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the functions of the president for a few weeks during the Soviet occupation until
Estonia was annexed and formally incorporated into the Soviet Union in August 1940. However, during times of war or incapacitation lasting longer than six months, the constitution provides for the election of an acting president by the Electoral Council. In a secret meeting on 20 April 1944, the Electoral Council determined that the appointment of Vares as prime minister in 1940 had been unlawful according to the 1938 constitution. The council elected
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candidate nominated by the president fails to obtain parliamentary approval or finds himself to be incapable of forming the
Government, the president may nominate another candidate. If the second candidate also fails to obtain the approval of the Parliament or if the president refuses to nominate a second candidate, the right to nominate the prime minister is transferred to Riigikogu;
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on the proposal of the prime-minister, formally appoints to office and dismisses members of the
Government. The prime-minister's proposal is binding for the president. The president may not outright refuse to appoint or dismiss a minister with the prime minister's respective proposal. The president's
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After
Estonia regained independence, a new constitution was adopted in 1992 that was based on a mixture of the 1920 and 1938 documents. During the drafting of the new constitution, it was initially planned to use the older, more traditional title, State Elder, for the head of state. However, the more
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after it receives the opportunity (at those three occasions announcing extraordinary elections is obligatory and the president simply acts as the "highest notary" of the state) or if the
Riigikogu passes a censure motion against the Government, and the Government, in its turn, requests the president
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acts as the head of the State
Defence Council, which is an advising body consisting of the president, the prime minister, the speaker of Riigikogu, the chairperson of the Riigikogu commissions for state defence and foreign affairs, minister of foreign affairs, minister of defence, finance minister,
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may reconsider and amend the bill according to remarks of the president, drop the matter, or pass the bill without any changes for a second time. When
Riigikogu takes the third option, the president may not simply refuse to sign the bill into law anymore, but is obliged to promulgate it or, if they
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nominates a candidate for the post of prime minister, after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions. This person is normally the leader of the parliamentary coalition or the largest party in the
Riigikogu. The candidate then goes through an approval vote in the parliament. If the
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According to the 1938 constitution, in case the president was ever incapacitated, or was otherwise unable to carry out his functions, his duties were to be assumed by the prime minister under the title "Prime
Minister in duties of the President." Following this provision, Vares nominally took over
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in 1934. In 1938, another constitution was enacted, and the head of state's title was changed to "President of the
Republic." He was given very broad executive power, though he was somewhat less powerful than the State Elder of the 1933 constitution. Konstantin Päts became the first person to bear
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chairman of the cabinet—officially known as "the Government." However, he could not play a balancing role in the event of conflict between the Parliament and the Government. The State Elder and the Government were completely dependent on the Parliament and could be sacked by it at any time. The
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in which the president is a ceremonial figurehead without even nominal executive powers. The president is obliged to suspend their membership in any political party for the term in office. Upon assuming office, the authority and duties of the president in all other elected or appointed offices
1017:, its extraordinary elections. Extraordinary elections can be declared by the president at four occasions: if the Riigikogu turns out to be unable to pass the annual State Budget Act, if the Riigikogu fails to obtain the nation's approval on a referendum, if the Riigikogu fails to elect the
851:' abuses of power, tried to avoid concentrating too much power in one person's hands by all means possible. This eventually led to a creation of an ultra-parliamentary system. The power of the Parliament (Riigikogu) was practically unlimited. Until 1934, the nominal head of state was the
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proposed to introduce direct elections of the president and to found a Constitutional Court on the last day of his stay in office. This proposal did not find support within Parliament. President Toomas-Hendrik Ilves proposed to remove mentioning the institution of the commander and the
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Estonia's constitution was amended in 1933, instituting a strongly presidential system. The head of state, according to the new constitution, was also called the State Elder, but this time was vested with sweeping executive powers. However, it never came into effect as a result of
824:; a candidate must win a two-thirds supermajority to be elected. If no candidate achieves two-thirds support in the Riigikogu after three rounds of balloting, a special electoral body is convened comprising all members of the Riigikogu and elected representatives of all
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terminate automatically. These measures should theoretically help the president to function in a more independent and impartial manner. The president holds office for five years. They may be elected any number of times, but not more than twice consecutively.
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Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces from the Constitution, so that they could be appointed by the Government, and not by Riigikogu. The respective amendment was finally approved by Riigikogu on 13 April 2011 and entered into force on 22 July 2011 ;
828:(at least one representative per each municipality, but not more than 10 representatives depending on the number of citizens with voting rights residing in the municipality). This body chooses between the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes.
