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and fate, and constellations as well determine the life span of nations. âŠThe active intellect knows the astrological order, from the most general form of the constellations to their last specification, which in turn contains all of the conditions of occurrence of a particular event. Thus, when a prophet deals with the destiny of a particular person or human group, he receives from the active intellect a knowledge of the order of the constellations, and with sufficient precision to enable him to predict its fate in full detail. âŠThis astrological determinism has only one limitation. The free will of man could shatter the course of action ordained for him by the stars; prophecy could therefore predict the future on the basis of astrological determination only insofar as the free will of man does not break through the determined course of things.
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1429:". Ne'eman argued that after Gersonides reviewed Ptolemy's model with its epicycles he realized that it could be checked, by measuring the changes in the apparent brightnesses of Mars and looking for cyclical changes along the conjectured epicycles. These thus ceased being dogma, they were a theory that had to be experimentally verified, "Ă la Popper". Gersonides developed tools for these measurements, essentially pinholes and the
2162:
1365:âŠof a staff of 4.5 feet (1.4 m) long and about one inch (2.5 cm) wide, with six or seven perforated tablets which could slide along the staff, each tablet being an integral fraction of the staff length to facilitate calculation, used to measure the distance between stars or planets, and the altitudes and diameters of the Sun, Moon and stars.
1315:, and pioneering work in combinatorics. The title Maaseh Hoshev literally means the Work of the thinker, but it is also a pun on a biblical phrase meaning "clever work". Maaseh Hoshev is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Sefer Hamispar (The Book of Number), which is an earlier and less sophisticated work by
1233:
Gersonides posits that people's souls are composed of two parts: a material, or human, intellect; and an acquired, or agent, intellect. The material intellect is inherent in every person, and gives people the capacity to understand and learn. This material intellect is mortal, and dies with the body.
1417:
Gersonides appears to be the only astronomer before modern times to have surmised that the fixed stars are much further away than the planets. Whereas all other astronomers put the fixed stars on a rotating sphere just beyond the outer planets, Gersonides estimated the distance to the fixed stars to
1445:
three centuries later, but
Gersonides was the first to falsify the Alexandrian dogma - the first known instance of modern falsification philosophy. Gersonides also showed that Ptolemy's model for the lunar orbit, though reproducing correctly the evolution of the Moon's position, fails completely in
1407:
founded on the metaphysical doctrine of the dependence of all earthly occurrences upon the heavenly world. The general connection imparted to the prophet by the active intellect is the general order of the astrological constellation. The constellation under which a man is born determines his nature
1373:
on March 3, 1337. After he had observed this event he proposed a new theory of the sun which he proceeded to test by further observations. Another eclipse observed by
Gersonides was the eclipse of the Moon on 3 October 1335. He described a geometrical model for the motion of the Moon and made other
1242:
Man is immortal insofar as he attains the intellectual perfection that is open to him. This means that man becomes immortal only if and to the extent that he acquires knowledge of what he can in principle know, e.g. mathematics and the natural sciences. This knowledge survives his bodily death and
1207:). The former takes the views that God cannot know which moral choices people will make, but this does not impair His perfection. The latter considers that God could know the future if He wished, but deliberately refrains from using this ability in order to avoid the conflict with free will.
1215:
explained the apparent paradox of his position by citing the old question, "Can God create a rock so heavy that He cannot pick it up?" He said that we cannot accept free choice as a creation of God's, and simultaneously question its logical compatibility with omnipotence.
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Gersonides was the first to make a number of major mathematical and scientific advances, though since he wrote only in Hebrew and few of his writings were translated to other languages, his influence on non-Jewish thought was limited.
1065:
3. and 4. God's knowledge of facts and providence, in which is advanced the theory that God does not decide individual facts. While there is general providence for all, special providence only extends to those whose reason has been
216:, he never seems to have accepted any rabbinical post. It has been suggested that the uniqueness of his opinions may have put obstacles in the way of his advancement to a higher position or office. He is known to have been at
1446:
predicting the apparent sizes of the Moon in its motion. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that the findings influenced later generations of astronomers, even though
Gersonides' writings were translated and available.
1311:, various algebraic identities, certain sums including sums of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes, binomial coefficients, and simple combinatorial identities. The work is notable for its early use of proof by
1436:
The results of his observations did not fit
Ptolemy's model at all. Concluding that the model was inadequate, Gersonides tried (unsuccessfully) to improve on it. That challenge was finally answered, of course, by
1164:
is compatible with human freedom, holds that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual. God does not know, however, which choice the individual, in his freedom, will make."
1234:
However, he also posits that the soul also has an acquired intellect. This survives death, and can contain the accumulated knowledge that the person acquired during his lifetime. For
Gersonides,
212:, little is known of his life. His family had been distinguished for piety and exegetical skill in Talmud, but though he was known in the Jewish community by commentaries on certain books of the
1425:
has considered as "one of the most important insights in the history of science, generally missed in telling the story of the transition from epicyclic corrections to the geocentric model to
1354:, which have the form 2·3. The problem was to characterize all pairs of harmonic numbers differing by 1. Gersonides proved that there are only four such pairs: (1,2), (2,3), (3,4) and (8,9).
