Matilda of Tuscany

2301:. The Abbey of Polirone received a total of twelve donations in the last five years of Matilda's life. So she transferred her property in Villola (16 kilometers southeast of Mantua) and the Insula Sancti Benedicti (island in the Po, today on the south bank in the area of San Benedetto Po) to this monastery. The Abbey thus rose to become the official monastery of the House of Canossa, with Matilda choosing it as her burial place. The monks used Matilda's generous donations to rebuild the entire Abbey and the main church. Matilda wanted to secure her memory not only through gifts, but also through written memories. Polirone was given a very valuable Gospel manuscript. The book, preserved today in New York, contains a liber vitae, a memorial book, in which all important donors and benefactors of the monastery are listed. This document also deals with Matilda's memorial. The Gospel manuscript was commissioned by the Margravine. It is not clear whether the 1946:. She traveled in her domains in all seasons, and was never alone in this. There were always a number of advisors, clergy, and armed men in their vicinity that could not be precisely estimated. She maintained a special relationship of trust with Bishop Anselm of Lucca, who was her closest advisor until his death in May 1086. In the later years of her life, cardinal legates often stayed in her vicinity. They arranged for communication with the pope. The Margravine had a close relationship with the cardinal legates Bernard degli Uberti and Bonsignore of Reggio. In view of the rigors of travel domination, according to Elke Goez's judgment, she must have been athletic, persistent, and capable. The distant possessions brought a considerable administrative burden and were often threatened with takeover by rivals. Therefore, Matilda had to count on local confidants, in whose recruitment she was supported by Pope Gregory VII. 2860:, Paolo Golinelli has dealt most intensively with Matilda in the past three decades. In 1991 he published a biography of Matilda, which appeared in 1998 in a German translation. On the occasion of the 900th return of Matilda's meeting with her allies in Carpineti, a financially supported congress was held in October 1992 by the province of Reggio Emilia. The rule of the House of Canossa and the various problems of rule in northern Italy of the tenth and eleventh centuries were dealt with. The contributions to this conference were edited by Paolo Golinelli. An international congress in Reggio Emilia in September 1997 was devoted to her afterlife in cultural and literary terms. The aim of the conference was to find out why Matilda attracted such interest in posterity. Thematically, arts and crafts, tourism, and folklore have been dealt with until recently. Most of the contributions were devoted to the 2355:. In Mantua in the summer of 1114 the rumor that she had died sparked jubilation. The Mantuans strived for autonomy and demanded admission to the margravial Rivalta Castle located five kilometers west of Mantua. When the citizens found out that Matilda was still alive, they burned the castle down. Rivalta Castle symbolized the hated power of the Margravine. Donizo, in turn, used this incident as an instrument to illustrate the chaotic conditions that the sheer rumor of Matilda's death could trigger. The Margravine guaranteed peace and security for the population, and was able to recapture Mantua. In April 1115, the aging Margravine gave the Church of San Michele in Mantua the rights and income of the Pacengo court. This documented legal transaction proves their intention to win over an important spiritual community in Mantua. 47: 968:, Beatrice and Matilda hastened to reach Lorraine, anxious to ensure a smooth transition of power. Matilda was present at her stepfather's deathbed, and on that occasion she is for the first time clearly mentioned as the wife of her stepbrother. After the death of Godfrey the Bearded on 30 December, the newlyweds stayed in Lorraine. Beatrice returned to Italy alone. Matilda became pregnant in 1070; Godfrey the Hunchback seems to have informed the Salian imperial court about this event: in a charter from Henry IV dated 9 May 1071, Godfrey or his heirs are mentioned. Matilda gave birth to a daughter, named Beatrice after her maternal grandmother, but the child died a few weeks after the birth, before 29 August 1071. In 1071, Beatrice had donated property to the 2711:

Apennine landscape. Around 100 churches are attributed to Matilda, this developed from the twelfth century. Numerous miracles are also associated with the Margravine. She is said to have asked the pope to bless the Branciana fountain; according to a legend, women can get pregnant after a single drink from the well. According to another legend, Matilda should prefer to stay at the Savignano Castle; there one should see the princess galloping in the sky on full moon nights on a white horse. According to a legend from Montebaranzone, she brought justice to a poor widow and her twelve-year-old son. Numerous legends also surround about Matilda's marriages: she is said to have had up to seven husbands and, as a young girl, fell in love with Henry IV.

2366:, just in the middle of the Po valley, where she owned a small castle, which she often visited between 1106 and 1115. During a stay there, she fell seriously ill, so that she could finally no longer leave the castle. In the last months of her life, the sick Margravine was no longer able to travel strenuously. According to Vito Fumagalli, she stayed in the Polirone area not only because of her illness: the House of Canossa had largely been ousted from its previous position of power at the beginning of the twelfth century. In her final hours the Bishop of Reggio, Cardinal Bonsignore, stayed at her deathbed and gave her the sacraments of death. On the night of 24 July 1115, Matilda died of sudden 2381: 2348:

a view to a good understanding with the emperor. Paolo Golinelli thinks that Matilda recognized Henry V as the heir to her domains and only after this, the imperial ban against Matilda was lifted and she recovered the possessions in the northern Italian parts of the formerly powerful House of Canossa with the exception of Tuscany. Donizo imaginatively embellished this process with the title of Vice-Queen. Some researchers see in the agreement with Henry V a turning away from the ideals of the so-called Gregorian reform, but Enrico Spagnesi emphasizes that Matilda had by no means given up her church reform-minded policy.

1906:. According to historian Elke Goez, Matilda's court can be described as "a focal point for the use of learned jurists in the case law by lay princes". Matilda encouraged these scholars and drew them to her court. According to Goez, the administration of justice was not a scholarly end in itself, but served to increase the efficiency of rulership. Goez sees a legitimation deficit as the most important trigger for the Margravine's intensive administration of justice, since Matilda was never formally invested by the king. In Tuscany in particular, an intensive administration of justice can be documented with almost 30 2233:

See in the Holy Cross Chapel of the Lateran before Pope Gregory VII. Most research has dated this first donation to the years between 1077 and 1080. Paolo Golinelli spoke out for the period between 1077 and 1081. Werner Goez placed the first donation in the years 1074 and 1075, when Matilda's presence in Rome can be proven. At the second donation, despite the importance of the event, very few witnesses were present. With Atto from Montebaranzone and Bonusvicinus from Canossa, the diploma was attested by two people of no recognizable rank who are not mentioned in any other certificate.

1807: 1223: 899:, Matilda was formally acknowledged as sole heiress to the greatest territorial lordship in the southern part of the Empire. In June 1057 the Pope held a synod in Florence; he was present during the infamous capture of Beatrice and Matilda, and, with the deliberated choice of location of the synod also made it clear that the House of Canossa had returned to Italy, strengthened at the side of the Pope and had been completely rehabilitated; with Henry IV being a minor, the reform Papacy sought the protection of the powerful House of Canossa. According to 2010:". This formulation, which can be found in 38 original and 31 copiously handed down texts by the Margravine, ultimately remains as puzzling as it is singular in terms of tradition. One possible explanation for their use is that Matilda was never formally invested with the Margraviate of Tuscany by the king. Like her mother, Matilda carried out all kinds of legal transactions without mentioning her husbands and thus with full independence. Both princesses took over the official titles of their husbands, but refrained from masculinizing their titles. 2267: 988:. Godfrey the Hunchback fiercely protested the separation and demanded that Matilda come back to him, which she repeatedly refused. In early 1072, he descended into Italy and visited several places in Tuscany, determined not only to enforce the marriage, but to lay claim to these areas as Matilda's husband. During this time, Matilda stayed in Lucca and there is no evidence that the couple met. Additionally, Godfrey the Hunchback is named as her husband only in a single document dated 18 August 1073 signed in Mantua for a donation for the 1000:. He promised military aid to the latter. However, Matilda's resolution was unshakable, and in the summer of 1073 Godfrey the Hunchback returned to Lorraine alone, losing all hope for a reconciliation by 1074. Matilda wanted to enter in a monastery as a nun. During 1073–1074 she tried in vain to obtain the dissolution of her marriage with the pope; however, Gregory VII needed Godfrey the Hunchback as an ally and was therefore not interested in granting a divorce. At the same time the pope hoped for Matilda's help with his crusade plans. 2257: 1987: 1195: 2576:. In the fourteenth century there was a lack of clarity about the historical facts about Matilda. Only the name of the Margravine, her reputation as a virtuous woman, her many donations to churches and hospitals, and the transfer of her goods to the Holy See were present. Knowledge of the conflicts between Henry IV and Gregory VII was forgotten. Because of their connection to the Guidi family that gave her little attention in the Florentine chronicles as the Guidi were mortal enemies of Florence. In the 1381:), in open defiance of claims by Henry IV as both the overlord of some of those domains and as one of her close relatives. One year later, the fortunes of papacy and empire turned again: at the Roman synod of Lent in early March 1080 Henry IV was again excommunicated by Gregory VII. The pope combined the anathem with a warning: if the king didn't submit to the papal authority by 1 August he should be dethroned. However, unlike previously, the German bishops and princes stood behind Henry IV. In 1875:. Matilda contributed to the distribution of the books intended for her by making copies. More works were dedicated only to Henry IV among their direct contemporaries. As a result, the Margravine court temporarily became the most important non-royal spiritual center of the Salian period. It also served as a contact point for displaced Gregorians in the church political disputes. Historian Paolo Golinelli interpreted the repeated admission of high-ranking refugees and their care as an act of 673: 1782:

de Luca's marriage to the daughter of the royal judge Flaipert that she gained new opportunities to influence. Flaipert had already been one of the most important advisors of the House of Canossa since the times of Matilda's mother. Allucione was a vassal of Count Fuidi, with whom Matilda worked closely. Mantua had to make considerable concessions in June 1090; the inhabitants of the city and the suburbs were freed from all "unjustified" oppression and all rights and property in Sacca,

1389:. The break between the empire and the papacy also escalated the troubled relationship between Henry IV and Matilda. In September 1080, the Margravine stood on behalf of Bishop Gratianus of Ferrara to court. Marquis Azzo d'Este, Counts Ugo and Ubert, Albert (son of Count Boso), Paganus di Corsina, Fulcus de Rovereto, Gerardo di Corviago, Petrus de Ermengarda, and Ugo Armatus all met there. Matilda swore there to maintain the upcoming fight against Henry IV. On 15 October 1080 at 1954:). The largest proportion of the number of documents are donations to ecclesiastical recipients (45) and court documents (35). In terms of the spatial distribution of the documentary tradition, Northern Italy predominates (82). Tuscany and the neighboring regions (49) are less affected, while Lorraine has only five documents. There is thus a unique tradition for a princess of the High Middle Ages; a comparable number of documents only come back for the time being 1023:) on 26 February 1076. Having been accused the previous month of adultery with the pope, Matilda was suspected of ordering her estranged husband's death. However, she couldn't have known about the proceedings at the Synod of Worms at the time since the news even took three months to reach the pope. It is more likely that Godfrey the Hunchback was killed at the instigation of an enemy nearer to him. Matilda made no spiritual donations for Godfrey the Hunchback. 1798:

friends and come to an agreement with them. In her role as the most important guarantor of the law, she increasingly lost importance in relation to the bishops. They repeatedly asked the Margravine to put an end to grievances. As a result, the bishops expanded their position within the episcopal cities and in the surrounding area. After 1100 Matilda had to repeatedly protect churches from her own subjects. The accommodation requirements had also been reduced.

1638: 2688:; she should serve as a symbol of the triumph of the church over all adversaries for everyone to see. In the dispute between Catholics and Protestants in the sixteenth century, two opposing judgments were received. From a Catholic perspective, Matilda was glorified for supporting the pope; for the Protestants, she was responsible for the humiliation of Henry IV in Canossa and was denigrated as a "pope whore", as in the biography of Henry IV by 7870: 2910: 2853:", completely tied to the past, i.e. outdated and inflexible in the face of a changing time. Vito Fumagalli presented several national historical studies on the Margraves of Canossa; he saw the causes of the Canossa's power in rich and centralized allodial goods, in a strategic network of fortifications, and in the support of the Salian rulers. In 1998, a year after his death, Fumagalli's biography of Matilda was published. 1344:, Matilda's paternal grandfather). Since Matilda's castle became the setting for the reconciliation between the emperor and the pope, she must have been very closely involved in the negotiations. The king remained there, in a penitent's robe, barefoot, and without a sign of authority, despite the winter cold, until 28 January, when Matilda convinced the pope to see him. Matilda and Adelaide brokered a deal between the men. 664: 524: 1592:), the prince rebelled against his father. Sources close to the emperor saw Matilda's influence on Conrad as the reason for the rebellion of the son against his father, but contemporary sources don't reveal any closer contact between the two before the rebellion. A little later, Conrad was taken prisoner by his father but with Matilda's help, he was freed. With the support of the Margravine, Conrad was crowned 1560:. The majority of them were in favor of peace. Only the hermit Johannes from Marola strongly advocated a continuation of the fight against the emperor. Thereupon Matilda implored her followers not to give up the fight. The imperial army began to siege Canossa in the autumn of 1092, but withdrew after a sudden failure of the siege; after this defeat, Henry IV's influence in Italy was never recovered. 2002:

almost twenty years. However, from autumn 1098 she was able to regain a large part of her lost territories. This increased interest in receiving certificates from her. Ninety-four documents have survived from the last 20 years. Matilda tried to consolidate her rule with the increased use of writing. After the death of her mother (18 April 1076), she often provided her documents with the phrase "

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supporter of church reform, her mother had distanced herself from Gregory VII's revolutionary goals where these endangered the foundations of her rule structures. In this setting, mother and daughter differed significantly from one another. Matilda had the church treasure of the Apollonius monastery built near Canossa Castle melted down; precious metal vessels and other treasures from

1604:. This was intended to win the support of the Normans of southern Italy against Henry IV. Conrad's initiatives to expand his rule in northern Italy probably led to tensions with Matilda, and for this, he didn't find any more support for his rule. After 22 October 1097, his political activity was virtually ended, his death in the summer of 1101 from a fever being the only mention. 1930:, and even that is considered unlikely. The role of this scholar in Matilda's environment is controversial. According to historian Wulf Eckart Voss, Irnerius had been a legal advisor since 1100. In an analysis of the documentary mentions, however, Gundula Grebner came to the conclusion that this scholar should not be classified in the circle of Matilda, but in that of Henry V. 1265:, she was suitable for a mediator role between the Emperor and the Holy See. Matilda's mother died at the time when the conflict between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII was escalating. Matilda and Beatrice were among the closest confidants of Gregory VII. From the beginning, he took both into his confidence and let them know about his plans against the Roman-German king. 1234: 842:. The extent of Matilda's education in military matters is debated. It has been asserted that she was taught strategy, tactics, riding, and wielding weapons, but recent scholarship challenges these claims. Her father, Boniface of Canossa was a feared and hated prince for some small vassals throughout his life. On 7 May 1052, he was ambushed while hunting in the forest of 2237:

heir in 1110/11. Even Johannes Laudage in his study of the contemporary sources, thought that the Matildine Donation was spurious. Elke and Werner Goez, on the other hand, viewed the second donation diploma from November 1102 as authentic in their document edition. Bernd Schneidmüller and Elke Goez believe that a diploma was issued about the renewed transfer of the

636:, Santa Maria di Felonica) were established in places of transport and strategic importance for the administrative consolidation of their large estates. Three family saints (Genesius, Apollonius, and Simeon) were used to stabilize the House of Canossa's power structure and the family sought to exert influence on convents that had been in existence for a long time ( 1959:

the second seal from the year 1100 is an antique gem and not a portrait of Matilda and Godfrey the Hunchback or Welf V. Matilda's chancellery for issuing the diplomas on their own can be excluded with high probability. To consolidate her rule and as an expression of the understanding of rule, Matilda referred in her title to her powerful father; it was called

1971:, was probably made in the 1130s at the earliest. The Margravine's mosaic in the church of Polirone was also made after her death. Matilda had her ancestors put in splendid coffins. However, she didn't succeed in bringing together all the remains of her ancestors to create a central point of reference for rule and memory: her grandfather remained buried in 2006:" ("Matilda, by God's grace, if she is something"). The personal combination of symbol (cross) and text was unique in the personal execution of the certificates. By referring to the immediacy of God, she wanted to legitimize her contestable position. There is no consensus in research about the meaning of the qualifying suffix " 1700:

famous name, if you endear yourself to me; do not reproof me for boldness because I first address you with the proposal. It's reason for both male and female to desire a legitimate union, and it makes no difference whether the man or the woman broaches the first line of love, sofar as an indissoluble marriage is sought. Goodbye

439:) Castle, In January 1077, Henry IV was accepted back into the church community by the Pope. The understanding between the Emperor and the Pope was short-lived, however. In the conflicts with Henry IV that arose a little later, from 1080 Matilda put all her military and material resources into the service of the Papacy. Her 2038:, and Polirone. In this way she secured the financing of the old church buildings. She often stipulated that the proceeds from the donated land should be used to build churches in the center of the episcopal cities. This money was an important contribution to the funds for the expansion and decoration of the churches of 1670:

in the subsequent period, so that Welf V could have moved to Italy alone or with a small entourage. According to the Rosenberg Annals, he even came across the Alps disguised as a pilgrim. Matilda's motive for this marriage, despite the large age difference and the political alliance—her new husband was a member of the