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1083:, appoints to office the president of the Bank of Estonia. The president may refuse to accept the proposal and demand for another candidate (theoretically for an unlimited number of times). This option was previously exercised by President
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promulgates laws and signs the instruments of ratification. The president may refuse to promulgate a bill into law within 14 days after its receipt (it is mostly done only if the president finds it contrary to the
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modern term "president" was eventually chosen after public consultations. Since the adoption of the 1992 constitution, seven presidential elections have taken place (in 1992, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021).
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is the Supreme Commander of the National Defence Forces of Estonia. In reality, this function is usually considered ceremonial; The Defence Forces are nominally commanded by the government's Ministry of
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to consider announcing extraordinary elections (in this case the president may however decline if they find organizing extraordinary elections unnecessary or unreasonable for whatever reason);
1006:, the diplomatic representatives of the Republic of Estonia to foreign states and international organizations; receives the credentials of foreign diplomatic agents accredited to Estonia;
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908:. Following the sham elections in July, president Päts was dismissed from office. Later in July Päts, along with his son, daughter-in-law and two grandsons, was deported to
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was elected president only after the parliament, and then the electoral assembly too, had failed to elect one, and the election had passed back to the parliament.
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acts as the highest representative of state in international affairs (this includes signing international treaties which have been preliminarily approved by the
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upon proposal of the Supreme Court, appoints judges (judges appointed by the president may be taken to legal responsibility only with the president's consent);
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functions that are usually vested on a president in parliamentary systems were divided among the speaker of the Riigikogu, the State Elder and the Government.
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1053:(the Supreme Court) to rule on its constitutionality. If Riigikohus finds no violation of constitution, the president must sign the bill into law.
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YLE: Viron parlamentti kokoontui tänään valitsemaan presidenttiä – mutta miksi prosessi on niin sekava? Yle kokosi viisi kysymystä ja vastausta
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makes proposals to the Riigikogu to declare martial law, to order mobilization and demobilization and to declare a state of emergency;
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While this election process has been criticised, the idea of direct elections does not have enough support in parliament, with only
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nominates the chairperson of the Supreme Court, the chairperson of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the auditor general and the
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troops with armored vehicles to the Presidential palace. The Vares government had actually been chosen by Soviet official
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2006 – IV round – elected by the Electoral Assembly (parliament and municipal appointees) with 174 of 345 votes (50.4%).
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2001 – V round – elected by the Electoral Assembly (parliament and municipal appointees) with 186 of 366 votes (50.8%).
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1996 – V round – elected by the Electoral Assembly (parliament and municipal appointees) with 196 of 372 votes (52.7%).
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1938 – I round – elected by the Electoral Assembly (parliament and municipal appointees) with 219 of 238 votes (92.0%).
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in 1990. In October 1992, Mark handed over his credentials to the newly elected president of the restored republic,
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may initiate amendment of the Constitution. Until now this right has been used at two occasions only. President
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was elected in 1992 (this election, unlike later ones, had a public round) and re-elected in 1996, defeating
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as prime minister. Tief was subsequently arrested by the re-occupying Soviet forces in September 1944.
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of Estonia in June 1940, Päts was forced to appoint a Communist-dominated puppet government headed by
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won the election in the electoral assembly, and he was reelected by the parliament in 2011. In 2016,
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chief executive. Rather, the Constitution explicitly vests executive power in the Government.
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minister of internal affairs, minister of justice and commander of defence forces of Estonia;
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Unlike their counterparts in other parliamentary republics, the president is not even the
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role is this virtually limited to a formal signing of the respective documents;
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to convene an extraordinary session of the Riigikogu (in case of necessity);
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991:). In exceptional circumstances the president may represent Estonia in the
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In September 1944, Uluots and the surviving members of the Tief government
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1497:"Tippametnike ja -poliitikute palk tõuseb aprillist umbes saja euro võrra"
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2016 – VI round – elected by the parliament with 81 of 101 votes (80.2%).
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by way of clemency, releases or grants commutation to convicted offenders;
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declares martial law in case of attack on Estonia and orders mobilization;
1013:(the parliament of Estonia) and, pursuant to respective provisions of the
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2011 – I round – elected by the parliament with 73 of 101 votes (72.3%).
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1992 – II round – elected by the parliament with 59 of 101 votes (58.4%).
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Euronews: Why is no one stepping forward to be Estonia's next president?
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1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.