1385:
Gersonides was also the earliest known mathematician to have used the technique of mathematical induction in a systematic and self-conscious fashion and anticipated
Galileo's error theory.
1536:"Ralbag" is the acronym of "Rabbi Levi Ben Gershon", with vowels added to make it easily pronouncable, the normal traditional Jewish practice with the names of prominent Rabbis.
1175:
of God to include the free acts of man, and had argued that human freedom of decision was not affected by God's foreknowledge of its results, Ibn Daud, evidently following
1055:
and man, and explains the formation of the higher reason (or acquired intellect, as it was called) in humanityâhis view being thoroughly realist and resembling that of
235:, which eventually led him to rationalize many of the miracles in the Bible. His commentary on the Bible was sharply criticized by the most prominent scholars, such as
1183:
The view that God does not have foreknowledge of moral decisions which was advanced by ibn Daud and
Gersonides (Levi ben Gershom) is not quite as isolated as
1464:, where he is depicted as the mentor of the protagonist Olivier de Noyen, a non-Jewish poet and intellectual. A (fictional) encounter between Gersonides and
948:
1179:, excludes human action from divine foreknowledge. God, he holds, limited his omniscience even as He limited His omnipotence in regard to human acts".
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argues, Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts. "Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's
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5. celestial substances, treating of the strange spiritual hierarchy which the Jewish philosophers of the middle ages accepted from the
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1013:, ("The Wars of the Lord"), and occupied twelve years in composition (1317â1329). A portion of it, containing an elaborate survey of
574:
4108:
1950:
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editions of
Aristotle's works. His most important treatise, that by which he has a place in the history of philosophy, is entitled
2146:
C. Sirat, S. Klein-Braslavy, Olga
Weijers, Ph. Bobichon, G. Dahan, M. Darmon, G. Freudenthal R. Glasner, M. Kellner, J.-L. Mancha,
2226:
2240:
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2191:
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1996:
Sefer
Maassei Choscheb: Die Praxis des Rechners â Ein hebrĂ€isch-arithmetisches Werk des Levi ben Gerschom aus dem Jahre 1321
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The Rishonim: biographical sketches of the prominent early rabbinic sages and leaders from the tenthâfifteenth centuries
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Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People: A Study in Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Biblical Commentary
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The Rishonim: biographical sketches of the prominent early rabbinic sages and leaders from the tenth-fifteenth centuries
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The Rishonim: biographical sketches of the prominent early rabbinic sages and leaders from the tenth-fifteenth centuries
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Using data he collected from his own observations, Gersonides refuted Ptolemy's model in what the notable physicist
4143:
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2108:
The Astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344) - A Critical Edition of Chapters 1-20 with Translation and Commentary
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of Aristotelianism and rabbinic Jewish thought. Ralbag's treatise strictly adhered to Aristotelian thought. The
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1. the doctrine of the soul, in which Gersonides defends the theory of impersonal reason as mediating between
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6. creation and miracles, in respect to which Gersonides deviates widely from the position of Maimonides.
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Rabinovitch, Nachum L. (1970). "Rabbi Levi Ben Gershon and the Origins of Mathematical Induction".
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Philosophies of Judaism: The History of Jewish Philosophy from Biblical Times to Franz Rosenzweig
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Philosophies of Judaism: The History of Jewish Philosophy from Biblical Times to Franz Rosenzweig
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be no less than 159,651,513,380,944 earth radii, or about 100,000 lightyears in modern units.
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2212:) This is the text excluding the astronomical text (Book V, Part I). The quality varies.
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was real, and developed a naturalistic, non-supernatural explanation of how it works.
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Les méthodes de travail de Gersonide et le maniement du savoir chez les scolastiques
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was on the sphere of the fixed stars and shines by the reflected light of the Sun.
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1378:. Some of his beliefs were well wide of the truth, such as his belief that the
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1269:, an interpretation of the aggadic material in the fifth chapter of Tractate
1259:(published at Leghorn, 1800): a commentary on the thirteen halachic rules of
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Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions
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LĂ©vi ben Gershom ( Gersonide ), Les Guerres du Seigneur, livres III et IV
2026:
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Gersonides was the author of the following Talmudic and halakhic works:
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and Orange during his life, and is believed to have died in 1344, though
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is modeled after the plan of the great work of Jewish philosophy, the
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1510:
Hyman, Arthur; Walsh, James J.; Williams, Thomas (24 September 2010).
