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913:, "seemed to have believed that the citizens of Canton and the foreign traders there had simple, childlike natures that would respond to firm guidance and statements of moral principles set out in simple, clear terms." Neither Lin nor the emperor appreciated the depth or changed nature of the problem. They did not see the change in international trade structures, the commitment of the British government to protecting the interests of private traders, and the peril to British traders who would surrender their opium.
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1043:. Though he was originally blamed for causing the First Opium War, Lin's reputation was rehabilitated in the last years of the Qing dynasty, as efforts were made once more to eradicate opium production and trade. He became a symbol of the fight against opium, with his image displayed in parades, and his writings quoted approvingly by anti-opium and anti-drugs reformers.
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Lin's former home, situated in Fuzhou's historic
Sanfang-Qixiang ("Three Lanes and Seven Alleys") district, is open to the public. Inside, his work as a government official, including the opium trade and other work where he improved agricultural methods, championed water conservation (including his
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I have heard that the areas under your direct jurisdiction such as London, Scotland, and
Ireland do not produce opium; it is produced instead in your Indian possessions such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, and Malwa. In these possessions the English people not only plant opium poppies that stretch
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The products that originate from China are all useful items. They are good for food and other purposes and are easy to sell. Has China produced one item that is harmful to foreign countries? For instance, tea and rhubarb are so important to foreigners' livelihood that they have to consume them every
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A murderer of one person is subject to the death sentence; just imagine how many people opium has killed! This is the rationale behind the new law which says that any foreigner who brings opium to China will be sentenced to death by hanging or beheading. Our purpose is to eliminate this poison once
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As months accumulate and years pass by, the poison they have produced increases in its wicked intensity, and its repugnant odor reaches as high as the sky. Heaven is furious with anger, and all the gods are moaning with pain! It is hereby suggested that you destroy and plow under all of these opium
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trade was a primary catalyst for the First Opium War. He is praised for his constant position on the "moral high ground" in his fight, but he is also blamed for a rigid approach which failed to account for the domestic and international complexities of the problem. The
Emperor endorsed the hardline
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While in
Xinjiang, Lin was the first Chinese scholar to record several aspects of Muslim culture there. In 1850, he noted in a poem that the Muslims in Ili did not worship idols but bowed and prayed to tombs decorated with poles that had the tails of cows and horses attached to them. This was the
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to the "Ruler of
England" in the form of an open letter published in Canton, urging England to end the opium trade. He argued that China was providing Britain with valuable commodities such as tea, porcelain, spices and silk, with Britain sending only "poison" in return. He accused the foreigner
1102:, which takes the Opium Wars as its setting to shed new light on a much-repressed history while offering a contemporary critique of globalisation. The novel takes place in 1838–1839, during which time Lin arrived in Canton and tensions escalated between the foreigners and the Chinese officials.
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from China. The purpose of your ships in coming to China is to realize a large profit. Since this profit is realized in China and is in fact taken away from the
Chinese people, how can foreigners return injury for the benefit they have received by sending this poison to harm their benefactors?
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Lin made significant preparations for war against the possible
British invasion. The British sailed north to attack Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The governors of these two provinces failed to heed a warning from Lin, however, and were unprepared when the British easily landed and occupied Dinghai.
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They may not intend to harm others on purpose, but the fact remains that they are so obsessed with material gain that they have no concern whatever for the harm they can cause to others. Have they no conscience? I have heard that you strictly prohibit opium in your own country, indicating
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traders of coveting profit and lacking morality. His memorial expressed a desire that the ruler would act "in accordance with decent feeling" and support his efforts. Since he believed that opium was banned in the United
Kingdom, he thought it was wrong for
782:. He rose rapidly through various grades of provincial service. He opposed the opening of China but felt the need of a better knowledge of foreigners, which drove him to collect material for a geography of the world. He later gave this material to
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In March 1839, Lin started to take measures that would eliminate the opium trade. He was a formidable bureaucrat known for his competence and high moral standards, with an imperial commission from the
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928:, so the British found themselves without refuge, except for the bare and rocky harbours of Hong Kong. Soon, however, the Chinese forces faced a British naval fleet, which included the
762:), served as an official under the Qing government. He was the second son in the family. As a child, he was already "unusually brilliant". In 1811, he obtained the position of advanced
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to halt the illegal importation of opium by the
British. He made changes within a matter of months. He arrested more than 1,700 Chinese opium dealers and confiscated over 70,000
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unmistakably that you know how harmful opium is. You do not wish opium to harm your own country, but you choose to bring that harm to other countries such as China. Why?
