459:
addressed the
Oxbridge MA issue, noting that "the MAs granted by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are not academic qualifications". The first "framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland", also published in January 2001, used the same qualifications descriptors, adding in credit values that specified that a stand-alone master should be 180 credits and a "Masters (following an integrated programme from undergraduate to Masters level study)" should be 600 credits with a minimum of 120 at M-level. It was specified that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met the learning outcomes and credit definitions, although it was noted that "A small number of universities in Scotland have a long tradition of labelling certain first degrees as 'MA'. Reports of Agency reviews of such provision will relate to undergraduate benchmarks and will make it clear that the title reflects Scottish custom and practice, and that any positive judgement on standards should not be taken as implying that the outcomes of the programme were at postgraduate level."
1166:(drs.) may be rendered, if obtained in the Netherlands from a university, after the application of the Bologna process, as: MSc instead of ir., LLM instead of mr. and MA or MSc instead of drs. This is because a single program that led to these degree was in effect before 2002, which comprised the same course load as the bachelor and master programs put together. Those who had already started the program could, upon completing it, bear the appropriate title (MSc, LLM or MA), but alternatively still use the old-style title (ir., mr. or drs.), corresponding to their field of study. Since these graduates do not have a separate bachelor's degree (which is – in retrospect – incorporated into the program), the master's degree is their first academic degree. Bearers of foreign master's degree can use the titles ir., mr. and drs. only after obtaining a permission to bear such titles from the Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs. Those who received their mr., ir. or drs. title after the application of the Bologna process have the option of signing as
1189:, a master's degree can be obtained when completing a two-year study at university (120 ECTS), although there also exist some master's studies which only require 1 year of education (60 ECTS). This discrepancy has various reasons, but the main cause is the transition from the pre-Bologna Process degrees. Degrees like industrial engineering were previously not obtained through university and only took one year, but got transferred to universities, hence why the master's degree for industrial engineering only takes one year at university currently. Similar situations arose for other one-year degrees obtained before 2013 and are therefore now converted to master's degrees through a special certificate. Other master's degrees, such as the degrees from the faculty of Arts and Literature are historically only one year, just like they were before the Bologna Process ratification. Master's degrees for medicine take 3 years to be completed. The situation for the
1042:(EHEA) are moving to a three-cycle (bachelor's - master's - doctorate) system of degrees. Two-thirds of EHEA countries have standardised on 120 ECTS credits for their second-cycle (master's) degrees, but 90 ECTS credits is the main form in Cyprus, Ireland and Scotland and 60-75 credits in Montenegro, Serbia and Spain. The combined length of the first and second cycle varies from "3 + 1" years (240 ECTS credits), through "3 + 2" or "4 + 1" years (300 ECTS credits), to "4 + 2" years (360 ECTS credits). As of 2015, 31 EHEA countries have integrated programmes that combine the first and second cycle and lead to a second-cycle qualification (e.g. the UK integrated master's degree), particularly in STEM subjects and subjects allied to medicine. These typically have a duration of 300 – 360 ECTS credits (five to six years), with the integrated master's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland being the shortest at 240 ECTS credits (four years).
356:. The idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the automatic master's degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK. In the 1960s, new Scottish universities (except for Dundee, which inherited the undergraduate MA from St Andrews) reintroduced the BA as their undergraduate degree in arts, restoring the MA to its position as a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their MAs, but renamed many of their postgraduate bachelor's degrees in the higher faculties as master's degrees, e.g. the Cambridge LLB became the LLM in 1982, and the Oxford BLitt, BPhil (except in philosophy) and BSc became the MLitt, MPhil and MSc.
1260:. The educational programmes allow students to be mobile within the system, for example one semester may be taken in a confederate school without paying additional membership or tuition fees. Subsequently, after passing the qualifications provided, people may procure teaching qualifications and continue their scholastic research around doctoral studies, or carry on studying within their career in the private or public sector. Graduates of the program, within the Baltic Sea area are also given the chance to continue onwards with their studies within the postgraduate system if they have studied the social sciences or humanities field.
307:
Science, along with the
Bachelor of Natural Science, to stand alongside the MA and BA degrees and be awarded to students who took their degrees in the honours school of natural sciences. In 1879 a statute to actually establish the faculty of Natural Sciences at Oxford was promulgated, but in 1880 a proposal to rename the degree as a Master of Science was rejected along with a proposal to grant Masters of Natural Sciences a Master of Arts degree, in order to make them full members of the university. This scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science.
824:. Research master's degrees typically take one to two years, and at least two-thirds of their content consists of research, research training and independent study. Coursework master's degrees typically also last one to two years, and consist mainly of structured learning with some independent research and project work or practice-related learning. Extended master's degrees typically take three to four years and contain significant practice-related learning that must be developed in collaboration with relevant professional, statutory or regulatory bodies.
33:
1320:) which is available after a four-year bachelor or a five-year specialist course. A graduate may choose a master course completely different from his/her previous one. During these two years master students attend specialized lectures in chosen profile, choose a faculty advisor and prepare their master thesis which is eventually defended before certifying commission consisting mostly of professors, leading by the professor from another university.
1506:
1385:
805:. Research master's degrees in the US (e.g., M.A./A.M. or M.S.) require the completion of taught courses and examinations in a major and one or more minor subjects, as well as (normally) a research thesis. Professional master's degrees may be structured like research master's (e.g., M.E./M.Eng.) or may concentrate on a specific discipline (e.g., M.B.A.) and often substitute a project for the thesis.
910:
between one calendar year and two academic years, with at least one academic year of study at master's level. The
Framework for Higher Education Qualification (FHEQ) in England Wales and Northern Ireland level 7 qualifications and the Framework for Qualification of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS) level 11 qualifications (postgraduate and integrated master's degrees, except for
1088:) takes two years and is worth 120 ECTS credits. The two years are often called the master 1 (M1) and master 2 (M2), following the Bologna Process. Depending on the goal of the student (a doctorate or a professional career) the master can also be called a "Master Recherche" (research master) or a "Master Professionnel" (professional master), each with different requirements.
1589:, M.Phil/MPhil/Master of Philosophy is the most advanced master's degree and usually includes both a taught portion and a research portion which requires candidates to complete an extensive original research for their thesis. Regardless of subject, students in all faculties (including sciences, arts, humanities and social sciences) may be awarded the Master of Philosophy.
789:) are designed to prepare students for a particular professional career and are primarily taught, although they may include work placements and independent study projects. Some may require professional experience for entry. Examples include MBA, MDiv, LLM and MSW as well as some integrated master's degrees. The name of the degree normally includes the subject name.
