Werewolf - Knowledge

2329:. Many of the cures advocated by medieval medical practitioners proved fatal to the patients. A Sicilian belief of Arabic origin holds that a werewolf can be cured of its ailment by striking it on the forehead or scalp with a knife. Another belief from the same culture involves the piercing of the werewolf's hands with nails. Sometimes, less extreme methods were used. In the German lowland of Schleswig-Holstein, a werewolf could be cured if one were to simply address it three times by its Christian name. One Danish belief holds that merely scolding a werewolf will cure it. Conversion to Christianity was a common method of removing lycanthropy in the medieval period. A devotion to 1681: 1388: 6472: 1618:(c. 1200) is another example, in which the eponymous nobleman Bisclavret, for reasons not described, had to transform into a wolf every week. When his treacherous wife stole his clothing needed to restore his human form, he escaped the king's wolf hunt by imploring the king for mercy, and accompanied the king thereafter. His behavior at court was gentle, until his wife and her new husband appeared at court, so much so that his hateful attack on the couple was deemed justly motivated, and the truth was revealed. 1839: 1307: 2440:

her better nature overcome, the she-wolf devours each of her own children, then her relatives' children in order of relationship, and finally the children of strangers. She wanders only at night, with doors and locks springing open at her approach. When morning arrives, she reverts to human form and removes her wolfskin. The transformation is generally said to be involuntary. There are alternate versions involving voluntary metamorphosis, where the women can transform at will.

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France, it was once believed that people who died in mortal sin came back to life as blood-drinking wolves. These "undead" werewolves would return to their human corpse form at daylight. They were dealt with by decapitation with a spade and exorcism by the parish priest. The head would then be thrown into a stream, where the weight of its sins was thought to weigh it down. Sometimes, the same methods used to dispose of ordinary vampires would be used. The

1627:(a type of Breton sung-poem) follows many themes found within other werewolf tales – the removal of clothing and attempting to refrain from the consumption of human flesh can be found in Pliny the Elder, as well as in the second of Gervase of Tilbury's werewolf stories, about a werewolf by the name of Chaucevaire. Marie also reveals to us the existence of werewolf belief in Breton and Norman France, by telling us the Franco-Norman word for werewolf: 6340: 4834:'We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, aye, and of Asia and Africa too, till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come. 1606:, writing in the 11th century, forbids the reading of stories in which a person's reason is obscured following such a transformation. Conrad specifically refers to the tales of Ovid in his tract. Pseudo-Augustine, writing in the 12th century, follows Augustine of Hippo's argument that no physical transformation can be made by any but God, stating that "...the body corporeally , be changed into the material limbs of any animal.' 2088: 1512:, one of the characters, Niceros, tells a story at a banquet about a friend who turned into a wolf (chs. 61–62). He describes the incident as follows, "When I look for my buddy I see he'd stripped and piled his clothes by the roadside... He pees in a circle round his clothes and then, just like that, turns into a wolf!... after he turned into a wolf he started howling and then ran off into the woods." 72: 2068:

However, the idea that lycanthropy could be transmitted in this way is not part of the original myths and legends, and only appears in relatively recent beliefs. Lycanthropy can also be met with as the main content of a delusion, for example, the case of a woman has been reported who during episodes of acute psychosis complained of becoming four different species of animals.

2372:, and it was thought that the ability to change into a wolf was obtained in infancy, after suffering parental abuse or by a curse. It is told that at the age of seven the boy or the girl leave home at night to go hunting, and can change to a person or wolf whenever they want. The curse can also be obtained in adulthood if a person passes three times through an arch made of 1459:. According to Pausanias, this was not a one-off event, but that men have been transformed into wolves during the sacrifices to Zeus Lycaeus since the time of Lycaon. If they abstain from tasting human flesh while being wolves, they would be restored to human form nine years later, but if they do not abstain, they would remain wolves forever. 1598:

reveals to the reader that belief in such transformations (he also mentions women turning into cats and into snakes) was widespread across Europe; he uses the phrase "que ita dinoscuntur" when discussing these metamorphoses, which translates to "it is known". Gervase, who was writing in Germany, also

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superstitions are closely parallel to, if not identical with, lycanthropic beliefs, the occasional involuntary character of lycanthropy being almost the sole distinguishing feature. In another direction the phenomenon of repercussion is asserted to manifest itself in connection with the bush-soul of

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as the origin of werewolf beliefs, claiming remarkable similarities between the symptoms of that disease and some of the legends. Woodward focused on the idea that being bitten by a werewolf could result in the victim turning into one, which suggested the idea of a transmittable disease like rabies.

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In the Swiss Vaud region, werewolves were convicted in 1602 and in 1624. A treatise by a Vaud pastor in 1653, however, argued that lycanthropy was purely an illusion. After this, the only further record from the Vaud dates to 1670. A boy claimed he and his mother could change themselves into wolves,

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lore, there are women who, in consequence of deadly sins, are condemned to spend seven years in wolf form. In a typical account, a condemned woman is visited by a wolfskin-toting spirit, who orders her to wear the skin, which causes her to acquire frightful cravings for human flesh soon after. With

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This is argued against by Woodward, who points out how mythological werewolves were almost invariably portrayed as resembling true wolves, and that their human forms were rarely physically conspicuous as porphyria victims. Others have pointed out the possibility of historical werewolves having been

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in the 13th century, but is not recorded in all of medieval German poetry or fiction. While Baring-Gould argues that references to werewolves were rare in England, presumably because whatever significance the "wolf-men" of Germanic paganism had carried, the associated beliefs and practices had been

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are certayne sorcerers, who having annoynted their bodies with an ointment which they make by the instinct of the devil, and putting on a certayne inchaunted girdle, does not only unto the view of others seem as wolves, but to their own thinking have both the shape and nature of wolves, so long as

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Various methods for becoming a werewolf have been reported, one of the simplest being the removal of clothing and putting on a belt made of wolfskin, probably as a substitute for the assumption of an entire animal skin (which also is frequently described). In other cases, the body is rubbed with a

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The appearance of a werewolf in its animal form varies from culture to culture. It is most commonly portrayed as being indistinguishable from ordinary wolves, except for the fact that it has no tail (a trait thought characteristic of witches in animal form), is often larger, and retains human eyes

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English folklore, prior to 1865, showed shapeshifters to be vulnerable to silver. "...till the publican shot a silver button over their heads when they were instantly transformed into two ill-favoured old ladies..." c. 1640 the city of Greifswald, Germany was infested by werewolves. "A clever lad

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in present-day northern Poland, there was the belief that if a child was born with hair, a birthmark, or a caul on their head, they were supposed to possess shape-shifting abilities. Though capable of turning into any animal they wished, it was commonly believed that such people preferred to turn

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Various methods have existed for removing the werewolf form. In antiquity, the Ancient Greeks and Romans believed in the power of exhaustion in curing people of lycanthropy. The victim would be subjected to long periods of physical activity in the hope of being purged of the malady. This practice

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at the bridge of the nose, curved fingernails, low-set ears and a swinging stride. One method of identifying a werewolf in its human form was to cut the flesh of the accused, under the pretense that fur would be seen within the wound. A Russian superstition recalls a werewolf can be recognized by

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were an occasional, but still widespread, feature of life in Europe. Some scholars have suggested that it was inevitable that wolves, being the most feared predators in Europe, were projected into the folklore of evil shapeshifters. This is said to be corroborated by the fact that areas devoid of

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successfully repressed after Christianization, or if they persisted, they did so outside of the sphere of literacy available to us. We have sources other than those mentioned above. Such examples of werewolves in Ireland and the British Isles can be found in the work of the 9th century Welsh monk

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Lorey (2000) records six trials in the period 1701 and 1725, all in either Styria or Carinthia; 1701 Paul Perwolf of Wolfsburg, Obdach, Styria (executed); 1705 "Vlastl" of Murau, Styria (verdict unknown); 1705/6 six beggars in Wolfsberg, Carinthia (executed); 1707/8 three shepherds in Leoben and

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and a full moon. Later in the 17th and 18th century, the trials in Hungary were not only conducted against witches, but against werewolves too, and many records exist documenting connections between the two. Vampires and werewolves are closely related in Hungarian folklore, both being feared in

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After returning to their human forms, werewolves are usually documented as becoming weak, debilitated and undergoing painful nervous depression. One universally reviled trait in medieval Europe was the werewolf's habit of devouring recently buried corpses, a trait that is documented extensively,

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Lorey (2000) records 280 known cases; this contrasts with a total number of 12,000 recorded cases of executions for witchcraft, or an estimated grand total of about 60,000, corresponding to 2% or 0.5% respectively. The recorded cases span the period of 1407 to 1725, peaking during the period of

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Before the end of the 19th century, the Greeks believed that the corpses of werewolves, if not destroyed, would return to life in the form of wolves or hyenas that prowled battlefields, drinking the blood of dying soldiers. In the same vein, in some rural areas of Germany, Poland, and Northern

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In some fiction, the power of the werewolf extends to human form, such as invulnerability to conventional injury due to their healing factor, superhuman speed and strength, and falling on their feet from high falls. Aggressiveness and animalistic urges may be intensified and more difficult to

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describes (Book 18, Chapter 45) an annual assembly of werewolves near the Lithuania-Courland border. The participants, including Lithuanian nobility and werewolves from the surrounding areas, gather to test their strength by attempting to jump over a castle wall's ruins. Those who succeed are

1568:, could use magic to turn himself into a wolf. The works of Augustine of Hippo had a large influence on the development of Western Christianity, and were widely read by churchmen of the medieval period. These churchmen occasionally discussed werewolves in their works. Famous examples include 1720:

rather than those of bears and were reputed to channel the spirits of these animals to enhance effectiveness in battle. These warriors were resistant to pain and killed viciously in battle, much like wild animals. Úlfhednar and berserkers are closely associated with the Norse god

820:" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of lycanthropy being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials. During the early period, accusations of lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf) were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of 2800:

Werewolves are typically envisioned as "working-class" monsters, often being low in socio-economic status, although they can represent a variety of social classes and at times were seen as a way of representing "aristocratic decadence" during 19th century horror literature.

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Along with the vulnerability to the silver bullet, the full moon being the cause of the transformation only became part of the depiction of werewolves on a widespread basis in the twentieth century. The first movie to feature the transformative effect of the full moon was

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after performing long and arduous rites would voluntarily be able to transform into the humanoid "Kurtadam" (literally meaning "Wolfman"). Since the wolf was the totemic ancestor animal of the Turkic peoples, they would be respectful of any shaman who was in such a form.

