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675:"The man, an admirable magistrate, with an aristocratic comportment and a romantic look, who once was one of the most handsome boys of his time, had transformed himself, in half-a-dozen months, into an old, curved and pathetic man...Arriaga recounted to me one of his unique pleasures during his exile...his flowers, garden and poetry...in that afternoon, seated in his garden, seated in the warmth of the sun's rays, I told the old man my predictions. That politics was not made for idealists nor poets, like him...Arriaga listened silently, forcing a smile respectively. Eventually, tears covered his eyes...And while making small patterns in the carpet with his cane, he told me, with an irony...'I am a political criminal, my friend'...I wanted to comfort him, and remembered his sense of pride in popular sentiment and justice, that yet remained in his soul...the people that you had esteemed, continue to respect and love you. That much is true. There are few in the theater, in public, who caricature you..."
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643:(who had been the Minister of War under João Chagas) to form a government. Arriaga had known and placed his confidence in Castro. But, Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro selected for his ministers, seven military officers, who did not permit the re-opening of Parliament, and provided an amnesty for convicted monarchists involved in the Attack on Chaves He made changes to electoral law and began governing as a dictator, which was only supported by the
659:; there were many deaths and injuries on both sides. The well-intentioned and pacifist Arriaga had only one option; twelve days following the start of the uprising, he resigned from the Presidency. In his resignation letter, he stated that the deaths during the revolt were needless, that Pimenta de Castro's regime was less a dictatorship then earlier governments and that 1914–15 laws had given future governments unusual war powers.
550:, unlike some of his contemporaries in the Republican movement. But, at the same time, he was combative and critical of what he saw as the "lethargy of monarchical governments, the wastes and luxuries of the royal family. Yet, he ardently denounced irregularities in his own government, especially when some Ministers transferred funds from the government coffers into private hands.
606:, who would govern off-and-on until 1917. Hated, but feared, he governed and even sought to restore some order and economy to the public accounts. Although Afonso Costa was able to reduce the deficit, the instability and conflict between Parties persisted, made more critical by internal politics and growing international tensions in 1914 (that would eventually begin
738:, while above his bed, an image of Christ. In the end, former-President Arriaga's image was rehabilitated by the Portuguese media for his "intelligence, patriotism, benevolence and his honor for the manner in which he exercised his functions". This was further enhanced by his public papers and documents, as well as the work of several intellectuals.
602:. During his mandate, several governments fell; there were eight changes in the Prime Minister's office, disorder in the streets, violent reactions against the church, as well as counter-revolutionary monarchist movements. Finally, he invited Dr. António José de Almeida to lead the government, but he refused, and opted for the Republican
594:
question", constant social agitation and political party instability (associated with "Machiavellian strategies" of some politicians) that fermented during the infancy of the First
Republic. Frequently, Arriaga was unable to contain these tensions and often had to deal with counter-revolutionary revolts, such as the
723:). The ceremony occurred in a chapel near Valença do Minho, where her father was General and Governor. For a few years the couple lived in Coimbra, where Manuel de Arriaga flourished in his law practice. Six children were born, two boys and four girls, and the family regularly spent their holidays in Buarcos.
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Arriaga deplored the circumstances, going so far as to announcing his intent to resign unless a coalition or non-party government could be installed that resolved the outstanding issues of amnesty and separation of church and state. But, subsequent governments would not resolve the issue immediately;
553:
Following the establishment of the
Republic (5 October 1910), young Republican students in Coimbra entered the installations of the Senate, and vandalized the Hall and furniture used in Doctoral ceremonies and damaged paintings of the last Portuguese kings. In order "to impede other depravities Dr.
