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406:. The newborn boy was named Napoleon, in honor of an uncle who had passed away the previous year. For the first time, Letizia faced difficulties producing milk, leading her to hire a wet nurse named Camilla Llati as a surrogate mother. Letizia retained only one servant, a woman named Mammuccia Caterina, who lived with the family without wages and served as the midwife during Napoleon's birth. During this period, Letizia handled all household chores while Mammuccia looked after the children.
45:
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551:, she was known to live in relative simplicity, receiving a monthly pension of 25,000 francs. On the evening of 10 November 1799, while she was with her daughters at the Theatre, the play was interrupted and it was announced that an attack against Napoleon had just been foiled, but she famously kept her composure and only left at the end of the performance. When her son Lucien clandestinely married
942:, a note from the first volume of the Memoirs of Lucien Bonaparte indicates that she was born on 24 August 1749. This date is confirmed by the act of marriage of Joseph Bonaparte to Maria–Julie Clary, on 1 August 1794, which says that Madame Mère was forty-five years old on that date. Tulard states that the date of 1750, the most frequently found, seems to be a consensus without tangible proof.
657:, where she lived with Joseph. During her years in Rome, she lived in seclusion with very few visitors except for her half-brother, who rarely left her. Letizia's great wealth acquired from selling her own jewellery and shrewd investments allowed her to live comfortably for the rest of her life. For a time, the painter
579:
While
Napoleon had made his brothers and sisters imperial highnesses, except Lucien and JĂ©rĂ´me, Letizia did not have an official title yet. In July 1804, Cardinal Fesch wrote to Napoleon, suggesting that a title be found for her. By decree, she was given the title "Madame" but since this was also how
473:
and stayed until
September. The family financial situation worsened, and Letizia had four children dependent on her as well as school fees to pay for JĂ©rĂ´me and Joseph. Napoleon returned at the beginning of 1788 on a leave until June as the only breadwinner and as such the new head of the family. He
359:
Letizia became pregnant, giving birth to thirteen children in total, with eight surviving. Her firstborn, a son named
Napoleon, was born in 1765 but passed away shortly after birth. Following this, a baby girl was born but did not survive. Subsequently, Carlo traveled to Rome, where he spent the next
468:
On 24 February 1785, Carlo died of stomach cancer, and
Letizia became a widow with eight children at the age of 35. Joseph, as the eldest son, was now the head of the family and returned to Corsica after finishing his studies at Collège d'Autun. In September 1786, Napoleon returned to Ajaccio, after
535:
in
Ajaccio, which had been rebuilt, renovated and redecorated for the occasion. Napoleon allowed his mother and uncle to exercise some supervision over the affairs of Corsica. As such, the prefect of the island received orders not to make an appointment without consulting Letizia or Fesch. On 28
913:
The Coat of arms of
Letizia Bonaparte depicts an eagle, the head to the sinister in front of an azure background standing upon gold thunderbolts on top of which is the letter L for Letizia. The shield is surrounded by the red Imperial mantle, semé of bees. The shield is topped by the Imperial
605:, 92 rue Saint Dominique in Paris, a house that she purchased from Lucien for 600,000 francs. Napoleon gave her an appanage of 500,000 a year. She did not attend the Imperial court and lived from 1805 to 1813 at the Chateau de
421:, whose wife was the godmother of their son Louis. In 1777 Marbeuf secured Carlo's election as a deputy to represent Corsica at Versailles. At the end of 1778, Carlo took Joseph and Napoleon to the continent to study at the
668:
and had outlived
Napoleon by 15 years. In 1851 her body was transferred to the Imperial Chapel specially built for it in her native Ajaccio. In 1951, Carlo's body was brought in a hundred years later, to rest next to her.