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for nine years. If during these nine years he refrained from tasting human flesh, he returned to the same marsh, swam back, and recovered his previous human form, with nine years added to his appearance. Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of

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visits Lycaon disguised as a common man, Lycaon wants to test if he is really a god. To that end, he kills a Molossian hostage and serve his entrails to Zeus. Disgusted, the god turns Lycaon into a wolf. However, in other accounts of the legend, like that of

2779:. This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns. Current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involves lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or transmitted like an 2285:

supposedly cursed an illustrious Irish family whose members were each doomed to be a wolf for seven years. In other tales the divine agency is even more direct, while in Russia, again, men supposedly became werewolves when incurring the wrath of the Devil.

2599:". In "Dracula's Guest", a band of military horsemen coming to the aid of the protagonist chase off Dracula, depicted as a great wolf stating the only way to kill it is by a "Sacred Bullet". This is also mentioned in the main novel Dracula as well. 3176:

Freyenstein, Styria (one lynching, two probable executions); 1718 Jakob Kranawitter, a mentally disabled beggar, in Rotenfel, Oberwolz, Styria (corporeal punishment); 1725: Paul Schäffer, beggar of St. Leonhard im Lavanttal, Carinthia (executed).

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suggested that they gather all their silver buttons, goblets, belt buckles, and so forth, and melt them down into bullets for their muskets and pistols. ... this time they slaughtered the creatures and rid Greifswald of the lycanthropes."

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or vampire. The eastern werewolf-vampire is found in the folklore of Central and Eastern Europe, including Hungary, Romania and the Balkans, while the western werewolf-sorcerer is found in France, German-speaking Europe and in the Baltic.

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His power ceases, as does that all of all evil things, at the coming of the day. Only at certain times can he have limited freedom. If he be not at the place whither he is bound, he can only change himself at noon or exact sunrise or

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tells the reader that the transformation of men into wolves cannot be easily dismissed, for "...in England we have often seen men change into wolves" ("Vidimus enim frequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari...").

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The beliefs classed together under lycanthropy are far from uniform, and the term is somewhat capriciously applied. The transformation may be temporary or permanent; the were-animal may be the man himself metamorphosed; may be his

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gives an account similar to that found in Pliny the Elder. Augustine explains that "It is very generally believed that by certain witches spells men may be turned into wolves..." Physical metamorphosis was also mentioned in the

7054: 1380:, were all transformed into wolves once every year for several days and then changed back to their human shape. He added that he is not convinced by the story but the locals swear to its truth. This tale was also mentioned by 1345:

warrior class, which may have included a cult focused on dogs and wolves identified with an age grade of young, unmarried warriors. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone (1987).

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drew on a Balkan tale of a plant associated with lycanthropy as there was no literary work to draw upon, unlike the case with vampires. There is no reference to silver nor other aspects of werewolf lore such as cannibalism.

2060:, a hereditary condition manifesting itself in excessive hair growth. Woodward dismissed the possibility, as the rarity of the disease ruled it out from happening on a large scale, as werewolf cases were in medieval Europe. 2525:

typically try to trick mothers into giving away their children voluntarily by waking them at night and asking their permission to take their child, to which the disoriented mother may either reply yes or no. The Haitian

1543:("turnskin"). Augustine instead uses the phrase "in lupum fuisse mutatum" (changed into the form of a wolf) to describe the physical metamorphosis of werewolves, which is similar to phrases used in the medieval period. 1889:, which attributed reports of lycanthropy to a "disorder of the brain". Although there were continuing reports of extraordinary wolflike beasts, they were not considered to be werewolves. One such report concerned the 5515:

London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1933. (1st edition, reissued 1934 New York: E. P. Dutton; 1966 New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books; 1973 Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press; 2003 Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, with new title

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There is evidence of widespread belief in werewolves in medieval Europe. This evidence spans much of the Continent, as well as the British Isles. Werewolves were mentioned in Medieval law codes, such as that of

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De Lycanthropia: An vere illi, ut fama est, luporum & aliarum bestiarum formis induantur. Problema philosophicum pro sententia Joan. Bodini ... adversus dissentaneas aliquorum opiniones noviter assertum...

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and a voice. According to some Swedish accounts, the werewolf could be distinguished from a regular wolf by the fact that it would run on three legs, stretching the fourth one backwards to look like a tail.

1912:. At least nine works on lycanthropy were printed in Germany between 1649 and 1679. In the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, belief in werewolves persisted well into the 18th century. As late as in 1853, in 2677:. With Pierce's makeup more elaborate this time, the movie catapulted the werewolf into public consciousness. Sympathetic portrayals are few but notable, such as the comedic but tortured protagonist 2550: 1758:

The situation as described during the medieval period gives rise to the dual form of werewolf folklore in Early Modern Europe. On one hand the Germanic werewolf, which becomes associated with the

4363: 2112:, whose intimate connection with its owner is shown by the fact that any injury to it is believed, by a phenomenon known as repercussion, to cause a corresponding injury to the human being. 2571:, an 18th-century wolf or wolflike creature, was shot by a silver bullet appears to have been introduced by novelists retelling the story from 1935 onwards and not in earlier versions. 2305:. Their efforts ensured that the Devil and his minions did not carry off the grain from local failed crops down to hell. Thiess was ultimately sentenced to ten lashes for idolatry and 1823:

There were numerous reports of werewolf attacks – and consequent court trials – in 16th-century France. In some of the cases there was clear evidence against the accused of murder and

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traditionally had the habit of congregating annually in the winter months, when they would strip off their wolf skins and hang them from trees. They would then get a hold of another

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which, she explains, are common in that part of France, where "...many men turned into werewolves". Gervase supports this terminology when he tells us that the French use the term "

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occurred, the pioneers brought their own werewolf folklore with them and were later influenced by the lore of their neighbouring colonies and those of the Natives. Belief in the

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control, such as hunger, and sexual arousal. Usually in these cases, the abilities are diminished in human form. In other fiction, it can be cured by medicine men or antidotes.

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gives the form of incantation still familiar in Russia. In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain

2145:. Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal in question or from certain enchanted streams were also considered effectual modes of accomplishing metamorphosis. 4291: 2647:

in 1935. The main werewolf of this film is a dapper London scientist who retains some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation, as lead actor

6889: 4065:"Von den hexen, so in Wallis verbrant wurdent» Eine wieder entdeckte Handschrift mit dem Bericht des Chronisten Hans Fründ über eine Hexenverfolgung im Wallis (1428)" 404: 2219:; but though there is no line of demarcation to be drawn on logical grounds, the assumed power of the magician and the intimate association of the bush-soul or the 1754:. The path of Great Sun, as a wolf, prowling, he crossed. For him in Polotsk they rang for matins early at St. Sophia the bells; but he heard the ringing in Kiev. 1750:

Vseslav the prince judged men; as prince, he ruled towns; but at night he prowled in the guise of a wolf. From Kiev, prowling, he reached, before the cocks crew,

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was linked to the werewolf in East European countries, particularly Bulgaria, Serbia and Slovenia. In Serbia, the werewolf and vampire are known collectively as

3292: 2301:, Thiess testified under oath that he and other werewolves were the Hounds of God. He claimed they were warriors who descended into hell to battle witches and 6260: 1602:

Further evidence of the widespread belief in werewolves and other human-animal transformations can be seen in theological attacks made against such beliefs.

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states that "Whoever believes that anything can be...transformed into another species or likeness, except by God Himself...is beyond doubt an infidel.'

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inform us that the codes aim to ensure that "...the madly audacious werewolf do not too widely devastate, nor bite too many of the spiritual flock."

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differ from traditional European werewolves by their habit of actively trying to spread their lycanthropic condition to others, much like vampires.

4225: 1469:, once a year a man was chosen by lot from the Anthus' clan. The chosen man was escorted to a marsh in the area, where he hung his clothes into an 3965: 8342: 7677: 7009: 3513:

Kim R. McCone, "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen" in W. Meid (ed.), Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz, Innsbruck, 1987, 101–154

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in the 4th century, which became the Church's doctrinal text in relation to magic, witches, and transformations such as those of werewolves. The

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of Arcadia, who was transformed into a wolf because he had sacrificed a child in the altar of Zeus Lycaeus. In the version of the legend told by

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Some modern researchers have tried to explain the reports of werewolf behaviour with recognised medical conditions. In 1963, Dr Lee Illis of

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by J. L. Benét – mix the two meanings of "Werwolf" by depicting the 1945 die-hard Nazi commandos as being actual werewolves.

2592:, drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and "was to voice the anxieties of an age", and the "fears of late 2321:

In medieval Europe, traditionally, there are three methods one can use to cure a victim of lycanthropy; medicinally (usually via the use of

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A notable exception to the association of Lycanthropy and the Devil, comes from a rare and lesser known account of an 80-year-old man named

6378: 3827: 3304: 2200:, real or spiritual, as a messenger, and the supernormal powers conferred by association with such a familiar, are also attributed to the 3541: 5566: 828:, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe. The phenomenon persisted longest in Bavaria and Austria, with persecution of 6688: 6648: 5484: 3090:"... the motif of the full moon is a modern invention, since historical sources do not mention it as an instigator of metamorphosis." ( 3587: 1842:

In Geneva a man killed 16 children when he had changed himself into a wolf. He was executed on 15 October 1580. Coloured pen drawing,

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The werewolves were known to exterminate all kind of farm animals, especially sheep. The transformation usually occurred during the

6982: 6884: 5669: 4578:(New York, 1987), translated with an introduction by R. Bedrosian, edited by Elise Antreassian and illustrated by Anahid Janjigian 2521:(red eyes) can possess the bodies of unwitting persons and nightly transform them into cannibalistic lupine creatures. The Haitian 3195: 1328:

in the context of Christianity, although stories of humans turning into wolves take their roots in earlier pre-Christian beliefs.

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or affliction, often a bite or the occasional scratch from another werewolf, with the transformations occurring on the night of a

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weapons and highly resistant to other injuries. This feature appears in German folklore of the 19th century. The claim that the

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they wear the said girdle. And they do dispose themselves as very wolves, in worrying and killing, and most of humane creatures.

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Lykos (Λύκος) of Athens was a wolf-shaped herο, whose shrine stood by the jurycourt, and the first jurors were named after him.

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Lycaeus. He was restored to human form 10 years later and went on to become an Olympic champion. This tale is also recounted by

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stemmed from the fact that many alleged werewolves would be left feeling weak and debilitated after committing depredations.