294:
MS was last awarded in 1876. In
Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. When London introduced its Faculty of Sciences in 1858, the university was granted a new charter giving it the power "to confer the several Degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor, in Arts, Laws, Science, Medicine, Music", but the degrees it awarded in science were the
953:. Students may also have to provide evidence of their ability to successfully pursue a postgraduate degree to be accepted into a taught master's course, and possibly higher for a research master's. Graduate schools in the US similarly require strong undergraduate performance, and may require students to take one or more standardised tests, such as the
1346:(Engineer) are also equivalent to master's degrees. They were integrated programmes of study that combined first and second cycles and led to a second cycle qualification. The Spanish government issued a royal decree in 2014 establishing the official equivalences between the Spanish pre-Bologna degrees and the
1943:
Tuition is less expensive than would be the case in North
America, costing as little as US$ 5000 for an M.B.A. As an incentive designed to increase foreign student numbers, the government and universities of Taiwan have redoubled their efforts to make a range of high-quality scholarships available in
1849:
In Nepal, after completing a bachelor's degree, students must spend at least three or four years studying full-time in college and university, with an entrance test for those who wish to pursue master's, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees. All doctoral and Ph.D. degrees, as well as third cycle degrees, are
1840:
awards a non-thesis M.Eng. There also exists "a direct track" doctorate degree, which lasts four to five years. Taking this route, students prepare a preliminary research paper during their first year, after which they must pass an exam before being allowed to proceed, at which point they are awarded
909:
credits, with a minimum requirement of at least 60 ECTS credits at second-cycle level. The definition of ECTS credits is that "60 ECTS credits are allocated to the learning outcomes and associated workload of a full-time academic year or its equivalent", thus
European master's degrees should last for
344:
criticised the practice of Oxford and
Cambridge, calling their MAs "the most stupendous of academic frauds" and "bogus degrees". Ensuing correspondence pointed out that "A Scotch M.A., at the most, is only the equivalent of an English B.A." and called for common standards for degrees, while defenders
1457:
post-graduation) programs. At the Master's program there are 2–3 years of graduate-level studies. Usually focused on academic research, the Master's Degree requires, on any specific knowledge area, the development of a thesis to be presented and defended before a board of professors after the period
293:
Probably the most important master's degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of
Science (MS in the US, MSc in the UK). At the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858: "in course", first awarded in 1859, and "on examination", first awarded in 1862. The "in course"
238:
that "In
England the Universities conferred degrees after a considerable period of residence, after much labour performed, and if they were not in all respects so rigorous as the statutes of the Universities required, nevertheless it could not be said, that Masters of Arts were created at Oxford and
193:
was awarded to BA graduates of a certain standing without further examination from the late 17th century, its main purpose being to confer full membership of the university. At
Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the master's degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835
1247:
there is a two-year education program that offers a chance to gain a master's degree in interdisciplinary issues. The system offers an education in different areas, such as humanities, environmental and social issues, whilst paying specific consideration to the Baltic Sea area. It is a joint-degree
1066:
system, which is worth 60 ECTS credits and is taught part-time. The candidatus degree is abbreviated cand. and upon completion of, for instance, an engineering master's degree, a person becomes cand.polyt. (polytechnical). Similar abbreviations, inspired by Latin, apply to a large number of fields,
893:
in a related field, with an extra six months if following on straight from an ordinary bachelor's degree and another extra six months if following on from a degree in a different field, to four years for an "extended" master's degree. At some Australian universities, the master's degree may take up
458:
rather than as master's degrees, but confirmed that the extended undergraduate degrees were master's degrees, saying that "Some Masters degrees in science and engineering are awarded after extended undergraduate programmes that last, typically, a year longer than Honours degree programmes". It also
2626:
The M.A. degree at Oxford and Cambridge had degenerated, and was granted to Bachelors of three years' standing on the payment of certain fees. At Durham the B.A. had to keep residence for three extra terms, and to pass what seems have been an honours examination in order to proceed to the Master's
2142:
directly admits that the incorrectly missing apostrophe used to be more widespread in publications of this and therefore presumably other Australian universities: "Note that both 'bachelor's degree' and 'master's degree', when used in a generic sense, require an apostrophe. While some dislike this
1131:(a three-year undergraduate degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree). In particular fields, namely law, pharmacy and medicine, this distinction is not made. University courses are therefore single and last five to six years, after which the master's degree is awarded (in this case referred to as
873:
In the UK, postgraduate master's degrees typically take one to two years full-time or two to four years part-time. Master's degrees may be classified as either "research" or "taught", with taught degrees (those where research makes up less than half of the volume of work) being further subdivided
566:
The form "Master in ..." is also sometimes used, particularly where a faculty title is used for an integrated master's degree in addition to its use in a traditional postgraduate master's degree, e.g. Master in Science (MSci) and Master in Arts (MArts). This form is also sometimes used with other
306:
suggested that Durham should award master's degrees in theology and science (with the suggested abbreviations MT and MS, contrary to later British practice of using MTh or MTheol and MSc for these degrees), but its recommendations were not enacted. In 1877, Oxford introduced the Master of Natural
713:
disciplines, with the most common degrees being MEng, MSci and MChem. 82% of respondents conferred only a master's degree for the course, while 9% conferred a bachelor's degree at the end of the bachelor's-level stage and a master's degree at the end of the course and a further 9% conferred both
445:
announced the results of a survey of 150 major employers showing nearly two thirds mistakenly thought the Cambridge MA was a postgraduate qualification and just over half made the same error regarding the Edinburgh MA, with QAA chief executive John Randall calling the Oxbridge MA "misleading and
492:
credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the integrated master's degrees and one-year master's degrees in the UK. However, the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and the Framework for Qualifications of Higher
449:
The QAA released the first "framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" in January 2001. This specified learning outcomes for M-level (master's) degrees and advised that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met those learning
136:
should be allowed to teach freely in any other university. The original meaning of the master's degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank (degree) of master (i.e. teacher) in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became
250:, which was only empowered by its charter to grant degrees by examination. However, by the middle of the century the MA as an examined second degree was again under threat, with Durham moving to awarding it automatically to those who gained honours in the BA in 1857, along the lines of the
143:(licence to teach). Originally, masters and doctors were not distinguished, but by the 15th century it had become customary in the English universities to refer to the teachers in the lower faculties (arts and grammar) as masters and those in the higher faculties as doctors. Initially, the
1067:
e.g.: sociology (cand.scient.soc), economics (cand.merc., cand.polit. or cand.oecon), law (cand.jur), humanities (cand.mag) etc. Use of a cand. title requires a master's degree. Holders of a cand. degree are also entitled to use M.Sc. or M.A. titles, depending on the field of study. In
254:, and Edinburgh following the other Scottish universities in awarding the MA as its first degree, in place of the BA, from 1858. At the same time, new universities were being established around the then British Empire along the lines of London, including examinations for the MA: the
289:
as the terminal degree. Sometimes it was possible to earn an MA either by examination or by seniority in the same institution; for example, in Michigan the "in course" MA was introduced in 1848 and was last awarded in 1882, while the "on examination" MA was introduced in 1859.
2762:
1458:
of research. Conversely, the Specialization Degree, also comprehends a 1–2 years studies, but does not require a new thesis to be proposed and defended, being usually attended by professionals looking for complementary training on a specific area of their knowledge.
1488:) requires physical attendance. In Brazil, the degree often serves as additional qualification for those seeking to differentiate themselves in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a Ph.D. It corresponds to the European (Bologna Process) 2nd Cycle or the
507:
Master's degrees are commonly titled using the form 'Master of ...', where either a faculty (typically Arts or Science) or a field (Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Business Administration, etc.) is specified. The two most common titles of master's degrees are the
1219:
were awarded after a minimum of four years of university studies and a successful defence of a written thesis and are considered equivalent to the master's degree. After the completion of that first cycle of the pre-Bologna higher education, the students obtained
778:
master's degrees are primarily taught degrees, although commonly at least a third of the course is devoted to a research project assessed by dissertation. These may be stand-alone master's courses, leading to, e.g., MSc, MA or MRes degrees, or integrated master's
338:(which, at the time in the UK involved further study beyond the ordinary degree, as it still does in Scotland and some Commonwealth countries); and master's degrees that could only be obtained by further study (including all London master's degrees). In 1903, the
345:
of the ancient universities said that "the Cambridge M.A. does not pretend to be a reward of learning" and that "it is rather absurd to describe one of their degrees as a bogus one because other modern Universities grant the same degree for different reasons".
2151:(the UK standard), and aligns with our key institutional partner Warwick University. Currently, you will find the terms used both with and without an apostrophe throughout our online and print publications – gradually, we need to move toward correct usage."
363:
issued a "'Statement on enhanced and extended undergraduate engineering degree courses", proposing the establishment of a four-year first degree (Master of Engineering). These were up and running by the mid-1980s and were followed in the early 1990s by the
4489:
4453:
708:
course with an extra year at master's level (i.e. a total of four years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and five years in Scotland). A 2011 survey of UK Higher Education Institutes found that 64% offered integrated master's course, mostly in
1856:
M.B.B.S. is only a medical degree with six and a half years of study resulting in a medical doctor and must finish its study in four years after master's degree with minimum education of 15 or 16 years of university bachelor's degree education.