509:. Penniless, Letizia had to queue for food at the soup kitchen. Her only income came from Napoleon's salary as an officer. In the Spring of 1794, after winning his first major battle as artillery commander during the
309:. Her parents were Giovanni Geronimo Ramolino and Angela Maria Pietra-Santa. Giovanni, an army officer specializing in civil engineering, commanded the Ajaccio garrison. The Ramolino family, a manor nobility from
951:
Before the annexation of
Corsica to France in 1768, the family used both spelling Bonaparte and Buonaparte After the family fled to France in 1793, they started using exclusively the French spelling of their
527:, on 9 March 1796, on which she was not consulted. When Joseph became ambassador to the Papacy on 14 May 1796, Letizia personally accompanied him to Italy. On 1 June 1797, after Napoleon's triumphant
425:. The following year in May 1779, possibly because of Carlo and Letizia's friendship with the governor, and after Carlo was accorded a certificate of nobility, 9-year-old Napoleon was admitted to the
580:
the daughters of the king used to be called, "Mother of his
Majesty the Emperor" was added to the end. She became referred to as "Madame Mère" (Madame Mother). On 2 December 1804, when Napoleon was
456:. Letizia managed to visit Napoleon at Brienne in 1784, even though no boy could leave the school grounds for six years and visits by parents were restricted. The same year, he was promoted to the
316:
Letizia received her education at home, primarily focused on domestic skills, as was typical for
Corsican women of that era. At the age of six, following her father's death, her mother married
493:
In 1793, after Napoleon turned against Paoli, Letizia and her other children fled to France on 31 May, while the partisans of Paoli pillaged and burned her house. The family resettled in
2477:
2354:
501:
was at its peak. Letizia and her daughters, to avoid being recognised as aristocrats, were described as "dressmakers" in the passports provided to them by Napoleon. After the
555:, known as Madame Jouberthon, against Napoleon's wishes, the brothers fell out. Letizia sided with Lucien and left Paris for Rome, where Pauline already lived as Princess
270:, and the couple had eight children. Following her husband's death in 1785, she moved to mainland France, where her son Napoleon would later rise to prominence during the
567:
394:, a minute's walk from Casa Buonaparte, Letizia went into labor. Legend has it that she gave birth at home on a carpet in the living room, depicting battles from the
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336:
528:
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383:. She would fight beside her husband in the struggle for independence. With Paoli's defeat in May 1769, the couple returned to Ajaccio.
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in Paris. Two years later, he graduated as a second lieutenant and joined the 4th artillery regiment of la Fère based in Valence.
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804:
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In 1768, when Genoa formally ceded the island to France, a Corsican guerrilla movement led by Paoli rose in revolt against the
364:, taking on the role of his part-time secretary. During this period, Letizia became pregnant again, eventually giving birth to
2144:
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2018:
1998:
1977:
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1797:
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274:. A steadfast source of support for her son, Letizia held a prominent and influential position in French society during the
3002:
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863:
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Letizia gave birth to thirteen children between 1765 and 1784; five of them died, two at birth and three in their infancy.
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Letizia died in 1836, aged 85, three weeks before the 51st anniversary of her husband's death. By then, she was nearly
537:
477:
348:, an 18-year-old law student from Ajaccio. The Buonapartes, belonging to the Corsican nobility, traced their roots to
1934:
2684:
1613:
609:, a castle that Napoleon gifted her. On the occasions when she visited Paris, she resided at her HĂ´tel de Brienne.
2750:
2852:
2806:
2450:
1728:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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559:, and where Letizia stayed with her half-brother, now Cardinal Fesch. Lucien and his family soon followed her.
1670:
592:, she did not attend the coronation. When she was congratulated on her son's successes, she famously replied:
513:, Napoleon became General de Brigade. With his new income, he was able to move his mother and siblings to the
324:
in Ajaccio in 1757. The union resulted in two children, including Letizia's half-brother, the future Cardinal
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1331:
Napoleon: Eine biographische Skizze ; Aus dem Französischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen
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278:. Known for her strong character, she exerted considerable influence on her son's life and career.
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547:, the beginning of his rise to power, and Letizia moved to Paris. Even as the mother of the
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8:
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275:
2136:
Revival: The Women Bonapartes vol. II (1908): The Mother and Three Sisters of Napoleon I
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78:
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523:. While Letizia was proud of Napoleon, she disapproved of his marriage to the widow
54:
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2799:
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127:
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2029:
1967:
1956:
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1829:
1808:
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1568:
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1457:
1128:
850:
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1508:
868:
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on 29 June 1815. After saying goodbye to her son, she travelled from Paris to
2946:
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1685:
808:
654:
642:
409:
Letizia and her husband Carlo befriended the new island's military governor,
286:
2657:
630:
325:
321:
101:
1699:
360:
two years. Upon his return, he aligned himself with the republican leader
263:" (French for "Madame Mother") due to her status as the Emperor's mother.