1797: 813:, in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century. 7910: 6563: 5492:

Dialogue de la Lycanthropie: Ou transformation d'hommes en loups, vulgairement dits loups-garous, et si telle se peut faire

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was judged and condemned as the author of a number of murders, but he claimed to be not guilty because of his condition of

675: 409: 4316: 2821:" aimed at creating a commando force that would operate behind enemy lines as the Allies advanced through Germany itself. 7417: 3885:, Book I, Chapter 15, translated and edited by S.E. Banks and J.W. Binns, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 86–87. 3400:"Interprétation ethnolinguistique de termes mythologiques néohelléniques d'origine slave désignant des morts malfaisants" 2473: 2175:

allegiance for the most loathsome ends, often for the sake of sating a craving for human flesh. "The werewolves", writes

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Werewolves were said in European folklore to bear tell-tale physical traits even in their human form. These included the

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tradition. The trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern

8031: 5737: 5633: 5385: 5341: 4878: 4373: 3564: 1858:. A number of treatises on werewolves were written in France during 1595 and 1615. In 1598, werewolves were sighted in 449: 4093:

Cynthia Grant Schonberger (January–March 1979). "Luther and the Justification of Resistance to Legitimate Authority".

3954:, Book I, Chapter 15, translated and edited by S.E. Banks and J.W. Binns, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 87. 6344: 5525: 5291: 5024: 4991: 4958: 4903: 4811:"A wolf – and yet not a wolf!" ... "No use trying for him without the sacred bullet," a third remarked 4746: 4597: 4552: 4517: 4047: 3975: 3792: 3715: 3147: 3073: 3018: 2978: 2938: 3554: 1716:, and resemble some werewolf legends. The Úlfhednar were fighters similar to the berserkers, though they dressed in 8268: 8071: 6558: 6533: 6371: 5955: 5437: 3623: 3607: 2246:

as punishment for slaughtering one of his own sons and serving his remains to the gods as a dinner. Those who were

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werewolves were initiated by draining a cup of specially prepared beer and repeating a set formula. Ralston in his

1434: 8278: 7508: 4095: 2793: 2697:. Over time, the depiction of werewolves has gone from fully malevolent to even heroic creatures, such as in the 434: 1324:

The European motif of the devilish werewolf devouring human flesh harks back to a common development during the

8398: 6681: 6618: 6245: 5082: 2683: 2105: 2040:, in which he argues that historical accounts on werewolves could have been referring to victims of congenital 1827:, but no association with wolves. In other cases people have been terrified by such creatures, such as that of 1742: 8408: 8388: 8037: 7999: 7024: 6613: 6596: 6568: 6255: 1332: 4529:

Szabó, György. Mitológiai kislexikon, I–II, Budapest: Merényi Könyvkiadó (év nélkül) Mitólogiai kislexikon.

4512:. (Journal of Indo-European Studies, Monograph, 8.) McLean, Virginia: Institute for the Study of Man, 1991, 3524: 2630:

in the 17th century, who became a werewolf under the influence of a malevolent forest spirit, also known as

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wrote a lengthy chapter about werewolves. In 1603, a teenage werewolf was sentenced to life imprisonment in

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The power of transforming others into wild beasts was attributed not only to malignant sorcerers, but to

1882:, who regarded "warwoolfes" as victims of delusion induced by "a natural superabundance of melancholic". 856: 347: 227: 5378:

Language literature linguistics: In honor of Francis Whitfield on his seventieth birthday March 25, 1986

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feared witches in wolf's clothing called "Mai-cob". Woodward thought that these beliefs were due to the

82: 8025: 7572: 6591: 5747: 5376:(1987). "Russian vurdalak 'werewolf' and its cognates". In Flier, Michael S.; Karlinsky, Simon (eds.). 5256: 2763:

Werewolves are often depicted as immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to

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After 1650, belief in lycanthropy had mostly disappeared from French-speaking Europe, as evidenced in

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Pliny the Elder likewise recounts another tale of lycanthropy. Quoting Euanthes, he mentions that in

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The Nature of the Beast: Transformations of the Werewolf from the 1970s to the Twenty-first Century

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Conradi Hirsaugiensis Dialogus super Auctores sive Didascalon: Eine Literaturgeschichte aus den XII

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of Parrhasia, who was turned into a wolf after tasting the entrails of a human child sacrificed to

1415: 1395: 1355: 954: 668: 317: 1293:, referring to a person who, according to medieval superstition, could assume the form of wolves. 1153:) and the late attestation of some forms pose difficulties in tracing the origin of the term. The 8413: 7607: 7478: 6456: 6332: 6224: 6204: 5891: 5881: 5727: 5720: 5655: 5539: 5454: 2705: 1917: 1680: 1387: 1017: 801:. Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerged in what is now 557: 499: 237: 4064: 3835: 1905:, in south-central France. From 1764 to 1767, it killed upwards of 80 men, women, and children. 1740:

was considered to have been a werewolf, capable of moving at superhuman speeds, as recounted in

1169:, designating vampire-like creatures in Balkan folklores, were borrowed from Slavic languages. 8403: 7915: 7503: 7311: 7301: 7236: 6705: 6052: 5446: 3583: 2814: 2678: 1854:

A peak of attention to lycanthropy came in the late 16th to early 17th century, as part of the

1411: 1231: 966: 713: 582: 524: 352: 222: 187: 6471: 5334:

Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West

1667: 1207:, published in 1835. The source of Pushkin's distinctive form remains debated in scholarship. 8283: 8273: 7637: 7004: 6854: 6713: 6387: 5545: 2883: 2263:

Omnes angeli, boni et Mali, ex virtute naturali habent potestatem transmutandi corpora nostra

2251: 1814: 1657: 1645:

are two anonymous lais that share the theme of a werewolf knight being betrayed by his wife.

1372:, wrote that according to what the Scythians and the Greeks settled in Scythia told him, the 1368: 935: 825: 562: 494: 474: 292: 277: 6841: 6750: 5194: 4801: 3642: 1285:, a condition in which the patient imagined himself to be a wolf. Modern writers later used 8097: 7989: 7905: 7787: 7447: 7251: 6209: 5970: 5822: 5705: 4540: 3732: 2611:

into a wolf at will during the night but is unable to do so during the day except at noon.

2290: 2027: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1282: 1219: 869: 697: 577: 572: 519: 257: 55: 3673: 3344:

Balinisteanu, Tudor (2016). "Romanian Folklore and Literary Representations of Vampires".

2824:

Two fictional depictions of "Operation Werwolf" – the US television series

2568: 2168:, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face. 2009:

holds a different, reverential light to the werewolf legends in that Turkic Central Asian

1890: 1281:(λυκάνθρωπος), meaning 'wolf-man'. Ancient writers used the term solely in the context of 832:

recorded until well after 1650, the final cases taking place in the early 18th century in

8: 8373: 8263: 8233: 8148: 7984: 7969: 7687: 7316: 6931: 6057: 5923: 5689: 5623: 5576: 5549: 4761: 4455: 3355: 1968: 1894: 1777: 1698:

Germanic pagan traditions associated with wolf-men persisted longest in the Scandinavian

798: 790: 743: 661: 627: 469: 130: 7231: 6946: 2468:

afterlife is guarded by giant wolves that kill careless hunters venturing too near. The

1908:

The part of Europe which showed more vigorous interest in werewolves after 1650 was the

7979: 7948: 7938: 7833: 7782: 7722: 7412: 7276: 7221: 7191: 6518: 6486: 6194: 6084: 6069: 5938: 5854: 5560: 5244: 5182: 4407: 4390: 4219: 4120: 4112: 3896: 3787:. R. Bracht Branham and Daniel Kinney. Berkeley: University of California. p. 56. 3429: 3375: 3346: 2813:, as the mythical creature's name is spelled in German, in 1942–43 as the codename for 2780: 2749: 2742:

Other werewolves are decidedly more willful and malevolent, such as those in the novel

2723: 2643: 2585: 2270: 2201: 1879: 1737: 1703: 1653: 1595: 1583: 1520: 1180: 1127: 1076: 928: 763: 337: 287: 4674: 2238:

allegedly cursing those who invoked their wrath with lycanthropy. Such is the case of

816:

The persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the "

703: 8206: 8061: 7853: 7742: 7387: 7281: 7266: 7201: 7122: 7091: 7066: 6836: 6528: 6426: 6339: 6308: 6250: 6141: 6007: 5965: 5742: 5629: 5521: 5458: 5422: 5403: 5381: 5359: 5356:

Witches, Werewolves, and Fairies: Shapeshifters and Astral Doubles in the Middle Ages

5337: 5306: 5287: 5264: 5248: 5236: 5202: 5078: 5053: 5030: 5020: 4997: 4987: 4964: 4954: 4899: 4874: 4742: 4717: 4634: 4603: 4593: 4558: 4548: 4513: 4412: 4369: 4043: 3971: 3788: 3711: 3560: 3433: 3421: 3379: 3367: 2656: 2282: 2176: 2033: 1984: 1909: 1843: 1824: 1310: 1200: 1172:

The same form is found in other non-Slavic languages of the region, such as Albanian

1163: 1080: 917: 770: 632: 342: 207: 162: 152: 7196: 5173:

Butler, Francis (2005). "Russian "vurdalak" 'vampire' and Related Forms in Slavic".

