23:
58:
30:
72:
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began to melt and recede, the meltwaters became trapped between the higher-elevated land to the west and the remaining portion of the ice sheet to the east, which steepened the slopes of the escarpment to give it the form it has today.
380:
The
Pasquia and Porcupine Hills, and the Duck and Riding Mountains, did already exist before the ice age, but it was after the ice age that the eastern slopes were steepened into an escarpment.
254:, which shows the hills and mountains comprising the Manitoba Escarpment. The map also shows Lake Saskatchewan and Lake Souris which created the northern and southern boundaries of the range.
523:
150:. The geography of the hills helped to demarcate the boundaries of the land controlled by different tribes, and the river valleys provided trade routes.
695:
85:
22:
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341:
642:
730:
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built a line on the east side of the escarpment which was eventually terminated in the Red Deer River Valley at
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281:, and its associated lowlands, which were once covered by prehistoric Lake Saskatchewan which may have been a
322:
The range is intersected by three rivers, whose valleys divide the range into four distinct sets of hills.
431:
The isolated nature of these hills means that many rare plant species can be found here. For example, the
258:
To the east of the range lie the
Manitoba Lowlands, which consist of many interconnected lakes, including
576:
327:
184:
162:
134:
The region was inhabited by several different aboriginal tribes before
Europeans arrived including:
432:
612:
548:
348:
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587:
577:"Correlation of the Campbell Strandlines along the Northwestern Margin of Glacial Lake Agassiz"
416:. A dense layer of shrubs and herbs exists below the trees, and the forest floor is covered by
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188:
8:
458:
641:
Smith, R.E.; Veldhuis, H.; Mills, G.F.; Eilers, R.G.; Fraser, W.R.; Lelyk, G.W. (1998).
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139:
670:
405:
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613:"Sedimentology, Geomorphology, and History of the Central Lake Agassiz Basin"
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331:
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until the 20th century, but today has been cleared to make way for farmland.
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235:
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The final form of the escarpment was not created until the end of the last
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on the east and west sides of the range, and also in the river valleys. In
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123:
107:
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A map showing the hills and mountains that comprise the
Manitoba Escarpment
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in 1900. The building of this railroad led to the establishment of the
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696:"Field Checklist of Rare Saskatchewan Plants of the Hudson Bay Area"
611:
Teller, J.T.; Thorleifson, L.H.; Matile, G.; Brisbin, W.C. (1996).
231:
196:
192:
111:
364:, between 9,000 and 10,000 years ago. During the ice age, much of
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393:
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215:
119:
643:"Terrestrial Ecozones, Ecoregions, and Ecodistricts of Manitoba"
397:
114:
border. The eastern slopes of the range are considered to be a
610:
389:
421:
417:
270:. The lakes in this lowland region (with the largest being
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to encourage the aboriginal people there to trade with the
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The forests of the hills are mixed, and consist of mainly
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401:
312:
282:
640:
319:, which also formed part of the shores of Lake Agassiz.
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are also prevalent. Drier parts of the hills contain
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separates the Duck
Mountains and the Riding Mountains
176:
brought many
Europeans to the region who established
344:
separates the
Porcupine Hills and the Duck Mountains
507:Hudson Bay & District Cultural Society (1982).
16:
509:Valley Echoes: Life Along the Red Deer River Basin
487:Saskatchewan Research Council Environment Division
157:, who travelled with a group of Cree traders from
315:off of Lake Agassiz. South of this valley is the
717:
671:"Flora & Fauna Town of Hudson Bay Web Site"
511:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Inter-Collegiate Press.
153:The first European to explore the region was
480:"Rangeland Classification for Agri-Manitoba"
172:Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the
122:and formed the western shore of prehistoric
199:as the main economic sector of the region.
549:"Lake Agassiz | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
307:River valleys, which were once covered by
250:An early map of Lake Agassiz by geologist
202:Throughout the 20th century, people began
274:) are the last remnants of Lake Agassiz.
245:
574:
226:, and in this area, most settlers were
718:
477:
57:
29:
521:
71:
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570:
568:
435:area has at least 6 species of rare
43:
13:
693:
622:. Geological Association of Canada
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634:
601:
565:
650:Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
575:Rayburn, John (September 1997).