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both times. RĂĽĂĽtel himself became the next president in 2001. In 2006,
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The authors of the first Estonian constitution, with memories of the
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931:. The day before Uluots died in January 1945, a successor,
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alternately until a candidate reaches the required majority
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confers state decorations, military and diplomatic ranks;
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900:, following the arrival of demonstrators accompanied by
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initiates the bringing of criminal charges against the
805:, elected by Parliament on 31 August 2021, replacing
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2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
920:as acting president on 21 April. Uluots appointed
975:was elected president by the parliament in 2021.
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1049:still believe it to be unconstitutional, to ask
877:this title. His term was to last for six years.
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820:In Estonia, the president is elected by the
1002:appoints and recalls, upon proposal of the
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983:The president of the Republic of Estonia:
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1626:Website of former President Lennart Meri
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2827:Heads of state and government of Europe
1621:President of Estonia – official website
1478:("head of state" during the Soviet era)
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260:5 years, renewable once consecutively
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783:president of the Republic of Estonia
137:President of the Republic of Estonia
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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1495:Mihhailov, Sergei (19 March 2021).
1032:proposes to the chairperson of the
1025:convenes the new membership of the
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1079:upon proposal of the board of the
1009:declares regular elections of the
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1519:"Institution of the president"
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18:List of Presidents of Estonia
1544:"Biography of the President"
1201:18 January 1956, Burashevo,
1029:and opens its first session;
350:Presidential Standard at sea
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1847:Restoration of independence
1764:Declaration of Independence
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837:Conservative People's Party
801:. The current president is
704:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
394:Declaration of Independence
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1338:Social Democratic Party
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814:parliamentary republics
269:Constitution of Estonia
265:Constituting instrument
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1466:State Elder of Estonia
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892:Within days after the
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71:"President of Estonia"
3537:Presidents by country
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1074:Chancellor of Justice
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833:Estonian Centre Party
522:Chancellor of Justice
458:Government of Estonia
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157:Presidential Standard
3442:Partially recognised
3112:Partially recognised
1327:Toomas Hendrik Ilves
965:Toomas Hendrik Ilves
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1832:Government-in-exile
1769:War of Independence
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799:Republic of Estonia
359:Politics of Estonia
225:Presidential Palace
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2073:Telecommunications
1837:Singing Revolution
1818:Estonian partisans
1739:Great Northern War
1499:(in Estonian). ERR
1390:30 December 1969,
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1129:List of presidents
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1376:10 October 2016
1372:Kersti Kaljulaid
1368:
1334:10 October 2016
1323:
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1162:Birth and death
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937:Aleksander Warma
888:in Kadriorg Park
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1913:
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1851:
1781:Interwar period
1774:Battle of Võnnu
1749:Russian Livonia
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1251:
1247:29 March 1929,
1236:8 October 2001
1233:6 October 1992
1197:
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906:Andrei Zhdanov
898:Johannes Vares
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826:municipalities
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2012:Supreme Court
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3480:Transnistria
3150:Transnistria
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2227:
2187:Coat of arms
2172:Architecture
2114:Demographics
2043:Central bank
2006:(parliament)
2002:
1991:
1960:Human rights
1940:Constitution
1825:Deportations
1803:World War II
1796:Estonian SSR
1724:Livonian War
1687:list of wars
1608:(in Finnish)
1601:
1596:(in Finnish)
1589:
1578:
1573:(in Finnish)
1551:. Retrieved
1548:President.ee
1547:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1523:Estonica.org
1522:
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1501:. Retrieved
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1305:Saare County
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1229:Lennart Meri
1198:
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1156:Left office
1153:Took office
1122:
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1085:Lennart Meri
1058:Lennart Meri
1015:Constitution
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495:Lauri Hussar
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399:Human rights
389:Constitution
247:
203:(diplomatic)
191:Mr President
118:
112:October 2021
109:
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85:
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3418:Switzerland
3348:Netherlands
3088:Switzerland
3018:Netherlands
2048:e-Residency
2038:Agriculture
1471:Riigihoidja
1425:Independent
1383:Independent
918:JĂĽri Uluots
912:in Russia.
