1818:
415:(1787–1832) learnt Icelandic in his youth and it became his favorite language. He compiled the first real Icelandic grammar, which was a huge step forward in comparison with earlier attempts. He refused to accept the differences between Old and Modern Icelandic and was afraid that a too great difference between the two would decrease the interest in the land and its culture. This attitude promoted language archaisation. On Rask's initiative the
24:
189:
392:(Icelandic Art-Learning Society) was founded in Copenhagen with Jón Eiríksson, administrative director at the Danish Ministry of Finance, as its president. The society published annual writings from 1781 to 1796, which dealt with practical subjects like trade and business, but also with varied scientific topics about which little had been read until then. This brought along a flood of new Icelandic
344:. She sends her children to look for good and pure Icelandic that can cure her, but uncontaminated language is nowhere to be found, and she dies. At the end of the poem he urges his compatriots to defend their language and reminds them of the great esteem in which Icelandic is held abroad and how well it has been preserved by their forefathers.
602:(Icelandic Language Committee) to "guide government agencies and the general public in matters of language on a scholarly basis". But this group only had three members and simply could not keep up with the task it was given, even after the addition of two more members in 1980. To remedy this situation, in 1984 the
558:
When sovereignty was achieved in 1918, government regulation of language matters began. Initially, as with some other preservation attempts noted above, the focus was on orthography, but regulation of language matters grew steadily and became more formalised. Early in the 20th century, the third
631:, a street near the University, and previously the site of the American Embassy's cultural center, the Institute today is headed by Ari Páll Kristinsson and has only four employees who give advice on language and usage matters to public authorities and the
1310:
language) in school is compulsory. Danish was taught because
Iceland was a dominion of Denmark until 1918 (with the same king until 1944); this study is still compulsory to maintain ties with Scandinavia. English is learned as the main
1335:
has also been offered in many gymnasia. Other languages are sometimes added as an option but usually as part of a language-heavy course of study at the cost of the natural sciences. Students who have lived in another
435:(1821–27), which contains much new genuine Icelandic terminology. It was an opportunity to demonstrate the validity of Rasmus Rask's vision that the Icelandic language had, more than most languages, an "endless
559:
element in
Icelandic preservation, ordinary speakers, especially those in modernising sectors, also began to contribute to language preservation efforts. For instance, in 1918 the Association of Engineers (
1354:, around 1992 aimed at removing loan words from the modern Icelandic language and creating new terms for all historical loan words. It was named "High Icelandic" or "Hyper-Icelandic" (
679:), and to develop its vocabulary, so that the language can be used to speak about any topic—no matter how technical—which, in turn, contributes to keeping the language up-to-date.
699:
as a whole. When introducing words for new or modern concepts, it is common to revitalise old words that have fallen into disuse but have a similar meaning or are in the same
488:, 1842) became exemplary for later translations of scientific literature. Many of the neologisms he coined have become an integral part of present-day Icelandic terminology:
1909:
1914:
427:, was founded. Its goal was "to preserve the Icelandic language and literature and therewith the culture and the honour of the land". An important publication was
292:
to denote their native tongue. A serious effort to preserve the now quite distinct
Icelandic from the "corrupting" influences of foreign words, especially by the
1684:
1626:
328:(1726–68). Between 1752 and 1757 he accompanied his friend Bjarni Pálsson on an expedition through Iceland. In his report, he described the situation of the
759:
words are very frequent in the
Icelandic language. This system also makes it easier for new words to fit in with existing Icelandic grammatical rules: the
583:
1899:
923:
in the east of
Iceland. It was little used until the 1940s, but has since become highly common, as a lexeme and as an element in new formations, such as
644:
618:). The Council was enlarged to 15 members in 1990, appointed by and from a number of sectors. Thus, the Council paralleled its counterparts elsewhere in
168:
1552:(lit. "of perfection, related to mastering and improving"), meaning "technical, technological", another phonosemantic match of the international word
41:
351:
literature and this was noticeable in his writings. This interest in the old language brought him into contact with other
Icelandic students in
1668:
801:
are still entering the language. Some of these loanwords have been adapted and moulded to fit in with
Icelandic grammatical rules, including
88:
1764:
361:(1720–72). This was the beginning of the use of Old Icelandic as a key feature in the Icelandic national awakening. Eggert wrote the first
60:
1737:
411:. This opened the eyes of Icelanders with regard to their cultural importance and increased their self-confidence. The Danish linguist
67:
1636:
1340:
country, or for whatever reason have some understanding of another
Scandinavian language, can study that language instead of Danish.