1167:
Another neoclassical Jewish proponent of self-limited omniscience was
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in 1321 dealing with arithmetical operations including extraction of
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1039:. It may be regarded as a criticism of some elements of Maimonides'
1014:
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311:
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1924:
Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley
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Gersonides' The Wars of the Lord, Treatise III: On God's knowledge
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Estimation of stellar distances and refutation of Ptolemy's model
607:
217:
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Part of his writings consist of commentaries on the portions of
3389:
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astronomical observations of the Moon, Sun and planets using a
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1926:(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 40.
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indicates, and it enjoys the support of two highly respected
1006:
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then known, or rather of commentaries on the commentaries of
337:
213:
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1018:
2209:
1591:
God, Torah, Israel: traditionalism without fundamentalism
1052:
1171:. "Whereas the earlier Jewish philosophers extended the
1678:
The Wars of the Lord: Book one, Immortality of the soul
231:
Gersonides is known for his unorthodox views and rigid
2092:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
1084:
Gersonides was also the author of commentaries on the
1021:, was translated into Latin in 1342 at the request of
1998:(Frankfurt am Main: Buchdruckerei Louis Golde, 1909)
254:
2238:
Detailed bibliography of works on and by Gersonides
2120:
2077:
La pensée philosophique et théologique de Gersonide
1754:
1720:
1554:
1545:
The Rishonim, The Artscroll history series, Pg. 179
1509:
1454:Gersonides is an important character in the novel
2215:
1757:"The Mathematics of Levi ben Gershon, the Ralbag"
1156:held by other Jewish thinkers, Jewish theologian
4075:
1750:
1748:
1660:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
1147:
2965:
2290:
1745:
1403:explained that for Gersonides, astrology was:
978:
2184:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
2150:, Librairie philosophique Vrin, Paris, 2003.
1779:
1777:
1291:Works in mathematics and astronomy/astrology
127:(1288 â 20 April 1344), better known by his
1783:
1675:
1331:for plane triangles and giving five-figure
2972:
2958:
2297:
2283:
2106:Bernard R. Goldstein (ed. & transl.),
985:
971:
2870:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
2304:
2082:
2065:, introduction, traduction et notes par
1774:
1357:He is also credited to have invented the
1228:
1005:. Some of these are printed in the early
2254:
2182:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
2177:
2069:. Paris-La Haye, Mouton & Co., 1968.
1991:(3 volumes). Jewish Publication Society.
1888:
1858:
1625:
1319:(1090â1167). In 1342, Gersonides wrote
1140:. He makes reference to a commentary on
143:by the abbreviation of first letters as
2641:
2227:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1476:is a major element in the book's plot.
598:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
14:
4076:
2121:Taikh, Samuel; Hersh Goldwurm (2001).
1721:Taikh, Samuel; Hersh Goldwurm (2001).
1585:
1555:Taikh, Samuel; Hersh Goldwurm (2001).
1338:One year later, at the request of the
30:For the printers of Hebrew books, see
4149:14th-century Jewish biblical scholars
2953:
2278:
1787:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
1686:Jewish Publication Society of America
2743:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
1828:
1449:
2173:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2110:(New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985 ).
1755:Charles G. Simonson (Winter 2000).
1662:, Vol. 31, No.2, Winter 1997, From
1346:in which he considers a problem of
24:
4094:14th-century French mathematicians
1994:Gerson Lange (ed. & transl.),
1971:
1859:Krehbiel, David G. (Spring 1990).
1770:. Bar-Ilan University Press: 5â21.
25:
4160:
2154:
1247:
255:Philosophical and religious works
4099:14th-century French philosophers
3711:Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg
2160:
1664:Divine Omniscience and Free Will
274:
4109:14th-century Jewish theologians
3716:Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg
2351:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2117:. State University of New York.
1943:
1929:
1916:
1882:
1871:
1852:
1822:
1317:Rabbi Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra
1287:Only the first work is extant.
157:, was a medieval French Jewish
51:Levi ben Gershon (ŚŚŚ ŚŚ ŚŚšŚ©ŚŚ)
3854:Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
3700:Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
3538:Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre
3533:Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre
2524:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
1714:
1669:
1653:
1619:
1597:: Hebrew Union College Press.
1579:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1503:
1427:Copernicus' heliocentric model
542:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
251:and almost banning his works.
193:and others, he was the son of
13:
1:
3573:Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise
3468:Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
3324:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
3111:Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon
2206:Milhamot HaShem First Edition
2180:"Gersonides: Levi ben Gerson"
1496:
247:, the latter accusing him of
4139:Medieval Jewish philosophers
4058:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
3971:Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona
3670:Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
3429:Samson ben Joseph of Falaise
2979:
1666:, Cyril Domb, pp. 90â91
1327:, in particular proving the
1243:constitutes his immortality.
1148:Views on God and omniscience
757:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
205:As in the case of the other
200:
68:1344 (aged 55–56)
7:
4129:Medieval French astronomers
3934:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
3578:Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
3330:Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim
3198:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
3117:Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula
2178:Rudavsky, Tamar M. (2007).
