288:
296:
100:
38:
116:
373:
and for killing priests. A 2017 survey showed that 56% of Russia's population had a favorable opinion of Lenin, with the majority of support coming from the older generation that lived in the USSR. In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of
487:
also began removing many of their Lenin monuments, although some have remained. In 1991, Ukraine, where the Soviet Union is viewed much more negatively than in Russia, (according to a poll by the sociological group
397:
proposed the removal of Lenin monuments to museums, citing high maintenance costs due to the prevalence of vandalism, and saying that Lenin's dominance was "unfair" to other outstanding personalities – such as
511:
815:
284:
notes, "All these metamorphoses predominantly took place in publishing, on TV and the radio… the dismantling of Lenin happened only verbally and almost didn’t materialize in any other way."
346:(former Vyatka) being examples. Even though Leningrad and Sverdlovsk were renamed, regions that were named after them are still officially called Leningrad and Sverdlovsk oblasts.
369:. In 2016, he critiqued Lenin's concept of a federative state divided along ethnic lines, each with a right of secession. Various public figures also denounced Lenin for
957:
248:. This fact is largely attributed to the population of rural localities being more conservative, while the urban population is liberal and more Western-oriented.
1027:
563:
983:
244:. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991. Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg is still named
807:
568:
883:
205:
754:
1238:
510:) had 5,500 Lenin monuments, and until November 2015, approximately 1,300 Lenin monuments were still standing. More than 700 Lenin monuments
1060:
1285:
446:
319:
183:
437:, and hierophants of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2017, legislation was proposed by six lawmakers, including three from Putin's
266:
931:
230:(the city's name in 1924–1991) was held on 12 June 1991, with 54.86% of Russian SFSR voters (with a turnout of 65%) supporting
780:
1319:
1185:
639:
304:
533:
840:
627:
287:
681:
315:
442:
1159:
1002:
179:
81:
59:
52:
1037:
507:
413:
Conscious attempts in
Russian society to deal with the Soviet past have been uncertain. Organisations such as the
258:
There was some reform in education, and Lenin's name began to disappear from books, articles, and dissertations.
528:
is gradually on the rise in Russia. Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in
480:
209:
525:
421:) and younger generations, including schoolchildren. The organization was officially banned in Russia in 2022.
361:
made peace with the
Communists when he came to power in 2000, but after his 2012 election began denouncing the
280:
However, there was only partial and intermittent removal of his statues and likenesses in Russia. As historian
303:
Out of 7,000 Lenin statues as of 1991, Russia retained the vast majority. As of 2022, there are approximately
1329:
370:
489:
418:
537:
519:
474:
251:
In 1992, Lenin's likeness disappeared from the currency as Russia's banking system transitioned to the
208:". But this was framed as a return to orthodox Leninism and thus the cult of Lenin remained until the
1314:
540:, a neighbouring post-Soviet state, was met with fierce criticism by Russia, who regularly dismisses
221:
145:
17:
295:
1334:
46:
498:
support the initiative to rename streets and other objects whose names are associated with the
63:
1266:
1131:
1066:
728:
656:
322:) as well as changing the names of some Russian cities back to what they were before the 1917
269:
and wrote critical biographies of both Stalin and Lenin. He had previously been a head of the
932:"A century after the Russian Revolution, why is Lenin's body still on display in Red Square?"
274:
106:
1196:
1003:"Out of Sight: Decommunisation as a Way to Decolonise the Visual Space of Ukrainian Cities"
515:
187:
171:
8:
884:"Historic Russian Human Rights Center Closes, Warns of "Return to the Totalitarian Past""
573:
429:
Many have proposed burying Lenin's corpse and dismantling the Lenin
Mausoleum, including
394:
343:
270:
157:
695:
693:
691:
122:
99:
1007:
838:"The Bureaucratic Politics of Democracy Promotion: The Russian Democratization Project"
484:
462:
375:
323:
136:
115:
586:– exiled social democrat revolutionary who wrote an early critical biography of Lenin.
1324:
1246:
1181:
1169:
1155:
688:
635:
541:
430:
407:
403:
262:
240:(the city's name in 1914–1924) was not on the ballot, and neither was the colloquial
417:
have worked on numerous projects involving witnesses to past events (Gulag inmates,
1147:
578:
454:
414:
245:
232:
197:
365:
for their treachery in "betraying the country's national interests" to
Germany in
1222:"De-Leninization" Or "post-Leninism"?: New Soviet Thinking on the Past and Future
1220:
844:
701:
553:
529:
399:
331:
201:
958:"76% of Ukrainians support renaming streets and other objects related to Russia"
1177:
1127:
837:
558:
410:
and others. The lawmaker proposed regional referendums to decide the question.
358:
354:
281:
175:
1308:
1250:
1088:
1028:"Ukraine to rewrite Soviet history with controversial 'decommunisation' laws"
438:
434:
379:
350:
327:
252:
212:, when public challenges to the cult and its ideology and iconography began.