44:
2847:
2270:
1040:
939:
699:
629:
with Pauline. In February 1815, Letizia followed him to Paris during the
474:
returned again in September 1789 entering Corsican politics with Joseph.
1645:"TELEVISION REVIEW; Path of Glory for an Obscure Corsican - NYTimes.com"
531:, she visited him in Milan with Caroline and JĂ©rĂ´me, then moved back to
505:
took possession of the port of Toulon a month later the family moved to
19:"Maria-Letizia Bonaparte" redirects here. For the Duchess of Aosta, see
2073:
Mapping the 'I': Research on Self-Narratives in Germany and Switzerland
1459:
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia : Knowledge in depth
821:
506:
502:
281:
After the end of the Empire, she spent her later years in seclusion in
543:
On 7 October he left for Fréjus about to seize power in the bloodless
832:
on 24 December 1803 (marriage annulled 1806), re-married to princess
782:
665:
414:
252:
1433:. Portraits – Editions Excelsior (in French). Excelsior. p. 96.
601:
On 19 December 1804, Letizia left Rome and took up residence at the
379:, joined Paoli and fled with the insurgents into the mountains near
356:, chose to forgo completing his degree and instead married Letizia.
2201:
781:(20 October 1780 – 9 June 1825), Sovereign Princess and Duchess of
617:
376:
375:. Carlo and Letizia, then 19-year-old and pregnant with the future
310:
256:
171:
520:
402:
352:
in the early sixteenth century. Carlo, initially studying law at
349:
302:
298:
211:
113:
74:
70:
2069:
1514:
1449:
1159:
494:
317:
1757:
La jeunesse inédite de Napoléon: d'après de nombreux documents
1013:
396:
2101:
1046:
2170:
2090:
1705:
1338:
638:
626:
282:
97:
625:
In 1814, Letizia shared Napoleon's exile on the island of
2070:
Ulbrich, C.; von Greyerz, K.; Heiligensetzer, L. (2014).
1768:
18 Brumaire an VIII: Le coup d'Etat de Napoléon Bonaparte
1188:
1186:
974:
a sovereign nation independent from the Republic of Genoa
1455:
1437:
1355:
1353:
1309:
1147:
1108:
1001:
536:
September 1799, Napoleon, returning from his successful
432:
Letizia remained in Ajaccio, bearing six more children,
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1251:
1249:
1079:
723:
Maria Anna Buonaparte (14 July 1771 – 23 November 1771)
684:
Maria Anna Buonaparte (3 January 1767 – 1 January 1768)
1594:
1577:
1408:
1396:
1183:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
645:. She purchased the former Palazzo Rinuccini, renamed
247:; 24 August 1750 or 1749 – 2 February 1836), known as
1842:
Napoleon and His Parents: On the Threshold of History
1520:
1350:
1297:
1285:
1030:
1028:
2104:
Vita di Napoleone Buonaparte imperatore de' Francesi
2091:
Valynseele, J.; de Warren, R.; Pinoteau, H. (1954).
1810:
Letizia R. Bonaparte, la mère de toutes les douleurs
1532:
1420:
1365:
1273:
1261:
1246:
1222:
1198:
1760:. Présence de l'histoire (in French). Amiot-Dumont.
1496:
1384:
1234:
1210:
1091:
1052:
716:in 1796 (marriage annulled 1810) and re-married to
681:
Napoleone Buonaparte (born and died 17 August 1765)
1785:
1557:(in French). Éditions de l'Encyclopédie Française.
1171:
1165:
1025:
344:On 2 June 1764, at the age of 14, Letizia married
1786:Burton, J.K.; Burton, J.K.; Conner, S.P. (2007).
840:in 1840 (religious) and 19 February 1853 (civil).
313:, had been established in Corsica for 250 years.