1646:
221:), which undertook to design an alphabet for the language and proposed separate (non-Latin) letters for the distinctive Icelandic
1971:
74:
606:
passed legislation which ratified the five person membership and also established a permanently functioning secretariat, the
1602:
56:
1426:
452:(published from 1835 to 1839 and from 1844 to 1847). The magazine was published in Copenhagen by four young Icelanders:
340:, in which he personifies his mother tongue as a woman, who has fallen mortally ill through an infection with too many
1692:
1623:
1115:
107:
1757:
663:. The main focus of linguistic purism in Icelandic is to maintain the structure of the language (for instance as a
45:
579:) began publishing lists of new words, marking the beginning of formal government sponsorship of neologisms.
148:
81:
1919:
1384:
780:
688:
615:
1976:
1750:
1085:
643:) and answer questions from the general population. In September 2006, the Institute was merged into the
1981:
1924:
416:
381:, the first privately owned printing shop in Iceland, followed Eggert's rules to a significant extent.
210:
1950:
461:
1661:
547:
1624:
A 2003 section about High
Icelandic on the Icelandic news programme 'Ísland í dag' (Iceland today)
1945:
1837:
1031:
838:
668:
457:
277:, Icelandic had developed several characteristics that distinguished it from the dialects of the
34:
541:
468:. The most important of these four was Jónas Hallgrímsson, who also translated literary work of
453:
1904:
1307:
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301:
172:
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are also usually required to choose a third foreign language. Traditionally that was either
1065:
1868:
1858:
1807:
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792:
1722:
Kristján Árnason; Sigrún Helgadóttir (1991). "Terminology and
Icelandic Language Policy".
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with intensive trade and capital flows to and from the outside world. Students entering a
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8:
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Day-to-day operations are the province of the Institute. Occupying a suite of offices on
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rules. The influence of the book was considerable, and Ólafur Olavius, originator of the
1773:
1724:
Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium
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By the 16th century, the language was so differentiated from the languages spoken in
209:' pre-occupation with their mother tongue date back to the mid-12th century with the
160:
124:
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merchants who dominated Iceland's trade, began in the early 17th century thanks to
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roots. The effort began in the early 19th century, at the dawn of the Icelandic
1883:
1832:
1584:
1462:
Sapir, Yair and Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2008), "Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching"
1436:. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture. 27 November 2001. Archived from
1312:
1247:
751:"). Thus speakers of Icelandic can easily deconstruct many words to find their
700:
469:
267:
233:
1272:
1262:
1223:
1203:
1095:
837:(2008) demonstrate how Icelandic "camouflages" many English words by means of
1965:
1470:
Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages
1437:
1351:
1250:" (same meaning as in English, as a noun), which in Icelandic has the plural
806:
768:
348:
297:
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140:
1634:
2004 article about High Icelandic in Birtingur, the local paper of Akranes.
1465:
260:
196:
1495:, in this case in Modern Standard Chinese — see p. 36 of the same article.
767:
of the compound word can easily be extracted from its derivatives, as can
1878:
947:("technician"). Other phonosemantic matches discussed in the article are
827:
724:
687:
Organisations and individuals in many specialist areas together with the
619:
412:
404:
393:
362:
285:
188:
1472:, Clevedon-Buffalo-Toronto: Multilingual Matters, pp. 19-43 (Chapter 2).
802:
772:
764:
711:, an old word for "long thread", was brought back with a new meaning: "
664:
660:
352:
266:. In particular, the prose of the sagas of the Icelanders and Snorri's
1058:
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1742:
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districts from where many had migrated to Iceland centuries earlier.
171:, the Icelandic Language Council, the Icelandic Language Fund and an
144:
136:
1286:
Linguistic purification does not imply limitations to or neglect of
23:
798:
776:
341:
128:
1721:
1258:, formed analogously to native Icelandic words such as the poetic
1295:
748:
736:
696:
603:
509:
497:
400:
222:
1709:
Halldór Halldórsson (1979). "Icelandic Purism and its History".
1556:, in this case in Modern Arabic — see p. 38 of the same article.
903:, but is a phonosemantic match of the Danish (or international)
571:. In 1951, a Dictionary Committee of the University of Iceland (
1132:
911:
with the same meaning. This neologism was coined in 1912 by Dr
473:
274:
1689:
A section on the Icelandic news 'Ísland í dag' (Iceland today)
771:. In recent years, the government has promoted an interest in
632:
1240:
1146:
159:
words. It is widely upheld in Iceland and it is the dominant
1531:
See pp. 37–38 of Sapir and Zuckermann (2008) above; compare
1481:
See pp. 28–29 of Sapir and Zuckermann (2008 above; compare
852:
550:, published the first Danish–Icelandic dictionary in 1851.