1222:Free will in Jewish thought
135:, or by his Latinized name
27:Medieval Jewish philosopher
10:
4165:
4104:14th-century French rabbis
3834:Eliyahu Menachem of London
3726:Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol
3603:Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken
3548:Samson ben Abraham of Sens
3312:David ben Levi of Narbonne
1902:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
1680:. trans. Seymour Feldman.
1676:ben Gershom, Levi (1984).
1639:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
1487:National Jewish Book Award
1219:See further discussion in
872:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
752:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
195:Gerson ben Solomon Catalan
29:
3999:
3966:Moses ben Meir of Ferrara
3912:
3877:
3844:Jacob ben Judah of London
3809:
3616:
3583:Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils
3388:
3262:
3160:
3036:
2987:
2937:
2857:
2829:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
2806:
2778:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
2738:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
2715:
2706:
2649:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2632:
2567:
2454:
2374:
2321:
2312:
1979:The Encyclopaedia Judaica
1865:The Ontario Land Surveyor
1479:
1395:Gersonides believed that
1321:On Sines, Chords and Arcs
1276:A commentary to tractate
782:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
575:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
333:Aristobulus of Alexandria
118:
102:
92:
82:
78:
64:
46:
39:
4124:14th-century astrologers
4043:Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan
4033:Isaac ben Samuel of Acre
3553:Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi
3483:Haim ben Hananel HaCohen
3451:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy
3375:Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen
3023:Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam
2895:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2788:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
2723:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
2261:"Gersonides, Levi"
2232:University of St Andrews
2059:, pp. 214â215. JPS.
2055:Guttman, Julius (1964).
1835:Ivar Peterson's MathTrek
1177:Alexander of Aphrodisias
1144:, but it is not extant.
747:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
224:asserts that he died at
4144:Philosophers of Judaism
3899:Avigdor Cohen of Vienna
3791:Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi
3736:Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir
3682:Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
3626:Meshullam ben Kalonymus
2758:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2753:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
2436:Dominicus Gundissalinus
2411:Richard of Saint Victor
2267:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2057:Philosophies of Judaism
1938:: Astronomy in Sefarad
1764:Bekhol Derakhekha Daehu
1033:Guide for the Perplexed
3771:Jacob ben Judah Landau
3766:Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi
3741:Meir ben Baruch Halevi
3350:Abraham of Montpellier
3221:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
2941:Renaissance philosophy
2915:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2900:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
2186:. New York: Springer.
2113:Eisen, Robert (1995).
1410:
1369:Gersonides observed a
1367:
1344:The Harmony of Numbers
1313:mathematical induction
1245:
1229:Views of the afterlife
1011:Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem
807:Isaac Orobio de Castro
777:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
474:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
3986:Isaac ben Melchizedek
3981:Joseph Colon Trabotto
3666:(Maharam MeRotenberg)
3326:(Raavad II, HaEshkol)
3100:Isaac ben Moses Arama
3028:Shemariah ben Elhanan
3003:Chananel ben Chushiel
2839:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
2834:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2306:Medieval philosophers
2084:Samuelson, Norbert M.
1405:
1363:
1240:
817:Samuel David Luzzatto
787:Samson Raphael Hirsch
408:Spanish and European:
376:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
137:Magister Leo Hebraeus
32:Gersonides (printers)
4063:Nethanel ben Isaiahâ
4048:Nathan ben Abraham I
3940:Obadiah of Bertinoro
3658:Mordechai ben Hillel
3598:Shemaiah of Soissons
2905:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2875:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2849:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
2824:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
2539:Godfrey of Fontaines
2441:Gilbert de la Porrée
2406:Hugh of Saint Victor
2391:Anselm of Canterbury
2361:John Scotus Eriugena
2218:Robertson, Edmund F.
2169:at Wikimedia Commons
2131:Mesorah Publications
1989:The Wars of the Lord
1731:Mesorah Publications
1641:. pp. 150â151.
1565:Mesorah Publications
1491:The Wars of the Lord
1392:is named after him.
1350:involving so-called
1029:The Wars of the Lord
519:Judah Leon Abravanel
109:Religious philosophy
3952:(Shibbolei HaLeket)
3869:Berechiah de Nicole
3819:Aaron of Canterbury
3801:Isaac Asir HaTikvah
3776:Samuel ben Natronai
3731:Judah ben Kalonymus
3696:(Hagahot Maimuniot)
3399:Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol
3345:Asher ben Meshullam
3340:Meshullam ben Jacob
3300:Isaac ben Abba Mari
3254:Judah ben Barzillai
2814:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
2733:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
2659:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2580:Marsilius of Inghen
2431:Bernard of Chartres
2216:O'Connor, John J.;
2032:Jewish Encyclopedia
1981:. Keter Publishing.