1940:, bachelor's degree courses are about four years in length, while an entrance examination is required for people who want to study for master's degrees and doctorates. The courses leading to these higher degrees are normally research-based.
759:
master's degrees are primarily research based, although may contain taught elements, particularly on research methods. Examples are the MLitt (usually, but not always a research degree), the Master's by Research, and the MPhil. The Master's
633:
and Doctors of Medical Practice, Physiotherapy, Dentistry, Optometry and Veterinary Practice. Despite their titles these are still master's degree and may not be referred to as doctoral degrees, nor may graduates use the title "doctor".
166:
until the 19th century, the pattern of degrees was therefore to have a bachelor's and master's degree in the lower faculties and to have bachelor's and doctorates in the higher faculties. In the United States, the first master's degrees
1602:
education system, there are two different master's degree programmes. Master’s degrees are earned after having received a bachelor’s pass degree and one year after the honours degree. The master's program generally lasts for two years.
1174:, depending on the field in which the degree was obtained, since the ir., mr. and drs. titles are similar to a master's degree, and the shortcut MA or MSc. may officially be used in order to render such title as an international title.
865:
Master's programs in the US and Canada are normally two years (full-time) in length. In some fields/programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelor's degree, but a master's degree may be granted along the way as an
4718:
4691:
886:(which is always a taught degree) combines a bachelor's degree course with an additional year of study (120 credits) at master's level for a four (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) or five (Scotland) academic year total period.
1944:
the form of university-specific scholarships that include tuition waivers of up to NT$ 20,000 per month. The government offers the Taiwan Scholarship amounting to NT$ 20,000–30,000 per month (US$ 654–981) for a two-year program.
2754:
206:
The 19th century saw a great expansion in the variety of master's degrees offered. At the start of the century, the only master's degree was the MA, and this was normally awarded without any further study or examination. The
1480:) does not require a set minimum of class-hours, but it is practically impossible to finish it in less than 18 months due to the workload and research required; an average time for the degree is 2.5 years. Specialization (
474:(EHEA). This established a three-cycle bachelor's—master's—doctorate classification of degrees, leading to the adoption of master's degrees across the continent, often replacing older long-cycle qualifications such as the
4479:"Verification of the compatibility of The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ) with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area(FQ-EHEA)"
239:
Cambridge as they were in Scotland, without any residence, or without some kind of examination. In Scotland, all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter."
921:
Irish master's degrees are one to two years (60–120 ECTS credits) for taught degrees and two years (not credit rated) for taught and research degrees. These have also been certified as compatible with the FQ-EHEA.
3517:
835:. Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated.
4478:
4442:
5196:
539:(M.A.S.), and Professional Master's (MProf). Integrated master's degrees and postgraduate master's degrees oriented towards professional practice are often more specifically named for their field of study (
670:, etc.) are the traditional formal form of master's degree, where the student already holds an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree on entry. Courses normally last one year in the UK and two years in the US.
3886:
2304:
318:
in 1881. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durham's MA in requiring a further examination for those with an ordinary bachelor's degree but not for those with honours.
4646:
2579:
4714:
4687:
625:
Master of Science is generally abbreviated M.S. or MS in countries following United States usage and MSc or M.Sc. in countries following British usage, where MS would refer to the degree of
3548:
4616:
4443:"Verification of compatibility of the framework for qualifications of higher education institutions in Scotland with the framework for qualifications of the European Higher Education Area"
226:
In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid-19th century, although there were major doubts as to the quality of the Scottish degrees of this period. In 1832
1327:, first degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are considered equivalent to master's degrees despite, for historical reasons, often having the titles of bachelor's degrees.
4922:
3487:
95:
level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of
5225:
3420:
1476:) instead. A regular post-graduation course has to comply with a minimum of 360 class-hours, while a M.B.A. degree has to comply with a minimum of 400 class-hours. Master's degree (
2073:
857:
may or may not be required depending on the program. In general, structure and duration of a program of study leading to a master's degree will differ by country and university.
4792:
4742:
Verification of compatibility of the Danish National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area
334:, granted to all BA graduates a certain period after their first degree without further study; master's degrees that could be gained either by further study or by gaining an
4818:
4000:
2114:), but it is becoming more common. It is considered incorrect by most if not all US and most UK and Australian universities, style guides, and dictionaries, for example:
1232:(abbreviation "mr. sc.") was awarded to students who completed a postgraduate university programme (and therefore qualified for a doctorate programme), while the title of
4586:
3509:
4300:
380:
into UK Higher Education in 1997, which called for the establishment of a national framework of qualifications and identified five different routes to master's degrees:
1853:
After completing a successful bachelor's degree, students pursue master's degrees in engineering, education, and arts, as well as all law and medicine-related courses.
302:. The same two degrees, again omitting the master's, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the standard undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a
938:
is the standard undergraduate degree, this is often the normal entry qualification. In addition, students will normally have to write a personal statement and, in the
1108:
450:
outcomes in full. It addressed many of the Dearing Report's concerns, specifying that shorter courses at H-level (honours), e.g. conversion courses, should be styled
4271:
3911:
5192:
4125:
4089:
1912:
2569:
4189:
3967:
2295:
493:
Education Institutes in Scotland have both been aligned with the overarching framework for the EHEA with these being accepted as masters-level qualifications.
3877:
870:
if the student petitions for it. Some universities offer evening options so that students can work during the day and earn a master's degree in the evenings.
3945:
3825:
4245:
4064:
488:(sciences) and state registration (professional) awards in Germany. As the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and
4638:
3446:
2272:
5077:
4547:"Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area"
4515:"Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area"
4417:
376:, and MGeol, and in some institutions general or specific MSci (Master in Science) and MArts (Master in Arts) degrees. This development was noted by the
3757:
5477:
5439:
5402:
5365:
4332:
3792:
3356:
1182:
352:
introduced the Master of Commercial Science (MCS), first awarded in 1902. This was the first master's degree in business, the forerunner of the modern
611:, leading to the abbreviations A.M. and S.M. for these degrees. The forms "Master of Science" and "Master in Science" are indistinguishable in Latin.
710:
223:
in Ireland. When the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, "the same as that in Europe".
3630:
3540:
3409:
906:
489:
3855:
4608:
4357:
2241:
441:
it was a "discriminatory practice" and that it "devalues and undermines the efforts of students at other universities". The following month the
5683:
5653:
4896:
4870:
853:
There is a range of pathways to the degree with entry based on evidence of a capacity to undertake higher level studies in a proposed field. A
186:
4918:
3479:
1837:
3673:
878:, compared to 120 for an academic year), while research degrees are not typically credit rated but may take up to two years to complete. An
5218:
874:
into "specialist or advanced study" or "professional or practice". Taught degrees (of both forms) typically take a full calendar year (180
1362:
degrees were placed in level 7 (Master) of the EQF. These programmes have been phased out and replaced with the new Bologna programmes of
2885:
2794:
2527:
2478:
2400:
1888:
1682:
3260:
2450:
2351:
1054:
is a FQ-EHEA second-cycle qualification worth 120 ECTS credits. These degrees are research-based and offered through universities (e.g.