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and accused of duplicity with the dictatorial and violent
Pimenta de Castro. In his resignation (to his ministers and Party) he defended himself against these unjust accusations and declared his well-intentioned loyalty to the Republican cause, which he had supported throughout his life (but which
650:
What had started as an attempt to eliminate an inevitable conflict between the armed forces and the political class, eventually resulted in a bloody conflict. The parliamentarians, meeting secretly on 4 May 1915 in the Palácio da Mitra, declared
Arriaga and Pimenta de Castro outside the law, their
626:
The new
Republic was now increasingly unmanageable, and further, there were divergences developing between the government and the army. At one point, a military contingent in Oporto attempted a coup d'état in Lisbon, which was suppressed. The government suggested disbanding the regiments involved,
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to head his first government. In his personal autobiography, Arriaga recounted how he hoped that he would not be another factor to divide
Republicans, especially in a time where there existed a need to work together; it was a difficult period historically, due to the exasperation of the "religious
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The
Presidency was itself not an enviable or prestigious position; although the elected person, for a time, occupied a large home in Horta Seca, they were required to furnish the home at their own cost, pay rent and had no transport budget, nor personal secretary (Arriaga would ask his own son to
560:
As one of the older figures of the
Republican regime (he was 71), he was elected President on 24 August 1911; he did not campaign for the position, and noted that it was a heavy burden, which he believed he was personally incapable of fulfilling its duties, but accepted it "for the good of the
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Continuing political intrigues inevitably forced the first
Republic down the path towards dictatorship. At the onset of the First World War, there was also pressure from the Portuguese colonies in Africa, principally Angola and Mozambique and the National Assembly had decided, while remaining
452:, where he frequently joined others is discussions on philosophy and politics, showing a capacity for argument and imagination. His republican idealism, considered subversive, caused a rift between him and his conservative monarchist-leaning father (a supporter of the traditionalist
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help him in this role). Later, the first
President lived in the Palace of Belém, but not in the main building, but rather an annex off of the Pátio das Damas. This occurred in a period when personal divisions between different factions had splintered the Republican cause;
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But Augusto de Castro ended his story by noting that upon leaving the ex-President's home he purchased a newspaper that referred to Arriaga as a renegade and traitor, and thought, "never, like that afternoon, did politics seem so cruel and a sinister thing".
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Later, he established a legal practice, and quickly developed a clientele, which permitted him the financial security to assist his brother in completing his studies. Between many of the causes he defended while a lawyer, in 1890, he was the advocate for
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António José de Almeida (Republican from the first hour) invited Dr. Manuel de Arriaga to be rector of the old University and gave him leave on 17 October of 1910 in a ceremony without academic ceremonies, which was enough to curb student enthusiasm".
381:, 18 October 1881) and his wife, whom he married on 24 December 1834, Maria Cristina Pardal Ramos Caldeira (c. 1815 – ?). Arriaga's father was a rich merchant in the city, only son, and property-owner, whose heritage traced his lineage to the
534:; he was involved in the debates on the reform of education, the penal code and prisons, in addition to electoral reform. By this time doctrinaire republicans had, by that time, been replaced by others in the party affiliated with
467:(Polytechnical school) in 1866, as well as the chair in History in the department of Letters. Unsuccessful, in 1875 he ended up working in Lisbon both as an English teacher at the local secondary school, and as a lawyer.
631:. In an attempt to mitigate these problems, Manuel de Arriaga wrote to the three party leaders (Camacho, Afonso Costa and António José de Almeida) in order to come to an accord and form a unity government, but
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During the period of the Provisional Government, he became the Attorney-General of the Republic premièring in that way as a paladin of Republican propaganda and as one of the more caustic Portuguese.
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401:, who distinguished himself in the Peninsular Wars, and grand-nephew of the Judge of the Supreme Court, who between 1821 and 1822 was also a representative for the Azores in the Constituent Courts.
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had abandoned him disillusioned). The parliamentarian, writer and journalist, Augusto de Castro later recounted a conversation with the former President, shortly before his death (in 1917):
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on 22 February 1914 an amnesty was conceded for those not accused of violent actions, and eleven leaders of subversive groups were released, but the Law of Separation remained unrevised.