2944:
2007:
1958:Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture
1544:
1120:
1019:
970:In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli had proclaimed
368:, originally named Giuseppe, on 7 January 1768.
1321:
1515:Ulbrich, von Greyerz & Heiligensetzer 2014
540:, stopped in Ajaccio and stayed with Letizia.
2186:
621:Deathbed portrait of Maria Letizia Bonaparte.
2139:. Routledge Revivals. Taylor & Francis.
1943:
1746:Memoirs of Celebrated Women of All Countries
1612:
1344:
983:she would later deny the story of the carpet
934:
932:
789:on 5 May 1797 (died 1802) and re-married to
593:
514:
2048:
1905:Napoleon Against Himself: A Psychobiography
1583:
1554:Itinéraire de Napoléon Bonaparte, 1769–1821
1007:
820:(15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860), King of
649:(now Palazzo Misciatelli) on the corner of
2193:
2179:
2076:. Egodocuments and History Series. Brill.
1838:
1806:
1721:
1315:
1153:
1114:
1085:
836:on 22 August 1807, and married thirdly to
390:, 15 August 1769, while attending Mass at
43:
37:Mother of His Imperial Majesty The Emperor
1706:Valynseele, de Warren & Pinoteau 1954
1618:"'Napoleon and Josephine', A Mini-Series"
1570:L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux
1426:
929:
469:eight years away, as a lieutenant in the
21:Maria Letizia Bonaparte, Duchess of Aosta
2132:
2118:. Bien connaître (in French). Gisserot.
2111:
1742:
1667:
1600:
1414:
1303:
1192:
712:(1804 – 1814; 1815); married vicomtesse
616:
566:
562:
476:
335:
331:
2027:
1922:
1764:
1642:
1402:
1359:
1291:
612:
584:, despite being depicted in the famous
571:Portrait of Maria Letizia Bonaparte by
142: 1764; died 1785)
2945:
2424:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
1986:
1965:
1827:
1753:
1668:Schulman, Michael (November 6, 2023).
1550:
1538:
1526:
1456:Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc (1998).
1430:La mère de Napoléon, Letizia Bonaparte
1279:
1267:
1255:
1228:
1204:
1126:
1102:
1073:
844:
419:Claude-François Bertrand de Boucheporn
177:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
2174:
2010:The Riverside Dictionary of Biography
1880:
1859:
1590:(in French). E. Charavay. p. 10.
1443:
1378:
1240:
1216:
1034:
961:sometimes spelled Romolini in italian
259:I of France. She received the title "
2929:
1972:(in French). BnF collection ebooks.
1969:Napoléon dans sa jeunesse: 1769–1793
1954:
1901:
1887:(in French). Yale University Press.
1502:
1390:
1327:
1177:
864:Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story
633:. They met for the last time at the
340:Carlo Bonaparte and Letizia Ramolino
289:, until her death in February 1836.
2115:Généalogies des rois et des princes
1944:Larrey, F.H.B.; Larrey, H. (1892).
1671:"Ridley Scott's "Napoleon" Complex"
1606:
849:Letizia Bonaparte was portrayed by
764:(2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846),
718:Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
297:Maria-Letizia Ramolino was born in
13:
2566:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1884:Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power
1725:Historical Dictionary of Democracy
896:Coat of arms of Letizia Bonaparte
750:(3 January 1777 – 7 August 1820),
429:cadet school under a scholarship.
14:
3024:
2978:People of the First French Empire
2865:"China is a sleeping giant" quote
2161:
2155:
2052:Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour
1813:(in French). Place des Ă©diteurs.
1047:Vita di Napoleone Buonaparte 1827
803:(1800–1815) and Grand Duchess of
481:Portrait of Letizia Bonaparte by
172:Napoleon I, Emperor of the French
2963:French people of Italian descent
2928:
2920:
2919:
2336:
1961:(in French). Michel Lévy Frères.
1587:Les Bonaparte et leurs alliances
1166:Burton, Burton & Conner 2007
1130:Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars
901:
740:on 5 May 1794 and re-married to
732:(21 March 1775 – 29 June 1840),
690:(7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844)
2807:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
1947:Madame mère: (Napoleonis mater)
1792:. Texas Tech University Press.