5338:
5250:
3596:
2647:
2211:
246:(even though, as in the ancient English universities, this was to confer full membership), to be followed in 1840 by the similarly new
5155:
1224:
with the titles of Professor (abbreviation "prof.") for educational studies, Engineer (abbreviation "ing.") for technical studies, or
4784:
3570:
2322:
2115:
1993:
867:
4944:
2729:
1228:
professional of their field of expertise (abbreviation "dipl." with a reference to the profession) for other studies. The title of
285:
in 1859, although the idea of a master's degree as an earned second degree was not well established until the 1870s, alongside the
5129:
4814:
4032:
3718:
4759:
4010:
875:
4293:
1103:
4578:
4553:
4521:
934:
degrees) as a stand-alone degree or (for integrated degrees) as part of an integrated scheme of study. In countries where the
4844:
4753:
4411:
3753:
3322:
794:
720:
The ancient universities of the UK and Ireland have traditionally awarded MAs in a different manner to that usual today. The
3125:
2824:
2677:
1832:
Postgraduate studies in Israel require the completion of a bachelor's degree and is dependent upon this title's grades; see
1449:
Degree, students are qualified to continue their academic career through Master's Degree ("mestrado", in Portuguese, a.k.a.
889:
In Australia, master's degrees vary from one year for a "research" or "coursework" master's following on from an Australian
5025:
4966:
2028:
331:
315:
5103:
4992:
4267:
3915:
2068:
2063:
1523:
1489:
1406:
844:
809:
17:
2135:
4136:
4100:
3452:
930:
Admission to a master's degree normally requires successful completion of study at bachelor's degree level either (for
5264:
3667:
3254:
2205:
1864:
1764:
1658:
1545:
1465:
1432:
1347:
1283:), lasts normally from one to, more often, two years, and can be studied after a, at least, four-years undergraduate
659:
544:
4817:(in French). Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. 30 September 2014.
4198:
3976:
1414:
3817:
725:
567:
integrated master's degrees and occasionally for postgraduate master's degrees (e.g. Master's in Accounting). Some
395:
259:
3937:
5392:
4056:
2758:
2123:
1870:
1756:) for examination by two or three examiners. The available degrees include but are not limited to the following:
5331:
4219:
3456:
3283:
3212:
3180:
3148:
3088:
3056:
3024:
2992:
2960:
2928:
2847:
2603:
2264:
2173:
1642:, usually requiring two years to complete. The available degrees include but are not limited to the following:
1527:
1410:
1039:
732:
is not an academic qualification; it is granted without further examination to those who have gained a BA from
471:
4390:
3749:
4241:
3344:
950:
5678:
4325:
4197:(Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 59–62. Archived from
3975:(Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 72–73. Archived from
3779:
3378:
527:) an extended degree with a large research component. Other generically named master's programs include the
5619:
3651:
2058:
1963:
1712:
974:
954:
848:
428:
278:
4919:"wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek - BWBR0005682"
2138:, and the Macquarie Dictionary as shown in the following Monash University quotation. Monash University's
1833:
1461:
In addition, many Brazilian universities offer an MBA program. However, those are not the equivalent to a
5388:
3622:
2008:
1744:
and requiring a maximum of four years to complete. Master's degree students are required to submit their
1576:
For part-time study, two or three years of study are normally required to achieve a postgraduate degree.
1190:
1092:
1084:
619:
502:
5296:"2023-2024 Taiwan Scholarship program will be open for application from February 1 till March 31, 2023"
3847:
2119:
2018:
1894:
1302:
1253:
1059:
615:
536:
4364:
2131:
5324:
3300:
3229:
3197:
3165:
3105:
3073:
3041:
3009:
2977:
2945:
2864:
2621:
2233:
2033:
667:
5193:"Permenristedikti Nomor 44 Tahun 2015 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi | LLDikti III"
4892:
4866:
3701:
2913:
2555:
2506:
2428:
2379:
516:(MSc/M.Sc./M.S./S.M.) degrees, which normally consist of a mixture of research and taught material.
326:
At the start of the 20th century, there were four different sorts of master's degree in the UK: the
5457:
4485:
4449:
4132:
4096:
4006:
3788:
1484:) and M.B.A. degrees can be also offered as distance education courses, while the master's degree (
1395:
1055:
749:
532:
442:
412:
83:
upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific
5384:
3653:
3318:
2139:
1516:
1399:
1028:
560:
242:
It 1837, separate examinations were reintroduced for the MA in England, at the newly established
216:
2396:
The Charters of the Scotch Universities and Medical Corporations, and Medical Reform in Scotland
2111:
1446:
5430:
2725:
2127:
1978:
1706:
931:
741:
540:
437:
404:
282:
271:
133:
5054:[Value of old type degrees in the higher education system for the Flemish community].
4388:
2879:
2788:
2700:
2521:
2472:
2394:
1240:
programme. Slovenia is a full member of the Bologna Process since 1999 and Croatia since 2001.
1141:
degree (Vecchio Ordinamento, Old Regulations), which was the only awarded in Italy before the
5491:
3659:
3652:
Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Education and Skills Committee (30 April 2007).
3244:
2442:
2345:
2043:
1953:
1876:
1794:
1664:
1652:
608:
552:
391:
Conversion degrees, sometimes below the standard of undergraduate degrees in the same subject
277:
In the US, the revival of master's degrees as an examined qualification began in 1856 at the
212:
181:, the pre-Reformation universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen) developed so that the
4161:
3600:
2639:
2193:
5605:
5561:
5467:
5453:
5411:
5356:
5151:
3352:
2793:. The University of Michigan, an Encyclopedic Survey. University of Michigan. p. 294.
1983:
1958:
1924:
1774:
1737:
1670:
1635:
1298:
1257:
1063:
986:
737:
705:
524:
520:
455:
267:
263:
255:
247:
220:
92:
4038:(Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 7. Archived from
3724:(Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 6. Archived from
3574:
3571:"The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland"
2318:
614:
In the UK, full stops (periods) are not commonly used in degree abbreviations. In the US,
8:
5596:
5581:
3416:
2038:
2003:
1900:
1814:
1749:
1729:
1249:
1248:
program, which is part of a team effort with four universities. There is for example the
1225:
1221:
1201:
1102:) is also the equivalent of a master's degree, provided the diploma is recognised by the
890:
786:
579:, the Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees may be known in these institutions as
463:
360:
340:
295:
41:
5125:
2718:
32:
5523:
4039:
3725:
3689:
3444:
2901:
2543:
2494:
2416:
2367:
1700:
765:
604:
548:
174:
4740:
314:(MSc) degree was finally introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham, followed by the new
5615:
5379:
5244:
4749:
4407:
4033:
Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK
3719:
Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK
3663:
3250:
2201:
2189:
2053:
2013:
1882:
1784:
1676:
1615:
1233:
1229:
1204:
or Diplom (4 to 5 years in duration) is considered equivalent to the master's degree.
1011:
980:
733:
655:
626:
556:
528:
513:
349:
311:
299:
243:
208:
104:
37:
4993:"Citizens' questions letter from Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science"
4546:
4514:
1098:
368:
for physicists and since then integrated master's degrees in other sciences such as
5645:
5601:
5518:
5374:
4399:
3390:
3355:. 16 September 2015. Conversion of BLitt, BPhil, and BSc to MLitt, MPhil, and MSc.
1453:
post-graduation) or Specialization Degree ("especialização", in Portuguese, a.k.a.
1244:
451:
432:
303:
144:
5295:
4840:
3314:
1860:
The following are the most professional and internationalized programs in Nepal:
5640:
5624:
5586:
5571:
5538:
5348:
4717:(Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 54–56.
4715:
The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report
4688:
The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report
3119:
2816:
2669:
2177:
2083:
1998:
1216:
1142:
1035:
902:
477:
467:
231:
108:
72:
5099:
5029:
4970:
2198:
The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris
5610:
5566:
5533:
5416:
5178:
4999:
4002:
The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies
3781:
The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies
2627:
degree, and for a number of years classes were awarded in the M.A. examination.
2609:
2048:
2023:
1918:
1906:
1804:
1694:
1646:
1608:
1586:
1572:
requires one or two years of full-time coursework to achieve a master's degree.
1324:
935:
663:
647:
509:
377:
335:
235:
152:
84:
5052:"Welke waarde heeft mijn oude diploma in de huidige bachelor-masterstructuur?"