573:'s Provisional Government. As Almeida had believed Arriaga "was one of the few if not the only man in the Party who worked well with everyone and whom the Lord Christ didn't speak ill".
644:
546:(1883–84) in the minority Republican government and later Lisbon (1890–92). A pragmatist, he actively promoted the Republican cause, while maintaining good relations with the
456:); his father would break-off ties with his sons (for those subverse ideals), forcing the older Manuel to work as a private teacher to support his and his brother's studies.
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in the Faculty of Law (from 1860 to 1865), where he distinguished himself for his brilliant mind and notable oratory. During this time he adhered to philosophical
726:
Following his resignation, Manuel de Arriaga died in Lisbon two years later on 5 March 1917. His home, near Rua da Janelas Verdes, overlooked the boats in the
589:
would continue to front the main Republican Party (renamed the Democratic Party). Manuel de Arriaga, for his part, would select the politician and journalist
420:, published in 1911); Sebastião Arriaga Brum da Silveira Júnior, agricultural engineer (after studying abroad, he worked on land recuperation projects in the
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1036:, and supported by monarchists, the attack on Chaves was a counter-revolution to re-establish the monarchy that began in the northern town of
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Of his early life details are brief: Arriaga was born to an aristocratic family; son of Sebastião José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (c. 1810 –
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instigated by members of the Democratic Party, elements of civil reactionary groups and supported by elements of the Navy began what was
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Although a distinguished lawyer and orator, most of Arraiga's works were presented to the public, but also included published:
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The Arriaga family included six children, of these the following siblings: Maria Cristina, the oldest (a poet, referred by
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noted the man, "although profoundly altruistic and magnanimous, good-natured and honorable", had rapidly turned into a
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did not react well to the proposal. The President then withdrew his support for the government, then-presided by
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1188:[Former Presidents: Manuel de Arriaga] (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Portuguese Republic. 2006
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initially neutral in the conflict, to send troops to those colonies which fronted German possessions.
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424:); and Manuel, the fourth in line of succession (who decided early on to concentrate on politics).
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1015:) held office from 12 December 1914 to 25 January 1915; his resignation was provoked by the
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in 1915, who had led the provisional government following the abdication and exile of King
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1102:(in Portuguese). Vol. III. Lisbon: Assembleia da República. pp. 749–753.
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and the group led by Machado dos Santos on the political right of the Republicans.
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719:, 14 October 1927), from a family friendly to the Arriagas (from the island of
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436:. Around the age of 18, he moved with his younger brother (José de Arriaga) to
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Em Dias Passados: Figuras, Instituições e Acontecimentos da História Faialense
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530:, he was an active parliamentarian during the constitutional monarchy of King
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The De-characterization of Portuguese Nationality in the Monarchical Regime
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The Irresponsibility of Executive Power in the Liberal Monarchical Regime
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Sobre a Unidade da Família Humana debaixo do Ponto de Vista Económico
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Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira
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A irresponsabilidade do poder executivo no regime monárquico liberal
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1204:(in Portuguese). Fundação Mario Soares: Arquivo e Biblioteca. 2006
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Descaracterização da Nacionalidade Portuguesa no regime monárquico
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After finishing his studies in 1865, Manuel worked as a lawyer in
1084:(in Portuguese). Vol. VII. Lisbon: Amigos do Livro/Multilar.
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Minister Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho, referred to by some as
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772:), presented at the Clube Henriques Nogueira (11 December 1887);
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acts undemocratic and essentially void. Then, on 14 May, in a
494:("Commission on the Reform on Secondary School Instruction").