1293:, awaiting the pope. Matilda's first military endeavor, as well as the first major task altogether as ruler, turned out to be protecting the pope during his perilous journey north. Gregory VII could rely on nobody else. As the sole heiress to the House of Canossa patrimony, Matilda controlled all the Apennine 3089:

should emphasize the rank of rulers direct from God. They were unusual for women; only the Byzantine empresses were depicted in this way. Only the king is shown in the formal supplication of a vassal with a bent knee, while Hugh and Matilda are sitting. The caption reads: "The king makes a request to

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is named after the four Canusinian castles on the four hills at the foot of the Apennines. Bianello is the only castle that is still in use. A large number of communities on the northern and southern Apennines traces their origins and their heyday back to Matilda's epoch. Numerous citizen initiatives

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against his father Henry IV. The Milanese chronicler Landulfus Senior made a polemical statement in the eleventh century: he accused Matilda of having ordered the murder of her first husband. She is also said to have incited Pope Gregory VII to excommunicate the king. Landulf's polemics were directed

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as an inheritance treaty, while Italian historians such as Luigi Simeoni and Werner Goez repeatedly questioned this. Elke Goez, on the other hand, assumed a mutual agreement with benefits from both sides: Matilda, whose health was weakened, probably waived her further support for Pope Paschal II with

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out of curial fear of the Welfs. Welf IV died in November 1101. His eldest son and successor Welf V had rulership rights over the House of Canossa domains through his marriage to Matilda. Therefore, reference was made to an earlier award of the inheritance before Matilda's second marriage. Otherwise,

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Matilda founded and sponsored numerous hospitals to care for the poor and pilgrims. For the hospitals, she selected municipal institutions and important Apennine passes. The welfare institutions not only fulfilled charitable tasks, but were also important for the legitimation and consolidation of the

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Matilda sent an army of thousands to the border of Lombardy to escort her bridegroom, welcomed him with honors, and after the marriage (mid-1089), she organized 120 days of wedding festivities, with such splendor that those of any other medieval rulers pale in comparison. Cosmas also reports that for

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in order to politically isolate Henry IV. According to historian Elke Goez, the union of northern and southern Alpine opponents of the Salian dynasty initially had no military significance, because Welf V didn't appear in northern Italy with troops. In Matilda's documents, no Swabian names are listed

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of their mother, who not only managed to hold the family patrimony together, but also made important contacts with leading figures in the Church renewal movement. Beatrice developed into an increasingly important pillar of the reform of the Papacy. Matilda's older sister, Beatrice, died the next year

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Matilda's tomb was converted into a mausoleum before the middle of the twelfth century. For Paolo Golinelli, this early design of the grave is the beginning of the Margravine's myth. In the course of the twelfth century, two opposing developments occurred: Matilda's person was mystified, at the same

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stands at the beginning of a new literary genre. With the early Guelph tradition, it establishes medieval family history. The house and reform monasteries, sponsored by Guelph and Canossa women, attempted to organize the memories of the community of relatives and thereby "to express awareness of the

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with Matilda in terms of content, including the book illumination, down to the smallest detail. Shortly before the work was handed over, Matilda died. Text and images on the family history of the House of Canossa served to glorify Matilda, were important for the public staging of the family and were

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On 17 November 1102 Matilda donated her property to the Apostolic See at Canossa Castle in the presence of the Cardinal Legate Bernardo of San Crisogono. This is a renewal of the donation, as the first diploma was allegedly lost. Matilda had initially transferred all of her property to the Apostolic

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hoped that Matilda's adoption would not only give him the inheritance, but also an increase in rank. He also hoped for support in the dispute between the Guidi and the Cadolinger families for supremacy in Tuscany. The Cadolinger were named after one of their ancestors, Count Cadalo, who was attested

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was adopted by Matilda. According to her, the Margravine must have consulted with her loyal followers beforehand and reached a consensus for this far-reaching political decision. Ultimately, pragmatic reasons were decisive: Matilda needed a political and economic administrator for Tuscany. The Guidi

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had developed since the twelfth century to a central institution of royal and princely power. The most important tasks were the visualization of the rule through festivals, art, and literature. The term "court" can be understood as "presence with the ruler". In contrast to the Brunswick court of the

1615:(renamed Adelaide after her marriage), escaped from her imprisonment at the monastery of San Zeno and spread serious allegations against him. Henry IV then had her arrested in Verona. With the help of Matilda, Adelaide was able to escape again and find refuge with her. At the beginning of March 1095 1555:

suffered severe damages in the course of the military conflict so that on 5 October 1092 Matilda gave the monastery the churches of San Prospero, San Donino in Monte Uille, and San Gregorio in Antognano to compensate. Matilda had a meeting with her few remaining faithful allies in the late summer of

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and attacked Matilda's sphere of influence. In April 1091 he was able to take the city after an eleven-month siege. In the following months, the emperor achieved further successes against the vassals of the Margravine. In the summer of 1091, he managed to get the entire north area of the Po with the

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changed the social and rulership structure of the Italian cities permanently, giving them space for emancipation from foreign rule and their own communal development. From autumn 1098, Matilda was able to regain many of her lost domains. Until the end she tried to bring the cities under her control.

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The 900th year of Henry IV's death in 2006 brought Matilda into the spotlight in the exhibitions in Paderborn (2006) and Mantua (2008). The 900th anniversary of her death in 2015 was the occasion for various initiatives in Italy and sessions at the International Medieval Congress at Leeds. The 21st

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publications. The work was reprinted in 1965 and published in 1980 in an Italian translation. In the last few decades Werner and Elke Goez in particular have dealt with Matilda. From 1986 the couple worked together on the scientific edition of their documents. More than 90 archives and libraries in

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Werner Goez explains with different ideas about the legal implications of the process that Matilda often had her own property even after 1102 without recognizing any consideration for Rome's rights. Goez observed that the donation is only mentioned in Matildine documents that were created under the

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The Matildine Donation caused a sensation in the twelfth century and has also received a lot of attention in research. The entire tradition of the document comes from the curia. According to Paolo Golinelli, the donation of 1102 is a forgery from the 1130s; in reality, Matilda made Henry V her only

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By using the written form, Matilda supplemented the presence of the immediate presence of power in all parts of her sphere of influence. In her great courts she used the script to increase the income from her lands. Scripture-based administration was still a very unusual means of realizing rule for

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The castles in their domain and high church festivals also served to visualize the rule. Matilda celebrated Easter as the most important act of power representation in Pisa in 1074. Matilda's pictorial representations also belong in this context, some of which are controversial, however. The statue

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appeared as early as the 1080s, which are considered to be signs of the legal independence of the "communities". Pisa sought its advantage in changing alliances with the Salian dynasty and the House of Canossa. Lucca remained completely closed to the Margravine from 1081. It was not until Allucione

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for several months and demonstratively devoted himself to his rulership. Pope Gregory VII stayed in Matilda's castles for the next few months. Henry IV and Matilda never met again in person after the Canossa days. From 1077 to 1080 Matilda followed the usual activities of her rule. In addition to a

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Henry IV was taken back into the Church, with both Matilda and Adelaide acting as sponsors and formally swearing to the agreement. For Matilda, the days in Canossa were a challenge. All those arriving had to be accommodated and looked after appropriately. She had to take care of the procurement and

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and 24 bishops, the king formulated drastic accusations against Gregory VII. The allegations included Gregory VII's election (which was described as illegitimate), the government of the Church through a "women's senate", and that "he shared a table with a strange woman and housed her, more familiar

755:. After the deaths of their parents she and her sister had been raised in the imperial court by their maternal aunt, Empress Gisela. For Boniface, the marriage to Beatrice, a close relative of the emperor, brought him not only prestige, but also the prospect to have an heir. His first wife had been 2825:

in Bianello Castle has been a reminiscent display of Matilda's meeting with Henry V and reported coronation as vicar and vice-queen; the event has taken place every year since then, usually on the last Sunday of May. The organizer is the municipality of Quattro Castella, which has owned the castle

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In the years from 1081 to 1098, however, the rule of the House of Canossa was in a crisis. The documentary and letter transmission is largely suspended for this period. A total of only 17 pieces have survived, not a single document from eight years. After this finding Matilda wasn't in Tuscany for