5051:
1236:(abbreviation "dr. sc.") was awarded to students who completed a postgraduate
899:
Overarching Framework of Qualifications for the European Higher Education Area
128:
The master's degree dates back to the origin of European universities, with a
5672:
4690:(Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 17.
3597:"The framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland"
1462:
989:
and may be considered equivalent to a modern (standardized) master's degree (
576:
227:
49:
5316:
5528:
4675:(in Greek). Vol. 54, no. Appendix. Athens, Greece. 1 August 1978.
4639:"Graduate Admissions Tests at a Glance: GMAT, GRE, LSAT, TOEFL & IELTS"
1968:
939:
854:
630:
568:
69:
5272:
3394:
764:
Research (MbyRes, ResM), which is a research degree, is distinct from the
5591:
2644:
Regulations of the University of London on the Subject of Degrees in Arts
1197:
1162:
1149:
1062:). The second form is the Master Degree (no possessive) within the adult
915:
911:
729:
721:
407:, awarded without additional study several years after the award of a BA.
327:
251:
215:
in 1815. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by
190:
182:
163:
4358:"The framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area"
905:, a "second cycle" (i.e. master's degree) programme is typically 90–120
4389:
European Commission. Directorate General for Education Culture (2015).
2078:
1988:
1530: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
943:
629:. In Australia, some extended master's degrees use the title "doctor":
156:
129:
88:
76:
45:
1564:
M.Arch., M.L.A., M.U.D., M.A., M.Sc., M.Soc.Sc., M.S.W., M.Eng., LL.M.
1468:, as it does not formally certify the student with a Master's degree (
5486:
1973:
1741:
1725:
1639:
1569:
1237:
5154:. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. pp. 95973–95993.
5085:
4215:
2171:
1505:
1384:
1599:
1208:
1186:
1024:
772:(MRes), which is a taught degree concentrating on research methods.
424:
385:
195:
178:
100:
4748:. The Danish Evaluation Institute. November 2009. pp. 17–18.
4712:
4685:
4403:
1015:, or the similar five-year Diploma awarded in several subjects in
2574:
1212:
1178:
1068:
1047:
998:
994:
898:
148:
80:
3445:
The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education (1997).
1305:
is considered equal to a graduate degree plus a master's degree.
618:
recommends placing periods in degrees (e.g. B.S., Ph.D.), while
132:
of 1233 decreeing that anyone admitted to the mastership in the
5576:
5543:
5462:
4084:
4082:
3713:
3711:
1937:
1745:
1634:
system, a master's degree is a postgraduate degree following a
1309:
1264:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1072:
1050:
there are two forms of master's degree. The Master's Degree or
1016:
1007:
1002:
697:
689:
96:
4952:
3410:"An Engine for Change: A Chronicle of the Engineering Council"
2234:"History of Medieval Education, Middle Ages European Learning"
4363:. European Higher Education Area. 20 May 2005. Archived from
1631:
1331:
1116:
1020:
879:
693:
685:
677:
651:
572:
373:
369:
365:
112:
60:
5265:"Graduate School, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology"
5026:"titulatuur: drs. A. Jansen, M.B.A. - Genootschap Onze Taal"
4893:"Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca"
4869:. Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle.
4079:
3708:
2399:. Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. p. 687.
1193:
is similar in many ways, but has implemented it differently.
91:. A master's degree normally requires previous study at the
4612:
2110:
without an apostrophe is considered a mistake by many (see
1850:
research and experience oriented, with a focus on results.
1836:. Degrees awarded are the M.A., M.Sc., M.B.A. and LLM; the
962:
958:
744:
in Ireland is granted to its graduates in a similar manner.
701:
681:
622:
recommends writing degrees without periods (e.g. BS, PhD).
3750:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees"
2296:"Oxbridge masters degrees 'offensive', says Cambridge don"
394:
The honours arts undergraduate degree awarded by the four
5300:
Taipei Representative Office, Budapest, Hungary 駐匈牙利台北代表處
3407:
2344:
Board Of Overseers, Harvard University (6 January 1825).
1316:) degree can be obtained after a two-year master course (
714:
bachelor's and master's degrees at the end of the course.
353:
286:
3599:. Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from
3573:. Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from
1185:
and have separately implemented the Bologna Process. In
724:
is a bachelor's-level qualification offered by the four
234:
and an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the
1109:
répertoire national des certifications professionnelles
3480:"Why I...think Oxbridge MA degrees should be scrapped"
2821:
University of London, the Historical Record: 1836-1912
2786:
3904:
3345:"Regulations for Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates"
1366:, to be completed after completion of a programme of
1106:, as are qualifications recognised at Level 7 of the
704:, etc.) are UK degrees that combine an undergraduate
388:) first degrees in certain subjects, such as the MEng
3030:
Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser
2823:. University of London Press. 1912. pp. 39–48.
882:
normally takes two calendar years (360 credits). An
400:
Postgraduate programmes, such as the MA, MSt and MSc
4998:. Members.home.nl. 8 September 2009. Archived from
3818:"University of Nottingham Qualifications Framework"
1079:(abbreviated kand.) equates to a bachelor's degree.
918:) have been certified as meeting this requirement.
415:, which was charged with drawing up the framework.
4242:"Georgia Institute of Technology: Evening Program"
4216:"Irish National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ)"
3938:"Academic Degrees & Professional Designations"
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3282:
3211:
3179:
3147:
3087:
3055:
3023:
2991:
2959:
2927:
2846:
2719:"Graduate Education: Parameters for Public Policy"
2602:
2570:"PARLIAMENTARY REFORM—BILL FOR SCOTLAND—COMMITTEE"
2343:
2294:
1622:Both MA and MS are offered in all major subjects.
1119:the master's degree is equivalent to the two-year
107:, or professional application; and the ability to
4967:"Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap"
3089:"The Victoria University and its Science Degrees"
2698:
2188:
1181:, the higher education system is governed by the
1145:, is equivalent to the current Laurea Magistrale.
1112:(national register of professional certificates).
949:In the UK, students will normally need to have a
946:, will often have to submit a portfolio of work.
262:in 1850, and the Universities of Bombay (now the
5670:
5023:
4843:. Centre International de Formation Europëenne.
4135:. September 2015. pp. 10–13. Archived from
3242:
2790:Degrees Authorized by the University of Michigan
1215:, during the pre-Bologna process education, all
435:calling for them to be scrapped and telling the
4815:"Organisation licence master doctorat (L.M.D.)"
4673:Journal of the Government of the Greek Republic
4326:"Higher education credit framework for England"
3735:
3477:
2262:
123:
5654:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
4867:"The French National Qualifications Framework"
4099:. September 2015. pp. 4–5. Archived from
4057:"TCD to keep selling Masters - Independent.ie"
3401:
2640:"Examination for the degree of Master of Arts"
1614:4 years master's programmes: these are mostly
1607:2 years master's programmes: these are mostly
1445:After acquiring a Bachelor's, Technologist or
968:
752:defines three categories of master's degrees:
5346:
5332:
4645:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 13 November 2013.
3124:. Victoria University. 1883. pp. 37–38.
2853:Southern Reporter and Cork Commercial Courier
2600:
2200:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–22.
1271:(μεταπτυχιακό) which literally translates as
912:MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland
4985:
4162:"Master of Research (MRES) - UniSQ Handbook"
2755:"A (Very) Brief History the Master's Degree"
2392:
1728:higher education system, a master's degree (
575:degree names; because of the flexibility of
483:
187:Oxford, Cambridge and Trinity College Dublin
5100:"European higher education area - Slovenia"
4713:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015).
4686:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015).
4294:"Master's Degree Characteristics Statement"
4009:. November 2014. p. 29. Archived from
3538:
1889:Master of Science in Information Technology
1683:Master of Science in Information Technology
1413:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
827:In Ireland, master's degrees may be either
598:
592:
586:
580:
475:
168:
138:
63:
5339:
5325:
5126:"European higher education area - Croatia"
4666:
4664:
3885:. University of Oxford. 2016. p. 20.