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Joss van Aard, one of the original settlers of the island of
1011:(for his name was comparable to the author responsible for
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About the Unity of the Human Family under the Economic View
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Manuel de Arriaga was replaced as President by Professor
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He paid heavily for his political naivety; as the author
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Arriaga had his primary education in his native city of
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family of small nobility) and whose second cousin was
1142:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
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the day after his death. In 2004, by decision of the
331:
Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue
701:
Lucrécia Augusta de Brito de Berredo Furtado de Melo
565:(who would also become President later), but it was
397:. The young Manuel was also the grandson of General
1139:Republican Portugal: A Political History 1910–1926
569:who had suggested Manuel de Arriaga at the end of
365:and a Republican Provisional Government headed by
782:), represented in the Chamber of Deputies (1891);
1595:
1202:"Manuel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (1840–1917)"
1121:(in Portuguese). Vol. XVII. Lisbon: Verbo.
1040:, along the Portuguese-Spanish border in Galicia
868:"Anuário da Nobreza de Portugal", 1985, Tomo II
492:Comissão para a Reforma da Instrução Secundária
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792:) presented in the Chamber of Deputies (1897);
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1176:Boléo, Maria Luísa V. de Paiva Boléo (2006).
1100:Dicionário Biográfico Parlamentar (1834–1910)
1089:Boléo, Maria Luísa V. de Paiva Boléo (1996).
542:associations. He was also elected deputy for
926:Presidency of the Portuguese Republic, 2006
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412:); José de Arriaga, a historian (known for
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1293:
1093:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Público Magazine.
399:Sebastião José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira
342:; 8 July 1840 – 5 March 1917) was a
148:17 November 1910 – 24 August 1911
34:
16:First president of the Portuguese Republic
1261:(President of the Provisional Government)
639:, and to calm the Army called on General
1119:História de Portugal de Veríssimo Serrão
617:
414:História da Revolução Portuguesa de 1820
1654:Democratic Party (Portugal) politicians
1634:Portuguese Republican Party politicians
1186:"Antigos Presidents: Manuel de Arriaga"
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561:Republic". The other candidate was Dr.
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627:but their leaders appealed to General
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998:History of Portugal: Pamphlets, p.454
989:History of Portugal: Pamphlets, p.454
953:Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, 2007, p.146
944:Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, 2007, p.320
770:The Republican Party and the Congress
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60:24 August 1911 – 29 May 1915
1649:Portuguese people of Flemish descent
1674:20th-century Portuguese politicians
1644:Portuguese people of French descent
1639:Portuguese people of Basque descent
1243:Works by or about Manuel de Arriaga
1161:. Horta: Nucleu Cultural da Horta.
1136:Wheeler, Douglas L. (August 1998).
971:Maria Luísa V. de Paiva Boléo, 2006
962:Fernando Faria Ribeiro, 2007, pp.67
935:Fernando Faria Ribeiro, 2007, pp.67
903:"Uma história de Manuel de Arriaga"
877:Maria Filomena Mónica, 2006, pp.749
766:O Partido Republicano e o Congresso
581:would form the Evolutionist Party,
361:, following the deposition of King
13:
1117:Serrão, Joaquim Verissímo (2007).
1082:História Contemporânea de Portugal
756:
14:
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1679:20th-century presidents in Europe
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490:On 26 August 1876, he joined the
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1180:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: O Leme.
1157:Ribeiro, Fernando Faria (2007).
316:
137:Attorney-General of the Republic
1624:19th-century Portuguese lawyers
1178:"Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917)"
1098:Mónica, Maria Filomena (2006).