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56:
42:
28:
21:
528:Canadian Plains Research Center
195:in this region, which overtook
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663:
553:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
541:
515:
500:
478:Thorpe, Jeff (February 2014).
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1:
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412:, while wetter parts contain
620:Manitoba's Mineral Resources
241:
7:
446:
10:
752:
383:
355:
129:
731:Landforms of Saskatchewan
524:"Ecozones and Ecoregions"
455:— built on the escarpment
218:to arrange themselves by
185:Canadian Northern Railway
311:, which may have been a
100:Western Manitoba Uplands
675:www.townofhudsonbay.com
439:and 21 species of rare
118:. They were created by
588:University of Manitoba
299:To the south lies the
277:To the north lies the
255:
736:Escarpments of Canada
726:Landforms of Manitoba
522:Secoy, Diane (2007).
285:off of Lake Agassiz.
249:
370:Laurentide Ice Sheet
214:, it was common for
167:Hudson's Bay Company
86:class=notpageimage|
459:List of escarpments
368:was covered by the
292:which was a sparse
96:Manitoba Escarpment
584:Collections Canada
453:Asessippi Ski Area
317:Pembina Escarpment
279:Saskatchewan River
256:
183:In the 1890s, the
288:To the west lies
260:Lake Winnipegosis
224:Block Settlements
206:to the region to
193:forestry industry
180:and communities.
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294:deciduous forest
120:glacial scouring
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336:Porcupine Hills
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433:Hudson Bay, SK
404:. Clusters of
385:
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357:
354:
353:
352:
345:
338:
330:separates the
328:Red Deer River
290:Aspen Parkland
243:
240:
212:Western Canada
163:Red Deer River
131:
128:
104:range of hills
84:
83:
77:
76:
69:
68:
64:PorcupineHills
63:
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55:
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41:
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36:RidingMountain
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34:
27:
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20:
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694:Hooper, D.F.
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366:North America
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332:Pasquia Hills
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272:Lake Winnipeg
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268:Lake Manitoba
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78:Pasquia Hills
24:
702:. Retrieved
689:
678:. Retrieved
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653:. Retrieved
649:
636:
624:. Retrieved
619:
591:. Retrieved
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556:. Retrieved
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531:. Retrieved
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517:
508:
502:
490:. Retrieved
486:
473:
430:
387:
379:
359:
349:Valley River
321:
298:
287:
276:
264:Dauphin Lake
257:
252:Warren Upham
201:
182:
171:
155:Henry Kelsey
152:
133:
124:Lake Agassiz
108:Saskatchewan
99:
95:
93:
50:DuckMountain
704:November 3,
655:November 2,
626:October 28,
593:October 28,
533:October 27,
492:October 27,
406:white birch
309:Lake Souris
301:Assiniboine
204:immigrating
144:Assiniboine
140:Plains Cree
136:Swampy Cree
720:Categories
680:2019-11-03
558:2019-10-29
465:References
410:jack pines
342:Swan River
106:along the
374:ice sheet
372:. As the
242:Geography
228:Ukrainian
220:ethnicity
174:fur trade
159:York Fort
148:Saulteaux
98:, or the
447:See also
414:tamarack
334:and the
222:to form
216:settlers
197:trapping
112:Manitoba
102:, are a
586:(PDF).
441:orchids
437:violets
384:Ecology
362:ice age
356:Geology
232:Russian
161:to the
130:History
424:, and
418:mosses
400:, and
398:spruce
394:poplar
305:Souris
266:, and
236:Polish
189:Erwood
146:, and
699:(PDF)
646:(PDF)
616:(PDF)
580:(PDF)
483:(PDF)
426:grass
422:ferns
390:aspen
234:, or
116:scarp
706:2019
657:2019
628:2019
595:2019
535:2019
494:2019
347:The
340:The
326:The
303:and
208:farm
94:The
402:fir
313:bay
283:bay
722::
673:.
648:.
618:.
603:^
582:.
567:^
551:.
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443:.
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230:,
169:.
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708:.
683:.
659:.
630:.
597:.
561:.
537:.
496:.
110:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