3541:"Oxbridge MAs are misleading, says agency"
3062:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette
2877:
4777:
4126:Master's Degree Characteristics Statement
4090:Master's Degree Characteristics Statement
3249:. Bucknell University Press. p. 15.
2165:
1994:European Joint Master degree in Economics
1546:Learn how and when to remove this message
1433:Learn how and when to remove this message
603:. Examples of the reversed usage include
523:(MPhil) indicates (in the same manner as
427:MAs in the UK Parliament, with Labour MP
403:The Oxford and Cambridge MA, and MA from
118:
99:and applied topics; high order skills in
5176:
3448:Higher Education in the learning society
3379:"New-style engineering degrees proposed"
2782:
2780:
31:
4661:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3870:
2519:
1736:) is a postgraduate degree following a
1096:(postgraduate degree in engineering of
740:Universities in England, and the MA of
14:
5671:
5249:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4218:. Quality and Qualifications Ireland.
4184:
4182:
3623:"EUROPE: Future of masters programmes"
3520:from the original on 10 September 2016
3490:from the original on 20 September 2016
644:Postgraduate/graduate master's degrees
591:or reversed from the English order to
147:(BA) was awarded for the study of the
5684:Academic degrees of the United States
5320:
5231:from the original on 12 December 2019
5132:from the original on 16 November 2017
4899:from the original on 12 December 2014
4338:from the original on 10 February 2019
3798:from the original on 17 December 2018
3754:United States Department of Education
2888:from the original on 28 December 2019
2777:
2530:from the original on 30 December 2019
2481:from the original on 31 December 2019
2453:from the original on 13 December 2019
2403:from the original on 31 December 2019
2307:from the original on 11 January 2022.
1761:Magister Administrasi Bisnis (M.A.B.)
795:United States Department of Education
423:In 2000, renewed pressure was put on
411:This led to the establishment of the
173:, or Master of Arts) were awarded at
5199:from the original on 9 December 2019
5106:from the original on 22 October 2017
4925:from the original on 18 October 2014
4274:from the original on 9 February 2019
3986:
3892:from the original on 2 February 2017
3551:from the original on 2 February 2017
3408:Colin R. Chapman; Jack Levy (2004).
2881:Regulations as to Degrees in Science
2735:from the original on 2 February 2017
2582:from the original on 2 February 2017
2244:from the original on 18 January 2022
2143:convention, it is prescribed by the
2079:Professional Science Master's degree
2029:Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)
1834:Education in Israel#Higher education
1528:adding citations to reliable sources
1499:
1472:) but with a Specialization Degree (
1411:adding citations to reliable sources
1378:
332:Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)
185:became their first degree, while in
4847:from the original on 21 August 2016
4795:from the original on 6 January 2019
4721:from the original on 17 August 2016
4694:from the original on 17 August 2016
4619:from the original on 22 August 2016
4589:from the original on 17 August 2016
4459:from the original on 17 August 2016
4248:from the original on 9 January 2018
4222:from the original on 26 August 2016
4208:
4191:Australian Qualifications Framework
4179:
4067:from the original on 16 August 2016
3969:Australian Qualifications Framework
3828:from the original on 21 August 2016
3633:from the original on 20 August 2016
3426:from the original on 26 August 2014
3325:from the original on 21 August 2016
3263:from the original on 1 January 2020
2797:from the original on 3 January 2020
2765:from the original on 26 August 2016
2705:Chambers's Encyclopaedia•volume=III
2477:. Vol. 13. 1870. p. 284.
2354:from the original on 1 January 2020
2325:from the original on 19 August 2016
2214:from the original on 2 January 2020
810:Australian Qualifications Framework
718:Non-master's level master's degrees
24:
5158:from the original on 4 August 2017
4789:Swedish Higher Education Authority
4765:from the original on 22 March 2016
4559:from the original on 22 March 2016
4527:from the original on 22 March 2016
4306:from the original on 11 April 2019
3858:from the original on 29 April 2014
3676:from the original on 18 April 2021
3128:from the original on 18 April 2021
2680:from the original on 18 April 2021
2650:from the original on 5 August 2020
2147:(the Australian standard) and the
25:
5695:
4873:from the original on 25 June 2016
4649:from the original on 26 July 2016
4585:. Graduate Prospects. June 2016.
4495:from the original on 9 April 2016
4423:from the original on 26 June 2016
3359:from the original on 27 July 2016
2275:from the original on 27 July 2016
2265:"Commencements, from 1642 onward"
1865:Master of Business Administration
1765:Master of Business Administration
1659:Master of Business Administration
1348:European Qualifications Framework
1301:(schools of engineering) and the
1104:Commission des titres d'ingénieur
545:Master of Business Administration
470:, leading to the creation of the
330:, granted as a first degree; the
198:-style three years after the BA.
5293:
5287:
5257:
4821:from the original on 9 June 2016
3948:from the original on 8 June 2016
3879:University of Oxford Style Guide
3760:from the original on 14 May 2009
3478:Jennifer Currie (16 June 2000).
2827:from the original on 20 May 2016
2443:"Minutes of the Medical Council"
2069:Master's degree non-Euroamerican
2064:Master's degree in North America
1913:Master of Science in Agriculture
1504:
1383:
1350:(EQF) levels. Most (if not all)
1082:In France, the master's degree (
845:Master's degree in North America
726:ancient universities of Scotland
396:ancient universities of Scotland
5393:Certificate of Higher Education
5211:
5185:
5170:
5144:
5118:
5092:
5070:
5044:
5017:
4959:
4937:
4911:
4885:
4859:
4833:
4807:
4733:
4706:
4679:
4631:
4609:"FAQs about postgraduate study"
4601:
4579:"Applying for a Masters degree"
4571:
4539:
4507:
4471:
4435:
4382:
4350:
4318:
4286:
4260:
4234:
4154:
4118:
4049:
4025:
3960:
3930:
3840:
3810:
3772:
3645:
3615:
3589:
3563:
3532:
3502:
3471:
3453:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
3438:
3371:
3337:
3307:
3275:
3236:
3204:
3172:
3140:
3112:
3080:
3048:
3016:
2984:
2952:
2920:
2871:
2839:
2809:
2787:Walter Arthur Donnelly (1941).
2759:American Historical Association
2747:
2711:
2699:Chambers w. And r, ltd (1862).
2692:
2662:
2632:
2594:
2575:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2562:
2513:
2465:
2435:
2263:Corydon Ireland (22 May 2012).
1871:Master of Computer Applications
1515:needs additional citations for
1134:Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico
812:classifies master's degrees as
797:classifies master's degrees as
418:
321:
201:
4398:. European Union. p. 10.
3655:The Bologna process and the UK
3057:"Clippings from the Athenaeum"
2674:The Durham University Calendar
2601:C. E. Whiting (29 June 1937).
2386:
2337:
2319:"Harvard College Laws of 1700"
2311:
2287:
2256:
2226:
2182:
2096:
2074:Postgraduate-only institutions
1691:Master of Statistics (M.Stat.)
1688:Master of Technology (M.Tech.)
1125:, which can be earned after a
1040:European Higher Education Area
979:In some European countries, a
936:bachelor's degree with honours
472:European Higher Education Area
219:and Durham in England and the
177:soon after its foundation. In
13:
1:
5028:. Onzetaal.nl. Archived from
3791:. November 2014. p. 36.
2604:"Durham University Centenary"
2449:. 13 July 1861. p. 441.
2447:The Medical Times and Gazette
2393:J. A. Lawrie (20 July 1855).
2158:
2124:Cambridge Dictionaries Online
1027:, and other universities and
776:Specialised or advanced study
260:Queen's University of Ireland
211:degree was introduced by the
4895:. Attiministeriali.muir.it.
4552:. November 2006. p. 7.