1955:Jewish Book Council
1922:Albert Van Helden,
1457:The Dream of Scipio
1205:Or haHayim haKadosh
1152:In contrast to the
949:Microcosmâmacrocosm
867:Joseph Soloveitchik
537:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
338:Philo of Alexandria
262:Part of a series on
210:Jewish philosophers
87:Medieval philosophy
4134:Jewish astronomers
4119:French astrologers
4114:Bible commentators
4053:Hillel ben Eliakim
4023:Zerahiah the Greek
4017:Tobiah ben Eliezer
3889:(Terumat HaDeshen)
3721:Samson ben Eliezer
3676:Eliezer ben Nathan
3664:Meir of Rothenburg
3633:(Rabbeinu Gershom)
3608:Ephraim ben Samson
3528:Eliezer of Touques
3439:Eliezer ben Samuel
3434:Yom Tov of Falaise
3306:Abraham ben Nathan
3102:(Akeidat Yitzchak)
3040:(except Catalonia)
2615:Lambertus de Monte
2595:Francesc Eiximenis
2464:Robert Grosseteste
2426:Alexander of Hales
2356:Isidore of Seville
2336:Augustine of Hippo
2243:2016-03-03 at the
2019:"Levi ben Gershon"
1831:"Medieval Harmony"
1800:10.1007/BF00327237
1213:Yeshayahu Horowitz
1193:Yeshayahu Horowitz
862:Abraham Isaac Kook
842:Monsieur Chouchani
444:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
414:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
381:Ismaili philosophy
371:Brethren of Purity
4071:
4070:
4028:Isaac ben Dorbolo
3991:Judah Messer Leon
3976:Hillel ben Samuel
3922:Nathan ben Jehiel
3864:Yom Tov of Joigny
3751:Israel of Bamberg
3702:(Yehudah haHasid)
3631:Gershom ben Judah
3588:Menahem ben Helbo
3498:Peretz ben Elijah
3478:Judah ben Yom Tov
3409:List of Tosafists
3392:(except Provence)
3380:Jonathan of Lunel
3370:Isaac of Narbonne
3365:Samuel ibn Tibbon
3277:Abraham ben David
3215:Isaac ben Sheshet
3186:Shlomo ibn Aderet
3127:Maimon ben Joseph
3122:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
3068:Joseph ibn Migash
3013:Zechariah Aghmati
3008:Dunash ben Labrat
2947:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2702:
2701:
2628:
2627:
2559:William of Ockham
2193:978-0-387-31022-0
2165:Media related to
2099:978-0-88844-268-0
1699:978-0-8276-0220-5
1604:978-0-87820-052-8
1450:In modern fiction
1388:The lunar crater
1348:Philippe de Vitry
1323:, which examined
1299:Gersonides wrote
1098:I & II Samuel
995:
994:
832:Eliezer Berkovits
822:Elijah Benamozegh
812:Moses Mendelssohn
727:Francisco Sanches
686:Reconstructionist
489:Isaac ben Sheshet
484:Moses of Narbonne
464:Samuel ibn Tibbon
424:Abraham bar Hiyya
268:Jewish philosophy
177:. He was born at
122:
121:
97:Jewish philosophy
16:(Redirected from
4156:
3945:Menahem Recanati
3887:Israel Isserlein
3781:Alexander Suslin
3706:Yaakov ben Yakar
3688:Eleazar of Worms
3646:Asher ben Jehiel
3637:Simeon bar Isaac
3568:Samuel of Ăvreux
3543:Baruch ben Isaac
3518:Samson of Chinon
3513:Jacob of Orléans
3488:Yechiel of Paris
3457:Judah ben Nathan
3445:Isaac ben Samuel
3424:Solomon ben Meir
3335:Moshe ha-Darshan
3318:Moses ben Joseph
3272:Hachmei Provence
3239:Azriel of Gerona
3235:(Nimmukei Yosef)
3233:Joseph ibn Habib
3229:(Maggid Mishneh)
3194:(Rabbeinu Yonah)
3180:Nissim of Gerona
3137:Abraham ibn Daud
3106:Rabbenu Yerucham
3080:Bahya ibn Paquda
3062:Yom Tov Asevilli
3057:Abraham ibn Ezra
3018:Nissim ben Jacob
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2713:
2712:
2669:Abraham ibn Daud
2639:
2638:
2600:Nicholas of Cusa
2590:Albert of Saxony
2519:Boetius of Dacia
2514:Siger of Brabant
2319:
2318:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:(11th ed.).
2263:
2256:Abrahams, Israel
2250:Milchamot Hashem
2234:
2197:
2164:
2142:
2103:
2052:
1985:Feldman, Seymour
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1890:Guttmann, Julius
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1837:. Archived from
1829:Peterson, Ivar.