4124: 2549: 8102: 7943: 7802: 7488: 7211: 7181: 7163: 7081: 6972: 6811: 6776: 6421: 6401: 6282: 6214: 5943: 5933: 5901: 5817: 5785: 5508: 5351: 5228: 5216: 4402: 4104: 3411: 3359: 3106: 3038: 2989: 2949: 2909: 2752:. The form a werewolf assumes was generally anthropomorphic in early films such as 2693: 2638: 2557: 2544: 2493: 2045: 2006: 1603: 1494:, wrote about a man called Moeris, who used herbs and poisons picked in his native 1403: 1138: 852: 844: 794: 774: 567: 464: 454: 7256: 5322:

Loups-garous, vampires et autres monstres : enquêtes médicales et littéraires

5280: 3692: 3661: 3363: 7925: 7889: 7848: 7792: 7737: 7622: 6989: 6801: 6766: 6697: 6578: 6199: 6189: 5975: 5913: 5896: 5886: 5849: 5498: 5373: 4483: 4320: 4295: 4212:

The Encyclopedia: Selections: Diderot, d'Alembert and a Society of Men of Letters

3937:

Marie de France, "Bisclavret", translated by Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby, in

3924:

Marie de France, "Bisclavret", translated by Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby, in

3684: 3653: 3627: 2664: 2410: 2384: 2227: 2216: 2197: 2142: 2109: 2108:; or it may be no more than the messenger of the human being, a real animal or a 1913: 1717: 1609: 1587: 1569: 1529: 1495: 1452: 1359: 1187: 1064:

is inferred from the Middle Low German variant and was most likely borrowed into

880: 509: 312: 247: 182: 6666: 5599: 4847: 4824: 2097: 1671:, from the 12th century, and Welsh werewolves in the 12th to 13th century work, 217: 8316: 8189: 8053: 7933: 7483: 7442: 7226: 6849: 6771: 6631: 6461: 6451: 6406: 6136: 5960: 5876: 5732: 5678: 4671: 4309: 2688: 2668: 2258: 2057: 2023: 1859: 1828: 1729: 1553: 1381: 1306: 1154: 942: 892: 597: 592: 529: 487: 332: 327: 192: 7042: 6738: 5125:

Seduced by Twilight: The allure and contradictory messages of the popular saga

4334: 4285:

Facundo Quiroga, "The Tiger of the Argentine Prairies" and the Legend of the "

2294: 27:

Mythological human with acquired ability to transform into a wolflike creature

8367: 8337: 8201: 8153: 8092: 7752: 7567: 7261: 7216: 6806: 6636: 6551: 6546: 6446: 6298: 6240: 6104: 5985: 5980: 5918: 5839: 5795: 5790: 5780: 5710: 5555: 5395: 5240: 4774: 4658: 4638: 3425: 3371: 2853: 2768: 2608: 2600: 2593: 2496:

originates from French folklore influenced by Native American stories on the

2469: 2247: 2193: 2077: 1976: 1784: 1776:

Being a werewolf was a common accusation in witch trials. It featured in the

1713: 1685: 1474: 1424: 1271: 1226: 848: 740: 732: 622: 534: 377: 322: 302: 252: 202: 7727: 5047: 5034: 5001: 4968: 4607: 4562: 4443: 1838: 1712:(wolf-coated ), which are mentioned in the Vatnsdœla, Haraldskvæði, and the 773:, existing in many variants, which are related by a common development of a 8228: 8160: 8131: 7884: 7341: 7291: 6603: 6501: 6496: 6174: 5995: 5906: 5832: 5812: 5770: 5329: 4416: 2369: 2306: 2266: 2149: 2100:

whose activity leaves the real man to all appearance unchanged; may be his

1980: 1863: 1805:

regarded as strong, while weaker participants are punished with whippings.

1801: 1793:

to describe a hypothetical ruler worse than a tyrant who must be resisted.

1780:, one of the earliest such trials, in the first half of the 15th century. 1211: 1111: 1057: 1044:(Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) was either borrowed from Middle Low German 1032:('wolf, outlaw'), perhaps under the influence of the Old French expression 910: 821: 647: 637: 617: 612: 552: 429: 362: 297: 177: 7647: 7558: 8356:

historicity of the deity is dubious; functions of the deity are unclear.

8258: 8177: 8165: 8114: 7563: 7463: 7402: 7061: 6936: 6436: 6411: 6313: 6272: 6179: 6094: 5866: 5861: 5802: 5775: 5715: 5483:

Leipzig: Typis Abrahami Lambergi, 1591. (In Latin; microfilm held by the

5232: 4623:"The Changing Shape of a Shape-Shifter: The French-Canadian "Loup-garou"" 3708:

Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook

2744: 2623: 2589: 2449: 2396: 2274: 2226:

The curse of lycanthropy was also considered by some scholars as being a

2104:, which goes forth seeking whomever it may devour, leaving its body in a 1928: 1690: 1325: 899: 802: 786: 778: 642: 367: 7597: 5186: 4622: 2604: 1898: 8295: 8253: 8238: 8172: 8141: 8076: 8043: 7812: 7777: 7652: 7617: 7533: 6994: 6921: 6718: 6506: 6277: 6158: 6079: 6042: 6000: 5765: 5139:"The Nazi Werewolves Who Terrorized Allied Soldiers at the End of WWII" 4260:. Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 2003, Volumen 13, Numerus 1. Archived from 4116: 2826: 2736: 2648: 2596: 2455: 2400: 2365: 2205: 1875: 1832: 1818: 1751: 1699: 1673: 1623: 1614: 1263:). Wolves were metaphorically designated as 'dogs' in Celtic cultures. 1260: 1158: 1065: 1021: 1006: 998: 861: 829: 817: 602: 422: 357: 262: 212: 167: 138: 102: 4335:

The Guaraní Myth about the Origin of Human Language and the Tiger-men.

843:

After the end of the witch trials, the werewolf became of interest in

8300: 8248: 8243: 8182: 7863: 7672: 7493: 7473: 7306: 7032: 6897: 6869: 6859: 6754: 6431: 6356: 6219: 5990: 5807: 4871:

The Curse of the Werewolf : Fantasy, Horror and the Beast Within

3780: 3748:

Ménard, Philippe (1984). "Les histoires de loup-garou au moyen-âge".

3416: 3399: 2868: 2848: 2711: 2049: 2041: 2010: 1983:, executed in 1589, the German farmer, and alleged serial killer and 1940: 1934: 1708: 1509: 1504: 1444: 1363: 1252: 1240: 981: 970: 876: 833: 782: 759: 751: 372: 197: 157: 7747: 7712: 7246: 5336:. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. 4108: 3704:

The tale probably relates to a rite of passage for Arcadian' youths.

2087: 2052:

could have been grounds for accusing a person of being a werewolf.

1932:

wolves typically use different kinds of predator to fill the niche;

1902: 1874:

which was not taken seriously. At the beginning of the 17th century

1341: 8085: 8066: 7807: 7732: 7697: 7642: 7602: 7528: 7468: 7437: 7397: 7382: 7351: 7346: 7186: 6926: 6864: 5844: 5827: 5541:

The Book of Werewolves: Being an Account of a Terrible Superstition

3764: 2607:

racial bloodline, who himself is also depicted with the ability to

2603:

stated in the novel that legends of werewolves originated from his

2489: 2465: 2459: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2172: 1867: 1789: 1769: 1539:

In these works of Roman writers, werewolves often receive the name

1490: 1473:

tree, swam across the marsh and transformed into a wolf, joining a

1456: 1195: 988: 746:

wolf-like creature, either purposely or after being placed under a

689: 607: 514: 439: 242: 232: 7662: 7361: 6956: 4773:

Temme, J.D.H. Die Volkssagen von Pommern und Rugen. Translated by

2333:

has been cited as both cure for and protection from lycanthropes.

2171:

In other cases, the transformation was supposedly accomplished by

8288: 8136: 8124: 7717: 7707: 7682: 7667: 7657: 7592: 7582: 7553: 7538: 7523: 7518: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7392: 7271: 7173: 7127: 6999: 6941: 6909: 6879: 6874: 6831: 6826: 6786: 6723: 6626: 6416: 6267: 6184: 6146: 6109: 6099: 6017: 5928: 5647: 4140: 2873: 2858: 2818: 2651:

was unwilling to spend long hours being made up by makeup artist

2627: 2619: 2580: 2517:, there is a superstition that werewolf spirits known locally as 2497: 2436: 2349: 2298: 2269:, have the power of transmutating our bodies") was the dictum of 2153: 2116: 2000: 1733: 1662: 1377: 906: 754:. Early sources for belief in this ability or affliction, called 587: 382: 307: 267: 78: 7548: 1440:, Zeus blasts him and his sons with thunderbolts as punishment. 1040:), which literally means 'wolf-werewolf'. The modern Norse form 875:) and developed in the 18th century out of the "semi-fictional" 8119: 7974: 7858: 7817: 7797: 7702: 7632: 7587: 7577: 7377: 7286: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7076: 6916: 6821: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6728: 6151: 6121: 6062: 5871: 4459: 2878: 2863: 2764: 2564: 2509: 2504: 2485: 2407: 2388: 2211: 2064: 1732:, giving rise to the Slavic "werewolf" tales. The 11th-century 1637: 1485: 969:

closer to the Slavic meaning, with other semantic parallels in

837: 806: 781:. From the early modern period, werewolf beliefs spread to the 504: 272: 172: 5559: 4429:

Dening T R & West A (1989) "Multiple serial lycanthropy".

4255:"Is the fear of wolves justified? A Fennoscandian perspective" 3053: 2958: 2918: 1728:

The Scandinavian traditions of this period may have spread to

789:. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in 8194: 7843: 7692: 7612: 7543: 7407: 7356: 7296: 7132: 7071: 7014: 6951: 6816: 6761: 6131: 6074: 6035: 6030: 6025: 2843: 2772: 2732: 2728: 2514: 2373: 2302: 2278: 2235: 1996: 1499: 1373: 1199:(вурдалак; 'ghoul, revenant') first appeared in Russian poet 747: 282: 4365:

The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings

3495: 3327: 3325: 3127: 3056: 2998: 2626:, tells story of the forester Priidik's wife Aalo living in 7868: 7513: 7498: 6089: 5017:

The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings

4984:

The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings

4951:

The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings

4237: 4235: 3603: 3139: 3133: 3112: 3062: 3047: 2377: 2243: 2101: 1722: 1448: 1443:

Pausanias also relates the story of an Arcadian man called

1429: 1419: 1399: 1391: 1193:

may be interpreted as back-borrowings from Greek. The name

1122:, "animal hair", "fur"), can be reconstructed from Serbian 810: 736: 726: 444: 4348:

J.B. Ambrosetti (1976). Fantasmas de la selva misionera ("

3452: 3004: 2964: 2924: 2687:, and a less anguished and more confident and charismatic 2563:

Most modern fiction describes werewolves as vulnerable to

1848:

Sammlung von Nachrichten zur Zeitgeschichte aus den Jahren

1354:

A few references to men changing into wolves are found in

1247:('male dog, fierce dog'), and the medieval personal names 71: 6441: 5615:: a literary study from antiquity through the Renaissance 5503:

De la Lycanthropie, Transformation et Extase des Sorciers

5435: 5048:

Andrzej Wicher; Piotr Spyra; Joanna Matyjaszczyk (2014).

