316:, a type of evil spirit that is personified as an "outsider" that brings death and misfortune. Kanaima have been associated with shape-shifting (usually animals such as jaguars, bats, or armadillos) and attacks are often directed at individuals when they are alone, in which they would be assaulted and die some days later. Another use of the term applies spiritual context to stealth, assassin-like tactics as a form of protection, but can come back to harm the beneficiaries as well.
108:
90:
989:
44:
72:
324:. While there are reports of Macushi selling their own into slavery, it has also been noted that this was done under duress. In the 1800s, Macushis "specialized in producing hammocks, various crafts, and a potent form of curare" which were traded among other Amerindian groups in the region often for cassava graters and blow-pipes.
266:
Similar to other indigenous groups in the area, Macushi traditional life relies a great deal on the bitter cassava, and cultivation tasks are divided by gender. Men traditionally clear the land and women tend and harvest. In
Macushi lore, cassava was created for cultivation purpose and is overseen by
327:
Prior to
European colonization, Macushi were semi-nomadic, but permanent settlements have since formed usually around Catholic or Anglican missions or government-built schools. By the 1900s, many Macushi worked as laborers doing balata-bleeding or cattle-ranching. Brazilian indigenous policies have
319:
The earliest recorded mentions of
Macushi was in 1740 in context of Luso-Brazilian slave raids led by Irishman Lourenço Belforte. From the 1700s to the late 1800s, the Macushi were pushed north by Portuguese and Brazilian raids, and south by Caribs and Akawaio proxies for the Dutch and English,
339:
The
Brazilian Government have set up schools, as well as hospitals for the Macushi and since 2005 they are campaigning for land rights to be recognized throughout Brazil. Macushi are the largest indigenous group in the Roraima, and make up a segment of the population of
259:
They live in villages linked together by tracks and paths, with houses built round a central courtyard. When married, the
Macushi couple lives in the wife's family's village and the father-in-law is of great importance in Macushi kinship.
287:
describes them as descendants of the sun's children, the benevolent
Insikiran (Inshkirung) and his malevolent brother Makunaima (or Negi) who created fire, as well as diseases, and they also believe they discovered
372:
208:
The
Macushi are also known as the Macusi, Macussi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, and Teweya people. Macushi, as well as the Arecuna, Kamarakoto, and Taurepan are considered sub-groups of
251:
Macushi were hesitant to teach their language to outsiders, thus the language was threatened in the 1950s, as it was considered "slang" compared to the official
Portuguese.
2192:
336:
During the 18th century in Brazil, non-native people occupied
Macushi territory, establishing mission villages and farms and forcing Macushi people to relocate.
977:
406:
which was led by prominent
European and Amerindian ranching families, covered much of the traditional Macushi territory and many Macushi were also killed.
887:
955:
543:"The sociocultural formation of Boa Vista – Roraima and the Macushi and Wapishana people in the city: historical process and sense of belonging"
2185:
328:
had a more visibly significant effect on Macushi culture compared to the Guyana side, which on the most part had been to leave them alone.
2350:
2899:
2662:
2652:
970:
2677:
2178:
1687:
633:
2894:
2682:
613:"PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) DIVERSITY AMONG MAKUSHI AMERINDIANS OF GUYANA (SOUTH AMERICA)"
2725:
2609:
2889:
2884:
963:
518:
913:
2786:
2657:
730:
774:
510:
The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835-1844: Explorations on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, 1835-1839
181:
666:
508:
2874:
2869:
2807:
2750:
2688:
985:
2367:
2343:
2644:
2312:
2201:
612:
2904:
2209:
993:
587:"The Implications of Changing Makushi Identity and Traditional Practices for Forest Conservation in Guyana"
2879:
1752:
275:, wo (drink), starch tapioca, and casereep. Village status is correlated to success in cassava farming.