1826:
1820:
1819:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1627:Guttmann, Julius
1623:
1617:
1616:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1507:
1489:Scholarship for
1352:harmonic numbers
1169:Abraham ibn Daud
1102:I & II Kings
1075:pseudo-Dionysius
1045:Wars of the Lord
1017:as known to the
987:
980:
973:
890:
847:Emmanuel Levinas
638:
469:Joseph ben Judah
449:Abraham ibn Ezra
439:Abraham ibn Daud
429:Bahya ibn Paquda
396:Rabbinic Judaism
358:
289:
278:
259:
258:
125:Levi ben Gershon
58:Bagnols-sur-CĂšze
37:
36:
21:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4012:Elijah Mizrachi
4007:Isaac Abarbanel
3995:
3928:Isaiah di Trani
3908:
3893:Isaac of Vienna
3873:
3859:Moses of London
3849:Josce of London
3839:Hagin Deulacres
3829:Elias of London
3805:
3796:Simha of Speyer
3761:Judah ben Asher
3756:Ephraim of Bonn
3652:Jacob ben Asher
3612:
3563:Moses of Ăvreux
3558:Meir ben Samuel
3523:Jacob of Chinon
3503:Eliezer of Toul
3473:Elijah of Paris
3384:
3360:Isaac the Blind
3258:
3249:Judah ben Yakar
3227:Vidal of Tolosa
3156:
3147:Jonah ibn Janah
3090:David Abudirham
3085:Bahya ben Asher
3032:
2983:
2978:
2948:
2943:
2929:
2853:
2802:
2748:Matta ibn Yunus
2698:
2624:
2563:
2554:Petrus Aureolus
2529:Meister Eckhart
2474:Albertus Magnus
2456:
2450:
2376:
2370:
2308:
2303:
2245:Wayback Machine
2194:
2157:
2100:
2011:Kaufmann Kohler
1974:
1972:Further reading
1969:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1904:. p. 217.
1887:
1883:
1878:Levi ben Gerson
1876:
1872:
1861:"Jacob's Staff"
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1782:
1775:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1674:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1624:
1620:
1605:
1584:
1580:
1567:. p. 182.
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1482:
1466:Pope Clement VI
1452:
1415:
1340:bishop of Meaux
1293:
1250:
1236:Seymour Feldman
1231:
1201:Chaim ibn Attar
1197:Shelah haKadosh
1150:
1023:Pope Clement VI
991:
962:
961:
958:
891:
888:
881:
880:
877:
876:
857:Gershom Scholem
837:Eliyahu Dessler
716:
715:
639:
634:
627:
626:
623:
622:
585:
584:
547:
546:
524:
523:
514:Isaac Abarbanel
504:Elia del Medigo
401:
400:
359:
354:
347:
346:
343:
342:
322:
321:
290:
285:
257:
241:Chisdai Crescas
233:Aristotelianism
203:
189:. According to
105:
74:
69:
60:
55:
53:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Levi ben Gerson
15:
12:
11:
5:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3942:
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3918:
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3907:
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3890:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
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3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3654:(Baal HaTurim)
3649:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
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3560:
3555:
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3500:
3495:
3490:
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3454:
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3426:
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3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
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3332:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3204:Hasdai Crescas
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3175:Menachem Meiri
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Moses ibn Ezra
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
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3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
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2810:
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2804:
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2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
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2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2689:Hasdai Crescas
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Paul of Venice
2607:
2605:Vincent Ferrer
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
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2541:
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2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Thomas Aquinas
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Henry of Ghent
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2446:Alain de Lille
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Anselm of Laon
2398:
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2378:
2372:
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2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2330:Church Fathers
2325:
2323:
2316:
2310:
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2302:
2301:
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2287:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2252:
2247:
2235:
2213:
2203:
2192:
2175:
2170:
2156:
2155:External links
2153:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2080:
2079:, Paris, 1973.
2073:Charles Touati
2070:
2067:Charles Touati
2060:
2053:
2023:Isidore Singer
2003:
1992:
1982:
1977:"Gersonides".
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1951:"Past Winners"
1942:
1928:
1915:
1881:
1870:
1851:
1821:
1794:(3): 237â248.