4092: 3559:. De chorographia.English. University of Michigan Press. 3470: 3322: 3231: 3121: 2231: 1470: 824:(1589) led to a significant peak in both interest in and 4232: 4129:; as specified in Luther's Collected Works, 39(ii) 41-42 3269: 2368:

folklore, werewolves are said to live in the region of

1975:

is that werewolf legends may have been used to explain

1339:

is reconstructed as an aspect of the initiation of the

1052:, posited as the regular descendant of Proto-Germanic * 3310: 2760:, but a larger and powerful wolf in many later films. 1515:

Early Christian authors also mentioned werewolves. In

1301: 5419:

The Lycanthropy Reader: Werewolves in Western Culture

3440: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3148: 3124: 3118: 3074: 3050: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2915: 2017: 1331:

Their underlying common origin can be traced back to

777:

of underlying European folklore developed during the

3849: 3483: 3136: 3130: 3109: 3065: 3059: 3044: 3007: 2967: 2927: 2775:; this attribute was first adopted cinematically in 2192:

The phenomenon of repercussion, the power of animal

4788:

Myth and Fairy Tale in Contemporary Women's Fiction

4167:

Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe

3257: 3115: 3041: 2992: 2952: 2912: 1979:. Perhaps the most infamous example is the case of 1768:, which becomes associated with the concept of the 716: 5279: 5050:Basic Categories of Fantastic Literature Revisited 4823:Stoker, Bram. "Ch 3, Johnathon Harker's Journal". 4711: 4210:Hoyt, Nelly S.; Cassierer, Thomas, trans. (1965). 3240: 3205: 731:, 'wolf-human'), is an individual who can 31:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 6696: 5052:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 95–96. 4953:. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink. p. 12. 4482:Bennett, Aaron. "So, You Want to be a Werewolf?" 3967:Melion and Biclarel: Two Old French Werewolf Lays 2423:s skin and burn it, releasing from its curse the 1218:, meaning 'man-dog', has been reconstructed from 8365: 4777:. Berlin: In de Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, 1840. 4314:in the Mythology of the Latin-American Guerilla. 3578: 3576: 1835:in 1573, who was convicted of being a werewolf. 1635:to describe what the English call "werewolves". 855:as a genre has premodern precedents in medieval 5041: 2817:. In the war's final days, the Nazi "Operation 2223:with a human being are not termed lycanthropy. 1762:, and on the other hand the Slavic werewolf or 1410:In the second century BC, the Greek geographer 1048:, or else derived from an unattested Old Norse 4846:Stoker, Bram. "Ch 18, Mina Harker's Journal". 4538: 3895:Georg Schepss, Conradus Hirsaugiensis (1889). 3552: 6682: 6372: 5663: 5597: 4716:(in French). Ex Aequo Éditions. p. 193. 4714:Gévaudan: petites histoires de la grande bête 4209: 4103:(1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 3–20. 3894: 3573: 2507:, there is a belief in a creature called the 2230:. Werewolf literature shows many examples of 1665:. Female werewolves appear in the Irish work 1239:, 'place of man-dogs, i.e. werewolves'), the 669: 8343:Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays 5570:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5537: 4741:(in French). Guy Crouzet. pp. 156–158. 4587: 4391:"On Porphyria and the Ætiology of Werwolves" 4224:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 3752:(in French). Barcelona UP. pp. 209–238. 3343: 2038:On Porphyria and the Aetiology of Werewolves 1688:depiction of a warrior wearing a wolf-skin ( 1313:wearing a wolf-skin. Attic red-figure vase, 867: 70: 5282:The Beast Within: A History of the Werewolf 5219:(2007). "Gallo-Brittonica (suite: 11–21)". 5193: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3616: 3501: 3091: 2204:, male and female, all the world over; and 1893:, which terrorized the general area of the 965:('wolf-clothed'), would bring the Germanic 941:. These terms are generally derived from a 6689: 6675: 6379: 6365: 5670: 5656: 5485:United States National Library of Medicine 5303:The Essential Guide to Werewolf Literature 4935: 4933: 4764:. "The Book of Were-Wolves". (1865) p. 101 4382: 3901:(in Latin). Harvard University. A. Stuber. 3393: 3391: 3389: 2336: 676: 662: 5494:. Louvain: J. Maes & P. Zangre, 1596. 5350: 5215: 5101:. University of Wales Press, 2019, p. 206 4893: 4406: 4352:"). Editorial Convergencia: Buenos Aires. 3779: 3458: 3415: 2443: 1987:, also known as the Werewolf of Bedburg. 1376:, which was a tribe to the north-east of 5554: 5255: 5136: 5066: 4889: 4887: 4712:Baud'huin, Benoît; Bonet, Alain (1995). 4141:"Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus" 4062: 4037: 4000: 3710:. Oxford University Press. p. 178. 3275: 2548: 2086: 1837: 1679: 1386: 1305: 769:The werewolf is a widespread concept in 5625:The origin of the werewolf superstition 5621: 5372: 5277: 5261:Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch 5014: 4981: 4948: 4930: 4780: 4736: 4486:. Vol. 55, no. 6, Issue 627. July 2002. 4478: 4476: 4361: 3963: 3750:Symposium in honorem prof. M. de Riquer 3622: 3397: 3386: 3316: 3288: 3286: 3284: 2767:objects, such as a silver-tipped cane, 1808: 1455:, who calls the man Demaenetus quoting 14: 8366: 6386: 5172: 4620: 4545:World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide 4532: 4138: 3747: 3741: 3446: 3331: 2359: 2135: 1798:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus 1349: 6670: 6360: 6304:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 5651: 5416: 5319: 5300: 5112:The Werewolf Filmography: 300+ Movies 4898:. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 165–167. 4884: 4388: 4241: 3855: 3822: 3820: 3705: 3582: 3522: 3489: 3227: 3225: 2616:The Wolf's Bride: A Tale from Estonia 2478:European colonization of the Americas 2254:were also said to become werewolves. 953:('man-wolf'), itself from an earlier 460:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal 8086:Folk cults (also including Ossetian) 7911:Russian traditions and superstitions 5608: 5445: 5394: 5328: 5221:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 5165: 5072: 4896:Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy 4670: 4627:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 4473: 4164: 3464: 3281: 3263: 3251: 3216: 2488:, the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of 5479:Wolfeshusius, Johannes Fridericus. 4581: 4499:. Methuen. London. 1912. pp. 65–67. 2538: 2533: 2181:Restitution of Decayed Intelligence 1564:reports a rumor that Bajan, son of 1302:Indo-European comparative mythology 1005:(only attested as a translation of 708: 'man-wolf'), or occasionally 24: 5677: 5628:. University of Missouri Studies. 5531: 5473: 4845: 4822: 4799: 4790:, Palgrave Macmillan (2001) p. 85. 4702:. Devizes, Quintet Publishing: 25. 4368:. Visible Ink Press. p. 267. 4247: 3941:(London: Penguin Books, 1999), 68. 3928:(London: Penguin Books, 1999), 68. 3817: 3762: 3222: 3200:Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal 2783:by the bite of another werewolf. 2474:Norse colonization of the Americas 2082: 2018:Lycanthropy as a medical condition 1592:both written for royal audiences. 961:. An alternative reconstruction, * 826:persecution of supposed werewolves 739:, or especially in modern film, a 450:James Randi Educational Foundation 25: 8425: 8394:Mythological human–animal hybrids 5643: 5622:Stewart, Caroline Taylor (1909). 2637:The first feature film to use an 2277:was said to have transformed the 2036:in London wrote a paper entitled 1990: 6470: 6338: 6327: 6326: 5441:. Oxford University Press. 2021. 5438:Oxford English Dictionary Online 5400:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology 5130: 5117: 5104: 3730: 3602: 3105: 3037: 2988: 2948: 2908: 2242:, who was turned into a wolf by 2148:The 16th-century Swedish writer 1498:to turn himself into a wolf. In 1137:, although formal variations in 7418:Mistress of the Copper Mountain 5518:The Werewolf in Lore and Legend 5380:. Berkeley Slavic Specialties. 5091: 5008: 4975: 4942: 4921: 4912: 4863: 4839: 4816: 4793: 4767: 4755: 4730: 4705: 4692: 4675:"Werewolf Legends from Germany" 4664: 4652: 4614: 4592:. New York: Scribner Classics. 4569: 4523: 4502: 4489: 4436: 4423: 4355: 4342: 4328: 4303: 4278: 4203: 4188: 4173: 4158: 4132: 4096:Journal of the History of Ideas 4086: 4056: 3991: 3970:. The University of Liverpool. 3957: 3944: 3931: 3918: 3905: 3888: 3875: 3861: 3801: 3773: 3756: 3724: 3698: 3678: 3667: 3647: 3636: 3596: 3553:Pomponius Mela (1998). "2.14". 3546: 3542:Herodotus, The Histories, 4.105 3535: 3516: 3507: 3337: 3298: 2804: 2794:Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man 2748:and its subsequent sequels and 2464:The Naskapis believed that the 2071: 1706:is known to have had a body of 435:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4869:Chantal Bourgault Du Coudray, 4214:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. 3471:Oxford English Dictionary 2021 3232:Oxford English Dictionary 2021 3189: 3169: 3159: 3097: 3084: 3029: 2896: 2684:An American Werewolf in London 2044:, stating how the symptoms of 1964:") in southern South America. 1546: 1118:, meaning "wolf-haired" (cf. * 13: 1: 8269:Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism 6698:Slavic mythology and religion 5538:Baring-Gould, Sabine (1865). 5451:Indo-European Poetry and Myth 5421:. Syracuse University Press. 5175:Journal of Slavic Linguistics 5160: 4873:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006. 4350:Ghosts of the Misiones Jungle 3364:10.1080/0015587X.2016.1155358 2130:Annales Medico-psychologiques 1333:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1314: 389:Reportedly haunted locations: 8379:European legendary creatures 5417:Otten, Charlotte F. (1986). 4986:. Visible Ink. p. 330. 3183: 2815:one of Hitler's headquarters 2727:, and various other movies, 2281:King Vereticus into a wolf; 727: 45:Lycanthropy (disambiguation) 41:Lycanthrope (disambiguation) 7: 5019:. Visible Ink. p. 17. 3939:The Lais of Marie de France 3926:The Lais of Marie de France 2837: 2663:A more tragic character is 2430: 2312: 2158:Songs of the Russian People 2120:bristles under the tongue. 1743:The Tale of Igor's Campaign 1277:(λυκανθρωπία), itself from 997:The Norse branch underwent 228:Electronic voice phenomenon 10: 8430: 6592:Monkeys in Chinese culture 5598:O'Donnell, Elliot (1912). 5097:Crossen, Carys Elizabeth. 4739:La grande peur du Gévaudan 4576:The Fables of Mkhitar Gosh 3398:Zochios, Stamatis (2018). 