The Maritimes - Knowledge

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province's number of MPs was proposed to change from 4 to 3, accounting for its declining proportion of the national population at that time. When PEI entered Confederation in 1873, it was accorded 6 MPs and 4 Senators; however this was reduced to 4 MPs by the early 20th century. Senators being appointed for life at this time, these coveted seats rarely went unfilled for a long period of time anywhere in Canada. As a result, PEI's challenge was accepted by the federal government, and its level of federal representation was secured. In the aftermath of the 1989 budget, which saw a filibuster by Liberal Senators in attempt to kill legislation creating the

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rose considerably over the two decades, but there was little improvement in the wealth levels in rural areas, which comprised the great majority of the population. Likewise Gwyn reports that gentlemen, merchants, bankers, colliery owners, shipowners, shipbuilders, and master mariners flourished. However the great majority of families were headed by farmers, fishermen, craftsmen and labourer. Most of them—and many widows as well—lived in poverty. Out migration became an increasingly necessary option. Thus the era was indeed a golden age but only for a small but powerful and highly visible elite.

2164:, advocated by scholars such as S.A. Saunders, looks at the resource endowments of the Maritimes and argues that it was the decline of the traditional industries of shipbuilding and fishing that led to Maritime poverty, since these processes were rooted in geography, and thus all but inevitable. Kris Inwood has revived the staples approach and looks at a number of geographic weaknesses relative to Central Canada. He repeats Acheson's argument that the region lacks major urban centres, but adds that the Maritimes were also lacking the great rivers that led to the cheap and abundant 178: 4013: 2590: 2273: 2052: 5578: 1599: 1885: 1335: 1734:, and subsequent creation of a widespread industrial base to take advantage of the region's large underground coal deposits. After Confederation, however, this industrial base withered with technological change, and trading links to Europe and the U.S. were reduced in favour of those with Ontario and Quebec. In recent years, however, the Maritime regional economy has begun increased contributions from manufacturing again and the steady transition to a service economy. 1722: 4025: 1196: 2536:

proportion of the national population. The comparatively large population growth of western and central Canada during the immigration boom of the 20th century has reduced the Maritimes' proportion of the national population to less than 10%, resulting in an over-representation in Parliament, with some federal ridings having fewer than 35,000 people, compared to central and western Canada where ridings typically contain 100,000–120,000 people.

1812: 2355: 2212: 50: 1915:'s most extensive manufacturing sectors as well as a large international shipping industry. The question of why the Maritimes fell from being a centre of Canadian manufacturing to being an economic hinterland is thus a central one to the study of the region's pecuniary difficulties. The period in which the decline occurred had a great many potential culprits. In 1867 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick merged with the Canadas in 1998: 1608: 2330: 1250:, to be held in early September 1864 in Charlottetown – chosen in part because of Prince Edward Island's reluctance to give up its jurisdictional sovereignty in favour of uniting with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into a single colony. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia felt that if the union conference were held in Charlottetown, they might be able to convince Island politicians to support the proposal. 418: 1208: 2548:, this model was developed to ensure that no area of the country is able to exert undue influence in the Senate. The Maritimes, with its much smaller proportion of the national population (compared to the time of Confederation) also have an over-representation in the Senate, particularly compared to the population growth of Ontario and the western provinces. This has led to 2576: 1049:, largely by privateering against American shipping, but several coastal communities were also the targets of American raiders. Charlottetown, the capital of the new colony of St. John's Island, was ransacked in 1775 with the provincial secretary kidnapped and the Great Seal stolen. The largest military action in the Maritimes during the revolutionary war was the 1847:

phenomenon for some parts of the region. Another problem is seen in the lower average wages and family incomes within the region. Property values are depressed, resulting in a smaller tax base for these three provinces, particularly when compared with the national average which benefits from central and western Canadian economic growth.

1167:. However, the majority of the conflict's impact was felt in the shipping industry. Maritime shipping boomed during the war due to large-scale Northern imports of war supplies which were often carried by Maritime ships as Union ships were vulnerable to Confederate naval raiders. Diplomatic tensions between Britain and the 2112:. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, just the opposite was the case with little to no population concentration in major industrial centres as the predominantly rural resource-dependent Maritime economy continued on the same path as it had since European settlement on the region's shores. 2084:, these being the goals of the Macdonald and Laurier governments. In the Maritimes the situation was very different. Today New Brunswick has several mid-sized centres in Saint John, Moncton, and Fredericton but no significant population centre. Nova Scotia has a growing metropolitan area surrounding 1973:

places the date closer to 1885. T.W. Acheson takes a similar view and provides considerable evidence that the early 1880s were in fact a booming period in Nova Scotia and this growth was only undermined towards the end of that decade. David Alexander argues that any earlier declines were simply part

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was also discovered in the 1980s during exploration work, and this is being commercially recovered, beginning in the late 1990s. Initial optimism in Nova Scotia about the potential of off-shore resources appears to have diminished with the lack of new discoveries, although exploration work continues

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of the 1920s, which advocated greater local control over the region's finances. T.W. Acheson is one of the main proponents of this theory. He notes the growth that was occurring during the early years of the National Policy in Nova Scotia demonstrates how the effects of railway fares and the tariff

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in 1783, Loyalist settlers in what would become New Brunswick persuaded British administrators to split the Colony of Nova Scotia to create the new colony of New Brunswick in 1784. At the same time, another part of the Colony of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, was split off to become the Colony of

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by 25 Members of the House of Commons (Nova Scotia – 11, New Brunswick – 10, Prince Edward Island – 4) and 24 Senators (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick – 10 each, Prince Edward Island – 4). This level of representation was established at the time of Confederation when the Maritimes had a much larger

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Agriculture and forestry are two prominent industries found in New Brunswick. Despite having an extensive coastline, New Brunswick's industrial sector has never been entirely reliant on the success of the fisheries. Likewise, the strong shipbuilding heritage of the province directly relates to its

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The Maritimes are the only provinces in Canada which entered Confederation in the 19th century and have kept their original colonial boundaries. All three provinces have the smallest land base in the country and have been forced to make do with resources within. By comparison, the former colony of

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The cause of economic malaise in the Maritimes is an issue of great debate and controversy among historians, economists, and geographers. The differing opinions can approximately be divided into the "structuralists", who argue that poor policy decisions are to blame, and the others, who argue that

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Map showing first languages in the Maritimes. Red represents a majority of Anglophones and less than 33% Francophones; Orange, a majority of Anglophones and more than 33% Francophones; Blue, a Francophone majority with less than 33% Anglophones; and green, a Francophone majority with more than 33%

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Another factor related to the number of Senate seats is that a constitutional amendment in the early 20th century mandated that no province can have fewer Members of Parliament than it has senators. This court decision resulted from a complaint by the Government of Prince Edward Island after that

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More controversial than the role of technology is the argument over the role of politics in the origins of the region's decline. Confederation and the tariff and railway freight policies that followed have often been blamed for having a deleterious effect on the Maritime economies. Arguments have

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The exact date that the Maritimes began to fall behind the rest of Canada is difficult to determine. Historian Kris Inwood places the date very early, at least in Nova Scotia, finding clear signs that the Maritimes "Golden Age" of the mid-19th century was over by 1870, before Confederation or the

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and antiques. Recent historians using census data have shown that is a fallacy. In 1851–1871 there was an overall increase in per capita wealth holding. However most of the gains went to the urban elite class, especially businessmen and financiers living in Halifax. The wealth held by the top 10%

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Improvements in infrastructure and the regional economy notwithstanding, the three provinces remain one of the poorer regions of Canada. While urban areas are growing and thriving, economic adjustments have been harsh in rural and resource-dependent communities, and emigration has been an ongoing

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happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and

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Despite the region's absence of economic growth on the same scale as other parts of the nation, the Maritimes has changed markedly throughout the 20th century, partly as a result of global and national economic trends, and partly as a result of government intervention. Each sub-region within the

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Given the small population of the region (compared with the Central Canadian provinces or the New England states), the regional economy is a net exporter of natural resources, manufactured goods, and services. The regional economy has long been tied to natural resources such as fishing, logging,

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of the warm-summer subtype. Especially in coastal Nova Scotia, differences between summers and winters are narrow compared to the rest of Canada. The inland climate of New Brunswick is in stark contrast during winter, resembling more continental areas. Summers are somewhat tempered by the marine