1081:, New York City, United States. The base of the statue is inscribed with "Pioneer in the war against drugs" in English and Chinese. A wax statue of Lin also appeared in
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day. Were China to concern herself only with her own advantage without showing any regard for other people's welfare, how could foreigners continue to live?
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in honour of Lin's work. Monuments to Lin have been constructed in
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plants and grow food crops instead, while issuing an order to punish severely anyone who dares to plant opium poppies again.
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The letter elicited no response (sources suggest that it was lost in transit), but it was later reprinted in the London
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work to save Fuzhou's West Lake from becoming a rice field) and his campaign against corruption are well documented.
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The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin: The Opium Trade and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province, 1820s to 1920s
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oral tales, such as one concerning a green goat spirit of the lake whose appearance is a harbinger of hail or rain.
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1135:(1894–1895). He committed suicide with an opium overdose after the ship ran aground and had to be abandoned.
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policies and anti-drugs movement advocated by Lin, but placed all responsibility for the resulting disastrous
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Lin became a scapegoat for these losses due to court politics. As punishment, he was exiled to the remote
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praised and admired Lin: "He was a fine scholar, a just and merciful official and a true patriot."
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Despite the antagonism between the Chinese and the British at the time, the English sinologist
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Lin is remembered for a couplet he wrote while serving as an imperial envoy in Guangdong:
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and commanded one of China's two modern battleships purchased from Germany in the 1880s,
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from one mountain to another but also open factories to manufacture this terrible drug.
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and Lin, banned all trade. Before this, Lin had pressured the Portuguese government of
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906:. Lin composed an elegy apologising to the gods of the sea for polluting their realm.
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March, emphasising the serious penalties for opium smuggling that would now apply.
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in 1837, where he launched a suppression campaign against the trading of opium.
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The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another
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In particular, the first half of the couplet was chosen as the motto for
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Soon after his arrival in Guangdong in the middle of 1839, Lin wrote a
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Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century
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The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perception, Power, and Primacy.
1519:. United States of America: Penguin Random House. pp. 412–413.
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Newby, L.J. (1999), "The Chinese Literary Conquest of Xinjiang",
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Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese
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A Critical Study of the First Anglo-Chinese War, With Documents
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China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923
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and surroundings, various places in China and United States.
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International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
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International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
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volume 8, number 1, p. 9, published in May 1839: available
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The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History
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The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of Modern China
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He was also depicted in film, such as in the 1997 movie
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We find that your country is sixty or seventy thousand
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Kimlau Square Monuments - Lin Ze Xu : NYC Parks
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East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
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Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952
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1515:Platt, Stephen (May 15, 2018). "Will and Destiny".
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954:region in Xinjiang. His position was then given to
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1846:Hayford, Charles W. (26 August 2023), "Lin Zexu",
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1088:More recently, Lin has appeared as a character in
778:, and in the same year he gained admission to the
1615:Lin Zexu Memorial Museum | Ola Macau Travel Guide
1571:On the progress of war, and Lin Zexu's role, see
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909:Lin and the Daoguang Emperor, comments historian
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1995:
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1182:The sea accepts the waters of a hundred rivers,
858:and for all and to the benefit of all mankind.
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1661:finds globalization's roots in the Opium Wars
1417:Lin Wen-chung kung cheng-shu, vol. 2, roll 3.
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789:Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms
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1192:Its lack of desire gives it its resilience.
938:and improved weapons, and were soon routed.
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1186:The cliff towers to a height of a thousand
962:widespread shamanic practice of erecting a
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2144:Contemporary translation of the letter in
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872:as a direct appeal to the British public.
144:30 April 1847 – 10 September 1849
29:
1015:The Lin Zexu Memorial in Fuzhou from 2004
58:21 January 1840 – 3 October 1840
2041:United States Government Printing Office
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2135:Text of Lin's Letter to Queen Victoria
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2036:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1730:(尺), and during the Qing dynasty, a
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744:Lin was born in Houguan (侯官; modern
16:Chinese scholar-official (1785–1850)
1999:; Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2000).
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1636:, New York Times, 20 November 1997.