2542: 2453: 2447: 2340: 2091:A German woodcut from 1722 2075: 2021: 1994: 1812: 1414:related the story of King 1296: 718: 717: 29: 8351: 8330: 8309: 8221: 8110:Nicholas the Wonderworker 8052: 7998: 7962: 7924: 7898: 7877: 7826: 7770: 7456: 7370: 7334: 7325: 7172: 7141: 7023: 6965: 6704: 6479: 6468: 6394: 6322: 6291: 6233: 6167: 6016: 5758: 5698: 5685: 5358:. Inner Traditions/Bear. 5077:. McFarland. p. 19. 4700:Witchcraft and the Occult 3913:Liber de Spiritu et Anima 2718:Dance in the Vampire Bund 2427:from whom the skin came. 2209:the West African and the 1558:Ecclesiastical Ordinances 1508:, written circa AD 60 by 1034:leus warous ~ lous garous 116: 108: 98: 90: 69: 37:Wolf man (disambiguation) 33:Werewolf (disambiguation) 8222:Revivalist organizations 5301:Frost, Brian J. (2003). 5263:(1977 ed.). Brill. 5137:Boissoneault, Lorraine. 5127:. McFarland, 2014, p. 39 5075:The Frankenstein Archive 5073:Glut, Donald F. (2002). 4659:Legends of Grosse Pointe 4063:Modestin, Georg (2005). 3964:Hopkins, Amanda (2005). 3556:Description of the world 2889: 2376:with the help of a wild 2117:meeting of both eyebrows 1927:Until the 20th century, 1656:in the 11th century and 1356:Ancient Greek literature 886: 775:Christian interpretation 500:Apparitional experiences 83:Lucas Cranach der Ältere 81:of a werewolf attack by 6457:Animal-assisted therapy 6053:Fire-breathing monsters 5567:Encyclopædia Britannica 5455:Oxford University Press 5324:. Paris: CNRS Editions. 5114:. McFarland, 2017, p. 8 4621:Ransom, Amy J. (2015). 3832:www.personal.utulsa.edu 3404:Revue des études slaves 2399:, and among the ethnic 2337:Connection to revenants 2265:("All angels, good and 1967:An idea is explored in 1918:Manuel Blanco Romasanta 1510:Gaius Petronius Arbiter 1482:in the form of wolves. 702: 558:Argument from ignorance 525:Out-of-body experiences 238:Extrasensory perception 8301:Russian Zoroastrianism 7916:Serbian folk astronomy 7312:Vasilisa the Beautiful 7237:Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv 5546:Smith, Elder & Co. 5278:Douglas, Adam (1992). 5015:Steiger, Brad (1999). 4982:Steiger, Brad (1999). 4949:Steiger, Brad (1999). 4698:Robert Jackson (1995) 4362:Steiger, Brad (2011). 4139:Magnus, Olaus (1555). 4038:Woodward, Ian (1979). 3706:Ogden, Daniel (2002). 3354:(2). Oxford, England: 2560: 2444:Americas and Caribbean 2196:, or of sending out a 2190: 2092: 1973:The Book of Werewolves 1929:wolf attacks on humans 1916:, northwestern Spain, 1887:Diderot's Encyclopedia 1851: 1756: 1695: 1580:Topographica Hibernica 1407: 1321: 868: 583:Communal reinforcement 75: 8399:Mythological monsters 8284:Vseyasvetnaya Gramota 8274:Slavic-Hill Rodnovery 8132:George the Victorious 7242:Lech, Czech, and Rus' 6714:Chernobog and Belobog 5956:Organ transplantation 5611:Metamorphoses of the 4927:Clemens, pp. 117–118. 4918:Clemens, pp. 119–120. 4737:Crouzet, Guy (2001). 4588:Lopez, Barry (1978). 4541:Davidson, Hilda Ellis 4389:Illis, L (Jan 1964). 4040:The Werewolf Delusion 3997:Baring-Gould, p. 100. 3589:Description of Greece 2946:, but also sometimes 2906:. Usually pronounced 2884:Werewolf witch trials 2584:and the short story " 2552: 2341:Further information: 2325:), surgically, or by 2252:Roman Catholic Church 2185: 2132:in the 19th century. 2090: 2076:Further information: 2048:, reddish teeth, and 1944:in India, as well as 1841: 1815:Werewolf witch trials 1813:Further information: 1748: 1683: 1658:Bertold of Regensburg 1488:, in his poetic work 1390: 1309: 976:('wolf-skinned') and 563:Argumentum ad populum 495:Anomalous experiences 475:Scientific skepticism 293:Paranormal television 74: 8409:Supernatural legends 8389:Mythological canines 8098:Paraskeva of Iconium 7990:Ukrainian fairy tale 7788:Dodola and Perperuna 7252:Mikula Selyaninovich 5609:Sconduto, Leslie A. 5320:Goens, Jean (1993). 5286:. London: Chapmans. 5233:10.1515/ZCPH.2007.29 5143:Smithsonian Magazine 4508:Gershenson, Daniel. 4042:. Paddington Press. 3950:Gervase of Tilbury, 3881:Gervase of Tilbury, 3807:Augustine of Hippo, 3356:Taylor & Francis 2307:superstitious belief 2128:particularly in the 2028:Clinical lycanthropy 1856:European witch-hunts 1809:Early modern history 1584:Gervase of Tilbury's 1575:Werewolves of Ossory 1566:Simeon I of Bulgaria 1562:Liutprand of Cremona 1534:Capitulatum Episcopi 1528:, attributed to the 1526:Capitulatum Episcopi 1283:clinical lycanthropy 870:Guillaume de Palerme 847:and in the emerging 578:Cognitive dissonance 573:Begging the question 520:Ideomotor phenomenon 56:Lycanthropia (Grimm) 8264:Peterburgian Vedism 8234:Slavic Native Faith 7985:Serbian epic poetry 7970:Bosniak epic poetry 7827:Mythological places 7327:Legendary creatures 7317:Volga Svyatoslavich 7142:Priesthood and cult 5738:Television programs 5690:Speculative fiction 5577:Deutsche Mythologie 5195:de Blécourt, Willem 4762:Sabine Baring-Gould 4633:(2 (93)): 251–275. 4510:Apollo the Wolf-God 4495:O'Donnell, Elliot. 4244:, pp. 161–167. 4169:. pp. 191–213. 3334:, pp. 237–238. 2830:and the 2012 novel 2709:series, as well as 2588:", both written by 2360:Hungary and Balkans 2136:Becoming a werewolf 2063:Woodward suggested 1969:Sabine Baring-Gould 1778:Valais witch trials 1668:Tales of the Elders 1350:Classical antiquity 999:taboo modifications 987:('wolf-skin'), and 799:early modern period 628:Scientific evidence 470:Scientific literacy 66: 50:For the episode of 8310:In popular culture 7980:Russian fairy tale 7277:Mustay-Bey of Lika 6388:Mammals in culture 5855:Zombie pornography 5592:Über die Wehrwölfe 5199:Werewolf Histories 4894:Searles B (1988). 4319:2011-07-11 at the 4310:The Legend of the 4294:2017-08-16 at the 4165:Rowlands, Alison. 4074:. pp. 407–408 3915:, Chapter 26, XVII 3911:Pseudo-Augustine, 2809:Nazi Germany used 2781:infectious disease 2758:Werewolf of London 2644:Werewolf of London 2561: 2271:St. Thomas Aquinas 2093: 1880:James I of England 1878:was prosecuted by 1852: 1738:Vseslav of Polotsk 1704:Harald I of Norway 1696: 1654:Burchard von Worms 1521:Augustine of Hippo 1408: 1322: 929:Middle High German 898:descends from the 764:Gervase of Tilbury 338:Spirit photography 288:Paranormal fiction 208:Demonic possession 76: 64: 43:, and 8361: 8360: 8217: 8216: 8062:Apocryphal prayer 7854:Oponskoye Kingdom 7766: 7765: 7388:Cornflower Wraith 7302:Solovey-Razboynik 7282:Nikita the Tanner 7202:Dobrynya Nikitich 6664: 6663: 6427:Laboratory animal 6354: 6353: 6309:Bram Stoker Award 6048:Extraterrestrials 6008:Zombie apocalypse 5966:Postmodern horror 5587:(Stuttgart, 1862) 5580:, 4, ii. and iii. 5509:Summers, Montague 5464:978-0-19-928075-9 5428:978-0-8156-2384-7 5409:978-90-04-12875-0 5365:978-0-89281-096-3 5352:Lecouteux, Claude 5312:978-0-87972-860-1 5305:. Popular Press. 5270:978-90-04-05436-3 5217:Delamarre, Xavier 5208:978-1-137-52634-2 5166:Secondary sources 5145:. The Smithsonian 5123:Wilson, Natalie. 5059:978-1-4438-7143-3 4723:978-2-37873-070-3 4590:Of Wolves and Men 3504:, pp. 82–83. 3461:, pp. 30–31. 2724:Rosario + Vampire 2691:in the 1994 film 2657:Universal Studios 2632:Diabolus Sylvarum 2618:, written by the 2569:Beast of Gévaudan 2228:divine punishment 2177:Richard Verstegan 1910:Holy Roman Empire 1891:Beast of Gévaudan 1844:Johann Jakob Wick 1530:Council of Ancyra 1201:Alexander Pushkin 1001:, with Old Norse 918:Middle Low German 805:, especially the 771:European folklore 686: 685: 633:Scientific method 343:Spirit possession 153:Astral projection 124: 123: 16:(Redirected from 8421: 8384:Mythic humanoids 8120:Ilya the Prophet 8103:Paraskeva Friday 8083: 8082: 8000:Christianization 7332: 7331: 7232:Jugović brothers 7212:Hrnjica Brothers 7207:Dragon of Bosnia 7182:Alyosha Popovich 7174:Legendary heroes 7119: 7107: 7095: 7058: 7046: 6986: 6978:Karna and Zhelya 6966:Personifications 6913: 6901: 6845: 6758: 6742: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6474: 6422:Animals in sport 6402:Animal husbandry 6381: 6374: 6367: 6358: 6357: 6342: 6330: 6329: 6283:Vulgar auteurism 5951:Occult detective 5892:Southern Ontario 5818:Dark Romanticism 5672: 5665: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5639: 5618: 5605: 5571: 5563: 5548: 5490:Prieur, Claude. 5468: 5442: 5432: 5413: 5391: 5374:Nichols, Johanna 5369: 5347: 5325: 5316: 5297: 5285: 5274: 5252: 5212: 5190: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4946: 4940: 4939:Clemens, p. 120. 4937: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4891: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4797: 4791: 4786:Sellers, Susan. 4784: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4458:. Archived from 4440: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4410: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4069: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4035: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3834:. Archived from 3828:"Canon Episcopi" 3824: 3815: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3763:Virgil. "viii". 3760: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3702: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3651: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502:de Blécourt 2015 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3479:lyncanthrope, n. 3475:lyncanthropy, n. 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3419: 3417:10.4000/res.1787 3395: 3384: 3383: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3203: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3101: 3095: 3094:, pp. 3–4). 3092:de Blécourt 2015 3088: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2900: 2750:film adaptations 2558:Clemence Housman 2545:Werewolf fiction 2539:Werewolf fiction 2534:Modern reception 2422: 2401:Kashubian people 2259:Christian saints 2046:photosensitivity 1760:witchcraft panic 1652:was recorded by 1648:The German word 1604:Conrad of Hirsau 1404:Hendrik Goltzius 1319: 1316: 1289:as a synonym of 1266:The modern term 1139:Slavic languages 873: 853:Werewolf fiction 845:folklore studies 795:Late Middle Ages 730: 724: 723: 722: 678: 671: 664: 568:Bandwagon effect 465:Pseudoskepticism 455:Magical thinking 126: 125: 99:Similar entities 67: 63: 59: 48: 21: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8347: 8326: 8305: 8213: 8149:Saint Anastasia 8081: 8048: 7994: 7958: 7920: 7894: 7890:Sword Kladenets 7873: 7849:Faraway Tsardom 7822: 7762: 7452: 7366: 7321: 7168: 7137: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7052: 7040: 7019: 6980: 6961: 6907: 6887: 6839: 6748: 6736: 6700: 6695: 6665: 6660: 6475: 6466: 6390: 6385: 6355: 6350: 6318: 6287: 6229: 6200:Science fiction 6185:Fantasy fiction 6163: 6012: 5850:Monster erotica 5754: 5694: 5681: 5676: 5646: 5636: 5561:"Werwolf" 5534: 5532:Further reading 5499:Jean de Nynauld 5497:Bourquelot and 5476: 5474:Primary sources 5471: 5465: 5447:West, Martin L. 5429: 5410: 5388: 5366: 5344: 5313: 5294: 5271: 5209: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5046: 5042: 5027: 5013: 5009: 4994: 4980: 4976: 4961: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4892: 4885: 4868: 4864: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4806: 4803:Dracula's Guest 4800:Stoker, Brett. 