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within 15 years, this time by more than 27,000 British soldiers and sailors with over 150 warships. After the French surrender, Louisbourg was thoroughly destroyed by British engineers to ensure it would never be reclaimed. With the fall of Louisbourg, French and Mi'kmaw resistance in the region

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are focused on the pulp and paper industry and some mining activity. Moncton was a centre for railways and has changed its focus to becoming a multi-modal transportation centre with associated manufacturing and retail interests. The Halifax metropolitan area has come to dominate peninsular Nova

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The growing English colonies along the American seaboard to the south and various European wars between England and France during the 17th and 18th centuries brought Acadia to the centre of world-scale geopolitical forces. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port-Royal, and in 1621 France ceded

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The policies in the early years of Confederation were designed by Central Canadian interests, and they reflected the needs of that region. The unified Canadian market and the introduction of railroads created a relative weakness in the Maritime economies. Central to this concept, according to

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British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the

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to provide nationally mandated social services. Since the 1990s the region has experienced an exceptionally tumultuous period in its regional economy with the collapse of large portions of the ground fishery throughout Atlantic Canada, the closing of coal mines and a steel mill on

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and regional transportation infrastructure such as airports, fishing harbours, seaports, and railways . The Liberals held onto seats in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, while being shut out of Nova Scotia entirely, the second time in history (the only other time being the

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While the economic underperformance of the Maritime economy has been long lasting, it has not always been present. The mid-19th century, especially the 1850s and 1860s, has long been seen as a "Golden Age" in the Maritimes. Growth was strong, and the region had one of

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targeted unprotected shipping of both the United States and Britain respectively, further reducing trade. New Brunswick's section of the Canada–US border did not have any significant action during this conflict, although British forces did occupy a portion of coastal

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The maritime provinces' main industry is fishing. Fishing can be found in any maritime province. This includes fishing for lobster, mackerel, tuna, salmon and many more kinds of fish. Oysters and salmonoid aquaculture is also increasingly important economically.

2168:, key to Quebec and Ontario's urban and manufacturing development, that the extraction costs of Maritime resources were higher (particularly in the case of Cape Breton coal), and that the soils of the region were poorer and thus the agricultural sector weaker. 1280:(BNA Act). Of the Maritime provinces, only Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were initially party to the BNA Act: Prince Edward Island's reluctance, combined with a booming agricultural and fishing export economy having led to that colony opting not to sign on. 2116:

Maritimes has developed over time to exploit different resources and expertise. Saint John became a centre of the timber trade and shipbuilding and is currently a centre for oil refining and some manufacturing. The northern New Brunswick communities of

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structure helped undermine this growth. Capitalists from Central Canada purchased the factories and industries of the Maritimes from their bankrupt local owners and proceeded to close down many of them, consolidating the industry in Central Canada.

1951:, the population grew steadily from 277,000 in 1851 to 388,000 in 1871, mostly from natural increase since immigration was slight. The era has been called a Golden Age, but that was a myth created in the 1930s to lure tourists to a romantic era of 2543:

is structured along regional lines, giving an equal number of seats (24) to the Maritimes, Ontario, Quebec, and western Canada, in addition to the later entry of Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the three territories. Enshrined in the

1978:, and that the Maritimes first fell behind the rest of Canada when the great boom period of the early 20th century had little effect on the region. E.R. Forbes, however, emphasizes that the precipitous decline did not occur until after the 2564:"stacked" the Senate by creating additional seats in several provinces across Canada, including New Brunswick; however, there was no attempt by these provinces to increase the number of MPs to reflect this change in Senate representation. 2012:

in the 1870s, removing a longstanding barrier to trade. For the first time this placed the Maritime manufacturers in direct competition with those of Central Canada. Maritime trading patterns shifted considerably from mainly trading with

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in 1667 that France's claim to the region was reaffirmed. Colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was of low priority. France's priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on the larger territory of

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Given the geographic diversity of the various sub-regions within the Maritimes, policies to centralize the population and economy were not initially successful, thus Maritime factories closed while those in Ontario and Quebec prospered.

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are reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England and France, respectively. Several Portuguese explorers / cartographers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namely

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The immense size of the Union Army (the largest on the planet toward the end of the Civil War), however, was viewed with increasing concern by Maritimers throughout the early 1860s. Another concern was the rising threat of

711:. Acadian settlements had primarily agrarian economies. Early examples of Acadian fishing settlements developed in southwestern Nova Scotia and in Île-Royale, as well as along the south and west coasts of Newfoundland, the 1011:

crumbled. British forces seized remaining French control over Acadia in the coming months, with Île-Saint-Jean falling in 1759 to British forces on their way to Quebec City for the first siege of Quebec and the ensuing

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One of the most important changes, and one that almost certainly had an effect, was the revolution in transportation that occurred at this time. The Maritimes were connected to central Canada by the

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was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers. The economic riches of energy and natural resources held within this larger land base were only realized by other provinces during the 20th century.

1042:. Île-Royale was renamed Cape Breton Island and incorporated into the Colony of Nova Scotia. Some of the Acadians who had been deported came back but went to the eastern coasts of New Brunswick. 719:

region of Quebec. Most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the much larger seasonal European fishing fleets that were based out of Newfoundland and took advantage of proximity to the

2032:, and this industry was hurt by the change. The larger ships were also less likely to call on the smaller population centres such as Saint John and Halifax, preferring to travel to cities like 1697: 982:

Fort Beausejour. The British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.

1265:, who had largely arrived at their own invitation with their own agenda. This agenda saw the conference dominated by discussions of creating an even larger union of the entire territory of 2060:

been made that the Maritimes' poverty was caused by control over policy by Central Canada which used the national structures for its own enrichment. This was the central view of the

1788:, pharmaceuticals, insurance and financial sectors—as well as research-related spin-offs from the region's numerous universities and colleges—are significant economic contributors. 2757:(book in French and English). The Acadians were scattered across the Atlantic, in the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Quebec, Britain and France. (See Jean-François Mouhot (2009) 3687: 761:

regions of France, continued to populate the colony of Acadia during the latter part of the 17th and early part of the 18th centuries. Important settlements also began in the

2184:) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the 607:

who made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power and, in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Cartier was followed by nobleman

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In the 2004 federal election, the Conservatives had one of the worst showings in the region for a right-wing party, going back to Confederation, with the exception of the

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in a 1604 expedition. During this they established the second permanent European settlement in what is now the United States and Canada, following Spain's settlement at

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had some effect on the shipping industry in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island; however, the significant

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Some predominantly coastal areas have become major tourist centres, such as parts of Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, the South Shore of Nova Scotia and the

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Rural poverty is the theme of Rusty Bittermann, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of inequality and interdependence in the Nova Scotian countryside, 1850–70",

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Coincident with the construction of railways in the region, the age of the wooden sailing ship began to come to an end, being replaced by larger and faster steel

3025: 1843:. There have been airport improvements at various centres providing improved connections to markets and destinations in the rest of North America and overseas. 1061:. The fort was partially overrun after a month-long siege, but the attackers were ultimately repelled after the arrival of British reinforcements from Halifax. 2491:

region of New Brunswick tends to vote for the Liberals or NDP for social political reasons, as well as treatment of the French by various parties. In the

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extended from 3,000 years ago until first contact with European settlers. This period was dominated by the organization of First Nations peoples into the

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forest resources. Because of this, New Brunswickers tend to attribute their cultural heritage less with the sea and more with their forests and rivers.

3692: 2655: 2441:(MPs) from New Brunswick, but most of the focus of the party at the federal and provincial levels is currently in the Halifax area of Nova Scotia. 1939:

around the new nation. Throughout the period there was also significant technological change both in the production and transportation of goods.

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The Maritimes were predominantly rural until recent decades, having resource-based economies of fishing, agriculture, forestry, and coal mining.

849:), natives from the Maritime region participated in numerous attacks with the French on the Acadia / New England border in southern Maine (e.g., 338:. The Maritimes had a population of 1,899,324 in 2021, which makes up 5.1% of Canada's population. Together with Canada's easternmost province, 4063: 2055:

Major factories like this cotton mill in Marysville, near Fredericton, failed to compete with more centralized operations in Quebec and Ontario

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Both the colonies of Nova Scotia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) and St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island) were affected by the

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was written in PEI, and this attracts tourists to PEI. PEI is also known for its agriculture, mainly the potato, and fishing industries.