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719:. Lin's forceful opposition to the
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2661:Political office-holders in Yunnan
2079:The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes
1989:
1749:Commissioner Lin and the Opium War
1634:Chinatown's Fujianese Get a Statue
827:to support it in China. He wrote:
14:
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2656:Political office-holders in Hubei
2646:Political office-holders in Gansu
2636:Qing dynasty government officials
2626:19th-century Chinese philosophers
2181: (archived December 14, 2007)
2175:Example of Lin Zexu’s calligraphy
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1479:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
756:'s reign. His father, Lin Binri (
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979:Lin. In 1845, he was appointed
975:The Qing government ultimately
707:best known for his role in the
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2631:Chinese political philosophers
2007:University of California Press
1923:Harvard University Asia Center
1411:
1298:, minor planet named after him
1138:Lin descendants are living in
1063:Opium Suppression Movement Day
1031:, New York City, United States
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1867:. Shanghai: Commercial Press.
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981:Governor-General of Shaan-Gan
814:Destruction of opium at Humen
2162:image of the original letter
1974:. Harvard University Press.
1317:
7:
2394:Jardine, Matheson & Co.
1946:The Search for Modern China
1763:; Lufrano, Richard (2000).
1672:Elley, Derek (1997-06-08).
1207:
993:governor-General of Yun-Gui
10:
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2380:Gibb, Livingston & Co.
2111:W. W. Norton & Company
1915:Madancy, Joyce A. (2003).
1720:Roughly 2.5 kilometres. A
1702:Cambridge University Press
1544:10.1177/009770049902500403
1406:de Bary & Lufrano 2000
1094:, the second novel in the
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2335:Augustine Heard & Co.
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1769:Columbia University Press
1704:, Cambridge, MA, p. 204.
1286:History of opium in China
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1872:Lee, Khoon Choy (2005).
1803:Houghton Mifflin Company
1753:Harvard University Press
1747:Chang, Hsin-pao (1964).
1455:Hanes & Sanello 2004
1439:Hanes & Sanello 2004
1427:Hanes & Sanello 2004
1387:Teng & Fairbank 1979
1307:
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711:of 1839–42. He was from
565:Traditional Chinese
337:Traditional Chinese
2666:Politicians from Fuzhou
2517:David Sassoon & Co.
2503:Shewan, Tomes & Co.
2156:at the Internet Archive
1849:Encyclopedia Britannica
1820:Hanes, William Travis;
1787:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
1724:(仞) is equivalent to 8
1133:First Sino-Japanese War
579:Simplified Chinese
351:Simplified Chinese
299:Philosopher, politician
2676:Viceroys of Liangguang
2531:E.D. Sassoon & Co.
2147:The Chinese Repository
1863:Kuo, Pin-Chia (1935).
1180:
1121:was an officer in the
1085:wax museum in London.
1032:
1023:Statue of Lin Zexu in
1016:
991:). In 1847, he became
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740:An 1843 drawing of Lin
35:An 1850 drawing of Lin
2681:Viceroys of Shaan-Gan
2464:Russell & Company
2203:Viceroy of Liangguang
2025:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1236:United Kingdom portal
1022:
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889:
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732:Early life and career
695:), Governor General,
46:Viceroy of Liangguang
2469:Robert Bennet Forbes
2436:Hollingworth Magniac
1949:. New York: Norton.
1878:. World Scientific.
1761:de Bary, Wm Theodore
1657:Long, strange trip:
1029:Chinatown, Manhattan
786:, who published the
776:imperial examination
88:Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
2686:Viceroys of Yun-Gui
2671:Viceroys of Huguang
2536:Elias David Sassoon
2188:Government offices
2101:Waley-Cohen, Joanna
2059:. Alfred A. Knopf.
2055:The Immobile Empire
2030:"Lin Tsê-hsü"
1966:Fairbank, John King
1941:Spence, Jonathan D.
1900:. London: Picador.
1493:, pp. 173–174.
1408:, pp. 201–204.
1365:, pp. 152–158.
1302:Prohibition (drugs)
958:in September 1840.
792:in 1843. He became
2445:Olyphant & Co.
2417:Magniac & Co.
2294:Thirteen Factories
2277:East India Company
1789:; Walthall, Anne;
1734:was roughly 32 cm.
1620:2016-03-26 at the
1602:2016-06-13 at the
1146:and surroundings,
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930:East India Company
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875:An edict from the
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176:Viceroy of Huguang
132:Viceroy of Yun-Gui
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2547:Chinese Officials
2484:William Henry Low
2431:Thomas Chay Beale
2373:Dodwell & Co.