4798: 4794: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4672:Ashliman, D. L. 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4619: 4615: 4600: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4555: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4431:Psychopathology 4428: 4424: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4321:Wayback Machine 4308: 4304: 4298: 4296:Wayback Machine 4283: 4279: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4233: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4137: 4133: 4109:10.2307/2709257 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4036: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3862: 3858:, pp. 5–6. 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3809:The City of God 3806: 3802: 3795: 3778: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3703: 3699: 3689:Natural History 3685:Pliny the Elder 3683: 3679: 3672: 3668: 3658:Natural History 3654:Pliny the Elder 3652: 3648: 3643:Pausanias 6.8.2 3641: 3637: 3621: 3617: 3606:. "I 219–239". 3601: 3597: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492:, pp. 5–8. 3488: 3484: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3396: 3387: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3241: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3206: 3196:Lemma: Weerwolf 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3020: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2840: 2807: 2665:Lawrence Talbot 2639:anthropomorphic 2614:The 1928 novel 2586:Dracula's Guest 2578:The 1897 novel 2547: 2541: 2536: 2462: 2452: 2446: 2433: 2420: 2385:winter solstice 2362: 2345: 2339: 2315: 2217:Central America 2138: 2110:familiar spirit 2106:state of trance 2085: 2083:Characteristics 2080: 2074: 2030: 2020: 2007:Turkic folklore 2003: 1993: 1977:serial killings 1895:former province 1821: 1811: 1610:Marie de France 1578:, found in his 1570:Gerald of Wales 1549: 1517:The City of God 1453:Pliny the Elder 1402:, engraving by 1352: 1317: 1304: 1299: 1188:Church Slavonic 1083:correspondence 1075:, with regular 994:('Wolf-skin'). 980:('wolf-coat'), 889: 881:popular culture 779:medieval period 682: 653: 652: 548: 540: 539: 510:False awakening 490: 480: 479: 425: 415: 414: 313:Psychic reading 248:Fortune-telling 183:Close encounter 148: 86: 60: 49: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8427: 8417: 8416: 8414:Therianthropes 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8359: 8358: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8331:Related topics 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8190:Saint Theodore 8187: 8186: 8185: 8175: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8072:Egg decoration 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8054:Folk practices 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8004: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7930: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7771:Ritual figures 7768: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7227:Ivan Tsarevich 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7197:Đerzelez Alija 7194: 7189: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7108: 7096: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7047: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7025:Pseudo-deities 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6902: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6772:Lada mythology 6769: 6764: 6759: 6743: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6694: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6632:Whale watching 6629: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6609:Spotted hyenas 6606: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6462:Working animal 6459: 6454: 6452:Service animal 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6336: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6168:Related genres 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6105:Therianthropes 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5961:Penny dreadful 5958: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5679:Horror fiction 5675: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5645: 5644:External links 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635:978-0524023778 5634: 5619: 5606: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5558:, ed. (1911). 5556:Chisholm, Hugh 5552: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5506: 5505:(Paris, 1615). 5495: 5488: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5443: 5433: 5427: 5414: 5408: 5396:Orel, Vladimir 5392: 5387:978-0933884588 5386: 5370: 5364: 5348: 5343:978-1907029325 5342: 5326: 5317: 5311: 5298: 5292: 5275: 5269: 5253: 5213: 5207: 5191: 5181:(2): 237–250. 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5129: 5116: 5103: 5090: 5083: 5065: 5058: 5040: 5025: 5007: 4992: 4974: 4959: 4941: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4904: 4883: 4881:(pp. 112, 169) 4879:978-1429462655 4862: 4838: 4832:. p. 42. 4815: 4809:. p. 11. 4792: 4779: 4766: 4754: 4747: 4729: 4722: 4704: 4691: 4663: 4651: 4613: 4598: 4580: 4568: 4553: 4531: 4522: 4501: 4488: 4472: 4454:(in Swedish). 4446:(2011-05-16). 4435: 4422: 4395:Proc R Soc Med 4381: 4375:978-1578593675 4374: 4354: 4341: 4327: 4302: 4277: 4246: 4231: 4202: 4187: 4172: 4157: 4131: 4085: 4055: 4048: 3999: 3990: 3976: 3956: 3952:Otia Imperiala 3943: 3930: 3917: 3904: 3887: 3883:Otia Imperiala 3874: 3860: 3848: 3816: 3800: 3793: 3772: 3755: 3740: 3723: 3716: 3697: 3677: 3674:Suda, eta, 271 3666: 3646: 3635: 3615: 3595: 3572: 3566:978-0472107735 3565: 3545: 3534: 3515: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3463: 3459:Delamarre 2007 3451: 3449:, p. 242. 3439: 3410:(3): 303–317. 3385: 3336: 3321: 3319:, p. 170. 3309: 3297: 3280: 3278:, p. 646. 3268: 3266:, p. 450. 3256: 3239: 3221: 3219:, p. 463. 3204: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3158: 3096: 3083: 3028: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2806: 2803: 2689:Jack Nicholson 2679:David Naughton 2669:Lon Chaney Jr. 2543:Main article: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2492:, and upstate 2448:Main article: 2445: 2442: 2432: 2429: 2361: 2358: 2338: 2335: 2314: 2311: 2293:. In 1692, in 2248:excommunicated 2152:says that the 2137: 2134: 2084: 2081: 2073: 2070: 2058:hypertrichosis 2034:Guy's Hospital 2024:Hypertrichosis 2019: 2016: 1992: 1991:Asian cultures 1989: 1962:tigre-capiango 1829:Gilles Garnier 1810: 1807: 1787:used the form 1588:Otia Imperiala 1548: 1545: 1382:Pomponius Mela 1351: 1348: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 943:Proto-Germanic 893:Modern English 888: 885: 741:therianthropic 684: 683: 681: 680: 673: 666: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 598:Fringe science 595: 593:Falsifiability 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 530:Parapsychology 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 488:Parapsychology 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 426: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 402: 400:United Kingdom 397: 386: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 333:Retrocognition 330: 328:Remote viewing 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 193:Crystal gazing 190: 185: 180: 175: 173:Breatharianism 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 135: 134: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 77: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8426: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8404:Shapeshifters 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338:Book of Veles 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8202:Saint Eustace 8200: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8161:Saint Vlasius 8159: 8155: 8154:Saint Nedelya 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093:Ognyena Maria 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906:Creation myth 7904: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7839:Bald Mountain 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Chervona Ruta 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7448:Water spirits 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371:Place spirits 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7262:Milan Toplica 7260: 7258: 7257:Mila Gojsalić 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Ivan Kosančić 7220: 7218: 7217:Ilya Muromets 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Damned Jerina 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6807:Lel and Polel 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6637:Whale worship 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6552:Horse worship 6550: 6548: 6547:Horses in art 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6447:Equestrianism 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6314:Video nasties 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299:Pulp magazine 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Grand Guignol 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5986:Weird fiction 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Psychological 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5526:0-7661-3210-2 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330:Koch, John T. 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5293:0-380-72264-X 5289: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257:de Vries, Jan 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5110:Senn, Bryan. 