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during the 1920s when new railway policies were implemented. Forbes also contends that significant Canadian defence spending during the

1863:, and the closure of military bases in all three provinces. That being said, New Brunswick has one of the largest military bases in the 5342: 5201: 2137:

Scotia as a retail and service centre, but that province's industries were spread out from the coal and steel industries of industrial

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influence throughout the provinces, but due to the southerly parallels still remain similar to more continental areas further west.

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at one point. The most significant incident from this war which occurred in the Maritimes was the British capture and detention of

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exploration and development. Mostly concentrated on the continental shelf of the province's Atlantic coast in the vicinity of

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Another important contribution to Nova Scotia's provincial economy is through spin-offs and royalties relating to off-shore

1242:. This combination of events, coupled with an ongoing decline in British military and economic support to the region as the 1092:

presence in Halifax and other ports in the region prevented any serious attempts by American raiders. Maritime and American

114: 5325: 5289: 5228: 3000: 2446: 958: 531:, and the Mi'kmaq Nation, which inhabited all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, eastern New Brunswick and the southern 458: 445:

has historically been collectively applied to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, all of which border the

1361:, but winter nights are still cold even in all coastal areas. The northernmost areas of New Brunswick are only just above 86: 5318: 5313: 5259: 3474: 3104: 1246:

favoured newer colonial endeavours in Africa and elsewhere, led to a call among Maritime politicians for a conference on

323: 1835:(including the entire railway system of Prince Edward Island and southwestern Nova Scotia), and the construction of the 5187: 4056: 3644: 3055: 2611: 882: 17: 1947:

Several scholars have explored the so-called "Golden Age" of the Maritimes in the years just before Confederation. In

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Regional transportation networks have also changed significantly in recent decades with port modernizations, with new

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farming, and mining activities. Significant industrialization in the second half of the 19th century brought steel to

916:. The British returned control of Île-Royale to France with the fortress virtually intact three years later under the 587:

has been dated. They may have made further exploration into the present-day Maritimes and northeastern United States.

315: 5269: 3413: 3070: 2995: 2990: 2975: 2786: 2768: 2754: 2458: 2394: 2259: 1307: 133: 93: 2241: 1871:), which plays a significant role in the cultural and economic spheres of Fredericton, the province's capital city. 571:

After Newfoundland, the Maritimes were the second area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. There is evidence that

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off the southern American coast did not. The French settlement pre-dated the more successful English settlement at

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The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region and the Indigenous people signed the

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on Île-Royale. Massachusetts was increasingly concerned over reports of the capabilities of this fortress, and of

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Over 74 years (1689–1763) there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England and

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Julian Gwyn and Fazley Siddiq, "Wealth distribution in Nova Scotia during the Confederation era, 1851 and 1871",

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A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland

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were well-suited to benefit from the development of large-scale manufacturing and extensive railway systems in

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into a united colony. The Charlottetown Conference ended with an agreement to meet the following month in

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the Liberal Party won every seat in the region, defeating all of the Conservative (and NDP) challengers.

2150: 1766: 1703: 1658: 720: 608: 2499:'s Liberals endured a bitter defeat to the PCs and NDP in many ridings as a result of unpopular cuts to 1634:. New Brunswick, in general, differs from the other two Maritime provinces in that it has a much higher 5652: 4893: 4878: 4176: 4161: 3930: 3884: 3722: 3577: 3501: 3402: 3386: 3090: 3060: 3030: 3011: 2121: 1548: 1168: 1046: 1007: 1000: 978: 932: 913: 870: 2777:, Paris, Hachette, 1936). Very few eventually returned to Nova Scotia (See John Mack Faragher (2005). 2437:(NDP) has made significant inroads both federally and provincially in the region. The NDP has elected 1919:, with Prince Edward Island joining them six years later in 1873. Canada was formed only a year after 5279: 5211: 5182: 5167: 4903: 4828: 3828: 3780: 3746: 3484: 3319: 3216: 3141: 2450: 2334: 2194: 1824: 1460: 1346: 1315: 986: 962: 936: 822: 620: 584: 339: 31: 2849:

Julian Gwyn, "Golden Age or Bronze Moment? Wealth and Poverty in Nova Scotia: The 1850s and 1860s",

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Ian McKay, "History and the Tourist Gaze: The Politics of Commemoration in Nova Scotia, 1935–1964",

2528:). In 2015 the Liberals won every seat in The Maritimes, defeating Conservative and NDP incumbents. 5657: 4863: 4780: 4363: 4076: 3981: 3609: 3408: 3339: 3329: 3324: 3309: 2641: 2304: 2222: 2181: 2133: 2125: 2093: 2061: 1889: 1762: 1273:, where more formal discussions ensued, culminating with meetings in London and the signing of the 1257:, as it came to be called, was also attended by a slew of visiting delegates from the neighbouring 1254: 858: 854: 382: 4041: 2802: 5647: 5515: 5206: 5113: 4785: 4495: 4490: 3572: 3538: 3425: 3040: 2948: 2480: 2365: 2226: 2185: 2129: 1864: 1239: 1184: 1164: 946: 466: 60: 2689: 2683: 993:

in 1775. Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians of 15,000 were removed from Nova Scotia.

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staging out of its harbour to raid New England fishermen on the Grand Banks. In the fourth war,

667:, led to the fertile tidal marshes surrounding the southeastern and northeastern reaches of the 5642: 5492: 5299: 4888: 4691: 3976: 3920: 3908: 3898: 3803: 3773: 3624: 3594: 3582: 3543: 3479: 3420: 3376: 2907: 2545: 2442: 2412: 1948: 1916: 1785: 1570: 1275: 1152:) having been widely spoken, particularly in Cape Breton, although it is less prevalent today. 1137: 1073: 1069: 954: 897: 814: 789: 616: 595: 386: 298: 277: 2708: 2679: 1124:

was merged back into the Colony of Nova Scotia for the second time by the British government.

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has been proposed at various times in Canada's history; the first discussions in 1864 at the

374: 5459: 4430: 4148: 3756: 3739: 3729: 3671: 3666: 3393: 3363: 3156: 2532: 2504: 2457:, the NDP captured 28.45% of the vote in Nova Scotia, more than any other province. In the 2438: 2434: 2311: 1840: 1777: 1750: 1731: 1394: 1303: 1078: 1035: 924: 905: 889: 850: 838: 766: 696: 688: 462: 358: 335: 287: 217: 204: 107: 8: 5108: 4768: 4705: 4681: 4512: 4373: 4319: 4260: 4231: 4171: 4166: 3843: 3761: 3717: 3656: 3469: 3349: 3206: 2484: 1662: 1416: 1129: 1098: 1031: 974: 862: 758: 636: 624: 612: 1171:

had deteriorated after some interests in Britain expressed support for the secessionist

1140:(1845–1849). As a result, significant portions of the three provinces are influenced by 826: 5396: 5017: 4980: 4853: 4299: 4221: 4181: 4156: 3858: 3734: 3661: 3599: 3506: 3460: 3381: 3344: 3268: 2726: 2668:

John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. Oklahoma Press. 2008

2520: 2468:. The Conservative party improved its seat count in the 2008 and elected 13 MPs in the 2173: 2138: 2089: 1860: 1805: 1742: 1619: 1369:

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in The Maritimes

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The Maritimes: New Brunswick (green), Nova Scotia (blue) and Prince Edward Island (red)

2108:. Prince Edward Island's only significant population centres are in Charlottetown and 1054: 712: 532: 370: 5477: 5096: 4918: 4883: 4744: 4739: 4720: 4529: 4356: 4116: 3955: 3925: 3873: 3833: 3823: 3795: 3768: 3604: 3550: 3525: 3244: 3234: 2938: 2789: 2782: 2764: 2750: 2716: 2693: 2488: 2324: 1928: 1627: 1362: 798: 784:. Acadians lived with uncertainty throughout the English constitutional crises under 762: 2730: 1219:

Joseph Howe and Charles Tupper competed politically on the question of confederation

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refugees in the region (34,000 to the 17,000 settlers already there), especially in