2336:
1104:
2848:
1361:
863:
2838:
2041:
1601:
263:
Macushi practice hunting and agriculture methods such as shifting cultivation and fish-poisoning.
152:
433:
2771:
2715:
2572:
2485:
1282:
2735:
2099:
1455:
371:
Region (Guyana) in 1909, learned the language and stayed with them for more than 23 years. The
2812:
2745:
2557:
1667:
1371:
225:
2791:
2672:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2567:
2292:
2287:
2037:
1011:
542:
396:
2117:
1084:
8:
2843:
2740:
2667:
2594:
2562:
2317:
1830:
357:
345:
229:
173:
132:
1444:
2833:
2781:
2776:
2756:
2730:
2696:
2634:
2614:
2359:
1975:
1825:
819:
491:
341:
2089:
1925:
1920:
1855:
1376:
300:– and they believe it comes from the sun. Similar to other Amerindian groups (such as
2720:
2601:
2410:
2061:
1890:
1820:
1682:
1381:
811:
703:
695:
560:
555:
514:
403:
321:
156:
2053:
1988:
1692:
1552:
2909:
2710:
2297:
2170:
1910:
1880:
1710:
803:
550:
271:). Women are the main processors, and the main products are cassava bread, farine,
237:
233:
221:
140:
136:
128:
20:
2125:
2079:
1900:
1800:
1795:
1621:
1434:
1391:
1320:
1252:
1217:
949:
2588:
2541:
2536:
2251:
2151:
2130:
1905:
1850:
1644:
1514:
734:
421:
415:
301:
2385:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1835:
1772:
1335:
888:"Bittersweet triumph at Venice Biennale of late Indigenous artist Jaider Esbell"
460:
2450:
2445:
2415:
2380:
2375:
2302:
2261:
2217:
1998:
1950:
1870:
1810:
1504:
1481:
1401:
1267:
1232:
727:
667:"The Makushi of Guiana - Brazilian Frontier in 1944 A Study of Culture Contact"
586:
305:
284:
2763:
2455:
2395:
1915:
1212:
1187:
837:
2863:
2817:
2510:
2470:
2460:
2430:
2307:
2239:
2234:
2135:
2013:
1935:
1930:
1895:
1875:
1845:
1840:
1728:
1672:
1649:
1639:
1325:
1287:
1257:
1177:
1079:
1074:
1046:
815:
707:
564:
427:
376:
245:
1152:
700:
Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America
2520:
2500:
2495:
2271:
2071:
1945:
1471:
1157:
1147:
1023:
750:
384:
293:
241:
1036:
2515:
2420:
2035:
1787:
1534:
1450:
1222:
1207:
1167:
1137:
1659:
1567:
1426:
1396:
1262:
1056:
1041:
1955:
1720:
364:
2490:
1885:
1702:
1572:
1416:
1341:
1315:
1297:
1117:
1031:
823:
791:
2702:
2405:
2266:
1983:
1677:
1544:
1524:
1486:
1466:
1366:
1202:
1051:
914:"Bernaldina José Pedro, Repository of Indigenous Culture, Dies at 75"
388:
197:
113:
2480:
2328:
2084:
1860:
1777:
1557:
1351:
1330:
1197:
1122:
2505:
2475:
2400:
1529:
1292:
1242:
1162:
1132:
1112:
807:
696:"Guns and Sorcery: Raiding, Trading, and Kanaima among the Makushi"
392:
368:
272:
1960:
1764:
1631:
1562:
1461:
1386:
1237:
1066:
356:
In Guyana, the Macushi settled in the Northern Rupununi Savannah.
43:
2107:
1940:
1750:
1577:
1496:
1439:
1406:
1272:
1227:
1142:
1094:
1089:
193:
2425:
1965:
1307:
2435:
2390:
2227:
2222:
1865:
1815:
1476:
1411:
1356:
1346:
1277:
1247:
1182:
1172:
1127:
997:
988:
380:
361:
189:
185:
95:
77:
1599:
395:
are considered Macushi settlements. In the southern Rupununi,
2465:
2256:
1805:
1613:
1519:
1192:
209:
611:
Elias, Marianne; Rival, Laura; McKey, Doyle (Winter 2000).