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1049:Douglas L. Wheeler, 1978, p.124
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800:Beginning the Final Liquidation
418:Os Últimos 60 anos da Monarquia
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95:Vítor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho
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1091:Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917)
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1058:João Medina, 1993, p. 257-258
699:In 1874, Arriaga had married
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645:Evolutionist Party (Portugal)
1664:University of Coimbra alumni
908:. culturacores.azores.gov.pt
749:, his body was moved to the
585:the Republican Union, while
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1467:António de Oliveira Salazar
504:Portuguese Republican Party
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1582:Interim presidents are in
1234:Works by Manuel de Arriaga
796:Começo de liquidação final
741:Arriaga was buried in the
339:[mɐnuˈɛldɨɐˈʁjaɣɐ]
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596:Royalist attack on Chaves
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1478:Francisco Craveiro Lopes
1067:João Medina, 1993, p.258
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483:in the academic journal
416:, published in 1889 and
261:Lucrécia Furtado de Melo
1572:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
1388:António José de Almeida
1034:Henrique Paiva Couceiro
980:João Ameal, 1942, p.746
657:essentially a civil war
579:António José de Almeida
567:António José de Almeida
473:António José de Almeida
389:(of the male line to a
1629:Portuguese republicans
1619:Presidents of Portugal
1378:João do Canto e Castro
1316:Presidents of Portugal
528:Francisco Homem Cristo
508:31 January 1891 revolt
159:Provisional Government
119:Provisional Government
79:Augusto de Vasconcelos
71:Provisional Government
1532:António Ramalho Eanes
1451:Manuel Gomes da Costa
1441:José Mendes Cabeçadas
1398:Manuel Teixeira Gomes
1267:President of Portugal
1080:Medina, João (1986).
1017:Movimento das Espadas
711:, 13 November 1844 –
637:Vítor Hugo de Azevedo
618:Revolt to resignation
548:Roman Catholic Church
479:" an article against
442:University of Coimbra
363:Manuel II of Portugal
281:University of Coimbra
245:Portuguese Republican
48:President of Portugal
450:republican democracy
180:José Azevedo e Silva
103:Constitutional Junta
1659:Azorean politicians
1562:Aníbal Cavaco Silva
780:A Question of Lunda
736:Alexandre Herculano
520:Bernardino Pinheiro
1512:António de Spínola
1408:Bernardino Machado
1358:Bernardino Machado
1021:Movement of Swords
776:A Questão da Lunda
668:political criminal
563:Bernardino Machado
477:Bragança, o último
475:, after he wrote "
465:Escola Politécnica
410:Mau Tempo no Canal
408:in his obra-prima
91:Bernardino Machado
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1338:Manuel de Arriaga
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1274:Succeeded by
1238:Project Gutenberg
1168:978-989-95033-3-5
1128:978-972-22-2663-9
751:National Pantheon
743:Prazeres Cemetery
629:Pimenta de Castro
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224:5 March 1917
176:Succeeded by
154:Appointed by
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126:Succeeded by
87:Afonso Costa
83:Duarte Leite
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1609:1917 deaths
1604:1840 births
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1326:(1910–1926)
836:Irradiações
732:Victor Hugo
608:World War I
591:João Chagas
485:O Ultimatum
204:8 July 1840
166:Preceded by
114:Preceded by
75:João Chagas
1598:Categories
1271:1911–1915
1074:References
1019:(English:
695:Later life
446:positivism
344:Portuguese
287:Occupation
276:Alma mater
250:Democratic
200:1840-07-08
840:Diffusion
689:Manuel II
540:Carbonari
428:Education
373:Biography
313:Signature
295:Professor
144:In office
56:In office
1208:31 March
1192:31 March
498:Politics
422:Alentejo
353:and the
303:Lecturer
267:Children
235:Portugal
215:Portugal
1584:italics
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1222:. 1662.
1032:Led by
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536:masonry
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383:Fleming
379:Setúbal
307:English
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717:Oeiras
713:Parede
653:revolt
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461:Lisbon
391:Basque
347:lawyer
291:Lawyer
257:Spouse
231:Lisbon
211:Azores
1548:XVIII
912:5 May
906:(PDF)
857:Notes
709:Porto
434:Horta
387:Faial
355:first
207:Horta
1538:XVII
1484:XIII
1404:VIII
1210:2009
1194:2009
1163:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1104:ISBN
914:2021
734:and
728:Tejo
721:Pico
526:and
448:and
221:Died
194:Born
1558:XIX
1528:XVI
1508:XIV
1474:XII
1394:VII
1354:III
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