1789:Napoleon and the Woman Question
1771:(in French). Frédérique PATAT.
1714:
1661:
1636:
1334:(in German). Cotta. p. 79.
977:
964:
799:(25 March 1782 – 18 May 1839),
708:(15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821),
182:Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
139:
95:2 February 1836 (aged 85 or 86)
50:Letizia Bonaparte (Madame Mère)
3008:Mothers of Neapolitan monarchs
2049:Tulard, J.; Waugh, T. (1984).
955:
945:
734:Prince of Canino and Musignano
641:to be under the protection of
411:Charles Réné, Comte de Marbeuf
192:Pauline, Princess of Guastalla
1:
1926:Napoleon: His Wives and Women
990:
486:
292:
255:noblewoman and the mother of
2200:
2034:. Penguin Publishing Group.
1643:Strauss, Neil (2003-04-08).
1462:. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
995:
748:Maria Anna (Elisa) Bonaparte
463:
7:
3003:Mothers of Spanish monarchs
2993:Mothers of Italian monarchs
2600:War of the Fourth Coalition
2055:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
10:
3029:
2998:Mothers of French monarchs
2983:18th-century French people
2909:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
2774:Column of the Grande Armée
2636:War of the Sixth Coalition
2612:War of the Fifth Coalition
2588:War of the Third Coalition
2013:. Houghton Mifflin. 2005.
838:Justine Bartolini-Baldelli
586:painting of his coronation
285:, under the protection of
226:Giovanni Geronimo Ramolino
202:JĂ©rĂ´me, King of Westphalia
156:
18:
3013:Mothers of Dutch monarchs
2917:
2833:
2761:
2739:Saint-Domingue expedition
2677:
2624:French invasion of Russia
2525:French Revolutionary Wars
2514:
2345:
2334:
2235:
2208:
1908:. Pitchstone Publishing.
756:Felice Pasquale Baciocchi
661:served as her companion.
320:, a Swiss officer in the
230:
222:
210:
197:Caroline, Queen of Naples
149:
121:
107:
84:
62:
42:
35:
30:
2652:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
2248:Joséphine de Beauharnais
2097:(in French). Selbstverl.
1866:. Taylor & Francis.
1584:de Brotonne, L. (1893).
1345:Larrey & Larrey 1892
922:
834:Catharina of WĂĽrttemberg
752:Grand Duchess of Tuscany
742:Alexandrine de Bleschamp
726:A stillborn child (1773)
714:Joséphine de Beauharnais
672:
598:(Let's hope it lasts!).
553:Alexandrine de Bleschamp
525:Joséphine de Beauharnais
234:Angela Maria Pietrasanta
187:Louis I, King of Holland
68:24 August 1750 (or 1749)
2784:Palace of Fontainebleau
2133:Williams, H.N. (2018).
2112:Volkmann, J.C. (1998).
1839:Carrington, D. (1990).
1807:de Carolis, P. (2014).
1743:Abrantès, L.J. (1834).
1722:Abjorensen, N. (2019).
1008:Tulard & Waugh 1984
890:
871:in the 2002 miniseries
801:Queen consort of Naples
791:Prince Camillo Borghese
787:General Charles Leclerc
770:Hortense de Beauharnais
388:feast of the Assumption
241:Maria-Letizia Bonaparte
2572:Battle of the Pyramids
2377:Assassination attempts
2279:Carlo Maria Buonaparte
1950:(in French). E. Dentu.
1427:Duhourcau, F. (1933).
775:A stillborn son (1779)
622:
594:
576:
529:First Italian Campaign
515:
490:
341:
66:Maria-Letizia Ramolino
2164:"Bonaparte Genealogy"
2094:Le sang des Bonaparte
1990:Napoleon: A Biography
1616:(November 10, 1987).
1328:Bret, J.F.L. (1821).
1020:Houghton Mifflin 2005
768:(1806–1810); married
754:(1804–1809); married
710:Emperor of the French
698:(1808–1813); married
620:
570:
563:Mother of the Emperor
480:
339:
332:Marriage and children
266:In 1764, she married
167:Joseph, King of Spain
2594:Battle of Austerlitz
2451:Weaponry and warfare
2028:Roberts, A. (2014).