1216:
1052:
1032:
589:
499:
450:
386:
1286:"The Next Line of Hills: The Challenge of Peace Revisited | George Weigel"
1012:
781:"Lenin's approval rating surges, 100 years after the Bolshevik Revolution"
458:
366:
1197:"The Public Perception of the Cult of Lenin Based on Archival Materials"
909:
1139:
1115:
593:
583:
495:
362:
191:
536:
as "sacrilege" and "a perverse idea of good and evil". The process of
335:
755:"Vladimir Putin accuses Lenin of placing a 'time bomb' under Russia"
522:, which provided for their removal, signed into law on 15 May 2015.
706:
339:
167:
449:. The embalming and Mausoleum had been opposed from its outset by
1239:"Moscow Journal; Temple to Lenin Opens Its Doors to Freethinkers"
984:"Eighth National Poll: Ukraine in War Conditions (April 6, 2022)"
512:
were removed or destroyed between
February 2014 and December 2015
503:
311:
465:, and reportedly by Lenin himself before his premature death.
910:"«Мемориал» после ликвидации объявил о старте нового проекта"
857:
808:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says"
634:. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 273–277.
200:
began in the former Soviet Union in the mid-1950s during the
390:
353:
tried and failed to establish the new regime on a basis of
858:"The Organization Has Been Liquidated by a Court Decision"
468:
29:
Political reforms to dismantle the cult of
Vladimir Lenin
702:"Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols"
1267:"What Russia felt IMMEDIATELY after the USSR's breakup"
657:"What Russia felt IMMEDIATELY after the USSR's breakup"
532:, as banning on them in other countries is seen by the
150:
1152:
Lenin: The Man, the
Dictator, and the Master of Terror
389:
media network reported that
Liberal-Democratic party (
607:
997:
995:
993:
564:
Demolition of monuments to
Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
378:
indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of
1080:
990:
569:Demolition of the Vladimir Lenin monument in Kyiv
1306:
424:
178:. Examples include removing images and toppling
1058:
261:Former Soviet colonel general turned historian
226:A referendum on restoring the historic name of
206:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1265:Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (25 December 2021).
1225:. U.S. Information Agency, Office of Research.
655:Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (25 December 2021).
326:(Leningrad to Saint Petersburg, Sverdlovsk to
1264:
907:
654:
236:(the city's name in 1703–1914). Returning to
166:') is political reform aimed at refuting
194:, Moscow, and burying his mummified corpse.
174:ideology and ending the personality cult of
1142:(revised ed.). New York: Mentor Books.
1062:The Russians with fond memories of the USSR
682:"Relics of the Soviet era remain in Russia"
1194:
1168:
699:
613:
1146:
320:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
1086:
805:
294:
286:
215:
45:This article includes a list of general
1230:
847:PhD Diss, University of Maryland, 2006.
625:
592:– Bolshevik revolutionary, exponent of
469:In Ukraine and other post-Soviet states
334:), though others were maintained, with
310:Notable anti-communist measures in the
267:State Archive of the Russian Federation
14:
1307:
1237:Clines, Francis X. (22 January 1992).
1236:
619:
204:following the latter's secret speech "
1126:
1215:
1122:(revised ed.). London: Pelican.
1114:
1025:
881:
700:Shevchenko, Vitaly (14 April 2015).
31:
818:from the original on 3 October 2020
761:. Associated Press. 25 January 2016
316:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
299:Statue of Lenin in Saint Petersburg
121:A toppled Lenin statue next to the
24:
1059:Steve Rosenberg (19 August 2016),
1011:. 28 December 2015. Archived from
632:From Leningrad to Saint Petersburg
105:The toppling of a Lenin statue in
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1346:
371:murdering the Tsar and his family
806:Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019).
508:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
114:
98:
36:
1019:
976:
950:
924:
901:
875:
850:
830:
908:Старикова, М. (7 April 2022).
799:
773:
747:
721:
674:
648:
526:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union
13:
1:
600:
425:Lenin's Mausoleum controversy
385:In 2012, the state-sponsored
184:renaming places and buildings
1320:Politics of the Soviet Union
1195:Velikanova, Olga V. (2001).
1026:Hyde, Lily (20 April 2015).
628:"Chronology of Major Events"
7:
626:Orttung, Robert W. (1995).
547:
314:include the banning of the
151:
10:
1351:
1065:, BBC News, archived from
538:decommunization in Ukraine
475:Decommunization in Ukraine
472:
219:
1180:. London: HarperCollins.
912:(in Russian). Коммерсантъ
445:, but was opposed by the
441:party and three from the
349:Russia's first president
318:(and the creation of the
222:Decommunization in Russia
140:
1108:
534:Russian foreign ministry
291:Statue of Lenin in Murom
1087:Lucy Ash (1 May 2016),
514:, On 9 April 2015, the
481:dissolution of the USSR
447:Russian Communist Party
419:Soviet rights activists
342:(former Stavropol) and
210:dissolution of the USSR
66:more precise citations.
1174:Lenin: A New Biography
1132:Essentials of Leninism
530:state-controlled media
518:passed legislation on
300:
292:
298:
290:
275:psychological warfare
265:gained access to the
216:In post-Soviet Russia
1231:Articles and reviews
843:13 June 2007 at the
729:"Putin Disses Lenin"
516:Ukrainian parliament
357:. Russian president
307:to Lenin in Russia.