1773:
1744:
1713:
1698:
1668:
1652:
1618:
1603:
1578:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1522:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1478:
1451:
1448:
1431:camera obscura
1414:
1411:
1401:Julius Guttman
1376:camera obscura
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1267:Mechokek Safun
1264:
1261:Rabbi Yishmael
1257:Shaarei Tsedek
1249:
1248:Talmudic works
1246:
1230:
1227:
1209:
1208:
1149:
1146:
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792:Jacob Abendana
789:
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779:
774:
769:
764:
762:Tzvi Ashkenazi
759:
754:
749:
744:
742:Salomon Maimon
739:
737:Baruch Spinoza
734:
732:Uriel da Costa
729:
723:
719:
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713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:Existentialist
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
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647:
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629:
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621:
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494:Hasdai Crescas
491:
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456:
451:
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436:
431:
426:
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367:
365:Influenced by:
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329:
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264:
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191:Abraham Zacuto
120:
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106:
104:Main interests
103:
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84:
80:
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66:
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56:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4161:
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3998:
3992:
3989:
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3984:
3982:
3979:
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3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Benjamin Anaw
3954:
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3950:Zedekiah Anaw
3948:
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3837:
3835:
3832:
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3824:Aaron of York
3822:
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3817:
3816:
3814:
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3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
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3779:
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3508:Chaim Paltiel
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
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3307:
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3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Moshe Chalava
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:Aharon HaLevi
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:(Baal HaMaor)
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:Yonah Gerondi
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
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3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Isaac Aboab I
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:Meir Abulafia
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
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3044:
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3019:
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3006:
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3001:
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2880:Rashid al-Din
2878:
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2768:Abd al-Jabbar
2766:
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2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Nicole Oresme
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Giles of Rome
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
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2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
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2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Peter Lombard
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Peter Abelard
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:Scholasticism
2382:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
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2201:
2195:
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2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
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2095:
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2064:
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2058:
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2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:Seligsohn, M.
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:Yuval Ne'eman
1932:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:New York City
1895:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1841:on 2012-08-04
1840:
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1635:New York City
1632:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Jacobs, Louis
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1523:9781603844512
1519:
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1423:Yuval Ne'eman
1419:
1409:
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1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:solar eclipse
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:Jacob's staff
1355:
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1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
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1301:Maaseh Hoshev
1297:
1288:
1283:two responsa.
1282:
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1190:
1186:
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1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:foreknowledge
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Ezra-Nehemiah
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Song of Songs
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:Neoplatonists
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
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1046:
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1038:
1034:
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1008:
1004:
1000:
988:
983:
981:
976:
974:
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968:
966:
965:
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954:Righteousness
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Chosen people
902:
900:
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893:
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870:
868:
865:
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830:
828:
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823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Isaac Cardoso
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:Samuel Hirsch
770:
768:
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619:
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581:
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571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
560:Isaac Israeli
558:
557:
555:
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543:
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534:
532:
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527:
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208:
198:
196:
192:
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184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:mathematician
161:, Talmudist,
160:
156:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
117:
114:
110:
107:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
59:
49:
45:
38:
33:
19:
4019:(Lekach Tov)
3904:Isaac Tyrnau
3746:Israel Bruna
3694:Meir HaKohen
3447:(Ri HaZaken)
3414:Rabbeinu Tam
3355:Joseph Caspi
3282:
3152:Abraham Saba
3052:Judah Halevi
2997:Isaac Alfasi
2989:North Africa
2920:Ibn Taymiyya
2910:Ibn al-Nafis
2683:
2664:Judah Halevi
2575:Jean Buridan
2504:John Peckham
2469:Michael Scot
2265:
2225:
2222:"Gersonides"
2183:
2147:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2088:
2076:
2062:
2056:
2030:
2015:Isaac Broydé
1995:
1988:
1978:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1893:
1884:
1873:
1864:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:the original
1834:
1824:
1791:
1785:
1767:
1763:
1722:
1716:
1682:Philadelphia
1677:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1630:
1621:
1590:
1581:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1512:
1505:
1490:
1455:
1453:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1325:trigonometry
1320:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1241:
1238:points out,
1232:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1199:) and Rabbi
1196:
1185:Rabbi Bleich
1166:
1158:Louis Jacobs
1151:
1114:Ecclesiastes
1083:
1066:enlightened;
1062:2. prophecy;
1044:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1010:
996:
852:Martin Buber
720:
671:Conservative
644:
591:
553:
530:
478:
434:Judah Halevi
407:
386:Jewish Kalam
364:
326:
295:
230:
204:
153:
149:
145:
144:
136:
132:
124:
123:
4089:1344 deaths
4084:1288 births
3924:(the Aruch)
3660:(Mordechai)
3593:Simeon Kara
3463:Bechor Shor
3314:(HaMichtam)
3289:David Kimhi
3170:Nachmanides
3113:(Migdal Oz)
3095:Joseph Albo
3070:(Ri Migash)
2925:Ibn Khaldun
2763:Ibn Masarra
2694:Joseph Albo
2679:Nachmanides
2654:Saadia Gaon
2620:John Hennon
2544:Duns Scotus
2509:Ramon Llull
2489:Bonaventure
2484:Roger Bacon
2346:Cassiodorus
2200:PDF version
2027:Cyrus Adler
2000:online link
1516:. Hackett.