5107: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5026:1-57859-078-7 5022: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4993:1-57859-078-7 4989: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4960:1-57859-078-7 4956: 4952: 4945: 4936: 4934: 4924: 4915: 4907: 4905:0-8109-0922-7 4901: 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Ashliman 4770: 4763: 4758: 4750: 4748:2-9516719-0-3 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4599:0-7432-4936-4 4595: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4554:0-7499-1739-3 4550: 4546: 4542: 4539:Willis, Roy; 4535: 4526: 4519: 4518:0-941694-38-0 4515: 4511: 4505: 4498: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4462:on 2011-04-14 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4336: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:runa uturuncu 4306: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287:runa uturuncu 4281: 4267:on 2008-03-07 4263: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4161: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4049:0-448-23170-0 4045: 4041: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 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2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:Navajo people 2467: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2441: 2438: 2435:According to 2428: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404:into a wolf. 2402: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:metamorphosis 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2079: 2078:Shapeshifting 2069: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1958:yaguaraté-abá 1955: 1951: 1950:runa uturuncu 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1901:, now called 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1865: 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1272:Ancient Greek 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227:Old Brittonic 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028:('man') with 1027: 1024:) replacing * 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 990: 986: 983: 979: 975: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:reconstructed 944: 940: 937: 933: 930: 926: 922: 919: 915: 912: 908: 905:, which is a 904: 901: 897: 894: 884: 882: 878: 874: 872: 871: 864: 863: 858: 854: 850: 849:Gothic horror 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 830:wolf-charmers 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793:, during the 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 766:(1150–1228). 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 742: 738: 734: 729: 721: 715: 714:Ancient Greek 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Springer. 5198: 5178: 5174: 5147:. Retrieved 5142: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5074: 5068: 5049: 5043: 5016: 5010: 4983: 4977: 4950: 4944: 4923: 4914: 4895: 4870: 4865: 4856: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4825: 4818: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4782: 4769: 4757: 4738: 4732: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4694: 4682:. Retrieved 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4630: 4626: 4616: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4544: 4534: 4525: 4520:pp. 136–137. 4509: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4464:. Retrieved 4460:the original 4451: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4401:(1): 23–26. 4398: 4394: 4384: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4344: 4338:(in Spanish) 4330: 4324:(in Spanish) 4311: 4305: 4299:(in Spanish) 4286: 4280: 4269:. Retrieved 4262:the original 4249: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4175: 4166: 4160: 4149:. Retrieved 4145:runeberg.org 4144: 4134: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4078:19 September 4076:. Retrieved 4071: 4058: 4039: 3993: 3981:. Retrieved 3966: 3959: 3951: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3877: 3868: 3863: 3851: 3840:. Retrieved 3836:the original 3831: 3808: 3803: 3784: 3775: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3733: 3726: 3707: 3700: 3688: 3680: 3669: 3657: 3649: 3638: 3628: 3618: 3608: 3598: 3588: 3555: 3548: 3537: 3528: 3518: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3407: 3403: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3317:Nichols 1987 3312: 3300: 3271: 3259: 3236:werewolf, n. 3235: 3199: 3191: 3171: 3161: 3099: 3086: 3031: 2903: 2898: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2810: 2808: 2805:Nazi Germany 2799: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2777:The Wolf Man 2776: 2762: 2757: 2754:The Wolf Man 2753: 2743: 2741: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2682: 2674:The Wolf Man 2672: 2667:, played by 2662: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2615: 2613: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2562: 2553: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2502: 2481: 2463: 2434: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370:Transdanubia 2363: 2353: 2346: 2320: 2316: 2288: 2262: 2256: 2225: 2220: 2210: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150:Olaus Magnus 2147: 2139: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2094: 2072:Folk beliefs 2062: 2056:people with 2054: 2037: 2031: 2004: 1981:Peter Stumpp 1972: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1926: 1924:, werewolf. 1921: 1907: 1884: 1872: 1864:Henry Boguet 1853: 1847: 1822: 1802:Olaus Magnus 1795: 1788: 1782: 1775: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1741: 1727: 1707: 1697: 1689: 1672: 1666: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1557: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1503: 1489: 1484: 1464: 1461: 1442: 1436: 1423: 1409: 1367: 1353: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1290: 1286: 1279:lukánthrōpos 1278: 1275:lukanthrōpía 1274: 1267: 1265: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1230: 1222: 1215: 1212:Proto-Celtic 1209: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1176:and Turkish 1173: 1171: 1166: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1133:, and Czech 1130: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112:Proto-Slavic 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1072: 1068: 1061: 1058:Old Frankish 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1013: 1009: 1002: 996: 991: 984: 977: 973: 962: 958: 955:Pre-Germanic 951:*wira-wulfaz 950: 938: 936:West Frisian 931: 924: 920: 913: 911:Middle Dutch 902: 895: 890: 866: 860: 842: 822:Peter Stumpp 815: 768: 762:(27–66) and 755: 728:lykánthrōpos 709: 701: 693: 687: 648:Urban legend 638:Superstition 618:Protoscience 613:Junk science 553:Anomalistics 430:Cold reading 388: 387: 363:Supernatural 353:Spiritualism 348:Spirit world 298:Precognition 218:Doppelgänger 178:Clairvoyance 61: 51: 8259:Levashovism 8178:Saint Peter 8040:(1120s–60s) 8032:Kievan Rus' 7564:Fern flower 7403:Lady Midday 7114: [ 7102: [ 7090: [ 7062:Dzidzileyla 7053: [ 7041: [ 6981: [ 6908: [ 6888: [ 6840: [ 6749: [ 6737: [ 6437:Pack animal 6412:Fur farming 6273:Horror host 6256:LGBT themes 6251:Conventions 6180:Fantastique 6095:Sea monster 6043:Evil clowns 5803:Creepypasta 5743:Video games 5585:Der Werwolf 4547:. Piaktus. 4433:22: 344–347 4197:Demonologie 4182:Demonologie 4072:doc.rero.ch 3869:Antapodosis 3731:Ovid. "I". 3629:Bibliotheca 3626:. "3.8.1". 3624:Apollodorus 3523:Herodotus. 3447:Butler 2005 3358:: 150–172. 3332:Butler 2005 3103:Pronounced 3078:-kən-throhp 3035:Pronounced 2832:Wolf Hunter 2745:The Howling 2737:comic books 2653:Jack Pierce 2624:Aino Kallas 2590:Bram Stoker 2484:present in 2476:. When the 2450:Skin-walker 2397:South Slavs 2392:antiquity. 2295:Jürgensburg 2275:St. Patrick 2143:magic salve 1954:werejaguars 1938:in Africa, 1862:. In 1602, 1850:. 1560–1587 1825:cannibalism 1730:Kievan Rus' 1691:Tierkrieger 1547:Middle Ages 1541:versipellis 1437:Bibliotheca 1337:lycanthropy 1326:Middle Ages 1287:lycanthrope 1270:comes from 1268:lycanthropy 1229:place-name 1220:Celtiberian 1116:vьlko-dlakь 1054:wira-wulfaz 1018:Marie's lay 963:wazi-wulfaz 959:wiro-wulpos 900:Old English 803:Switzerland 787:colonialism 756:lycanthropy 733:shape-shift 720:λυκάνθρωπος 710:lycanthrope 698:Old English 643:Uncertainty 368:Telekinesis 318:Psychometry 198:Conjuration 120:Lycanthrope 8374:Werewolves 8368:Categories 8296:Roerichism 8279:Sylenkoism 8254:Kandybaism 8239:Authentism 8173:Maslenitsa 8142:Uastyrdzhi 8077:Martenitsa 8044:Bogomilism 7963:Literature 7813:Maslenitsa 7778:Baba Marta 7728:Tintilinić 7678:Rozhanitsy 7653:Povitrulya 7618:Likhoradka 7534:Chuhaister 7504:Black Arab 7010:Rozhanitsy 6995:Mat Zemlya 6922:Svarozhits 6719:Chernoglav 6597:Orangutans 6507:Teddy bear 6278:Horrorcore 6261:characters 6195:Paranormal 6115:Werewolves 6080:Killer toy 6001:Weird West 5601:Werewolves 5544:. London: 5161:References 5084:0786413530 4684:January 1, 4466:2011-05-16 4444:Ebbe Schön 4271:2008-05-09 4242:Otten 1986 4151:2023-10-31 4147:(in Latin) 3856:Otten 1986 3842:2020-03-27 3490:Otten 1986 3295:G:334–338. 3202:(in Dutch) 3166:1575–1657. 2827:True Blood 2700:Underworld 2671:in 1941's 2649:Henry Hull 2609:shapeshift 2597:patriarchy 2482:loup-garou 2456:Soucouyant 2454:See also: 2395:Among the 2380:'s spine. 2331:St. Hubert 2022:See also: 1995:See also: 1941:weretigers 1935:werehyenas 1876:witchcraft 1819:Wolfssegen 1800:' (1555), 1752:Tmutorokan 1734:Belarusian 1718:wolf hides 1700:Viking Age 1674:Mabinogion 1615:Bisclavret 1261:Old Breton 1237:wiroconion 1232:Viroconium 1159:Vrykolakas 1143:vьrdl(j)ak 1066:Old Norman 1038:loup-garou 1022:Bisclavret 1007:Old French 939:waer-ûl(e) 903:wer(e)wulf 862:Bisclavret 818:witch-hunt 712:(from 696:(from 603:Groupthink 423:Skepticism 358:Stone Tape 263:Mediumship 213:Demonology 168:Bilocation 139:Paranormal 103:Skinwalker 18:Loup garou 8249:Ivanovism 8244:Bazhovism 8183:Donbettyr 8038:Pomerania 7949:Ukrainian 7864:Lukomorye 7673:Raskovnik 7648:Płanetnik 7559:Dziwożona 7494:Berehynia 7484:Baš Čelik 7474:Baba Yaga 7307:Svyatogor 7164:Shamanism 7033:Chislobog 6870:Perperuna 6860:Rugiaevit 6564:Kangaroos 6534:Elephants 6432:Livestock 6220:Tokusatsu 6142:Skeletons 6070:Gargoyles 5991:New weird 5902:Tasmanian 5786:Christmas 5728:Magazines 5402:. Brill. 5249:163928150 5241:0084-5302 4644:24 August 4639:0897-0521 4497:Werwolves 4220:cite book 3781:Petronius 3586:. "8.2". 3584:Pausanias 3529:Histories 3434:192528255 3426:0080-2557 3380:148481574 3372:0015-587X 3264:West 2007 3252:Koch 2020 3217:Orel 2003 3184:Citations 3153:-thrə-pee 2869:Pricolici 2849:Damarchus 2797:in 1943. 2712:Blood Lad 2594:Victorian 2528:jé-rouges 2523:jé-rouges 2418:vulkodlak 2366:Hungarian 2354:vulkodlak 2323:wolfsbane 2261:as well. 2183:, 1628), 2162:Wednesday 2050:psychosis 2042:porphyria 1946:werepumas 1922:lobishome 1783:In 1539, 1709:Úlfhednar 1582:, and in 1554:King Cnut 1505:Satyricon 1445:Damarchus 1412:Pausanias 1369:Histories 1366:, in his 1364:Herodotus 1253:Old Welsh 1241:Old Irish 1181:Bulgarian 1178:vurkolak. 1131:vołkodlȃk 1128:Slovenian 1107:, etc.). 1097:Guillaume 1069:garwa(l)f 1014:garwal(f) 985:luchthonn 982:Old Irish 978:úlfheðinn 974:úlfheðnar 971:Old Norse 834:Carinthia 783:New World 760:Petronius 752:full moon 440:Debunking 373:Telepathy 223:Ectoplasm 188:Cold spot 158:Astrology 112:Worldwide 94:Mythology 8067:Zagovory 8014:Bulgaria 7926:Folklore 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