679:. The Acadians eventually built small settlements throughout what is today mainland 5558: 5553: 5543: 5472: 5149: 5103: 5046: 4975: 4833: 4727: 4676: 4654: 4507: 4454: 4393: 3991: 3868: 3818: 3813: 3397: 3126: 3080: 2621: 2581: 2540: 2431: 2420: 2189: 2165: 2146: 1970: 1746: 1668:

There are Mi'kmaq reserves in all three provinces, and a smaller population of the

2680:"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction" 2496: 2272: 2051: 496:, the term used for First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indian 441:"sea". Thus any land adjacent to the sea can be considered maritime. But the term 5444: 4945: 4933: 4913: 4868: 4818: 4758: 4700: 4661: 4649: 4642: 4551: 4368: 4351: 4326: 4029: 3848: 3785: 3751: 3555: 3280: 3258: 3253: 2616: 2549: 2290: 1975: 1932: 1754: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1623: 1355: 1183:

and no threat to the Maritimes, did posture off Maritime coasts at times chasing

1145: 818: 785: 781: 746: 628: 604: 343: 166: 38: 2642:"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, 2021 Census" 2407:

Maritime conservatism since the Second World War has been very much part of the

1159:, a significant number of Maritimers volunteered to fight for the armies of the 639:

in present-day Virginia by three years. Champlain was considered the founder of

5589: 5538: 5437: 5401: 5381: 5364: 5304: 5068: 4960: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4775: 4753: 4637: 4632: 4617: 4612: 4539: 4485: 4437: 4408: 4314: 4304: 3903: 3853: 3275: 3263: 3229: 3035: 2746:

Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation : Nouvelles Perspectives Historiques

2561: 2161: 1987: 1836: 1654: 1247: 1187:

which sought repairs and reprovisioning in Maritime ports, especially Halifax.

1149: 1133: 1064:

The most significant impact from this war was the settling of large numbers of

632: 540: 485: 446: 390: 378: 350: 319: 2760:

Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758–1785) : L'Impossible Réintégration?

2153:. Prince Edward Island is largely dominated by farming, fishing, and tourism. 1884: 1598: 5636: 5618: 5605: 5563: 5432: 5424: 5391: 5128: 5078: 4970: 4965: 4955: 4800: 4763: 4671: 4666: 4568: 4473: 4017: 3371: 3136: 2595: 2142: 2105: 2045: 2033: 1904: 1851: 1828: 1816: 1738: 1504: 1323: 1231: 1058: 684: 544: 524: 470: 402: 354: 327: 194: 2048:, stopped making more than a single ceremonial voyage to Halifax each year. 488:

from the melting glaciers in polar regions. This is when what is called the

353:

coast, various aquatic sub-basins are located in the Maritimes, such as the

5467: 5406: 5386: 5376: 5086: 5058: 4808: 4546: 4480: 4449: 4398: 4270: 4199: 4136: 4126: 3808: 3239: 3166: 2029: 1983: 1868: 1796: 1781: 1358: 1258: 1227: 834: 668: 552: 548: 294: 273: 716: 5523: 5482: 5413: 5118: 5007: 4950: 4873: 4823: 4710: 4686: 4575: 4413: 4331: 4309: 4285: 4131: 4121: 3334: 3146: 2516: 2424: 2177: 2041: 2014: 1979: 1832: 1800: 1438: 1319: 1270: 1243: 1085: 830: 777: 773:

valley, as well as smaller communities on Île-Saint-Jean and Île-Royale.

680: 600: 484:, starting 6,000 years ago, and ending 3,000 years ago, was dominated by 362: 331: 199: 2149:, and the fishing industry was primarily focused on the South Shore and 1721: 1334: 619:

in present-day Florida in the American South. Champlain's settlement at

497: 5053: 5022: 4843: 4838: 4502: 4463: 4425: 4343: 4216: 4101: 4096: 2970: 2604: 2379: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2117: 1991: 1965:

unavoidable technological and geographical factors caused the decline.

1920: 1180: 1176: 1160: 1089: 928: 794: 745:

The Port Royale settlement was moved to the site of nearby present-day

640: 591: 394: 551:. The Mi'kmaq Nation is also believed to have crossed the present-day 5500: 5159: 5133: 5063: 5041: 5034: 4813: 4590: 4524: 4420: 4243: 4226: 4111: 4106: 4080: 3639: 2097: 2025: 2018: 1952: 1811: 1792: 1354:

in Nova Scotia has significant marine influence to have a borderline

1195: 1093: 901: 797:

and the exploration and settlement of interior North America and the

643:'s province of Canada, which comprises much of the present-day lower 547:

Nation inhabited the northwestern coastal regions of the present-day

268: 2894: 2354: 2211: 1997: 49: 5027: 4627: 4563: 4534: 4444: 4403: 4211: 4191: 4071: 3893: 3131: 2408: 2037: 1669: 1631: 754: 750: 704: 674: 536: 406: 398: 2774:

Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur établissement dans le Poitou

1784:

coasts of New Brunswick. Additional service-related industries in

1646:

recorded Celtic traditions of rural Nova Scotia in the mid-1900s.

4999: 4732: 4622: 4580: 4468: 4280: 4275: 4204: 3187: 3151: 3121: 2795: 2449:(and later NDP) MPs, and even produced many early members of the 2295:

Nova Scotia is very strong in agriculture, forestry and fishing.

2081: 2073: 1607: 1482: 1311: 1109: 576: 572: 560: 520: 519:

Nation, which occupied territory largely in present-day interior

516: 461:

begins after the northerly retreat of glaciers at the end of the

258: 1077:

Cape Breton Island. The Colony of St. John's Island was renamed

977:), the military conflicts in Nova Scotia continued. The British 5505: 4604: 4558: 4265: 4252: 3161: 2930: 2461:

the NDP formed a majority government, the first in the region.

2077: 1936: 1899: 810: 738:

By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the

708: 662: 648: 366: 30:

This article is about the Canadian region. For other uses, see

2329: 1854:

in Canada since the 1950s, resulting in the need to draw upon

1850:

This has been particularly problematic with the growth of the

1831:

construction, the abandonment of various low-capacity railway

1207: 631:), survived. By contrast, the ill-fated English settlement at 5356: 5251: 4790: 4088: 4072: 3192: 2889: 1141: 817:

reflecting English and French tensions in Europe, as well as

528: 2552:; however, such a move would entail constitutional changes. 2445:

has historically been a region of labour activism, electing

951:

A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross

417: 4385: 2685:

The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation

671:

being populated by French immigrants who called themselves

659:

Champlain's success in the region, which came to be called

2879: 2483:

has done well in the Maritimes in the past because of its

825:). Throughout these wars, New England was allied with the 2899: 2682:. In P.A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.). 2069:

Acheson, was the lack of metropolises in the Maritimes.

853:). New England retaliatory raids on Acadia, such as the 1969:

National Policy could have had any significant impact.

961:

in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the

888:

In 1719, to further protect strategic interests in the

1737:

Important manufacturing centres in the region include

1618:

Maritimers are predominantly of west European origin:

182:

The Maritime provinces (red) within the rest of Canada

2884: 2503:

for seasonal workers, as well as closures of several

1057:) in 1776 by a force of American sympathizers led by 923:

In 1749, to counter the rising threat of Louisbourg,

749:. More French immigrant settlers, primarily from the 2608:, scholarly history journal covering Atlantic Canada 2571: 873:, while the region remained primarily in control of 555:

at around this time to settle on the south coast of

543:

valleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. The

2895:

Atlantic Canada Portal/Portail du Canada Atlantique

2145:counties, the mixed farming of the North Shore and 1804:and is moving farther off-shore into waters on the 896:, France began the 20-year construction of a large 539:Nation settled throughout the Saint John River and 74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1034:, empty Acadian lands were settled first by 8,000 409:and British settlements date to the 17th century. 2709:"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples" 2507:, the refusal to honour a promise to rescind the 1935:was implemented, creating a system of protective 920:and the French reestablished their forces there. 611:, who was accompanied by explorer / cartographer 5634: 2803:"National Climate Data and Information Archive" 2713:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History 342:, the Maritime provinces make up the region of 2531:The Maritimes is currently represented in the 2188:; in particular the November 19, 1869 sale of 1298:List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island 405:people are indigenous to the Maritimes, while 232:130,017.11 km (50,199.89 sq mi) 4057: 2915: 2088:, but a contracting population in industrial 969:During the sixth and final colonial war, the 425:The word maritime is an adjective that means 365:in the United States, south and southeast of 2772: 2758: 2749:, Moncton: Université de Moncton, 465 pages 2744: 2715:. University of Toronto Press. p. 144. 2309:Tourism is important to the economy of PEI. 1302:The major communities of the region include 672: 660: 158: 2840:, December 1992, Vol. 73 Issue 4, pp 435–52 2711:. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). 2688:(3rd ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp. 2240:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2028:. The Maritimes had long been a centre for 1923:with the United States (in the form of the 1661:. This Maritime population is mainly among 1611:Halifax skyline from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 1283: 1008:Louisbourg was laid siege for a second time 912:), the British engaged successfully in the 559:, but they were a minority compared to the 500:and other ceremonial sites existing in the 465:over 10,000 years ago; human settlement by 436: 430: 4064: 4050: 2986:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 2922: 2908: 2827:, Spring 1993, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp 102–138 1688:Skyline of Saint John, New Brunswick, 2002 1345:In spite of its name, The Maritimes has a 2706: 2677: 2395:Learn how and when to remove this message 2260:Learn how and when to remove this message 1986:favoured powerful political interests in 1179:, although much smaller than the British 1072:and Parrtown (Saint John). Following the 579:region around 1000 AD, which is when the 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 2453:in the pre-Second World War era. In the 2328: 2271: 2050: 1996: 1898: 1883: 1810: 1720: 1606: 1597: 1333: 995: 941: 837:. Acadian settlers were allied with the 575:explorers discovered and settled in the 416: 3458: 2411:tradition, key influences being former 2298: 14: 5635: 3882: 2866:, March 1993, Vol. 74 Issue 1, pp 1–43 2805:. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011 2192:to the Government of Canada under the 1025: 4045: 3688:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 2903: 1942: 1290:List of municipalities in Nova Scotia 459:pre-history of the Canadian Maritimes 361:. The region is located northeast of 2885:Atlantic Institute of Market Studies 2447:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 2377:adding citations to reliable sources 2348: 2238:adding citations to reliable sources 2205: 1365:with very cold continental winters. 780:attacked Acadian settlements on the 72:adding citations to reliable sources 43: 3961:Topics by provinces and territories 2890:Genuine Progress Indicator Atlantic 2880:Atlantic Provinces Economic Council 2781:, New York: W.W. Norton, 562 pages 2305:Prince Edward Island § Economy 1959: 1659:black refugees from the War of 1812 1163:, while a small handful joined the 973:(the North American theatre of the 931:established a major naval base and 908:(the North American theatre of the 865:(the North American theatre of the 845:(the North American theatre of the 566: 24: 2612:Maritime Film Classification Board 2423:and New Brunswick Tory strategist 935:. The founding of Halifax sparked 603:. However, it was French explorer 389:. This movement formed the larger 25: 5669: 2873: 2092:, and several smaller centres in 1761:in Prince Edward Island, and the 1716: 1706:Skyline of Moncton, New Brunswick 477:, ending around 6,000 years ago. 435:"of the sea, near the sea", from 373:, and southwest of the island of 5577: 5576: 4904:West South Central United States 4024: 4023: 4011: 2851:Canadian Papers in Rural History 2656:"Introduction - Atlantic Canada" 2588: 2574: 2353: 2318: 2210: 1757:area in Nova Scotia, as well as 1695: 1677: 1206: 1194: 804: 176: 48: 5124:Latin America and the Caribbean 4990:Latin America and the Caribbean 3046:Former colonies and territories 2856: 2364:needs additional citations for 1903:Maritime-born shipping magnate 1638:. There was once a significant 1593: 1294:List of cities in New Brunswick 1115: 1013:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 741:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 695:), and other shorelines of the 59:needs additional citations for 2981:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 2843: 2830: 2817: 2763:, Quebec, Septentrion, 456 p. 2743:Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc (2005). 2737: 2707:Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). 2678:Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). 2671: 2662: 2648: 2634: 2417:Progressive Conservative Party 2284: 2176:(divided into the District of 1653:who are mostly descendants of 910:War of the Austrian Succession 13: 1: 2627: 2201: 1874: 869:), the British conducted the 867:War of the Spanish Succession 687:, as well as Île-Saint-Jean ( 4586:Middle East and North Africa 4291:Middle East and North Africa 2325:New Brunswick § Economy 469:began in the Maritimes with 7: 3026:Crown and Indigenous people 2567: 2344: 2044:, founded by Maritime-born 1672:in western New Brunswick. 788:, and it was not until the 609:Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons 504:valley has been uncovered. 10: 5674: 4879:Northeastern United States 3916:Provincial and territorial 3839:Inventions and discoveries 2976:British Canada (1763–1867) 2929: 2864:Canadian Historical Review 2853:, 1992, Vol. 8, pp 195–230 2838:Canadian Historical Review 2550:calls to reform the Senate 2322: 2302: 2291:Nova Scotia § Economy 2288: 1927:) had ended. In the 1870s 1711: 1329: 1287: 1047:American Revolutionary War 1001:Siege of Louisbourg (1758) 829:based around the southern 765:region of the present-day 647:valley in the province of 452: 36: 29: 5572: 5514: 5491: 5458: 5422: 5355: 5249: 5157: 5148: 5077: 4998: 4799: 4603: 4384: 4342: 4251: 4242: 4190: 4147: 4087: 4005: 3969: 3943: 3794: 3710: 3680: 3632: 3623: 3524: 3362: 3298: 3214: 3205: 3175: 3142:Newfoundland and Labrador 3114: 3103: 3009: 2946: 2937: 2511:, cutbacks to provincial 2451:Communist Party of Canada 2335:Saint John, New Brunswick 1879: 1773:valley of New Brunswick. 1347:humid continental climate 1326:in Prince Edward Island. 1276:British North America Act 1230:on border communities in 1148:(and to a lesser degree, 1051:attack on Fort Cumberland 1006:In 1758, the fortress of 987:Expulsion of the Acadians 963:Expulsion of the Acadians 918:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 654: 585:Newfoundland and Labrador 535:. The primarily agrarian 340:Newfoundland and Labrador 284: 267: 257: 249: 241: 236: 228: 223: 213: 187: 175: 153: 32:Maritime (disambiguation) 27:Region of Atlantic Canada 5365:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4364:Transantarctic Mountains 2521:post-secondary education 2459:2009 provincial election 2062:Maritime Rights Movement 1890:Charlottetown Conference 1284:Major population centres 1255:Charlottetown Conference 383:Charlottetown Conference 37:Not to be confused with 5114:Caribbean South America 3076:Persons of significance 3071:National Historic Sites 2771:; Ernest Martin (1936) 2481:Liberal Party of Canada 2333:Pulp and paper mill in 1865:Commonwealth of Nations 1240:British rule in Ireland 1185:Confederate naval ships 1120:In 1820, the Colony of 1038:and then by immigrants 947:St. John River Campaign 412: 4889:Southern United States 4692:Scandinavian Peninsula 2971:New France (1534–1763) 2773: 2759: 2745: 2558:Goods and Services Tax 2509:Goods and Services Tax 2443:Industrial Cape Breton 2413:Premier of Nova Scotia 2337: 2277: 2195:Rupert's Land Act 1868 2180:, and the District of 2056: 2005: 1907: 1896: 1820: 1786:information technology 1726: 1636:Francophone population 1612: 1604: 1342: 1322:in New Brunswick, and 1081:on November 29, 1798. 