1009:
2200:
738:
Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil.
312:, a medicine-man or spiritual leader and belief in
937:Rupununi Mission: the story of Cuthbert Cary-Elwes
436:(1945–2020), Brazilian activist and tribal leader.
224:, a Macushi-Kapon language, which is part of the
2861:
348:is a recognized indigenous area of the Macushi.
864:"Breaking the glass ceiling - Guyana Chronicle"
610:
430:(1979-2021), Brazilian artist, activist, author
296:. The Macushi believe in the life principle –
2344:
2186:
971:
950:Dramatic video shows attack on Indian village
789:
694:Whitaker, James Andrew (15 December 2017).
2351:
2337:
2193:
2179:
978:
964:
792:"An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana"
584:
541:Melo, Luciana Marinho de (15 April 2016).
424:, (born 1977 or 1978), Guyanese politician
375:is managed by Macushi and the villages of
320:limiting the extent of their lands to the
248:was translated into the language in 1996.
42:
935:Cuthbert, Cary-Elwes. Bridges, John, ed.
554:
240:. The Macushi language is written in the
838:"Sydney Allicock: the man from Iwokrama"
693:
399:and Moco-Moco also Macushi settlements.
254:
755:Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' Affairs
513:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 21.
506:
487:
485:
483:
481:
455:
453:
451:
449:
2862:
278:
184:living in the borderlands of southern
2358:
2332:
2174:
2034:
1749:
1598:
1008:
959:
721:
664:
939:. London: Jesuit Missionsstka, 1985.
689:
687:
660:
658:
585:Jafferally, Deirdre (January 2017).
580:
578:
576:
574:
540:
536:
534:
532:
530:
478:
446:
64:Regions with significant populations
13:
14:
2921:
2900:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
943:
684:
655:
571:
527:
418:(~1954), Guyanese Vice-President.
409:
367:settled among the Macushi of the
203:
2202:Ancestry and ethnicity in Guyana
987:
790:Edwards, W.; Gibson, K. (1979).
556:10.18227/2217-1448ted.v0i28.3387
232:, while some in Venezuela speak
106:
88:
70:
2895:Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
906:
880:
856:
830:
783:
768:
743:
626:
604:
500:
1:
440:
373:Iwokrama International Centre
2890:Indigenous peoples in Guyana
2885:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
228:. Some in Brazil also speak
196:, and in an eastern part of
7:
308:) is the importance of the
236:, and some in Guyana speak
215:
16:Indigenous people of Brazil
10:
2926:
2036:Indigenous peoples of the
1751:Indigenous peoples of the
1600:Indigenous peoples of the
1010:Indigenous peoples of the
549:(in Portuguese) (28): 60.
18:
2826:
2800:
2643:
2581:
2550:
2529:
2366:
2280:
2208:
2144:
2116:
2098:
2070:
2052:
2048:
2030:
1974:
1786:
1763:
1759:
1745:
1719:
1701:
1658:
1630:
1612:
1608:
1594:
1543:
1495:
1425:
1306:
1103:
1065:
1022:
1018:
1004:
717:– via ResearchGate.
641:survivalinternational.org
351:
331:
220:Macushi people speak the
151:
146:
127:
122:
104:
86:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:Macushi village in Brazil
41:
34:
2875:Ethnic groups in Guyana
2870:Ethnic groups in Brazil
780:Retrieved 30 July 2012.
740:Retrieved 30 July 2012.
728:"Macuxi: Introduction."
620:Journal of Ethnobiology
507:Rivière, Peter (2006).
497:Retrieved 30 July 2012.
778:The Jesuits in Guyana.
