation of a second population, since disaster is unlikely to strike both atolls simultaneously, reduces the risk of extinction by random catastrophes such as drought, hurricanes, tsunamis, disease outbreaks (like
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The Laysan duck is a poor flyer, but walks and runs well, with a pelvic girdle adapted to terrestrial foraging. Its wings and wing muscles are reduced; it prefers to freeze in place when pursued. Energetic foraging behavior includes a fly-snapping sprint through
563:). Environmental catastrophes such as drought, severe storms, and tsunamis may decimate populations. Sea level rise and increased frequency and severity of storms are an anticipated effect of global warming and could affect the population of the Laysan duck.
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is complete, and the ducks lose all their flight feathers and become incapable of flight until new feathers grow in. Wild ducks have been known to live to the age of twelve years, and captive birds have lived to the age of eighteen.
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A recovery plan for the Laysan duck has been developed by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. The goal of the recovery program is to conserve and recover the species to the extent that it may be down-listed from endangered to
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of dabbling ducks, and is a highly unusual species, both behaviorally and genetically. Recent evidence suggests they originated from an east Asian, southern hemisphere ancestor of mallards, not from stray migratory mallards
268:. The duck has several physical and behavioral traits linked to the absence of ground-based predators in its habitat. By 1860, the ducks had disappeared from everywhere except Laysan Island. The introduction of
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or radio transmitters for monitoring reproductive success and survival, revealing that typically only 30% of ducklings on Laysan Island survive to fledge. In 2004, the population grew to an estimated 576 ducks.
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drought and food shortage, which reduced the number of ducks to about 100. Today, breeding and survival of the birds is closely tracked. Since 1998, a sample of birds have been fitted with unique
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availability of food. Ducklings are precocious and feed on their own day two after hatching, but are guarded, brooded, and led to foraging sites by the hen for approximately 40 to 60 days.
366:. They prefer to venture out in the open and feed on the lake from dusk til dawn, although there seems to be marked variation from year to year according to the availability of food items.
330:) in both sexes. Leucistism, or extensive white feathering, is common on the head and neck of older birds. The legs and feet are orange, usually brighter in the male. The annual pre-basic
418:(the duck's namesake), most likely due to predation by introduced rats. Like many isolated island species, the Laysan duck evolved in an environment lacking mammalian predators, and is
362:, leaves, and seeds. During the day, and especially in the breeding season, they prefer to hide among the grass and shrub vegetation, helping them to avoid avian predators such as
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The persistence of the Laysan duck into the future seems likely at present, though threats to the population remain. Threats include the introduction of
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iridescence on the head or neck and have slightly upturned central tail feathers. The wing has an iridescent purplish-green patch (
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in the near future, and ultimately, that the population be healthy enough to no longer require federal protection under the
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brought the duck to the brink of extinction in 1912, with an all-time low population of seven adults and five juveniles.
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building begins in spring. The female builds a well-concealed nest on the ground below dense vegetation, especially
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721:"Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence"
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The decline of the Laysan duck began between AD 400 and 1000, with the colonization of the
Hawaiian Islands by
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US Geological Survey (May 16, 2006): Second generation of the nation’s rarest ducks hatch after translocation.
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59:
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Reynolds, Michelle H. (2004). "Habitat use and home range of the Laysan Teal on Laysan Island, Hawaii".
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could be extremely pathogenic, as well as the introduction of disease by migratory waterfowl along the
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evidence reveals that Laysan ducks once lived across the entire archipelago, but today survive only on
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New arrivals to Midway Atoll NWR provide "insurance" against extinction for nation’s rarest duck
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in 2002. These thrived in their new surroundings, and another group were later relocated to
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Translocation of
Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004–5)
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Midway Atoll national
Wildlife Refuge welcomes second generation of nation’s rarest ducks
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federal protection. However, population bottlenecks occurred, such as the severe 1993
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768:"Diet composition and terrestrial prey selection of the Laysan Teal on Laysan Island"
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Dill, H.R.; Bryan, W.A. (1912). "Report of an expedition to Laysan Island in 1911".