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five decades later. At least 18 of Matilda's documents were sealed. At the time, this was unusual for lay princes in imperial Italy. There were very few women who had their own seal: the Margravine had two seals of different pictorial types —one shows a female bust with loose, falling hair, while

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After 1090 Matilda accentuated the consensual rule. After the profound crises, she was no longer able to make political decisions on her own. She held meetings with spiritual and secular nobles in Tuscany and also in her home countries of Emilia. She had to take into account the ideas of her loyal

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After 1096 the balance of power slowly began to change again in favor of the Margravine. Matilda resumed her donations to ecclesiastical and social institutions in Lombardy, Emilia, and Tuscany. In the summer of 1099 and 1100 her route first led to Lucca and Pisa. There it can be detected again in

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under the protection of Matilda. There Adelaide appeared and made a public confession about Henry IV "because of the unheard-of atrocities of fornication which she had endured with her husband": she accused Henry IV of forcing her to participate in orgies, and, according to some later accounts, of

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A guerrilla war developed that Matilda waged from her castles in the Apennines. In 1082 she was apparently insolvent. Therefore, she could no longer bind her vassals to her with generous gifts or fiefs. But even in dire straits, she did not let up in her zeal for the reform papacy. Although also a

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became a refuge for many displaced persons during the turmoil of the investiture dispute and enjoyed a cultural boom. Even after the death of Pope Gregory VII in 1085, Matilda remained an important pillar of the Reform Church. Between 1081 and 1098, the Canossa rule fell into a major crisis due to

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In addition to the upscale literature, numerous regional legends and miracle stories in particular contributed to Matilda's subsequent stylization. She was transfigured relatively early from the benefactress of numerous churches and monasteries to the sole monastery and church donor of the entire

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without any apparent resistance from the curia. The once loyal subjects of the Margravine accepted the emperor as their new master without resistance; for example, powerful vassals such as Arduin de Palude, Sasso of Bibianello, Count Albert of Sabbioneta, Ariald of Melegnano, Opizo of Gonzaga and

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Hildebrand, in the 1060s. During 9–17 March 1074, she met him for the first time after his election as pope. He developed a special relationship of trust With Matilda and Beatrice, in the period that followed. However, Beatrice died on 18 April 1076. On 27 August 1077 Matilda donated her town of

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In the fifteenth century, Matilda's marriage to Welf V disappeared from chronicles and narrative literature. Numerous families in Italy tried rather to claim Matilda as their ancestor and to derive their power from her. Giovanni Battista Panetti wanted to prove the Margravine's belonging to the

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After the discovery of contemporary diplomas, Elke Goez refuted the widespread notion that the Margravine had given churches and monasteries rich gifts at all times of her life. Very few donations were initially made. Already one year after the death of her mother, Matilda lost influence on the

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Not for feminine lightness or recklessness, but for the good of all my kingdom, I send you this letter: agreeing to it, you take with it myself and the rule over the whole of Lombardy. I'll give you so many cities, so many castles and noble palaces, so much gold and silver, that you will have a

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and forced his imperial coronation. When Matilda found out about this, she asked for the release of two cardinals, Bernard of Parma and Bonsignore of Reggio, who were close to her. Henry V complied with her request and released both cardinals. Matilda did nothing to get the pope and the other

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for their transfer to the royal side. On 23 June 1081, the king issued the citizens of Lucca a comprehensive privilege in the army camp outside Rome. By granting special urban rights, the king intended to weaken Matilda's rule. In July 1081 at a synod in Lucca, Henry IV—on account of her 1079

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Order, which they both sponsored. On 19 November 1103 they gave the monastery of Vallombrosa possessions on both sides of the Vicano and half of the castle of Magnale with the town of Pagiano. After Matilda had bequeathed her property to the Apostolic See in 1102 (so-called second "Matildine

1031:

Matilda's bold decision to repudiate her husband came at a cost, but ensured her independence. Beatrice started preparing Matilda for rule as head of the House of Canossa by holding court jointly with her and, eventually, encouraging her to issue charters under her own authority as countess

1007:

was brewing between Gregory VII and Henry IV, with both men claiming the right to appoint bishops and abbots within the empire. Matilda and Godfrey the Hunchback soon found themselves on opposing sides of the dispute, leading to a further deterioration of their difficult relationship. German

1308:

Henry IV had other plans, however. He decided to descend into Italy and intercept Gregory VII, who was thus delayed. The German princes held a separate council and informed the king that he had to submit to the pope within a year or be replaced. Henry IV's predecessors had dealt easily with

1132:

and Lombard law currently in force in the Kingdom of Italy, according to which Emperor Henry IV would have been the legal heir. In view of the minority of Henry IV and close cooperation with the reform papacy, a lending under imperial law was of secondary importance for the House of Canossa

979:

Matilda and Godfrey the Hunchback's marriage proved a failure after a short time. The death of their only child and Godfrey's physical deformity may have helped fuel deep animosity between the spouses. By the end of 1071, Matilda had left her husband and returned to Italy, where her stay in

2864:

attempts of the northern Italian nobility to link Matilda in the early modern period. Golinelli published the anthology in 1999. As an important result of this conference it turned out that goods and family relationships have been ascribed to her that have not been historically proven.

1305:. The Lombard bishops, who were also excommunicated for taking part in the synod and whose sees bordered Matilda's domain, were keen to capture the pope. Gregory VII was aware of the danger, and recorded that all his advisors except Matilda counselled him against travelling to Trebur. 2309:

Henry V had been in diplomatic contact with Matilda since 1109. He emphasized his blood relationship with the Margravine and demonstratively cultivated the connection. At his coronation as emperor in 1111, disputes over the investiture question broke out again. Henry V captured

2586:

in 1306, Matilda was a decent and pious person. She is described there as product of a secret marriage between a Byzantine princess with an Italian knight. She also didn't consummate the marriage with Welf V; instead, she decided to live her life chaste and with pious works.

1491:

Henry IV's control of Rome enabled him to enthrone Antipope Clement III, who, in turn, crowned him emperor. After this, Henry IV returned to Germany, leaving it to his allies to attempt Matilda's dispossession. These attempts foundered after Matilda (with help of the city of

1044:

their position was much more stable than in the southern Apennines, where they couldn't get their followers behind them despite rich donations. They therefore tried to act as guardians of justice and public order. Matilda's participation is mentioned in seven of the sixteen

2219:

held an important position among the Margravine's vassals, but was not adopted by her. This is supported by the fact that after 1108 he only appeared once as a witness in one of their documents, namely in a document dated 6 May 1115, which Matilda granted in favor of the

2305:

originated in Polirone or was sent there as a gift from Matilda. It is the only larger surviving memorial from a Cluniac monastery in northern Italy. Paolo Golinelli emphasized that, through Matilda's favor, Polirone also became a base where reform forces gathered.

1109:

to both her parents. Her inheritance could have been threatened had Godfrey the Hunchback survived her mother, but she now enjoyed the privileged status of a widow. It seemed unlikely, however, that Emperor Henry IV would formally invest her with the margraviate.

2504:

present and an orientation towards the present" in the memory of one's own past. Eugenio Riversi considers the memory of the family epoch, especially the commemoration of the anniversaries of the dead, to be one of the characteristic elements in Donizo's work.

959:

Possibly taking advantage of the minority of Henry IV, Beatrice and Godfrey the Bearded wanted to consolidate the connection between the Houses of Lorraine and of Canossa in the long term by marrying their two children. Around 1055, Matilda and her stepbrother

7170:

Matilde: La donna e il potere. Matilde di Canossa e il suo tempo: Atti del XXI Congresso internazionale di studio sull'alto medioevo in occasione del IX centenario della morte (1115–2015). San Benedetto Po – Revere – Mantova – Quattro Castella, 20–24 ottobre

1745:

was finally able to return to the north of the Alps in 1097. After that he never returned to Italy, and it would be 13 years before his son and namesake set foot on Italian soil for the first time. With the assistance of the French armies heading off to the

870:

after openly rebelling against Emperor Henry III. Emperor Henry III was enraged by his cousin Beatrice's unauthorised union with his most vigorous adversary and took the opportunity to have her arrested, along with Matilda, when he marched south to attend a

498:

The rule of Matilda and her influence became identified as a cultural epoch in Italy that found expression in the flowering of numerous artistic, musical, and literary designs as well as miracle stories and legends. Her legacy reached its apogee during the

2768:. The organization wanted to bring together young people from the province who wanted to work with the church hierarchy to spread the Christian faith. The Matildines revered the Margravine as a pious, strong, and steadfast daughter of St. Peter. After the 2883:

published. In addition to numerous individual studies on Matilda, Elke Goez published a biography of Matilda's mother Beatrice (1995) and emerged as the author of a history of Italy in the Middle Ages (2010). In 2012 she presented a biography of Matilda.