1923:Hibbert, C. (2002).
1860:Dwyer, P.G. (2014).
635:Château de Malmaison
613:Later life and death
452:in 1782 and in 1784
16:Mother of Napoleon I
2988:Mothers of emperors
2968:18th-century births
2958:People from Ajaccio
2853:Cultural depictions
2647:Battle of Vauchamps
2367:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2226:First French Empire
2107:(in Italian). 1827.
1987:McLynn, F. (2011).
1966:Masson, F. (2016).
1863:Napoleon and Europe
1828:Decaux, A. (1962).
1754:Bartel, P. (1954).
1551:Garros, L. (1947).
1446:, pp. 510–511.
1127:Marrin, A. (1993).
897:
845:Cultural depictions
830:Elizabeth Patterson
744:on 26 October 1803.
595:Pourvu que ça dure!
573:Joseph Karl Stieler
545:coup of 18 Brumaire
305:, then part of the
276:First French Empire
2953:House of Bonaparte
2891:Retour des cendres
2870:German Romanticism
2820:Rue de la Victoire
2734:Law of 20 May 1802
2669:Battle of Waterloo
2630:Battle of Borodino
2318:Caroline Bonaparte
2266:Alexandre Walewski
1881:Dwyer, P. (2013).
1649:The New York Times
1623:The New York Times
1573:(in French). 1981.
1488:has generic name (
895:
826:Prince of Montfort
805:JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
797:Caroline Bonaparte
793:on 28 August 1803.
772:on 4 January 1802.
706:Napoleon Bonaparte
659:Anna Barbara Bansi
623:
577:
491:
354:University of Pisa
342:
2940:
2939:
2835:Legacy and memory
2779:Equestrian statue
2762:Homes and honours
2690:Concordat of 1801
2642:Battle of Leipzig
2618:Battle of EckmĂĽhl
2582:Battle of Marengo
2555:Battle of Bassano
2537:French Revolution
2419:Sale of Louisiana
2323:Pauline Bonaparte
2162:Marek, Miroslav.
2146:978-1-351-34245-2
2125:978-2-87747-374-3
2083:978-90-04-28397-8
2062:978-0-297-78439-5
2041:978-0-698-17628-7
2020:978-0-618-49337-1
2000:978-1-62872-025-9
1979:978-2-346-10671-4
1955:LĂ©vy, M. (1852).
1929:. HarperCollins.
1915:978-1-939578-72-3
1902:Falk, A. (2015).
1894:978-0-300-16243-1
1873:978-1-317-88271-8
1852:978-0-525-24833-0
1831:Napoleon's Mother
1820:978-2-259-22968-5
1799:978-0-89672-559-1
1778:978-2-37324-008-5
1735:978-1-5381-2074-3
1614:O'Connor, John J.
1469:978-0-85229-633-2
1140:978-0-14-036479-8
920:
919:
881:in the 2023 film
861:in the 1987 film
853:in the 1937 film
779:Pauline Bonaparte
702:on 1 August 1794.
647:Palazzo Bonaparte
538:campaign in Egypt
392:Ajaccio Cathedral
307:Republic of Genoa
272:French Revolution
249:Letizia Bonaparte
238:
237:
112:Imperial Chapel,
79:Republic of Genoa
31:Letizia Bonaparte
3020:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2858:Napoleon complex
2800:Maison Bonaparte
2754:
2724:Organic Articles
2560:Battle of Rivoli
2516:Battles and wars
2500:
2486:
2435:Mesures usuelles
2363:
2340:
2310:JĂ©rĂ´me Bonaparte
2300:Lucien Bonaparte
2295:Joseph Bonaparte
2287:Letizia Ramolino
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2150:
2129:
2108:
2098:
2087:
2066:
2045:
2031:Napoleon: A Life
2024:
2004:
1983:
1962:
1951:
1940:
1919:
1898:
1877:
1856:
1835:
1834:. Cresset Press.
1824:
1803:
1782:
1765:Boissonnade, E.
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1133:. Puffin Books.
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818:JĂ©rĂ´me Bonaparte
730:Lucien Bonaparte
720:on 1 April 1810.