4268:"What is a Master's degree?"
3824:. University of Nottingham.
2526:. Vol. 4. p. 821.
1964:British degree abbreviations
1719:
1713:Master of Veterinary Science
1558:
925:
838:
279:University of North Carolina
124:Medieval era to 18th century
27:Postgraduate academic degree
7:
5389:Diploma of Higher Education
4969:. Minocw.nl. Archived from
3914:. Debrett's. Archived from
3854:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.
3539:Ben Russell (3 July 2000).
2878:Ravenscroft, Edward (872).
2676:. 1842. pp. xxv–xxvi.
2112:non-standard apostrophe use
1947:
1811:Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.)
1593:
1191:French Community of Belgium
969:Comparable European degrees
860:
785:master's degrees (see also
674:Integrated master's degrees
620:The Chicago Manual of Style
543:), including, for example,
10:
5700:
5078:"Home - swissuniversities"
4841:"Degree & recognition"
2019:Master of Advanced Studies
1895:Master of Business Studies
1303:Athens School of Fine Arts
1254:Vytautas Magnus University
1060:Copenhagen Business School
972:
884:integrated master's degree
868:intermediate qualification
842:
616:The Gregg Reference Manual
537:Master of Advanced Studies
500:
155:(MA) for the study of the
5633:
5552:
5511:
5504:
5476:
5438:
5429:
5401:
5364:
5355:
3301:British Newspaper Archive
3243:Carter A. Daniel (1998).
3230:British Newspaper Archive
3198:British Newspaper Archive
3166:British Newspaper Archive
3106:British Newspaper Archive
3074:British Newspaper Archive
3042:British Newspaper Archive
3025:"University Intelligence"
3010:British Newspaper Archive
2993:"University Intelligence"
2978:British Newspaper Archive
2946:British Newspaper Archive
2865:British Newspaper Archive
2622:British Newspaper Archive
2176:October 21, 2008, at the
2149:Oxford English Dictionary
2059:Master's degree in Europe
2034:Master of Arts (Scotland)
1931:
1827:
1823:(Master of Sport Science)
1821:Magister Olahraga (M.Or.)
1771:Magister Manajemen (M.M.)
1611:(MA) leading to MPhil/PhM
1374:
1297:(δίπλωμα) awarded in all
975:Master's degree in Europe
849:Master's degree in Europe
496:
5082:www.swissuniversities.ch
4486:Quality Assurance Agency
4450:Quality Assurance Agency
4133:Quality Assurance Agency
4097:Quality Assurance Agency
4007:Quality Assurance Agency
3789:Quality Assurance Agency
3389:(9): 4. September 1983.
3349:Statutes and Regulations
3149:"Mr. Meyer and his D.D."
2961:"New Degrees of Science"
2646:. 1839. pp. 21–23.
2321:. Constitution Society.
2089:
2009:List of master's degrees
1844:
1625:
1056:University of Copenhagen
783:Professional or practice
750:Quality Assurance Agency
637:
533:Master of Advanced Study
503:List of master's degrees
443:Quality Assurance Agency
413:Quality Assurance Agency
5385:Higher National Diploma
5177:STROUD, ED.M, ANNETTA.
5152:"Real Decreto 967/2014"
4299:. QAA. September 2015.
3848:"Masters in Accounting"
3383:The Production Engineer
3319:University of Cambridge
3284:"Commerce as a Science"
2523:University of Edinburgh
2520:Barnard, Henry (1858).
1495:
1490:North American master's
901:defined as part of the
561:Master of Public Health
5024:Kees™ Internetbureau.
4921:. Wetten.overheid.nl.
3510:"Early day motion 806"
3484:Times Higher Education
3246:MBA: The First Century
2848:"University of London"
2728:. 1969. pp. 1–5.
2726:National Science Board
2701:"Edinburgh University"
1979:Educational specialist
1791:Magister Teknik (M.T.)
1781:Magister Sains (M.Si.)
1753:
1733:
1707:Master of Architecture
742:Trinity College Dublin
599:
593:
587:
581:
484:
476:
438:Times Higher Education
405:Trinity College Dublin
283:University of Michigan
169:
139:
134:University of Toulouse
119:Historical development
109:solve complex problems
64:
52:
40:degree conferred from
5492:Candidate of Sciences
5088:on 28 September 2011.
4945:"Veelgestelde vragen"
4204:on 10 September 2016.
3982:on 10 September 2016.
3660:The Stationery Office
3627:University World News
3395:10.1049/tpe.1983.0163
3094:Birmingham Daily Post
2934:Bury and Norwich Post
2817:"Third Charter, 1858"
2044:Master of Engineering
1877:Master of Engineering
1801:Magister Hukum (M.H.)
1795:Master of Engineering
1665:Master of Engineering
1653:Master of Social Work
1256:in Lithuania and the
843:Further information:
609:University of Chicago
553:Master of Engineering
258:in Australia and the
213:University of Glasgow
89:professional practice
35:
5562:Academic certificate
5454:Postgraduate diploma
4331:. QAA. August 2008.
4063:. 19 November 2005.
3912:"University Degrees"
3353:University of Oxford
3315:"The Faculty of Law"
3213:"University Degrees"
3181:"University Degrees"
2966:Cheltenham Chronicle
2884:. pp. 115–117.
2347:Revised Code of Laws
2145:Macquarie Dictionary
1925:Master of Management
1775:Master of Management
1671:Master of Philosophy
1524:improve this article
1407:improve this section
1293:Also, the five-year
1258:University of Latvia
1222:professional degrees
1077:kandidaatti/kandidat
1064:continuing education
525:Doctor of Philosophy
521:Master of Philosophy
466:in 1999 started the
456:Graduate Certificate
264:University of Mumbai
256:University of Sydney
248:University of London
221:University of Dublin
5597:Professional degree
4973:on 10 February 2009
3852:QS Top Universities
3417:Engineering Council
3121:University Calendar
2929:"Durham University"
2474:College of Surgeons
2134:(master's degree),
2039:Master of Education
1901:Master of Education
1841:a master's degree.
1815:Master of Education
1618:(MS) leading to PhD
1250:University of Tartu
1093:diplôme d'ingénieur
1038:, countries in the
787:professional degree
464:Bologna declaration
384:Four year (five in
361:Engineering Council
316:Victoria University
296:Bachelor of Science
115:and independently.
105:critical evaluation
42:Columbia University
5524:Doctor of Sciences
5056:Education Flanders
4615:. 5 January 2015.
4013:on 13 October 2016
3291:. 26 November 1903
3220:. 7 September 1903
3188:. 2 September 1903
2855:. 28 December 1859
1954:Associate's degree
1701:Master of Commerce
1230:Magister Scientiae
605:Harvard University
549:Master of Divinity
512:(MA/M.A./A.M) and
281:, followed by the
274:in India in 1857.
175:Harvard University
137:formalised as the
53:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5616:Specialist degree
5500:
5499:
5468:Engineer's degree
5425:
5424:
5412:Bachelor's degree
5380:Foundation degree
4755:978-87-7958-556-0
4520:. November 2006.
4488:. November 2008.
4413:978-92-79-43559-1
4392:ECTS Users' Guide
4142:on 6 October 2016
4106:on 6 October 2016
3756:. February 2008.
3629:. 26 April 2009.
3459:on 15 August 2016
3289:London Daily News
3218:London Daily News
3186:London Daily News
3154:London Daily News
3032:. 5 February 1880
2190:Hastings Rashdall
2132:American Heritage
2128:American Heritage
2054:Master of Science
2014:Magister (degree)
1984:Engineer's degree
1959:Bachelor's degree
1883:Master of Science
1785:Master of Science
1738:Bachelor's degree
1677:Master of Science
1636:Bachelor's degree
1616:Master of Science
1556:
1555:
1548:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1122:Laurea magistrale
1085:diplôme de master
706:bachelor's degree
627:Master of Surgery
600:Scientiæ magister
588:Magister scientiæ
557:Master of Physics
529:Master of Studies
514:Master of Science
350:Dartmouth College
341:London Daily News
312:Master of Science
300:Doctor of Science
244:Durham University
209:Master in Surgery
194:this was awarded
38:Master of Science
16:(Redirected from
5691:
5679:Master's degrees
5602:Graduate diploma
5519:Higher doctorate
5509:
5508:
5436:
5435:
5375:Associate degree
5362:
5361:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5294:Team, Internet.