273:
By 1300, after the Icelanders had joined in union with the
546:(1808–91), professor in Old Scandinavian languages at the
931:("electronics") literally meaning "electrical technics",
1315:, especially in view of the internationalization of the
270:
are clear signs of appreciation of the native language.
151:, aiming at replacing older loanwords, especially from
797:
However intensive the linguistic purification effort,
446:
movement is inextricably connected with the magazine
143:
roots and, when the aforementioned is not possible,
1708:
855:", is a phonosemantic match of the English acronym
819:("a car") comes from the word "automobile" via the
332:as lamentable. This inspired him to write the poem
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
775:, including efforts to produce Icelandic language
229:a language of their own. Also significant was the
1738:Neologisms and loanwords in Icelandic and Faroese
655:The Icelandic language is a basic element of the
431:Almenn jarðarfræða og landaskipun eður geographia
396:, generated from purely Icelandic lexical stock.
225:. It was, in a way, an attempt to give the young
1963:
867:("to destroy") and the Icelandic nominal suffix
1514:
1506:
1364:
1356:
1350:A minor movement started by Jozef Braekmans of
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1246:An example of adaptation of a foreign word is "
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1900:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
1644:2007 article about High Icelandic Fréttablaðið
1512:competes with another, wholly Icelandic word,
727:") can be formed from old words (in this case
667:language compared to some other West European
645:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
169:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
1758:
715:". Alternatively, new compound words such as
1662:Article about Braekmans neologistic work in
1546:
1538:
1532:
1281:
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825:
1298:is heavily emphasized, and the learning of
1765:
1751:
1567:"Discussion on language site Language Hat"
895:("tool") combined with the nominal suffix
841:. For example, the Icelandic-looking word
584:Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
355:, where he joined a secret society called
307:
1370:). The movement has not gained traction.
885:("technology", "technique") derives from
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
682:
187:
1577:
1427:"Icelandic: at once ancient and modern"
553:
384:Eleven years after Eggert's death, the
312:The first real instigator of Icelandic
1964:
1772:
1607:High Icelandic Language Centre website
407:brought with it a greater interest in
347:Eggert Ólafsson was very well-read in
236:, which started at an early date with
1746:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
582:In 1965, a ministerial decree of the
1405:, Daisy J. Neijmann, 2001, Routledge
859:, using the existing Icelandic verb
183:
155:, and it continues today, targeting
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
1533:
476:. His translation of a textbook on
13:
1522:. The question is not settled yet.
1408:
695:, which diversifies the Icelandic
14:
1993:
1731:
1491:, another phonosemantic match of
567:) began a systematic approach to
1816:
1603:"High Icelandic Language Centre"
875:. Similarly, the Icelandic word
288:that Icelanders coined the term
57:"Linguistic purism in Icelandic"
22:
1702:
1677:
1655:
1617:
163:. It is fully supported by the
33:needs additional citations for
1972:Linguistic purism in Icelandic
1595:
1559:
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691:propose and use new technical
367:Réttritabók Eggerts Ólafssonar
121:Linguistic purism in Icelandic
1:
1390:
442:During the 19th century, the
423:Hið íslenska bókmenntafélagið
1920:Icelandic Language Institute
1385:Icelandic Language Institute
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689:Icelandic Language Institute
616:Icelandic Language Institute
7:
1666:(edition: January 30, 1999)
1464:, in Judith Rosenhouse and
1373:
10:
1998:
1925:Icelandic Naming Committee
1910:Icelandic Language Council
790:
650:
417:Icelandic Literary Society
388:Íslenska lærdómslistafélag
336:Sótt og dauði íslenskunnar
252:(book of colonization) to
211:First Grammatical Treatise
178:
1951:List of Icelandic writers
1938:
1892:
1851:
1825:
1814:
1780:
1288:foreign language learning
1282:Foreign language learning
809:. For example, the word
703:. For example, the word
575:Orðabókarnefnd Háskólans
548:University of Copenhagen
439:generating capability".