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to defend itself against non-native ground hunters, such as humans,
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Reynolds, Michelle H.; Slotterback, J.W.; Walters, J.R. (2006).
442:. However, devastation of the island's vegetation by introduced
988:, Washington, D.C. Online version, retrieved February 8, 2007.
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In
October 2004 and 2005, 42 Laysan ducks were translocated to
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10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0183:HUAHRO]2.0.CO;2
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U.S. Department of
Agriculture Biological Survey Bulletin
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Moulton, D.W. & Marshall, A.P. (1996): Laysan Duck (
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1024:US Fish and Wildlife Service (October 28, 2005):
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674:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680203A130697270.en
1039:Endangered duck population reaches triple digits!
848:Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Laysan Duck (
1543:Critically endangered fauna of the United States
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719:Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999).
885:"Recent History and Ecology of the Laysan Duck"
625:. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the
450:can be fertile up to 1 month after copulation.
1102:"Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species"
924:"Biology and conservation of the Laysan duck (
510:A third population has now been introduced to
414:. By 1860, the ducks disappeared from all but
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1508:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
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604:In 2023 the Laysan teal was featured on a
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1037:US Geological Survey (October 23, 2006):
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440:Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge
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297:in 1892, the Laysan duck is named after
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487:as a collaborative effort between the
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1155:Images and movies of the Laysan Duck
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846:US Fish and Wildlife Service (2004):
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485:Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
374:Pair formation begins in autumn, and
279:Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
1141:from the original on 8 December 2015
922:Moulton, D.W.; Weller, M.W. (1984).
410:and associated non-native mammalian
317:) as had been reported in the past.
225:Distribution map of the Laysan duck
1131:"Laysan Duck Revised Recovery Plan"
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660:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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792:
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627:National Grasslands Visitor Center
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972:Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.):
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615:set, based on a photograph from
462:Laysan ducks chasing brine flies
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649:BirdLife International (2018).
489:United States Geological Survey
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986:American Ornithologists' Union
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277:42 birds were translocated to
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303:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
1106:United States Postal Service
606:United States Postal Service
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1077:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
982:Academy of Natural Sciences
883:Warner, Richard E. (1963).
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1163:BirdLife Species Factsheet
974:The Birds of North America
394:Decline to near-extinction
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1168:Information in Portuguese
984:, Philadelphia, PA &
781:: 181–199. Archived from
667:: e.T22680203A130697270.
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92:Scientific classification
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1081:explorer.natureserve.org
305:. It is a member of the
295:Lionel Walter Rothschild
1533:Birds described in 1892
1518:Endemic birds of Hawaii
1015:. Fact sheet 2005–3128.
775:Atoll Research Bulletin
389:Status and conservation
1538:ESA endangered species
592:considers the species
581:Endangered Species Act
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1454:Paleobiology Database
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432:small Asian mongooses
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381:Eragrostis variabilis
347:Neoscatella sexnotata
241:), also known as the
60:Critically Endangered
696:"Appendices | CITES"
594:Critically Imperiled
505:insurance population
301:island, one of the
183:A. laysanensis
45:Conservation status
1157:(Anas laysanensis)
1137:. September 2009.
1011:2006-09-23 at the
631:Wall, South Dakota
613:Endangered Species
600:In popular culture
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536:Echinuria uncinata
524:non-native species
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356:macroinvertebrates
315:Anas platyrhynchos
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570:Laysan duck brood
328:speculum feathers
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1108:. April 19, 2023
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854:. Portland, OR.
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402:Male Laysan duck
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680:12 November
590:NatureServe
561:duck plague
466:After many
408:Polynesians
321:Description
243:Laysan teal
233:Laysan duck
1502:Categories
1480:Xeno-canto
1145:24 October
801:Waterbirds
705:2022-01-14
637:References
577:threatened
512:Kure Atoll
420:ill-suited
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700:cites.org
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1252:BirdLife
1196:Wikidata
1139:Archived
1086:24 April
1009:Archived
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557:botulism
532:nematode
454:Recovery
339:Behavior
289:Taxonomy
264:and two
159:Anatidae
155:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
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65:IUCN 3.1
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