694:(1806–1808) and
688:Joseph Bonaparte
603:HĂ´tel de Brienne
597:
518:
488:
373:Genoese Republic
346:Carlo Buonaparte
268:Carlo Buonaparte
160:
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128:Carlo Buonaparte
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2875:Napoleonic Code
2829:
2825:Warsaw monument
2769:Arc de Triomphe
2757:
2748:
2712:Infamous Decree
2707:Grand Sanhedrin
2685:Catholic Church
2673:
2664:Battle of Ligny
2606:Battle of Eylau
2531:Siege of Toulon
2510:
2494:
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2408:Napoleonic Wars
2357:
2355:Stay in Auxonne
2347:Life and career
2341:
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2328:Elisa Bonaparte
2305:Louis Bonaparte
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2199:
2166:. Genealogy.eu.
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847:
766:King of Holland
762:Louis Bonaparte
738:Christine Boyer
675:
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582:crowned emperor
565:
533:Casa Buonaparte
511:siege of Toulon
483:François Gérard
466:
458:École militaire
423:Collège d'Autun
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2468:Route Napoléon
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2456:1st abdication
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2441:Looting of art
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2156:External links
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1602:
1601:Volkmann 1998
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1540:
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1416:
1415:Williams 2018
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1356:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1318:, p. 24.
1317:
1312:
1305:
1304:Abrantès 1834
1300:
1294:, p. 57.
1293:
1288:
1282:, p. 77.
1281:
1276:
1270:, p. 70.
1269:
1264:
1258:, p. 35.
1257:
1252:
1250:
1243:, p. 35.
1242:
1237:
1231:, p. 41.
1230:
1225:
1219:, p. 32.
1218:
1213:
1207:, p. 42.
1206:
1201:
1195:, p. 11.
1194:
1193:Williams 2018
1189:
1187:
1180:, p. 29.
1179:
1174:
1168:, p. 10.
1167:
1162:
1156:, p. 12.
1155:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1117:, p. 96.
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1088:, p. 12.
1087:
1082:
1076:, p. 14.
1075:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1049:, p. 12.
1048:
1043:
1037:, p. 27.
1036:
1031:
1029:
1022:, p. 97.
1021:
1016:
1010:, p. 77.
1009:
1004:
1000:
980:
973:
967:
958:
948:
941:
938:According to
935:
933:
928:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
900:
899:
888:
886:
885:
880:
879:Sinéad Cusack
876:
875:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
852:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:(1807–1813),
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:Joachim Murat
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
771:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:King of Spain
693:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
678:
670:
667:
662:
660:
656:
655:Via del Corso
652:
648:
644:
643:Pope Pius VII
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
610:
608:
604:
599:
596:
591:
587:
583:
574:
569:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
484:
479:
475:
472:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
404:
399:
398:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
338:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
290:
288:
287:Pope Pius VII
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
213:
209:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
162:
159:
158:
152:
148:
129:
124:
120:
115:
110:
106:
103:
99:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2927: /
2889:
2805:
2798:
2658:Hundred Days
2656:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2564:
2542:
2535:
2523:
2433:
2406:
2314:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2261:Charles LĂ©on
2257:
2253:Marie Louise
2244:
2135:
2114:
2103:
2093:
2072:
2051:
2030:
2009:
1989:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1925:
1904:
1883:
1862:
1841:
1830:
1809:
1788:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1724:
1715:Bibliography
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1675:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1621:
1608:
1596:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1553:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:|first=
1458:
1451:
1439:
1429:
1422:
1410:
1403:Roberts 2014
1398:
1386:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1311:
1306:, p. 5.
1299:
1292:Hibbert 2002
1287:
1275:
1263:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1129:
1122:
1110:
1105:, p. 4.