1201:UNT Digital Library
1130:(1948). "Appendix:
1015:on 29 January 2016.
574:Muzeon Park of Arts
461:, by Lenin's widow
395:Aleksandr Kurdyumov
338:(former Simbirsk),
1243:The New York Times
1170:Volkogonov, Dmitri
1154:. Pantheon Books.
1136:Lenin: A Biography
1120:Lenin: A Biography
1090:The rape of Berlin
1008:The Ukrainian Week
735:. 3 September 2014
684:. 23 January 2012.
485:post-Soviet states
463:Nadezhda Krupskaya
324:October Revolution
312:Russian Federation
301:
293:
1187:978-0-00-255123-6
1148:Sebestyen, Victor
1069:on 21 August 2016
938:. 5 November 2017
836:Nelson, Susan H.
641:978-0-312-12080-1
542:Soviet war crimes
431:Mikhail Gorbachev
408:Ivan the Terrible
404:Alexander Suvorov
263:Dmitri Volkogonov
253:post-Soviet ruble
188:Lenin's Mausoleum
161:
149:
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
1342:
1330:Marxism–Leninism
1315:De-Stalinization
1301:
1299:
1297:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1191:
1176:. Translated by
1165:
1143:
1123:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1036:. Archived from
1023:
1017:
1016:
999:
988:
987:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
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922:
921:
919:
917:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
882:Chernova, Anna.
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
862:Memorial Society
854:
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834:
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579:Good Bye, Lenin!
520:de-communization
415:Memorial Society
233:Saint Petersburg
198:De-Stalinization
180:statues of Lenin
172:Marxist–Leninist
156:
154:
144:
142:
123:Mogoşoaia Palace
118:
107:Khmelnytsky park
102:
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
62:this article by
53:inline citations
40:
39:
32:
21:
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1335:Decommunization
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1275:
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1178:Shukman, Harold
1162:
1128:Lenin, Vladimir
1111:
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787:. 19 April 2017
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400:Peter the Great
332:Nizhny Novgorod
305:6,000 monuments
271:Soviet military
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202:Khrushchev thaw
133:De-Leninization
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1040:on 16 May 2015
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733:The New Yorker
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559:Anti-communism
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473:Main article:
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359:Vladimir Putin
355:anti-communism
282:Yury Pivovarov
220:Main article:
217:
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186:, dismantling
176:Vladimir Lenin
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439:United Russia
436:
435:Boris Yeltsin
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380:Joseph Stalin
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351:Boris Yeltsin
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1294:. Retrieved
1292:. April 1990
1290:First Things
1289:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1254:. Retrieved
1242:
1221:
1205:. Retrieved
1203:(in Russian)
1200:
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1095:, retrieved
1089:
1082:
1071:, retrieved
1067:the original
1061:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1033:The Guardian
1031:
1021:
1013:the original
1006:
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966:. Retrieved
962:Nikopol.City
961:
952:
940:. Retrieved
935:
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914:. Retrieved
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887:
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865:. Retrieved
861:
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820:. Retrieved
811:
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789:. Retrieved
784:
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763:. Retrieved
759:the Guardian
758:
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737:. Retrieved
732:
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711:. Retrieved
705:
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664:. Retrieved
660:
650:
631:
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609:
590:Leon Trotsky
524:
500:Soviet Union
490:
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451:Leon Trotsky
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387:Russia Today
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1140:Shub, David
1116:Shub, David
367:World War I
64:introducing
1309:Categories
1093:, BBC News
601:References
594:Trotskyism
584:David Shub
506:after the
496:Ukrainians
479:After the
363:Bolsheviks
192:Red Square
47:references
1251:0362-4331
1073:20 August
942:19 August
822:8 October
812:Bloomberg
791:19 August
765:18 August
739:18 August
494:, 76% of
393:) deputy
336:Ulyanovsk
246:Leningrad
238:Petrograd
228:Leningrad
164:Leninfall
152:Leninopad
146:romanized
141:Ленінопад
137:Ukrainian
125:, Romania
109:, Ukraine
72:July 2022
18:Leninfall
1325:Leninism
1296:14 April
1276:14 April
1256:14 April
1219:(1989).
1207:14 April
1172:(1994).
1150:(2017).
1118:(1966).
968:22 April
936:Newsweek
916:11 April
841:Archived
816:Archived
785:Newsweek
707:BBC News
548:See also
483:, other
455:Bukharin
376:Russians
340:Tolyatti
168:Leninist
893:5 April
867:5 April
459:Kamenev
160:
148::
60:improve
1249:
1184:
1158:
1097:1 June
1044:17 May
713:1 June
638:
504:Russia
491:Rating
49:, but
1138:. By
1109:Books
666:9 May
344:Kirov
242:Piter
162:'
1298:2022
1278:2022
1258:2022
1247:ISSN
1209:2022
1182:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1099:2016
1075:2016
1046:2015
970:2022
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