177:
19:For the language, see
434:Bernaldina José Pedro
255:Housing and lifestyle
226:Carib language family
751:"Amerindian nations"
665:Myers, Iris (1993).
2905:People from Roraima
1753:Central-West Region
868:guyanachronicle.com
733:15 May 2012 at the
358:Cuthbert Cary-Elwes
346:Raposa Serra do Sol
279:History and culture
153:Indigenous religion
31:
2880:History of Roraima
1976:Mato Grosso do Sul
994:Indigenous peoples
918:The New York Times
643:(in Italian). 1998
634:"I figli del Sole"
314:keinaimi (kanaima)
267:a Cassava Mother (
29:
2857:
2856:
2360:Venezuelan people
2326:
2325:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2042:Southeast Regions
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
892:The Art Newspaper
520:978-0-904180-86-2
404:Rupununi Uprising
322:Rupununi Savannah
182:indigenous people
162:
161:
157:Roman Catholicism
2917:
2766:
2759:
2705:
2691:
2604:
2597:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2050:
2049:
2032:
2031:
1761:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1610:
1609:
1602:Northeast Region
1596:
1595:
1020:
1019:
1006:
1005:
992:
991:
980:
973:
966:
957:
956:
929:
928:
926:
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910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
884:
878:
877:
875:
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851:
849:
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766:
765:
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747:
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569:
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547:Textos e Debates
538:
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524:
504:
498:
489:
476:
475:
473:
471:
457:
222:Macushi language
192:in the state of
112:
110:
109:
94:
92:
91:
76:
74:
73:
54:Total population
46:
32:
28:
21:Macushi language
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2822:
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2755:
2701:
2687:
2639:
2600:
2593:
2577:
2546:
2525:
2362:
2357:
2327:
2322:
2276:
2204:
2199:
2169:
2156:
2140:
2112:
2094:
2066:
2044:
2018:
1970:
1782:
1755:
1733:
1715:
1697:
1654:
1626:
1604:
1582:
1539:
1491:
1421:
1302:
1099:
1061:
1014:
1000:
986:
984:
946:
932:
922:
920:
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
886:
885:
881:
872:
870:
862:
861:
857:
847:
845:
844:. November 2010
836:
835:
831:
788:
784:
775:"The Interior."
773:
769:
759:
757:
749:
748:
744:
735:Wayback Machine
726:
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685:
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631:
627:
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609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
583:
572:
539:
528:
521:
505:
501:
490:
479:
469:
467:
465:Socio Ambiental
459:
458:
447:
443:
422:Alister Charlie
416:Sydney Allicock
412:
387:, Crash Water,
354:
334:
281:
257:
218:
206:
107:
105:
89:
87:
71:
69:
49:
37:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2849:Refugee crisis
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2827:Related topics
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2568:Indo-Caribbean
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
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2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
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2370:
2364:
2363:
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2348:
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2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2281:Non-Indigenous
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
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2230:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
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2165:
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2158:
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2148:
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2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2100:Santa Catarina
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2054:Espírito Santo
2046:
2045:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Guarani-Kaiowá
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
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1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1693:Gavião-Pykobjê
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
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1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
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1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1431:
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894:. 21 Apr 2022
893:
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674:Anthopologica
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428:Jaider Esbell
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379:, Kwatamang,
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246:New Testament
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82:33,603 (2014)
81:
79:
67:
62:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
22:
2834:Colonization
2486:Timoto–Cuica
2440:
2246:
2072:Minas Gerais
1831:Enawene Nawe
1773:Avá-Canoeiro
1509:
1382:Suruí (Pará)
1012:North Region
952:20 June 2008
936:
921:. Retrieved
917:
908:
896:. Retrieved
891:
882:
871:. Retrieved
867:
858:
846:. Retrieved
841:
832:
799:
796:Ethnohistory
795:
785:
777:
770:
758:. Retrieved
754:
745:
737:
723:
711:. Retrieved
699:
677:
673:
645:. Retrieved
640:
628:
619:
606:
594:. Retrieved
592:. p. 38
546:
509:
502:
494:
468:. Retrieved
464:
401:
397:St. Ignatius
355:
338:
335:
326:
318:
313:
309:
297:
294:Tree of Life
289:
285:oral history
282:
268:
265:
262:
258:
250:
242:Latin script
219:
207:
169:
165:
163:
100:9,500 (2011)
26:Ethnic group
2839:Immigration
2772:Scandinavia
1826:Cinta Larga
1788:Mato Grosso
1451:Cinta Larga
1223:Pira-tapuya
1213:Parintintín
923:28 February
848:28 February
647:28 February
596:28 February
495:Ethnologue.