1081:
1042:
1015:
1003:
979:
966:
957:
947:
882:
872:
862:
854:
848:
676:
663:
631:Hundred Days
624:
600:
578:
549:First Consul
542:
516:Château Salé
492:
467:
431:
408:
401:
395:
385:
370:
358:
343:
326:Joseph Fesch
322:Genoese navy
315:
296:
280:
265:
260:
248:
244:
240:
239:
155:
102:Papal States
49:
36:
25:
2973:1836 deaths
2848:Bonapartism
2749: [
2719:Protestants
2495: [
2481: [
2358: [
2271:Napoleon II
1691:January 25,
1539:Bartel 1954
1527:Decaux 1962
1360:Boissonnade
1280:McLynn 2011
1268:McLynn 2011
1256:McLynn 2011
1229:McLynn 2011
1205:Masson 2016
1103:McLynn 2011
1074:McLynn 2011
940:Jean Tulard
869:Anouk Aimée
700:Julie Clary
318:Franz Fesch
261:Madame Mère
2947:Categories
2880:Propaganda
2414:Coronation
1993:. Arcade.
1845:. Dutton.
1654:2024-04-12
1629:2022-09-27
1444:Dwyer 2013
1379:Dwyer 2013
1241:Dwyer 2014
1217:Dwyer 2014
1035:Dwyer 2014
991:References
828:; married
822:Westphalia
807:; married
785:; married
736:; married
507:Marseilles
503:Royal Navy
471:Royal Army
293:Early life
91:1836-02-02
2478:2nd exile
2461:1st exile
2372:Consulate
2292:Brothers:
2258:Children:
1686:0028-792X
1503:LĂ©vy 1852
1478:cite book
1391:Falk 2015
1178:Falk 2015
996:Citations
783:Guastalla
497:when the
464:1785–1804
448:in 1780,
444:in 1778,
440:in 1777,
436:in 1775,
415:intendant
217:Bonaparte
2925:Category
2730:Slavery
2315:Sisters:
2219:timeline
2202:Napoleon
884:Napoleon
874:Napoléon
814:in 1800.
557:Borghese
450:Caroline
413:and the
377:Napoleon
311:Lombardy
257:Napoleon
253:Corsican
251:, was a
245:Ramolino
116:, France
2934:Commons
2904:Studies
2446:Tactics
2429:Holland
2284:Mother:
2276:Father:
972:Corsica
877:and by
575:, 1811.
521:Antibes
446:Pauline
427:Brienne
403:Odyssey
386:On the
350:Tuscany
303:Corsica
299:Ajaccio
144:
136:
132:
114:Ajaccio
75:Corsica
71:Ajaccio
2245:Wives:
2237:Family
2143:
2122:
2080:
2059:
2038:
2017:
1997:
1976:
1933:
1912:
1891:
1870:
1849:
1817:
1796:
1775:
1732:
1684:
1466:
1137:
914:crown.
499:Terror
495:Toulon
454:JĂ©rĂ´me
434:Lucien
366:Joseph
231:Mother
223:Father
157:Detail
122:Spouse
108:Burial
57:c.1813
2897:Penis
2813:Milan
2753:]
2746:Women
2695:Tiara
2678:Views
2499:]
2492:Death
2485:]
2362:]
952:names
923:Notes
910:Notes
867:; by
857:; by
673:Issue
666:blind
590:David
442:Louis
438:Elisa
397:Iliad
381:Corte
243:(née
212:House
151:Issue
138:(
134:
2885:Tomb
2504:mask
2400:1815
2395:1804
2390:1802
2385:1799
2141:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1693:2024
1682:ISSN
1490:help
1464:ISBN
1135:ISBN
891:Arms
653:and
639:Rome
627:Elba
489:1802
400:and
283:Rome
98:Rome
85:Died
63:Born
588:by
519:in
53:by
2949::
2751:fr
2497:fr
2483:fr
2360:fr
1680:.
1674:.
1647:.
1620:.
1482::
1480:}}
1476:{{
1367:^
1352:^
1248:^
1185:^
1093:^
1054:^
1027:^
931:^
887:.
487:c.
485:,
417:,
328:.
301:,
140:m.
100:,
77:,
73:,
2194:e
2187:t
2180:v
2149:.
2128:.
2086:.
2065:.
2044:.
2023:.
2003:.
1982:.
1939:.
1918:.
1897:.
1876:.
1855:.
1823:.
1802:.
1781:.
1738:.
1695:.
1657:.
1632:.
1492:)
1472:.
1143:.
855:]
93:)
89:(
23:.
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