1040:brought from Yorkshire 1003: 985:The British began the 966: 955:Arcadia, New Brunswick 937:Father Le Loutre's War 898:fortress at Louisbourg 823:Father Le Loutre's War 815:French and Indian Wars 776:In 1654, raiders from 715:, and the present-day 673: 661: 596:Giovanni da Verrazzano 437: 431: 422: 387:Canadian Confederation 159: 5370:Antarctic Convergence 4909:Western United States 3183:Northwest Territories 3086:Territorial evolution 2513:equalization payments 2505:Canadian Forces bases 2501:unemployment benefits 2493:1997 federal election 2455:2004 federal election 2439:members of parliament 2430:In recent years, the 2332: 2275: 2054: 2010:Intercolonial Railway 2000: 1913:British North America 1902: 1887: 1856:equalization payments 1814: 1725:Fredericton City Hall 1724: 1642:speaking population. 1610: 1601: 1584:−1 / −10 1562:−9 / −20 1518:−3 / −12 1496:−3 / −14 1474:−2 / −13 1452:−4 / −15 1337: 1267:British North America 999: 991:Bay of Fundy campaign 971:French and Indian War 945: 861:. In the second war, 729:Sir William Alexander 727:Acadia to Scotland's 420: 286: • Summer ( 253:15/km (38/sq mi) 4431:Greater Central Asia 3157:Prince Edward Island 2731:10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm 2658:. February 12, 2010. 2435:New Democratic Party 2373:improve this article 2312:Anne of Green Gables 2299:Prince Edward Island 2234:improve this section 2186:Hudson's Bay Company 2166:hydro-electric power 1841:Confederation Bridge 1778:Gulf of St. Lawrence 1732:Trenton, Nova Scotia 1587:30 / 14 1578:26 / 14 1565:16 / −4 1556:23 / 10 1543:34 / 19 1534:21 / 12 1521:27 / 10 1512:23 / 14 1509:Prince Edward Island 1490:24 / 13 1468:22 / 11 1446:25 / 13 1433:30 / 16 1430:−1 / −9 1424:23 / 12 1411:32 / 18 1402:23 / 14 1339:Köppen climate types 1079:Prince Edward Island 1036:New England Planters 927:was founded and the 890:Gulf of St. Lawrence 857:, were conducted by 851:Raid on Salmon Falls 841:. In the first war, 839:Wabanaki Confederacy 827:Iroquois Confederacy 767:Isthmus of Chignecto 697:Gulf of St. Lawrence 689:Prince Edward Island 490:Laurentian tradition 463:Wisconsin glaciation 359:Gulf of St. Lawrence 336:Prince Edward Island 322:consisting of three 250: • Density 205:Prince Edward Island 68:improve this article 5615: / 5582:Continents of Earth 5109:Brazilian Highlands 4513:Indian subcontinent 4374:Antarctic Peninsula 4172:Southern Hemisphere 4167:Northern Hemisphere 3512:Firearms regulation 2644:. February 9, 2022. 2533:Canadian Parliament 2017:, Britain, and the 1815:Peakes Quay on the 1663:Black Nova Scotians 1581:79 / 57 1559:73 / 50 1540:1 / −7 1537:70 / 54 1515:73 / 57 1499:27 / 7 1493:75 / 55 1477:28 / 9 1471:72 / 52 1455:25 / 5 1449:77 / 55 1427:73 / 54 1408:0 / −8 1405:73 / 57 1370: 1130:Highland Clearances 1026:American Revolution 914:Siege of Louisbourg 821:(Dummer's War) and 613:Samuel de Champlain 5397:Great Barrier Reef 5018:Mainland Australia 4182:Western Hemisphere 4157:Eastern Hemisphere 3693:Population centres 2472:. However, in the 2338: 2278: 2174:Province of Canada 2090:Cape Breton County 2057: 2006: 1943:Reputed Golden Age 1925:Reciprocity Treaty 1908: 1897: 1861:Cape Breton Island 1821: 1806:continental margin 1727: 1620:Scottish Canadians 1613: 1605: 1368: 1343: 1263:Province of Canada 1236:Fenian Brotherhood 1157:American Civil War 1138:Great Irish Famine 1122:Cape Breton Island 1004: 979:Conquest of Acadia 967: 894:St. Lawrence River 871:Conquest of Acadia 843:King William's War 693:Cape Breton Island 645:St. Lawrence River 621:Saint Croix Island 581:L'Anse aux Meadows 423: 391:Dominion of Canada 377:. The notion of a 349:Located along the 312:Maritime provinces 310:, also called the 242: • Total 229: • Total 18:Maritime provinces 5653:Regions of Canada 5598: 5597: 5478:Mediterranean Rim 5351: 5350: 5290:Mediterranean Sea 5144: 5143: 5097:Amazon Rainforest 4919:Canadian Prairies 4884:Pacific Northwest 4745:Iberian Peninsula 4721:Italian Peninsula 4530:Arabian Peninsula 4357:Antarctic Plateau 4117:Three/Four Worlds 4039: 4038: 4018:Canada portal 3939: 3938: 3706: 3705: 3520: 3519: 3475:Political parties 3443:Foreign relations 3358: 3357: 3245:Canadian Prairies 3235:Pacific Northwest 3201: 3200: 3099: 3098: 3056:Foreign relations 2722:978-1-4875-1676-5 2699:978-0-919107-44-1 2560:, Prime Minister 2526:Diefenbaker sweep 2495:, Prime Minister 2489:Acadian Peninsula 2432:social democratic 2405: 2404: 2397: 2270: 2269: 2262: 1929:John A. Macdonald 1905:Sir Samuel Cunard 1888:Delegates of the 1628:English Canadians 1591: 1590: 1173:Confederate South 906:King George's War 855:Raid on Chignecto 819:Father Rale's War 799:Mississippi River 731:, who renamed it 623:, later moved to 594:(John Cabot) and 486:rising sea levels 305: 304: 144: 143: 136: 118: 16:(Redirected from 5665: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5580: 5579: 5559:Global Southwest 5554:Global Southeast 5544:Global Northwest 5539:Global Northeast 5529:Global Heartland 5473:Indian Ocean Rim 5155: 5154: 5047:Island Melanesia 4733:Balkan Peninsula 4508:Himalayan states 4455:Russian Far East 4249: 4248: 4177:Water Hemisphere 4066: 4059: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4015: 4014: 3880: 3879: 3723:Higher education 3630: 3629: 3615:Science and tech 3502:Multiculturalism 3456: 3455: 3438:Local government 3403:House of Commons 3387:Governor General 3223: 3212: 3211: 3127:British Columbia 3112: 3111: 2966:Pre-colonization 2944: 2943: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2799: 2793: 2776: 2762: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2703: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2622:Maritime Archaic 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2582:Geography portal 2579: 2578: 2577: 2541:Senate of Canada 2421:Robert Stanfield 2400: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2357: 2349: 2276:Halifax Shipyard 2265: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2214: 2206: 2160:The traditional 2147:Annapolis Valley 1984:Second World War 1960:Economic decline 1894:Government House 1892:on the steps of 1829:arterial highway 1771:Saint John River 1747:Annapolis Valley 1699: 1681: 1371: 1367: 1341:of the Maritimes 1310:in Nova Scotia, 1210: 1198: 1165:Confederate Army 1144:heritages, with 1032:Seven Years' War 1020:Halifax Treaties 975:Seven Years' War 875:Maliseet militia 863:Queen Anne's War 833:and west of the 771:Saint John River 678: 666: 567:European contact 502:Saint John River 440: 434: 291: 180: 170: 162: 151: 150: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5658:Atlantic Canada 5633: 5632: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5594: 5568: 5510: 5487: 5454: 5418: 5347: 5336:South China Sea 5245: 5188:Central America 5140: 5073: 4994: 4946:Northern Mexico 4934:Northern Canada 4914:Atlantic Canada 4869:Mountain states 4795: 4650:European Russia 4643:Southern Russia 4599: 4552:Iranian Plateau 4380: 4369:West Antarctica 4352:East Antarctica 4338: 4238: 4186: 4162:Land Hemisphere 4143: 4083: 4070: 4040: 4035: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3965: 3935: 3878: 3790: 3781:Social programs 3747:Law enforcement 3702: 3676: 3619: 3516: 3454: 3354: 3294: 3281:Atlantic Canada 3259:Canadian Shield 3254:Northern Canada 3221: 3220: 3197: 3171: 3107:and territories 3106: 3095: 3005: 2952: 2933: 2928: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2742: 2738: 2723: 2704: 2700: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2617:Maritime Quebec 2594: 2589: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2485:interventionist 2401: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2370: 2358: 2347: 2327: 2321: 2307: 2301: 2293: 2287: 2266: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2231: 2215: 2204: 1980:First World War 1976:Long Depression 1962: 1945: 1933:National Policy 1882: 1877: 1755:Strait of Canso 1719: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1655:Black Loyalists 1651:Black Canadians 1644:Helen Creighton 1640:Canadian Gaelic 1624:Irish Canadians 1596: 1332: 1300: 1288:Main articles: 1286: 1238:seeking to end 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1146:Scottish Gaelic 1118: 1074:Treaty of Paris 1055:Fort Beauséjour 1028: 883:Mi'kmaw militia 859:Benjamin Church 847:Nine Years' War 807: 790:Treaty of Breda 786:Oliver Cromwell 782:Annapolis Basin 747:Annapolis Royal 713:Gaspé Peninsula 699:in present-day 691:), Île-Royale ( 657: 629:Annapolis Royal 605:Jacques Cartier 592:Giovanni Caboto 569: 494:Archaic Indians 455: 415: 385:contributed to 371:Gaspé Peninsula 344:Atlantic Canada 285: 209: 183: 171: 164: 156: 149: 140: 129: 