470:28 February
188:, northern
2864:Categories
2736:Portuguese
2726:Lithuanian
2573:Uruguayans
2558:Argentines
2411:Cumanagoto
2368:Indigenous
2318:Portuguese
2210:Indigenous
2145:Widespread
2062:Tupiniquim
1956:Yawalapiti
1891:Nambikwara
1821:Chiquitano
1721:Pernambuco
1458:(Rondônia)
1447:(Rondônia)
873:2024-03-27
802:(2): 170.
492:"Macushi."
441:References
365:missionary
269:kisera yan
244:, and the
230:Portuguese
180:) are an
174:Portuguese
133:Portuguese
2792:Ukrainian
2716:Hungarian
2703:Coloniero
2406:Chitarero
2293:Brazilian
2267:Wapishana
2118:São Paulo
1984:Chamacoco
1911:Rikbaktsa
1881:Munduruku
1711:Potiguara
1678:Guajajara
1668:Awá-Guajá
1545:Tocantins
1525:Wapishana
1467:Karitiana
1372:Parkatêjê
1367:Munduruku
1362:Kỳikatêjê
1203:Munduruku
1052:Machinere
1037:Asháninka
816:0014-1801
760:18 August
708:2572-3626
565:2317-1448
389:Karasabai
342:Boa Vista
198:Venezuela
123:Languages
118:89 (2011)
114:Venezuela
2844:Diaspora
2813:Mestizos
2741:Romanian
2689:Corsican
2673:Croatian
2653:Austrian
2625:Japanese
2610:Armenian
2595:Lebanese
2563:Chileans
2551:Americas
2516:Ye'kuana
2506:Yanomami
2476:Saladoid
2401:Caquetio
2252:Patamona
2152:Kaingang
2131:Kaingang
2090:Xakriabá
1926:Tapirapé
1921:Tapayúna
1856:Kamayurá
1851:Kalapalo
1660:Maranhão
1645:Tabajara
1568:Tapirapé
1535:Ye'kuana
1530:Yanomami
1515:Patamona
1427:Rondônia
1397:Turiwára
1377:Parakanã
1293:Yanomami
1263:Turiwára
1243:Tenharim
1163:Jamamadi
1133:Barasana
1113:Amahuaca
1105:Amazonas
1085:Karipuna
1057:Yaminawá
1042:Kaxinawá
731:Archived
461:"Macuxi"
393:Yupukari
369:Rupununi
302:Patamona
283:Macushi
273:parakari
216:Language
147:Religion
2910:Macushi
2782:Slovene
2777:Serbian
2751:Spanish
2746:Russian
2721:Italian
2663:British
2658:Belgian
2635:Turkish
2615:Chinese
2491:Waikerí
2451:Marueta
2446:Mariche
2441:Macushi
2416:Guahibo
2381:Akawaio
2376:Achagua
2298:Chinese
2288:African
2262:Wai-Wai
2247:Macushi
2218:Akawaio
2108:Xokleng
1999:Kadiweu
1951:Xavante
1941:Umutina
1886:Nahukuá
1871:Kuikuro
1811:Bakairi
1703:Paraíba
1688:Krĩkatí
1683:Ka'apor
1578:Xerente
1573:Xambioá
1553:Apinajé
1510:Macushi
1505:Akawaio
1497:Roraima
1440:Akuntsu
1407:Wayampi
1402:Wai-wai
1342:Araweté
1316:Amanayé
1298:Zuruahã
1273:Wayampi
1268:Wai-wai
1233:Tariana
1228:Siriano
1143:Cambeba
1118:Apurinã
1095:Wayampi
1090:Palikur
1032:Apurinã
713:2 March
680:: 3–99.