2102:

On the other hand, nothing is known of Matilda's sponsorship of nunneries. Their only relevant intervention concerned the Benedictine nuns of San Sisto of Piacenza, whom they chased out of the monastery for their immoral behavior and replaced with monks.

2719:

In the nineteenth century, which was enthusiastic about the Middle Ages, the Margravine's myth was renewed. The remains of Canossa Castle were rediscovered and Matilda's whereabouts became popular travel destinations. In addition, Dante's praise for

7456:

Matilda di Canossa (1046-1115): la donna che mutò il corso della storia / Matilda of Canossa (1046-1115): the women who changed the course of history, exhibition catalogue in Italian & English, Casa Buonarroti, Florence, June 14 – October 10,

2083:

recording these processes. Matilda is presented as a political authority: she is present with an army, gives support, recommends receiving the pope, and reappears for the ordination, during which she dedicates immeasurable gifts to the patron.

1949:

In a rulership without a permanent residence, the visualization of rulership and the representation of rank were of great importance. From Matilda's reign there are 139 documents (74 of which are original), four letters, and 115 lost documents

2070:

to the Bishop of Modena; the funds thus freed up could be used for the monastery buildings. In Modena, with her participation, she secured the continued construction of the cathedral. Matilda acted as mediator in the dispute between cathedral

1067:

without her mother and presided over the court alone, where she made a donation in favor of the local Monastery of San Salvatore e Santa Giustina. At the instigation of the abbess Eritha, the monastery possessions in Lucca and Villanova near

778:

Matilda's birthplace and exact date of birth are unknown. Italian scholars have been arguing about her place of birth for centuries. According to Francesco Maria Fiorentini, a doctor and scholar of the seventeenth century, she was born in

1563:

In the 1090s Henry IV got increasingly on the defensive. A coalition of the southern German princes had prevented him from returning to the empire over the Alpine passes. For several years the emperor remained inactive in the area around

1448:

holdings. The consequences for Matilda, however, were relatively minor in Italy, but she suffered losses in her far-away Lorraine possessions. On 1 June 1085, Henry IV gave Matilda's domains Stenay and Mosay to Bishop Dietrich of Verdun.

1937:

practice. There was neither a capital nor did the rulers of the House of Canossa have a preferred place of residence. Rule in the High Middle Ages was based on presence. Matilda's domains comprised most of what is now the dual region of

887:. Mother and daughter were taken to Germany, but Godfrey the Bearded successfully avoided capture. Unable to defeat him, Henry III sought a rapprochement. The Emperor's early death in October 1056, which brought to throne the underage 1720:

Despite the reportedly bad beginning of their marriage, Welf V is documented at least three times as Matilda's consort. By the spring of 1095 the couple were separated: in April 1095 Welf V had signed Matilda's donation charter for

1281:

of the king, releasing all his subjects from the oath of allegiance to him and providing the perfect reason for rebellion against his rule. These measures had a tremendous effect on contemporaries, as the words of the chronicler

1408:; even with this route open, the emperor would find it hard to besiege Rome with a hostile territory at his back. In December 1080 the citizens of Lucca, then the capital of Tuscany, had revolted and driven out her ally, Bishop 602:. Adalbert-Atto appeared in documents from the reign of Otto I as an advocate and he was able to establish contacts with the Papacy for the first time in the wake of the Ottonians. Otto I also awarded the counties of Reggio and 6840:

Matilde di Canossa e il suo tempo. Atti del XXI Congresso internazionale di studio sull'alto medioevo in occasione del IX centenario della morte (1115–2015), San Benedetto Po, Revere, Mantova, Quattro Castella, 20–24 ottobre

5003:

894:

Godfrey the Bearded was reconciled with the imperial family and recognized as Margrave of Tuscany in December, while Beatrice and Matilda were released. By the time she and her mother returned to Italy, in the company of

2248:

influence of papal legates. Matilda didn't want a complete waiver of all other real estates and usable rights and perhaps did not notice how far the consequences of the formulation of the second Matildine Donation went.

6922:(in Italian). Bologna: Matilde di Canossa nelle culture europee del secondo millennio. Dalla storia al mito. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi (Reggio Emilia, Canossa, Quattro Castella, 25 – 27 settembre 1997). 2065:

Matilda supported the construction of Pisa Cathedral with several donations (in 1083, 1100, and 1103). Her name should be permanently associated with the cathedral building project. They released Nonantola from paying

2842:, the Istituto Superiore di Studi Matildici was founded in Italy in 1977 and inaugurated in May 1979. The institute is dedicated to the research of all notable citizens of Canossa and publishes a magazine entitled 1628:

on her naked body. Thanks to these scandals and division within the Imperial family, the prestige and power of Henry IV was increasingly weakened. After the synod, Matilda no longer had any contact with Adelaide.

464:

After 1098, she increasingly used the opportunities offered to her to consolidate her rule again. Since she was childless, in her final years Matilda developed her legacy by focusing her donation activity on the

2514:. In it he compared her to her glorification with biblical women. After an assassination attempt on him in 1090, however, his attitude changed, as he didn't feel sufficiently supported by the Margravine. In his 2736:("The German Emperor Henry stands in the courtyard of Canossa"), in which it says: "Peep out of the window above / Two figures, and the moonlight / Gregory's bald head flickers / And the breasts of Mathildis". 444:

the grueling disputes with Henry IV. The historical record is sparse for this time. A turning point resulted from Matilda forming a coalition with the southern German dukes, who were in opposition to Henry IV.

1309:

troublesome pontiffs — they had simply deposed them, and the excommunicated Lombard bishops rejoiced at this prospect. When Matilda heard about Henry IV's approach, she urged Gregory VII to take refuge in the

640:). Transfer of monasteries to local bishops and the promotion of spiritual institutions also enlarged their network of alliances. An appearance as the guardian of order consolidated their position along the 2626:

was the one able to dismiss the alleged relationship of Matilda and the House of Este in the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, he did not draw a more realistic picture of the Margravine; for him she was an

2489:

consists of two parts. The first part is dedicated to the early members of the House of Canossa, the second deals exclusively with Matilda. Donizo was a monk in the monastery of Sant'Apollonio; with the

938:

on behalf of the papacy mentions Matilda's participation in the campaign, describing it as the "first service that the most excellent daughter of Boniface offered to the blessed prince of the apostles".

7411:(in Italian). Modena: Paolo Golinelli and Pierpaolo Bonacini, eds. — San Cesario sul Panaro da Matilde di Canossa all'Età Moderna: atti del convegno internazionale, 9 – 10 novembre 2012. pp. 11–42. 8009: 2087:

Numerous examples show that Matilda made donations to bishops who were loyal to the Gregorian reforms. In May 1109 she gave land in the area of Ferrara to the Gregorian Bishop Landolfo of Ferrara in

2761:(1858). The work was very successful in its time and saw Italian editions in 1858, 1867, 1876, and 1891. French (1850 and 1862), German (1868), and English (1875) translations were also published. 2022:

The issuing of deeds for monasteries concentrated on convents that were located in Matilda's immediate sphere of influence in northern and central Italy or Lorraine. The main exception to this was

1397:. Some Tuscan nobles took advantage of the uncertainty and positioned themselves against Matilda; few places remained faithful to her. In a donation of 9 December 1080 to the Modenese monastery of 1516:

and Bernardo of Parma, all members of the pro-imperial party, were dead. Matilda took this opportunity and filled the Bishoprics sees in Modena, Reggio, and Pistoia with church reformers again.

6764:

I poteri dei Canossa da Reggio Emilia all'Europa. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi (Reggio Emilia – Carpineti, 29 – 31 ottobre 1992). Il mondo medievale. Studi di Storia e Storiografia

1709:

two nights after the wedding, Welf V, fearing witchcraft, refused to share the marital bed. The third day, Matilda appeared naked on a table especially prepared on sawhorses, and told him that

1488:

sided with Henry IV. As a result, Matilda lost two of her most important pillars of power in Tuscany. She had to stand by and watch as anti-Gregorian bishops were installed in several places.

1003:

Rather than supporting the pope as promised in exchange for preserving his marriage, Godfrey the Hunchback turned his attention to imperial affairs. Meanwhile, the conflict later known as the

1404:

Matilda, however, did not surrender. While Gregory VII was forced into exile, by retaining control over all the western passes in the Apennines, she could force Henry IV to approach Rome via

2868:

In German history, Alfred Overmann's dissertation formed the starting point for studying the history of the margravine. Since 1893 Overmann placed his investigation about Matilda in several

8465: 8417: 1777:

In eleventh century Italy, the rise of the cities began, in interaction with the overarching conflict. They soon succeeded in establishing their own territories. In Lucca, Pavia, and Pisa,

1164:, who enjoyed the right to nominate the counts. He easily found in favor of Matilda, as such verdict happened to please both Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV. Matilda then proceeded to 1729:

tried to reconcile the couple; he was primarily concerned with the possible inheritance of the childless Matilda. The couple was never divorced, nor was the marriage declared invalid.