1474:Black Death
1472:during the
1342:, he wrote
1333:sine tables
1173:omniscience
909:Eschatology
802:David Nieto
767:Jacob Emden
701:Neo-Hasidic
580:Ibn Kammuna
570:al-Mukkamas
565:Saadia Gaon
499:Joseph Albo
459:Nachmanides
419:Ibn Gabirol
287:Hellenistic
159:philosopher
113:mathematics
4078:Categories
4038:Moses Taku
3961:Judah Anav
3895:(Or Zarua)
3786:Jacob Weil
3308:(HaManhig)
3283:Gersonides
3223:(Tashbatz)
3047:Maimonides
2890:al-Qazwini
2865:Ibn Sab'in
2844:Ibn Tufayl
2798:al-Kirmani
2684:Gersonides
2674:Maimonides
2167:Gersonides
1960:2020-01-24
1845:2010-12-26
1688:. p.
1595:Cincinnati
1497:References
1462:Iain Pears
1439:Copernicus
1390:Rabbi Levi
1309:cube roots
1271:Bava Basra
1138:Chronicles
1086:Pentateuch
1041:syncretism
1037:Maimonides
827:Moses Hess
645:Positions:
592:Positions:
509:Judah Minz
479:Gersonides
454:Maimonides
317:Boethusian
296:Positions:
175:astrologer
171:astronomer
133:Gersonides
41:Gersonides
4000:Elsewhere
3690:(Rokeach)
3684:(Raavyah)
3678:(Ra'aven)
3672:(Maharil)
3302:(HaIttur)
3295:Abba Mari
3162:Catalonia
2939:See also
2885:Ibn Arabi
2793:al-Biruni
2783:Miskawayh
2728:al-Nazzam
2314:Christian
2017:(2002) .
1816:119948133
1708:220214037
1397:astrology
1380:Milky Way
1189:Acharonim
1057:Avicebron
1015:astronomy
999:Aristotle
939:Holocaust
929:Happiness
711:Rambamist
691:Holocaust
666:Chassidic
656:Sephardic
603:Kabbalist
531:Yemenite:
307:Sadducean
302:Hasmonean
237:Abarbanel
228:in 1370.
226:Perpignan
201:Biography
183:Languedoc
167:physician
129:Graecized
72:Perpignan
3441:(Yereim)
3285:(Ralbag)
3279:(Raavad)
3264:Provence
3217:(Rivash)
3188:(Rashba)
2981:Rishonim
2819:Ibn Hazm
2773:Al-Amiri
2642:Medieval
2549:Durandus
2416:Roscelin
2341:Boethius
2258:(1911).
2241:Archived
2139:60850988
2127:Brooklyn
2086:(1977).
2041:16014703
2029:(eds.).
1892:(1964).
1808:41133303
1739:60850988
1727:Brooklyn
1629:(1964).
1613:21039224
1589:(1990).
1573:60850988
1561:Brooklyn
1329:sine law
1278:Berachos
1191:, Rabbi
1154:theology
1106:Proverbs
1073:and the
1047:review:
1003:Averroes
934:Holiness
651:Orthodox
618:Tosafist
613:Talmudic
391:Kabbalah
356:Medieval
312:Pharisee
207:medieval
139:, or in
131:name as
3879:Austria
3811:England
3618:Germany
3459:(Rivan)
3453:(Semag)
3419:Rashbam
3320:(Rambi)
3291:(Radak)
3211:(Ra'ah)
3076:(Ramah)
3064:(Ritva)
2708:Islamic
2499:Vitello
2457:century
2455:13â14th
2377:century
2375:11â12th
2049:4743907
1910:1497829
1647:1497829
1470:Avignon
944:Messiah
721:People:
696:Renewal
608:Karaism
327:People:
218:Avignon
179:Bagnols
3936:(Riaz)
3648:(Rosh)
3390:France
2634:Jewish
2366:Alcuin
2190:
2137:
2096:
2047:
2039:
1908:
1814:
1806:
1737:
1706:
1696:
1645:
1611:
1601:
1571:
1520:
1485:1985:
1480:Awards
1443:Kepler
1305:square
1211:Rabbi
1142:Isaiah
1136:, and
1130:Daniel
1126:Esther
1094:Judges
1090:Joshua
914:Ethics
889:Topics
706:Mussar
676:Reform
661:Chabad
636:Modern
554:Other:
249:heresy
245:Rivash
243:, and
222:Zacuto
187:France
141:Hebrew
93:Region
3930:(Rid)
3914:Italy
3641:Mainz
3493:Rivam
3404:Rashi
3182:(Ran)
3038:Spain
2999:(Rif)
2716:Early
2322:Early
2021:. In
1812:S2CID
1804:JSTOR
1760:(PDF)
1019:Arabs
1007:Latin
919:Faith
899:Anger
214:Bible
2858:Late
2807:High
2568:Late
2188:ISBN
2135:OCLC
2094:ISBN
2045:OCLC
2037:LCCN
1906:OCLC
1735:OCLC
1704:OCLC
1694:ISBN
1643:OCLC
1609:OCLC
1599:ISBN
1569:OCLC
1518:ISBN
1441:and
1307:and
1122:Ruth
169:and
65:Died
54:1288
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3639:of
2210:PDF
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1796:doi
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1053:God
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