217:Fyrsta málfræðiritgerðin
1946:Icelandic Sign Language
1915:Icelandic Language Fund
839:phono-semantic matching
669:Indo-European languages
369:) in which he proposed
308:18th and 19th centuries
246:and ranged through the
205:The first signs of the
1905:Icelandic Language Day
1852:History and literature
1671:July 16, 2012, at the
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633:broadcasting service
590:Menntamálaráðuneytið
554:20th century onwards
462:Brynjólfur Pétursson
165:Icelandic government
135:by instead creating
42:improve this article
781:computer interfaces
563:Verkfræðingafélagið
1977:Icelandic language
1774:Icelandic language
1649:2008-03-26 at the
1639:2004-10-13 at the
1629:2008-02-20 at the
1317:economy of Iceland
939:("technical") and
823:shortened version
594:) established the
458:Jónas Hallgrímsson
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133:Icelandic language
131:from entering the
1982:Linguistic purism
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1930:Linguistic purism
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657:national identity
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302:Arngrímur Jónsson
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1695:on 2008-02-20.
1685:"Ísland í dag"
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1613:on 2006-04-22.
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59: –
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53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
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31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
1929:
1838:Street names
1723:
1714:
1710:
1703:Bibliography
1693:the original
1688:
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1657:
1619:
1611:the original
1606:
1597:
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1579:
1571:Language Hat
1570:
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1527:
1513:
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1466:Rotem Kowner
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1433:
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1363:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1308:Scandinavian
1306:(or another
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1147:radar device
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860:
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833:. Sapir and
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492:aðdráttarafl
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484:Stjörnufræði
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383:
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371:orthographic
366:
365:dictionary (
346:
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261:Heimskringla
257:
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241:
214:
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197:Heimskringla
193:
167:through the
125:discouraging
120:
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
1879:Poetic Edda
1798:Orthography
1344:Ultrapurism
1278:("a bow").
1032:fjárfesting
851:, meaning "
753:etymologies
725:meteorology
620:Scandinavia
437:neologistic
413:Rasmus Rask
405:Romanticism
394:terminology
286:Scandinavia
249:Landnámabók
98:August 2021
1966:Categories
1869:Literature
1808:Vocabulary
1447:20 January
1391:References
1358:Háíslenska
1126:páfagaukur
1002:dapurleiki
935:tæknilegur
920:Viðfjörður
835:Zuckermann
803:inflection
791:See also:
779:and other
773:technology
765:declension
719:veðurfræði
671:, such as
661:Icelanders
569:neologisms
353:Copenhagen
207:Icelanders
192:A page of
68:newspapers
1803:Phonology
1554:technical
1366:Háfrónska
1321:gymnasium
1076:korréttur
1022:fjárfesta
799:loanwords
787:Loanwords
755:; indeed
713:telephone
522:telescope
504:hitabelti
478:astronomy
279:Norwegian
231:Icelandic
145:Old Norse
137:new words
129:loanwords
1781:Features
1717:: 76–86.
1669:Archived
1647:Archived
1637:Archived
1627:Archived
1488:aìzībìng
1374:See also
1254:Ísraelar
1106:pallborð
927:raftækni
777:software
757:compound
665:declined
534:parallel
528:samhliða
516:sjónauki
375:phonetic
290:íslenska
223:phonemes
1859:History
1793:Grammar
1788:Braille
1468:(eds),
1333:Spanish
1300:English
1296:Iceland
1248:Ísraeli
1194:stöðlun
1174:staðall
982:brokkál
972:bifrari
749:science
739:", and
737:weather
697:lexicon
673:English
659:of the
651:Purpose
628:Neshagi
604:Althing
510:tropics
498:gravity
449:Fjölnir
401:Denmark
179:History
157:English
82:scholar
1548:tiqani
1517:alnæmi
1338:Nordic
1329:French
1325:German
1304:Danish
1214:togari
1184:staðla
1140:ratsjá
1133:parrot
1066:júgurð
1012:depurð
952:beygla
943:tæknir
907:teknik
821:Danish
761:gender
677:French
474:Ossian
324:) was
298:German
294:Danish
153:Danish
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
1874:Sagas
1826:Names
1540:taqni
1534:تقنيّ
1508:eyðni
1441:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1241:virus
1234:veira
1164:staða
1154:setur
1059:image
1052:ímynd
1042:heila
992:dapur
962:bifra
917:from
880:tækni
846:eyðni
743:fræði
731:veður
693:lexis
470:Heine
358:Sakir
139:from
89:JSTOR
75:books
1711:Word
1493:AIDS
1449:2023
1302:and
1273:bogi
1263:gumi
1229:and
1224:uppi
1204:toga
1096:musl
890:tæki
863:eyða
857:AIDS
853:AIDS
814:bíll
805:and
763:and
707:sími
675:and
472:and
464:and
373:and
296:and
127:new
61:news
1483:爱滋病
1362:or
1327:or
1294:in
1243:).
1149:),
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899:-ni
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399:In
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