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5275:on 10 April 2015
5271:. Archived from
5261:
5255:
5254:
5248:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5084:. Archived from
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5032:on 8 August 2011
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4951:. Archived from
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4785:"Qualifications"
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4747:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4643:Top Universities
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4483:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4452:. October 2006.
4447:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4397:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4196:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4166:www.unisq.edu.au
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4130:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4094:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3974:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3786:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3746:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3577:on 14 April 2001
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3455:. Archived from
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3156:. 31 August 1903
3151:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3064:. 24 August 1878
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2936:. 7 October 1862
2931:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2238:Academic Apparel
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2152:
2102:The spelling of
2100:
1638:and preceding a
1551:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1508:
1500:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1387:
1379:
1342:(Architect) and
1245:Baltic countries
1234:Scientiae Doctor
1217:academic degrees
602:
596:
590:
584:
541:"tagged degrees"
487:
481:
452:Graduate Diploma
446:anachronistic".
433:early day motion
304:royal commission
172:
145:Bachelor of Arts
142:
140:licentia docendī
67:
21:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5658:
5641:Honorary degree
5629:
5625:Terminal degree
5587:Magister degree
5572:External degree
5554:
5548:
5496:
5472:
5449:Master's degree
5421:
5397:
5351:
5349:academic degree
5345:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5242:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5219:"Archived copy"
5217:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5059:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4955:on 12 May 2008.
4943:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4583:prospects.ac.uk
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4370:on 6 March 2016
4367:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4045:on 9 July 2014.
4042:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
3999:
3998:
3987:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3736:
3731:on 9 July 2014.
3728:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3603:on 2 March 2001
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3545:The Independent
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3294:
3292:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3223:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3159:
3157:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3099:
3097:
3096:. 16 April 1881
3086:
3085:
3081:
3067:
3065:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3035:
3033:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3003:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2971:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2872:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2785:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2615:
2613:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2578:. 9 July 1832.
2568:
2567:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:. 27 May 2010.
2301:Daily Telegraph
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2269:Harvard Gazette
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2208:
2187:
2183:
2178:Wayback Machine
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2136:Merriam-Webster
2104:master's degree
2101:
2097:
2092:
2084:Terminal degree
1999:Graduate school
1950:
1934:
1847:
1830:
1722:
1628:
1596:
1561:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1521:
1509:
1498:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1404:
1388:
1377:
1292:
1143:Bologna process
1089:
1075:, the title of
1036:Bologna Process
977:
971:
928:
903:Bologna process
863:
851:
841:
640:
594:Artium magister
582:Magister artium
577:syntax in Latin
505:
499:
468:Bologna Process
431:introducing an
429:Jackie Lawrence
421:
324:
232:Lord Chancellor
204:
170:Magister Artium
126:
121:
73:academic degree
57:master's degree
28:
23:
22:
18:Master’s Degree
15:
12:
11:
5:
5697:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5613:
5611:Higher diploma
5608:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5567:Artist diploma
5564:
5558:
5556:
5555:classification
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5417:Honours degree
5414:
5408:
5406:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5312:
5286:
5269:technion.ac.il
5256:
5210:
5184:
5169:
5143:
5117:
5091:
5069:
5043:
5016:
5005:on 7 June 2011
4984:
4958:
4936:
4910:
4884:
4858:
4832:
4806:
4776:
4754:
4732:
4705:
4678:
4660:
4630:
4600:
4570:
4538:
4506:
4470:
4434:
4412:
4381:
4349:
4317:
4285:
4259:
4233:
4207:
4178:
4153:
4117:
4078:
4061:Independent.ie
4048:
4024:
3985:
3959:
3929:
3918:on 28 May 2016
3903:
3869:
3839:
3822:Quality Manual
3809:
3771:
3734:
3707:
3668:
3662:. p. 52.
3644:
3614:
3588:
3562:
3531:
3501:
3470:
3437:
3400:
3370:
3336:
3306:
3274:
3255:
3235:
3203:
3171:
3139:
3111:
3079:
3047:
3015:
3000:. 5 April 1879
2998:Oxford Journal
2983:
2951:
2919:
2870:
2838:
2808:
2776:
2746:
2710:
2691:
2661:
2631:
2610:Yorkshire Post
2593:
2561:
2512:
2464:
2434:
2385:
2350:. p. 22.
2336:
2310:
2286:
2255:
2225:
2206:
2181:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Master of Laws
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Master of Arts
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1919:Master of Laws
1916:
1910:
1907:Master of Arts
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1846:
1843:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1805:Master of Laws
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1740:, preceding a
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1695:Master of Laws
1692:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1647:Master of Arts
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1609:Master of Arts
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:United Kingdom
1574:
1573:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1441:
1440:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1338:(Licenciate),
1328:
1325:United Kingdom
1321:
1306:
1287:, which means
1261:
1241:
1205:
1194:
1175:
1172:A. Jansen, MSc
1146:
1113:
1099:grandes écoles
1080:
970:
967:
927:
924:
894:to two years.
891:honours degree
862:
859:
840:
837:
791:
790:
780:
773:
746:
745:
715:
671:
639:
636:
510:Master of Arts
498:
495:
420:
417:
409:
408:
401:
398:
392:
389:
378:Dearing Report
336:honours degree
323:
320:
236:House of Lords
203:
200:
162:From the late
153:Master of Arts
125:
122:
120:
117:
85:field of study
48:university in
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5696:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:Diplom degree
5461:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Undergraduate
5354:
5350:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5252:
5246:
5227:
5220:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5180:
5179:"AACRAO Edge"
5173:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5131:
5128:. ehea.info.
5127:
5121:
5105:
5102:. ehea.info.
5101:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5001:
4994:
4988:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4474:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4404:10.2766/87192
4401:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4273:
4270:. Prospects.
4269:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4183:
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3990:
3978:
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3963:
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3913:
3907:
3888:
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3857:
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3849:
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3827:
3823:
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3794:
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3775:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3669:9780215033727
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3514:Parliament.uk
3511:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3262:
3258:
3256:9780838753620
3252:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3011:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2968:. 5 June 1877
2967:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2866:
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2796:
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2783:
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2764:
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2756:
2750:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:"Regulations"
2665:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2581:
2577:
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2529:
2525:
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2516:
2508:
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2259:
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2239:
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2213:
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2207:9781108018104
2203:
2199:
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2168:
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2150:
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2042:
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2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
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1858:
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1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
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1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:(M.Eng./M.E.)
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
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1606:
1605:
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1601:
1588:
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1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1547:
1539:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1513:This section
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:stricto-sensu
1483:
1479:
1478:stricto sensu
1475:
1471:
1470:stricto sensu
1467:
1464:
1463:United States
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:stricto sensu
1448:
1437:
1434:
1426:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1392:This section
1390:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1370:(Bachelor's).
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:metaptychiako
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:A. Jansen, MA
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
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1087:
1086:
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1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
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1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
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1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
976:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
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933:
923:
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913:
908:
904:
900:
895:
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4131:(Report).
4095:(Report).
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1915:(M.Sc.Ag.)
1750:Indonesian
1730:Indonesian
1726:Indonesian
1685:(M.Sc. IT)
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1474:lato sensu
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1160:(mr.) and
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973:See also:
944:humanities
876:UK credits
818:coursework
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130:Papal bull
113:rigorously
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