2219:
2218:
2210:Succeeded by
2170:Lin Zexu Memorial
2164:is also available
2049:Peyrefitte, Alain
1885:978-981-270-090-2
1830:Sourcebooks, Inc.
1778:978-0-231-11271-0
1597:Lin Zexu Memorial
1587:, pp. 96–97.
1517:Imperial Twilight
1202:Chinese Knowledge
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942:Exile in Xinjiang
932:'s steam warship
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1222:China portal
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492:Southern Min
467:Lam Zak-ceoi
401:Lin Tzershyu
381:Hanyu Pinyin
309:Battles/wars
286:
278:(son-in-law)
276:Shen Baozhen
256:(1850-11-22)
210:Zhou Tianjue
206:Succeeded by
183:
163:Succeeded by
139:
123:Yang Yizeng
119:Succeeded by
95:
76:Succeeded by
53:
2621:1850 deaths
2616:1785 births
2282:James Flint
1119:Lin Taizeng
900:opium pipes
670:family name
530:Eastern Min
508:Lîm Chek-sû
415:Lin Tsê-hsü
245:Qing Empire
194:Preceded by
168:Cheng Yuzai
155:Li Xingyuan
150:Preceded by
109:Preceded by
64:Preceded by
2610:Categories
2253:Qing China
1956:0393973514
1683:2024-06-18
1441:, p.
1313:References
1264:Law portal
1150:(Puning),
904:Humen Town
863:Lin Zexu,
812:See also:
728:onto Lin.
642:Wade–Giles
409:Wade–Giles
296:Occupation
230:1785-08-30
2585:Hong Kong
2364:John Dent
1560:144387079
1318:Citations
1156:Guangdong
1116:Commodore
1079:Chinatown
774:) in the
726:Opium War
291:進士 degree
283:Education
272:Relations
265:Guangdong
199:Nergingge
184:In office
140:In office
96:In office
54:In office
2595:Shanghai
2554:Lin Zexu
2310:Ewo Hong
2103:(2000).
2077:(1968).
2051:(1992).
1968:(1979).
1943:(1999).
1896:(2011).
1824:(2004).
1793:(2006).
1618:Archived
1600:Archived
1573:Kuo 1935
1503:Kuo 1935
1375:Lee 2005
1208:See also
1128:Zhenyuan
861:—
820:memorial
784:Wei Yuan
682:Lin Zexu
664:In this
461:Jyutping
387:Lín Zéxú
327:Lin Zexu
125:(acting)
113:Buyantai
102:(acting)
23:Lin Zexu
2177:at the
1678:Variety
1152:Meizhou
1148:Jieyang
1001:Guizhou
985:Shaanxi
935:Nemesis
703:of the
693:Viceroy
648:Yüan-fu
634:Yuanfuu
499:Hokkien
2580:Fuzhou
2575:Canton
2315:Howqua
2272:Cohong
2260:Topics
2213:Qishan
2117:
2089:
2063:
2013:
1978:
1953:
1929:
1904:
1882:
1835:
1809:
1775:
1708:
1700:2003,
1558:
1552:189447
1550:
1175:無欲則剛。
1144:Fujian
1140:Fuzhou
1067:Taiwan
997:Yunnan
970:Kazakh
956:Qishan
881:
765:Jinshi
746:Fuzhou
713:Fuzhou
689:Yuanfu
668:, the
615:Yuánfǔ
537:Fuzhou
516:Tâi-lô
288:Jinshi
241:Fujian
81:Qishan
2590:Macau
2207:1840
1556:S2CID
1548:JSTOR
1308:Notes
1173:壁立千仞，
1171:有容乃大。
1169:海納百川，
989:Gansu
926:Macau
870:Times
802:Hubei
798:Hunan
721:opium
100:1845
2570:Amoy
2154:and
2115:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1857:2023
1833:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1706:ISBN
965:tugh
800:and
251:Died
224:Born
2160:an
2139:Alt
1732:chi
1727:chi
1722:ren
1540:doi
1188:ren
1098:by
1077:in
1065:in
1027:in
952:Ili
796:of
759:林賓日
675:Lin
672:is
540:BUC
502:POJ
475:IPA
423:IPA
357:林则徐
343:林則徐
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771:進士
748:,
715:,
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571:元撫
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