123: 120: 83:"The Maritimes" 77: 75: 65: 53: 42: 39:Atlantic Canada 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5671: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:Eastern Canada 5645: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5590:Physical Earth 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5429: 5427: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5402:Mariana Trench 5399: 5389: 5384: 5382:Atlantic Ocean 5379: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5361: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5343:Southern Ocean 5340: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5331:East China Sea 5323: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5265:Atlantic Ocean 5262: 5256: 5254: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5069:Remote Oceania 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4939:Western Canada 4936: 4931: 4929:Eastern Canada 4926: 4924:Central Canada 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4708: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4638:South Caucasus 4635: 4633:North Caucasus 4625: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4540:South Caucasus 4532: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4409:Aralkum Desert 4406: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4200:Africa-Eurasia 4196: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4021: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3982:Historiography 3979: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3698:Municipalities 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3610:Transportation 3607: 3602: 3597: 3595:Stock exchange 3592: 3591: 3590: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3563:Communications 3560: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3409:Prime Minister 3406: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3330:National Parks 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3276:Eastern Canada 3273: 3272: 3271: 3264:Central Canada 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3230:Western Canada 3226: 3224: 3222:(west to east) 3209: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3021:Constitutional 3017: 3015: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2874:External links 2872: 2869: 2868: 2855: 2842: 2829: 2816: 2794: 2790:online excerpt 2736: 2721: 2698: 2670: 2661: 2647: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2585: 2569: 2566: 2562:Brian Mulroney 2487:policies. The 2403: 2402: 2361: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2323:Main article: 2320: 2317: 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2289:Main article: 2286: 2283: 2268: 2267: 2250:September 2017 2218: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2162:staples thesis 1988:Central Canada 1974:of the global 1961: 1958: 1944: 1941: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1837:Canso Causeway 1769:and the upper 1718: 1717:Present status 1715: 1713: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1331: 1328: 1285: 1282: 1248:Maritime Union 1218: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1204: 1201:Charles Tupper 1200: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1169:Unionist North 1117: 1114: 1108:, an American 1030:Following the 1027: 1024: 879:Acadia militia 806: 803: 656: 653: 633:Roanoke Colony 583:settlement in 568: 565: 541:Allagash River 492:started among 454: 451: 447:Atlantic Ocean 414: 411: 379:Maritime Union 320:Eastern Canada 303: 302: 292: 282: 281: 271: 265: 264: 261: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 208: 207: 202: 197: 191: 189: 185: 184: 181: 173: 172: 157: 154: 147: 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5670: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643:The Maritimes 5641: 5640: 5638: 5631: 5628: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5392:Pacific Ocean 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5326:Pacific Ocean 5324: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5280:Caribbean Sea 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5222:by population 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5195:South America 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5178:North America 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5129:Southern Cone 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104:Andean States 5102: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5079:South America 5076: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4801:North America 4798: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Low Countries 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4740:South-western 4738: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4728:South-eastern 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4706:Mediterranean 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4672:British Isles 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4569:Levantine Sea 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4261:Mediterranean 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4032: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4008: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:Protectionism 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3539:Dairy farming 3537: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3426:Supreme Court 3424: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3287: 3286:The Maritimes 3284: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3137:New Brunswick 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3102: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3041:First Nations 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2787:0-393-05135-8 2784: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2769:2-89448-513-1 2766: 2761: 2756: 2755:1-897214-02-2 2752: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2665: 2657: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2596:Canada portal 2586: 2583: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497:Jean Chrétien 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2474:2015 election 2471: 2470:2011 election 2467: 2466:1993 election 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2399: 2396: 2388: 2385:February 2008 2378: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2362:This section 2360: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2319:New Brunswick 2316: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2274: 2264: 2261: 2253: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2219:This section 2217: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2190:Rupert's Land 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2151:Eastern Shore 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2106:Pictou County 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072:Montreal and 2070: 2066: 2063: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2046:Samuel Cunard 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1971:Richard Caves 1966: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Confederation 1914: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1852:welfare state 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1817:Charlottetown 1813: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:Pictou County 1735: 1733: 1723: 1704: 1698: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1600: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1553:New Brunswick 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505:Charlottetown 1503: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487:New Brunswick 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1465:New Brunswick 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443:New Brunswick 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389:January (°F) 1388: 1386:January (°C) 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1325: 1324:Charlottetown 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:New Brunswick 1229: 1209: 1197: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136:escaping the 1135: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1059:Jonathan Eddy 1056: 1053:(the renamed 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1002: 998: 994: 992: 988: 983: 980: 976: 972: 964: 960: 959:Thomas Davies 956: 953:(present day 952: 948: 944: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 805:Colonial wars 802: 800: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 769:, and in the 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 742: 736: 734: 730: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685:New Brunswick 682: 677: 676: 670: 665: 664: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:St. Augustine 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 