1665:

and who was probably fifteen to seventeen years old, but none of the contemporary sources goes into the great age difference. The marriage was probably concluded at the instigation of

2186:). With his consent, Matilda renewed and expanded a donation from her ancestors to the Brescello monastery. However, this is the only time that Guido had the title of adoptive son ( 2572:

her participation in the murder of her husband, whereupon the pontiff released her from the crime. Through this act of leniency, Matilda felt obliged to donate her property to the

2190:) in a document that was considered to be authentic. At that time there were an unusually large number of vassals in Matilda's environment. In March 1100, the Margravine and Guido 1527:. In 1087, Matilda led an expedition to Rome in an attempt to install Victor III, but the strength of the imperial counterattack soon convinced the pope to withdraw from the city. 7409:"Scritto nella pietra: Le 'Cento Chiese,' Programma gregoriano di Matilda di Canossa" in Atti del Convegno Internazionale "San Cesario sul Panaro da Matilde di Canossa all'Eta' 2677:

is still a matter of dispute. In the fifteenth century, Matilda was stylized by Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti and Jacopo Filippo Foresti as a warrior for God and the Church.

2562:

time historical memory of the House of Canossa declined. In the thirteenth century, Matilda's guilty feelings about the murder of her first husband became a popular topic. The

621:(Duke and Margrave) in a document. This title was adopted by all subsequent rulers of the House of Canossa, an inheritance preventing disputes among the three sons of Tedald. 1912:. Matilda's involvement in the founding of the Bolognese School of Law, which has been suspected again and again, is viewed by Elke Goez as unlikely. According to chronicler 1657:

In 1088 Matilda was facing a new attempt at invasion by Henry IV, and decided to pre-empt it by means of a political marriage. In 1089 Matilda (in her early forties) married

1385:

on 25 June 1080, seven German, one Burgundian, and 20 Italian bishops decided to depose Gregory VII and nominated Archbishop Guibert of Ravenna as pope, who took the name of

8089: 1835:, Heribert of Reggio, and Johannes of Mantua were around the Margravine. Matilda encouraged some of them to write their works: for example, Bishop Anselm of Lucca wrote a 1715:

Get out of here, monster, you don't deserve our kingdom, you vile thing, viler than a worm or a rotten seaweed, don't let me see you again, or you'll die a miserable death

2622:

also assumed a marriage between Matilda and Albert Azzo II and mentioned Ariosto as reference. Many more generations followed this tradition, and only the Este archivist

2199:

Donation"), Guido withdrew from her. With the donation he lost hope of the inheritance. However, he signed three more documents with Matilda for the Abbey of Polirone.

7907: 567:, was able to bring several castles in the foothills of the Apennines under his control in the politically fragmented region. Adalbert-Atto married Hildegard, of the 5540: 8401: 7996: 1725:, but a next diploma dated 21 May 1095 was already issued by Matilda alone. Welf V's name no longer appears in any of the Mathildic documents. As a father-in-law, 527:

Adalbert-Atto of Canossa and his wife Hildegard surrounded by arches above their three sons Rudolph, Geoffrey (Gotofred), and the grandfather of Matilda, Tedald -

7162:(in Italian). Williamsburg: Matilda of Canossa & the origins of the Renaissance. An exhibition in honor of the 900th anniversary of her death. pp. 31–35. 2343:) with her, which was mentioned only by Donizo and whose details are unknown. This agreement has been undisputedly interpreted in German historical studies since 2838:

Matilda receives a lot of attention in Italian history. Matildine Congresses were held in 1963, 1970, and 1977. On the occasion of the 900th anniversary of the

1886:

Matilda regularly sought the advice of learned lawyers when making court decisions. A large number of legal advisors are named in their documents. There are 42

1268:

The disagreement between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV culminated in the aftermath of the synod of Worms on 24 January 1076; together with the Archbishops

8305: 4747:

Katrin Dort, "Adlige Armenfürsorge im Bistum Lucca bis zum Ausgang des 12. Jahrhunderts". (in German) In: Lukas Clemens, Katrin Dort, Felix Schumacher (ed.):

8377: 2764:

The Matilda's myth lives on in Italy to the present day. The Matildines were a Catholic women's association founded in Reggio Emilia in 1918, similar to the

2530:. Rangerius of Lucca also distanced himself from Matilda when she didn't position herself against Henry V in 1111. Out of bitterness, he didn't dedicate his 2849:

In Italy, Ovidio Capitani was one of the best experts on Canossa history in the twentieth century. According to his judgment in 1978, Matilda's policy was "

7991: 6742: 859:

to Frederick's personal holdings. Beatrice was Regent of Tuscany from 1052 until her death in 1076, during the minority of and in co-regency with Matilda.

8025: 628:. The three successive Canossa rulers (Adalbert-Atto, Tedald, and Boniface) instituted monasteries for their expansion of rule. The founded monasteries ( 5189:

Jörg Rogge (1978). Claudia Zey (ed.). "Mächtige Frauen? Königinnen und Fürstinnen im europäischen Mittelalter (11.–14. Jahrhundert) – Zusammenfassung".

1079:

Matilda was introduced by her mother to numerous personalities in church reform, especially Pope Gregory VII. She had already met the future pope, then

775:(named after his maternal grandfather), and Matilda (named after her maternal grandmother). Matilda, probably born around 1046, was the youngest child. 4581: 7257:

Laudage, Johannes (2004). "Macht und Ohnmacht Mathildes von Tuszien" [Power and Powerlessness of Matilda of Tuscany]. In Finger, Heinz (ed.).

1452:

Matilda remained Pope Gregory VII's chief intermediary for communication with northern Europe even as he lost control of Rome and was holed up in the

1012:

in January 1076, even suggested that Godfrey the Hunchback inspired an allegation by Henry IV of a licentious affair between Gregory VII and Matilda.

8441: 7986: 7978: 7594: 1513: 719:. A marriage covenant was arranged and one year later, in June 1037, Boniface and Beatrice celebrated their marriage in high style, keeping court at 491:). With her death, the House of Canossa became extinct in 1115. Well into the thirteenth century, popes and emperors fought over what was called the 2293:. One of the main evils that the church reformers acted against. In the same year she gave the Abbey of Polirone a poor house that she had built in 1456:. After Henry IV obtained possession of the pope's seal, Matilda wrote to supporters in Germany only to trust papal messages that came through her. 8473: 1444:

upon Matilda and all her domains were forfeit, although this was not enough to eliminate her as a source of trouble, for she retained substantial

830:

Scholars generally believe that Matilda must have spent her early years around her mother, who was renowned for her learning. She was literate in

1277:

than necessary." The contempt expressed was so immense that Matilda was not even called by name. The pope responded on 15 February 1076 with the

2289:("wicked, unchaste, and adulterous priests") and gave them to the monks of Polirone. The Gonzaga clergy were charged with violating the duty of 1641:

Matilda weds Welf V (l), (r) she and her new husband ride to view her property. Illumination from the fourteenth century in a manuscript of the

771:

and their only child was a daughter who was born and died in 1014. Boniface and Beatrice had three children, Beatrice (named after her mother),

7900: 7853: 7355: 7276: 7104: 6885: 5039:

Rudolf Schieffer, "Von Ort zu Ort. Aufgaben und Ergebnisse der Erforschung ambulanter Herrschaftspraxis". (in German) In: Caspar Ehlers (ed.):

2285:

In the last phase of her life, Matilda pursued the plan to strengthen the Abbey of Polirone. The Church of Gonzaga freed them in 1101 from the

6686: 2481:, in which he tells the story of the House of Canossa, especially Matilda. Since the first edition by Sebastian Tengnagel, it has been called 8521: 996:. In his efforts to restore his marital bond, Godfrey the Hunchback sought the help of both Matilda's mother and her ally, the newly elected 6406:

Odoardo Rombaldi "Giulio Dal Pozzo autore del volume Meraviglie Heroiche di Matilda la Gran Contessa d'Italia, Verona 1678", pp. 103–108 in

910:

Matilda's mother and stepfather thus became heavily involved in the series of disputed papal elections during their regency, supporting the

1674:, who were important supporters of the papacy from the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries in their conflict with the German emperors (see 1480:. All the proceeds were made available to the pope. The royal side of the dispute then accused her of plundering churches and monasteries. 1105:

The deaths of both her husband and mother within two months considerably augmented Matilda's power. She now was the undisputed heir of all

1076:). For the next six months Matilda's residence is not known, while her mother took part in the enthronement ceremony for Pope Gregory VII. 8652: 8632: 2992: 824: 356:(also known as the Attonids) in the second half of the eleventh century. Matilda was one of the most important governing figures of the 5340:

Claudia Zey (1978). "Mächtige Frauen? Königinnen und Fürstinnen im europäischen Mittelalter (11.–14. Jahrhundert) – Zusammenfassung".