310:piaiman
298:stkaton
290:Washacá
238:English
234:Spanish
194:Roraima
170:Makuusi
166:Macushi
141:Spanish
137:English
129:Macushi
36:Makuusi
30:Macushi
2801:Others
2764:Isleño
2757:Basque
2731:Polish
2697:German
2683:French
2645:Europe
2630:Korean
2620:Indian
2602:Syrian
2530:Africa
2511:Yaruro
2481:Sanumá
2471:Piaroa
2461:Panare
2436:Lokono
2431:Kalina
2391:Baniwa
2313:Jewish
2308:Indian
2240:Taruma
2228:Lokono
2223:Arawak
2136:Terena
2126:Aimoré
2085:Kaxixó
2080:Aimoré
2014:Terena
1936:Trumai
1931:Terena
1906:Paresi
1901:Panará
1896:Paiter
1876:Matipu
1866:Kayapo
1861:Karajá
1846:Kaiabi
1841:Ikpeng
1816:Bororo
1801:Apiacá
1796:Aimoré
1778:Karajá
1729:Xukuru
1673:Canela
1650:Tapeba
1640:Kiriri
1622:Pataxó
1558:Karajá
1477:Paiter
1456:Gavião
1435:Aikanã
1412:Wayana
1392:Tiriyó
1357:Kayapo
1352:Karajá
1347:Atikum
1338:(Pará)
1331:Apiacá
1326:Aparai
1321:Anambé
1288:Witoto
1278:Wayana
1258:Tucano
1253:Tiriyó
1248:Ticuna
1218:Pirahã
1198:Matsés
1183:Macuna
1178:Kulina
1173:Korubo
1128:Baniwa
1123:Banawá
1080:Kalina
1075:Aparai
1047:Kulina
998:Brazil
898:30 May
824:481091
822:
814:
706:
563:
517:
381:Surama
362:Jesuit
352:Guyana
332:Brazil
292:, the
190:Brazil
186:Guyana
178:Macuxi
111:
96:Guyana
93:
78:Brazil
75:
59:43,192
2787:Swiss
2711:Greek
2678:Dutch
2668:Czech
2542:Black
2521:Yukpa
2501:Wayuu
2496:Warao
2466:Pemon
2386:Auaké
2303:Dutch
2272:Warao
2257:Pemon
2235:Carib
2038:South
2009:Ofayé
2004:Mbayá
1994:Guató
1961:Yudjá
1946:Wauja
1836:Guató
1806:Aweti
1765:Goiás
1632:Ceará
1614:Bahia
1563:Krahô
1520:Pemon
1487:Wari’
1472:Kwaza
1462:Kanoê
1445:Arara
1387:Tembé
1336:Arara
1238:Tembé
1193:Matis
1158:Hupda
1148:Cubeo
1067:Amapá
820:JSTOR
670:(PDF)
637:(PDF)
616:(PDF)
590:(PDF)
377:Annai
210:Pemon
2818:Roma
2808:Jews
2589:Arab
2582:Asia
2456:Barí
2426:Hodï
2421:Hiwi
2396:Baré
2040:and
1966:Zoró
1417:Zo'é
1308:Pará
1208:Mura
1188:Mawé
1168:Juma
1138:Bora
1024:Acre
925:2021
900:2022
850:2021
812:ISSN
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