545:Passamaquoddy 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:New Hampshire 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 498:burial mounds 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:Middle Period 478: 476: 472: 471:Paleo-Indians 468: 467:First Nations 464: 460: 450: 448: 444: 439: 433: 429:; from Latin 428: 419: 410: 408: 404: 403:Passamaquoddy 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:Gulf of Maine 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 328:New Brunswick 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:The Maritimes 300: 296: 293: 289: 283: 279: 275: 272: 270: 266: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 231: 227: 222: 219: 216: 214:Largest metro 212: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 195:New Brunswick 193: 192: 190: 186: 179: 174: 168: 161: 160:Les Maritimes 155:The Maritimes 152: 146: 138: 135: 127: 124:November 2008 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 5600: 5588: / 5586:List of seas 5584: / 5549:Global South 5534:Global North 5468:Atlantic Rim 5407:Ring of Fire 5387:Indian Ocean 5377:Arctic Ocean 5319:Persian Gulf 5314:Indian Ocean 5295:Adriatic Sea 5260:Arctic Ocean 5092:Amazon Basin 5087:Amazon Plain 5059:Near Oceania 4859:Mid-Atlantic 4809:Aridoamerica 4769:Northwestern 4682:Northwestern 4655:Southeastern 4547:Greater Iran 4486:Southeastern 4481:Pacific Asia 4450:Pacific Asia 4438:Northeastern 4394:Asia–Pacific 4137:Fourth World 4127:Second World 4028: 4009: 3977:Bibliography 3899:Coat of arms 3883: 3804:Architecture 3774:Homelessness 3625:Demographics 3544:Floriculture 3480:Human rights 3459: 3448:Peacekeeping 3377:Constitution 3299: 3285: 3240:Great Plains 3215: 3167:Saskatchewan 3010: 2954: 2947: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2845: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2807:. Retrieved 2797: 2778: 2739: 2712: 2684: 2673: 2664: 2650: 2636: 2603: 2554: 2546:Constitution 2538: 2530: 2478: 2463: 2429: 2415:and federal 2406: 2391: 2382: 2371:Please help 2366:verification 2363: 2339: 2310: 2308: 2294: 2279: 2256: 2247: 2232:Please help 2220: 2193: 2170: 2159: 2155: 2114: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2030:shipbuilding 2023: 2007: 1967: 1963: 1946: 1909: 1869:CFB Gagetown 1849: 1845: 1833:branch lines 1827:and ongoing 1822: 1797:Sable Island 1790: 1782:Bay of Fundy 1775: 1736: 1728: 1667: 1648: 1617: 1614: 1603:Anglophones. 1594:Demographics 1359:microclimate 1344: 1301: 1274: 1259:Crown colony 1252: 1228:Fenian raids 1224: 1154: 1150:Irish Gaelic 1126: 1119: 1116:19th century 1112:in Halifax. 1104: 1083: 1063: 1044: 1029: 1017: 1005: 984: 968: 950: 922: 887: 835:Hudson River 808: 775: 739: 737: 732: 725: 701:Newfoundland 669:Bay of Fundy 658: 589: 570: 557:Newfoundland 553:Cabot Strait 549:Bay of Fundy 508: 506: 489: 481: 479: 475:Early Period 474: 456: 442: 426: 424: 375:Newfoundland 348: 311: 307: 306: 145: 130: 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 5622: / 5564:Global West 5524:Global East 5483:Pacific Rim 5425:waterbodies 5414:World Ocean 5239:New Zealand 5119:The Guianas 5008:Australasia 4951:West Indies 4874:New England 4854:Great Lakes 4824:Mesoamerica 4711:Middle East 4687:Scandinavia 4576:Middle East 4414:Caspian Sea 4320:Great Lakes 4300:Sub-Saharan 4286:Middle East 4149:Hemispheres 4132:Third World 4122:First World 4075:'s primary 3859:Individuals 3667:2021 Census 3652:Immigration 3534:Agriculture 3495:Transgender 3335:Great Lakes 3315:Earthquakes 3269:Great Lakes 3176:Territories 3147:Nova Scotia 3066:Monarchical 3051:Immigration 2809:October 24, 2517:health care 2425:Dalton Camp 2285:Nova Scotia 2182:Canada West 2178:Canada East 2139:Cape Breton 2122:Campbellton 2094:Bridgewater 2042:Cunard Line 2040:. Even the 2015:New England 1949:Nova Scotia 1801:Natural gas 1767:North Shore 1751:South Shore 1575:Nova Scotia 1549:Campbellton 1531:Nova Scotia 1439:Fredericton 1421:Nova Scotia 1399:Nova Scotia 1320:Fredericton 1308:Cape Breton 1271:Quebec City 1244:Home Office 1213:Joseph Howe 1155:During the 1086:War of 1812 831:Great Lakes 778:New England 733:Nova Scotia 721:Grand Banks 681:Nova Scotia 601:Diogo Homem 509:Late Period 473:during the 363:New England 332:Nova Scotia 200:Nova Scotia 188:Composition 5637:Categories 5305:Ionian Sea 5300:Aegean Sea 5270:Baltic Sea 5202:Antarctica 5054:Micronesia 5023:New Guinea 4981:Portuguese 4899:West Coast 4849:East Coast 4844:Bible Belt 4839:Appalachia 4518:Subregions 4426:Inner Asia 4344:Antarctica 4244:Continents 4217:Antarctica 4192:Landmasses 4102:Down Under 4097:Arab World 4081:subregions 3987:Historians 3844:Literature 3757:Corruption 3740:Euthanasia 3730:Healthcare 3672:Population 3394:Parliament 3364:Government 3001:since 1982 2825:Acadiensis 2628:References 2605:Acadiensis 2202:Industries 2118:Edmundston 2110:Summerside 2026:steamships 1992:C. D. Howe 1953:tall ships 1921:free trade 1875:Historical 1819:waterfront 1765:area, the 1759:Summerside 1753:, and the 1649:There are 1571:Greenwood 1461:Saint John 1383:July (°F) 1380:July (°C) 1316:Saint John 1181:Royal Navy 1177:Union Navy 1105:Chesapeake 1094:privateers 1090:Royal Navy 929:Royal Navy 902:privateers 795:New France 763:Beaubassin 641:New France 625:Port Royal 515:-speaking 513:Algonquian 427:of the sea 237:Population 94:newspapers 5619:46°N 64°W 5501:Antarctic 5285:Irish Sea 5275:Black Sea 5234:Australia 5183:Caribbean 5160:continent 5134:Patagonia 5064:Polynesia 5042:Melanesia 5035:Zealandia 5013:Australia 4894:Southwest 4814:Caribbean 4591:Near East 4232:submerged 4227:Zealandia 4222:Australia 4112:Old World 4107:New World 3762:Terrorism 3718:Education 3657:Languages 3645:Ethnicity 3640:Canadians 3588:Petroleum 3568:Companies 3470:Elections 3350:Volcanism 3325:Mountains 3207:Geography 3115:Provinces 3105:Provinces 3036:Etymology 2996:1960–1981 2991:1945–1960 2949:Year list 2221:does not 2134:Miramichi 2126:Dalhousie 2098:Kentville 2019:Caribbean 1793:petroleum 1763:Miramichi 1377:Province 1374:Location 1363:subarctic 1070:Shelburne 989:with the 813:(see the 755:Normandie 717:Côte-Nord 637:Jamestown 443:Maritimes 432:maritimus 324:provinces 269:Time zone 263:Maritimer 245:1,899,324 5028:Tasmania 4976:Hispanic 4834:Northern 4781:Germanic 4759:Atlantic 4701:Southern 4662:Northern 4628:Caucasus 4564:Dead Sea 4535:Caucasus 4503:Southern 4496:Maritime 4491:Mainland 4464:Northern 4445:Far East 4404:Aral Sea 4327:Southern 4271:Northern 4030:Category 3970:Research 3944:Contents 3926:Heraldic 3834:Identity 3829:Holidays 3824:Folklore 3735:Abortion 3662:Religion 3600:Taxation 3507:Cannabis 3485:Intersex 3461:Politics 3433:Military 3345:Wildlife 3132:Manitoba 3061:Military 3031:Economic 2956:timeline 2568:See also 2409:Red Tory 2345:Politics 2130:Bathurst 2102:Yarmouth 2038:Montreal 2034:New York 2002:Yarmouth 1990:such as 1839:and the 1749:and the 1670:Maliseet 1632:Acadians 1527:Yarmouth 1352:Yarmouth 1066:Loyalist 801:valley. 751:Brittany 705:Labrador 563:Nation. 537:Maliseet 399:Maliseet 351:Atlantic 295:UTC−3:00 274:UTC−4:00 5624:46; -64 5229:Oceania 5217:by area 5173:America 5150:Islands 5000:Oceania 4864:Midwest 4819:Central 4786:Romance 4754:Western 4623:Balkans 4618:Eastern 4613:Central 4581:Mashriq 4525:Western 4469:Siberia 4421:Eastern 4399:Central 4332:Western 4305:Central 4281:Mashriq 4276:Maghreb 4266:Saharan 4212:America 4205:Eurasia 4077:regions 3997:Surveys 3992:Studies 3956:Outline 3931:Tartans 3885:Symbols 3874:Theatre 3819:Cuisine 3796:Culture 3769:Poverty 3711:Society 3605:Tourism 3578:Fishing 3551:Banking 3526:Economy 3382:Monarch 3320:Islands 3217:Regions 3188:Nunavut 3152:Ontario 3122:Alberta 2939:History 2705:• 2690:105–106 2419:leader 2242:removed 2227:sources 2086:Halifax 2082:Ontario 2074:Toronto 2004:in 1910 1937:tariffs 1825:freeway 1712:Economy 1483:Moncton 1395:Halifax 1356:oceanic 1330:Climate 1312:Moncton 1304:Halifax 1234:by the 1110:frigate 933:citadel 925:Halifax 675:Acadien 577:Vinland 561:Beothuk 521:Vermont 517:Abenaki 453:History 407:Acadian 395:Mi'kmaq 314:, is a 259:Demonym 218:Halifax 108:scholar 5516:Global 5506:Arctic 5445:Rivers 5423:Other 5357:Oceans 5212:Europe 5168:Africa 4961:French 4829:Middle 4791:Slavic 4776:Celtic 4677:Nordic 4667:Baltic 4605:Europe 4559:Levant 4253:Africa 4089:Worlds 3894:Anthem 3869:Sports 3814:Cinema 3786:Values 3633:Topics 3573:Energy 3556:Dollar 3421:Courts 3398:Senate 3340:Rivers 3310:Cities 3301:Topics 3162:Quebec 3081:Racism 3012:Topics 2931:Canada 2785: 2767: 2753: 2729: 2719: 2696: 2143:Pictou 2132:, and 2104:, and 2078:Quebec 1880:Growth 1745:, the 1630:, and 1417:Sydney 1318:, and 1296:, and 1278:, 1867 1261:, the 1175:. The 1142:Celtic 811:Acadia 759:Vienne 757:, and 709:Quebec 707:, and 663:Acadie 655:Acadia 649:Quebec 573:Viking 527:, and 393:. 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