1435:

Henry IV crossed the Alps in the spring of 1081. He gave up his previous reluctance toward his cousin Matilda and honored the city of

7893: 6997:(in German). Munich: Vom Umbruch zur Erneuerung? Das 11. und beginnende 12. Jahrhundert – Positionen der Forschung. pp. 321–339. 6353:

Anna Benvenuti "Il mito di Matilde nella memoria dei cronisti fiorentini, in Matilde di Canossa nelle culture europee", pp. 53–60 in

4418:

Tilman Struve, "War Heinrich IV. ein Wüstling? Szenen einer Ehe am salischen Hof". (in German) In: Oliver Wünsch, Thomas Zotz (ed.):

2985: 2174:, who were one of her main supporters in Florence (although in a genealogically strictly way, the Margravine's feudal heirs were the 972:

for the salvation of her granddaughter's soul and she granted twelve farms "for the health and life of my beloved daughter Matilda" (

3627:

Un inedito calendario/obituario dell'abbazia di Frassinoro ad integrazione della donazione di Beatrice, madre della contessa Matilde

8692: 8687: 8497: 8257: 4036:"Women at Canossa. The role of royal and aristocratic women in the reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany" 4556: 2896:

from February to April 2015, an exhibition took place at the Muscarelle Museum of Art, the first in the United States on Matilda.

2319:

cardinals free. On the way back from the Rome train, Henry V visited the Margravine during 6–11 May 1111 at Castle of Bianello in

934:, while the role of adolescent Matilda remains unclear. A contemporary account of her stepfather's 1067 expedition against Prince 827:, sources cannot prove that there was a permanent household location for Boniface of Canossa in either Mantua or any other place. 8537: 8369: 8345: 4605:

Johannes Laudage, "Welf lV. und die Kirchenreform des 11. Jahrhunderts". (in German) In: Dieter R. Bauer, Matthias Becher (ed.):

2819:

in 1988 without success. The place Quattro Castella had its name changed to Canossa out of reverence for Matilda. Since 1955 the

2745:, the struggle for national unification was in the foreground in Italy. Matilda was instrumentalized for daily political events. 2703:) Matilda was the symbol of the new Italian nobility, who wanted to create a pan-Italian identity. Contemporary representations ( 807:), this also may be a reference to Matilda's birthplace and he interpreted it as such. For Benedictine scholar Camillo Affarosi, 7521: 1600:

before 4 December 1093. Together with the pope, Matilda organized the marriage of King Conrad with Maximilla, daughter of Count

907:

biographer of Matilda and her ancestors, she was familiar with both French and German due to her origins and living conditions.

8697: 8682: 8677: 2327:. Matilda then achieved the solution from the imperial ban imposed to her. According to the unique testimony of her biographer 1741:

end of Matilda's marriage, Henry IV regained his capacity to act. Welf IV switched to the imperial side. The emperor locked in

723:

for three months afterward. According to the marital agreements, Beatrice brought important assets in Lorraine: the Château of

1128:

After the death of her mother, Matilda took over her immense paternal inheritance. This was contrary to the provisions of the

8225: 7587: 6931:(in German). Stuttgart: Europa an der Wende vom 11. zum 12. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu Ehren von Werner Goez. pp. 171–206. 6544: 4035: 3170: 819:

also favors Mantua, as it was the center for Boniface's court at the time. In addition, Ferrara or the small Tuscan town of

8553: 8545: 8265: 8209: 7135:(in German). Stuttgart: Europa an der Wende vom 11. zum 12. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zu Ehren von Werner Goez. pp. 54–67. 7049:

Goez, Elke (2015). Claudia Zey (ed.). "Mit den Mitteln einer Frau? Zur Bedeutung der Fürstinnen in der späten Salierzeit".

1210:, Codex Vat. Lat. 4922, fol. 7v). Matilda is depicted seated on a throne. On her right, Donizo is presenting a copy of the 748: 367:. She was able to demonstrate an innate and skilled strategic leadership capacity in both military and diplomatic matters. 46: 5535: 5015:

Wulf Eckart Voß "Irnerius, Rechtsberater der Mathilde. Seine Rolle und seine Bedeutung im Investiturstreit", pp. 73–88 in

1348:

storage of food and fodder, and the supplies in the middle of winter. After the ban was dissolved, Henry IV stayed in the

617:, continued the close ties to the Ottonian rulers from 988. Tedald was the grandfather of Matilda. In 996 he is listed as 8707: 8627: 8337: 7777: 5282: 4009:. (in German) in: Christoph Stiegemann, Matthias Wemhoff (ed.), Canossa 1077. Erschütterung der Welt. Munich 2006, p. 74. 3232: 3042: 2931: 2655:

made a significant contribution to Matilda's myth: she has been posited by some critics as the origin of the mysterious "

2563: 2437: 1354: 598:

then intervened in Italy and married Adelaide in 951. This resulted in a close bond between the House of Canossa and the

17: 7057:. Ostfildern: Mächtige Frauen? Königinnen und Fürstinnen im europäischen Mittelalter (11. – 14. Jahrhundert).: 307–336. 6237: 2207:

family estates in the north and east of Florence were also a useful addition to the House of Canossa possessions. Guido

1324:. By 25 January 1077, the king stood barefoot in the snow before the gates of Matilda's castle, accompanied by his wife 736: 7487: 7444: 7425: 7397: 7376: 7330: 7302: 7247: 7219: 7121: 7039: 7020: 7006:(in German). Darmstadt: Salisches Kaisertum und neues Europa. Die Zeit Heinrichs IV. und Heinrichs V. pp. 161–193. 6979:(in German). Munich: Welf IV. Schlüsselfigur einer Wendezeit. Regionale und europäische Perspektiven. pp. 360–381. 6906: 6433: 6206: 5724: 1992:

Notitia Confirmationis (Prato, June 1107), Archivio Storico Diocesano of Lucca, Diplomatico Arcivescovile, perg. ++ I29

1815: 985: 214: 4808:

Gert Melville, "Um Welfen und Höfe. Streiflichter am Schluß einer Tagung". (in German) In: Bernd Schneidmüller (ed.):

964:(son of Godfrey the Bearded from his first marriage) were betrothed. In May 1069, as Godfrey the Bearded lay dying in 8647: 7744: 7467:

Mathilde von Tuszien-Canossa und Heinrich IV. Der Wandel ihrer Beziehungen vor dem Hintergrund des Investiturstreites

4856: 2957: 2605: 1269: 930:

with her family in the entourage of Nicholas II in 1059. Godfrey and Beatrice actively assisted them in dealing with

625: 283: 4106:

Lino Lionello Ghirardini, "La battaglia di Volta Mantovana (ottobre 1080)". (in Italian) In: Paolo Golinelli (ed.):

2939: 862:

In mid-1054, determined to safeguard the interests of her children as well as her own, Beatrice of Lorraine married

8717: 8329: 7772: 7580: 7081:

I poteri dei Canossa da Reggio all'Europa. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Reggio Emilia, 29.–31.10.1992

2772:, numerous biographies and novels were written in Italy on Matilda and Canossa. Maria Bellonci published the story 1794:

a piece of land for the establishment of a hospital. With this donation, Matilda resumed her relations with Lucca.

1597: 1394: 715:

shortly after Boniface had become a widower early that year. Beatrice was the niece and foster daughter of Empress

2725: 2641:

Meraviglie Heroiche del Sesso Donnesco Memorabili nella Duchessa Matilda Marchesana Malaspina, Contessa di Canossa

646:. Historian Arnaldo Tincani was able to prove the considerable number of 120 farms in the Canossa estate near the 7916: 2182:, Matilda's paternal great-aunt). On 12 November 1099, he was referred to in a diploma as Matilda's adopted son ( 1505: 2541:

Violent criticism of Matilda is related to the Investiture Controversy and relates to specific events. Thus the

1920:, produced an authentic text of the Roman legal sources on behalf of Margravine Matilda. According to historian 8702: 8667: 8153: 7831: 7542: 7088: 6799:

See in detail on this document edition in Werner Goez "La nuova edizione dei documenti Matildici" pp. 21–27 in

6614: 6570: 5823: 3651: 2935: 2166:'s inheritance. She could no longer have children of her own, and apparently for this reason she adopted Guido 2099:

against him. The siege of Ferrara undertaken by Matilda in 1101 led to the expulsion of the schismatic bishop.