853:State Elder
482:Legislature
451:Kaja Kallas
256:Term length
3516:Categories
3383:San Marino
3343:Montenegro
3323:Luxembourg
3303:Kazakhstan
3203:Azerbaijan
3166:government
3053:San Marino
3013:Montenegro
2993:Luxembourg
2973:Kazakhstan
2873:Azerbaijan
2737:Pirc Musar
2723:Pellegrini
2597:Mattarella
2541:Steinmeier
2485:Frederik X
2288:Television
2268:Newspapers
2235:Kalevipoeg
2222:Literature
2139:Healthcare
1955:Government
1553:15 October
1528:15 October
1503:11 October
1483:References
1421:Incumbent
1414:Alar Karis
1195:Tahkuranna
1133:See also:
1051:Riigikohus
1004:Government
999:is absent;
989:Government
973:Alar Karis
941:Tõnis Kint
939:, then to
933:August Rei
884:Estonia's
857:riigivanem
803:Alar Karis
424:Alar Karis
412:Presidency
295:1938-04-24
195:(informal)
175:Alar Karis
82:newspapers
3318:Lithuania
2988:Lithuania
2786:EU portal
2751:Felipe VI
2611:Rinkēvičs
2443:Milanović
2253:Mythology
2217:Languages
2124:Estonians
2119:Education
2083:Transport
2058:Oil shale
2003:Riigikogu
1992:President
1945:Elections
1857:Geography
1349:, Sweden
1347:Stockholm
1147:Portrait
1046:Riigikogu
1034:Riigikogu
1027:Riigikogu
1011:Riigikogu
922:Otto Tief
874:self-coup
822:Riigikogu
793:) is the
611:Municipal
553:Riigikogu
535:Elections
510:Judiciary
493:Speaker:
489:Riigikogu
439:Executive
419:President
336:president
307:1940–1991
303:Abolished
285:Formation
239:Riigikogu
235:Appointer
220:Residence
172:Incumbent
3449:Abkhazia
3398:Slovenia
3393:Slovakia
3368:Portugal
3223:Bulgaria
3164:Heads of
3119:Abkhazia
3068:Slovenia
3063:Slovakia
3038:Portugal
2893:Bulgaria
2836:of state
2709:Iohannis
2415:Philippe
2328:Category
2212:Internet
2207:Folklore
2144:Religion
2068:Taxation
1982:Military
1923:Politics
1682:Timeline
1666:articles
1450:See also
1097:Defence.
902:Red Army
787:Estonian
679:Counties
638:European
3428:Ukraine
3373:Romania
3333:Moldova
3293:Ireland
3288:Iceland
3283:Hungary
3268:Germany
3263:Georgia
3253:Finland
3248:Estonia
3243:Denmark
3228:Croatia
3213:Belgium
3208:Belarus
3198:Austria
3193:Armenia
3188:Andorra
3183:Albania
3098:Ukraine
3043:Romania
3003:Moldova
2963:Ireland
2958:Iceland
2953:Hungary
2938:Germany
2933:Georgia
2923:Finland
2918:Estonia
2913:Denmark
2898:Croatia
2883:Belgium
2878:Belarus
2868:Austria
2863:Armenia
2858:Andorra
2853:Albania
2625:NausÄ—da
2583:Higgins
2377:of the
2312:Outline
2293:Theatre
2263:Symbols
2192:Cuisine
2159:Culture
2097:Society
2078:Tourism
2026:Economy
1884:Islands
1869:Climate
1674:History
1662:Estonia
1257:Tallinn
1249:Tallinn
1123:nominal
995:if the
861:de jure
843:History
797:of the
331:Website
293: (
229:Tallinn
96:scholar
3454:Kosovo
3423:Turkey
3413:Sweden
3388:Serbia
3363:Poland
3358:Norway
3338:Monaco
3308:Latvia
3273:Greece
3258:France
3233:Cyprus
3124:Kosovo
3093:Turkey
3083:Sweden
3058:Serbia
3033:Poland
3028:Norway
3008:Monaco
2978:Latvia
2943:Greece
2928:France
2903:Cyprus
2569:Sulyok
2527:Macron
2333:Portal
2182:Cinema
2167:Anthem
2053:Energy
1904:Rivers
1664:
1159:Party
323:Salary
313:Deputy
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
3408:Spain
3328:Malta
3298:Italy
3078:Spain
2998:Malta
2968:Italy
2834:Heads
2639:Henri
2513:Stubb
2499:Karis
2471:Pavel
2429:Radev
2319:Index
2283:Sport
2278:Radio
2248:Music
2243:Media
2202:Flags
2149:Women
2109:Crime
1909:Towns
1889:Lakes
1879:Fauna
1434:Tartu
1392:Tartu
1150:Name
382:State
186:Style
103:JSTOR
89:books
2681:Duda
2258:Name
2177:Beer
1965:LGBT
1555:2022
1530:2022
1505:2021
1441:2021
1207:USSR
835:and
781:The
653:2024
647:2019
642:2014
627:2021
622:2017
617:2013
599:2026
593:2021
588:2016
570:next
564:2023
559:2019
209:Type
75:news
2228:ABD
1972:Law
1143:No.
910:Ufa
872:'s
855:, (
338:.ee
58:by
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