2035: 1461: 883:

in 1055. Her brother Frederick's rather suspicious death soon thereafter, made Matilda the last member of the

847: 772: 760: 637: 83: 4108:

Sant'Anselmo, Mantova e la lotta per le investiture. Atti del convegno di studi (Mantova 23–24–25 maggio 1986)

2380: 2110:

Some churches traditionally said to have been founded by Matilda include: Sant'Andrea Apostolo of Vitriola in

1473: 1286:

show: "When the news of the banishment of the king reached the ears of the people, our whole world trembled".

555:

during the first third of the tenth century. He probably increased his sphere of influence in the area around

8672: 8622: 8529: 8289: 8057: 7734: 6945:

Goez, Elke (1995). "Beatrix von Canossa und Tuszien. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte des 11. Jahrhunderts".

6637:

Nardina Guarrasi "Le "Matildine" : un'associazione femminile cattolica reggiana (1918)", pp. 243–254 in

5176:

Roberto Ferrara "Gli anni di Matilde (1072–1115). Osservatione sulla ″cancellaria″ Canossiana", pp. 89–98 in

4446:"Женщины Древней Руси: Глава I. "Галерея знаменитых россиянок" Анна-Янка и Евпраксия-Адельгейда Всеволодовны" 4282:

Lino Lionello Ghirardini "II convegno di Carpineti "colloquium dignum Carpineti fuit istud"", pp. 401–404 in

3976: 2879: 2162:

In the later years of her life, Matilda was increasingly faced with the question of who should take over the

704: 404:

in 1076. At the same time, Matilda came into possession of a substantial territory that included present-day

8193: 5064:

Ferdinand Opll, "Herrschaft durch Präsenz. Gedanken und Bemerkungen zur Itinerarforschung". (in German) In:

8657: 7722: 7717: 7657: 6717:

Studi Matildici III. Atti e memorie del III convegno di studi matildici (Reggio Emilia, 7–8–9 ottobre 1977)

1509: 1157: 888: 401: 56: 6929:..."auf Bitten der Gräfin Mathilde": Werner von Bologna und Irnerius. Mit einem Exkurs von Gundula Grebner 6238:"Bischof Konrad von Konstanz in der Erinnerung der Welfen und der welfischen Hausüberlieferung des 12. Jh" 2499:

intended to guarantee eternal memory. Positive events were highlighted, negative events were skipped. The

2416:. She is one of only six women who have the honor of being buried in the Basilica, the others being Queen 1692:

and claimed that Matilda had sent it to her future husband, but now the letter is thought to be spurious:

8617: 8577: 8385: 8361: 7662: 6454:

Studi matildici. Atti e memorie del convegno di studi Matildici, Modena/Reggio Emilia, 19–21 ottobre 1963

2815:

in Italy organize removals under the motto "Matilda and her time". Emilian circles applied for Matilda's

2425: 480: 6379:

Matilde di Canossa e le sante donne delle genealogie mitiche degli Estensi nella chiesa di Sant'Agostino

3163:

Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda: Medieval Female Rulership and the Foundations of European Society

2297:; she thus withdrew it from the monks of the monastery of Sant'Andrea in Mantua who had been accused of 1172:. The deep animosity between Matilda and her nephew is thought to have prevented her from travelling to 8097: 7617: 6938:

Storia critica di Matilde di Canossa, Problemi (e misteri) della più grande donna della storia d'Italia

2754: 2417: 2278: 1169: 843: 595: 6917: 6728:

The most important contributions were published in a bundle in Paolo Golinelli's collection of essays

743:

that constituted the northern part of her paternal family's ancestral lands. Beatrice and her sister,

385:. In this extensive conflict with the emerging reform Papacy over the relationship between spiritual ( 8662: 7937: 7286:

Gräfin Mathilde von Tuscien. Ihre Besitzungen. Geschichte ihres Gutes von 1115–1230 und ihre Regesten

2696: 2623: 2619: 2433: 2421: 2363: 1273: 1015:

Matilda and Godfrey the Hunchback continued to live separately until her husband was assassinated in

512: 8217: 1678:)—, may also have been the hope for offspring: late pregnancy was quite possible, as the example of 1156:. The quarrel between aunt and nephew over the episcopal county of Verdun was eventually settled by 8712: 7637: 2920: 2821: 2784:. Local historical publications honor her as the founder of churches and castles in the regions of 1658: 1572:, his eldest son and heir to the throne, fell from him. With the support of Matilda along with the 1214:

to her, on her left is a man with a sword (possibly her man-at-arms). The script underneath reads:

1091: 1056: 891:, seems to have accelerated the negotiations and the restoration of the previous balance of power. 564: 409: 357: 239: 124: 31: 7240:

The Chronicle of Hugh of Flavigny: Reform and the Investiture Contest in the Late Eleventh Century

1883:, the pioneer of the canon reform. This brought her into close contact with this reform movement. 1713:. But the Duke was dumbfounded; Matilda, furious, slapped him and spat in his face, taunting him: 984:

on 19 January 1072 can be proven. From there she and her mother issued a deed of donation for the

8569: 8409: 8249: 8113: 7932: 7707: 7603: 6743:"Das weibliche Rittertum in voller Blüte Markgräfin Mathilde wollte kein Mauerblümchen mehr sein" 3078: 2924: 2413: 2344: 2315: 1726: 1675: 1370: 1004: 867: 744: 382: 195: 8513: 8505: 4170: 2893: 2826:

since 2000. The ruins on the hills of Quattro Castella have been the subject of a petition for

2689: 2674: 2670: 2352: 2088: 2026:. Among the most important of her numerous donations to monasteries and churches were those to 547:, also named the Attonids. The oldest proven ancestor of the House of Canossa was the nobleman 150: 8353: 8081: 7168: 511:

had Matilda's body transferred to Rome in 1630, where she was the first woman to be buried in

8637: 8593: 8145: 8129: 7792: 7677: 7549: 7513: 7507: 7177:(in Italian). Spoleto: Fondazione Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo. pp. 1–34. 6809: 2827: 2494:

he wanted to secure eternal memory of the Margravine. Donizo has most likely coordinated his

2405: 1990:

Matilda's signature ("Matilda, Dei gratia si quid est"), quite tremulous due to her old age.

1548: 1453: 1413: 1136:

Between 1076 and 1080, Matilda travelled to Lorraine to lay claim to her husband's estate in

1055:

placita alone. On 7 June 1072 Matilda and her mother presided over the court in favor of the

1009: 961: 190: 119: 7465: 7418:

An Illustrated Guide to the 'One Hundred Churches of Matilda of Canossa, Countess of Tuscany

5556: 4552:, II, ch. 32, MGH SS 9 p.88, accessible online in Latin and with an English translation at: 2660: 2358:

Matilda often visited the town of Bondeno di Roncore (today Bondanazzo), in the district of

816: 8642: 8561: 8433: 8425: 7787: 7627: 4390: 2179: 1880: 1856: 1811: 1386: 1337: 1040:). Both mother and daughter tried to be present throughout their territory. In what is now 700: 591: 293: 103: 7480:

Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean

5283:""Matilda Dei gratia si quid est". Die Urkunden-Unterfertigung der Burgherrin von Canossa" 3676:

Frassinoro. Un crocevia del monachesimo europeo nel periodo della lotta per le investiture

1806: 8: 8489: 8481: 8313: 8297: 8281: 8241: 8185: 8121: 8073: 7749: 2740: 2700: 2681: 2523: 2445: 2131: 2123: 1983:. Their withdrawal would have meant a political retreat and the loss of Pisa and Mantua. 1913: 1791: 1679: 1620: 1141: 969: 863: 708: 583: 543:

Although these names were only created by later generations, Matilda came from the noble

500: 374: 108: 6828:

Matilde di Canossa, il papato, l'impero. Storia, arte, cultura alle origini del romanico

5790:

Paolo Golinelli "Le origini del mito di Matilde e la fortuna di donizone", pp. 10–52 in

5483: 2370:

at the age of 69. After her death in 1116 Henry V succeeded in taking possession of the

1222: 8585: 8457: 8137: 8105: 7970: 7942: 7874: 7695: 7652: 7349: 7270: 7098: 6895: 6879: 4553: 3058:, Matilda is a playable character and is featured in the Rags to Riches start in 1066. 3054: 2724:

came back into the spotlight. One of the first German pilgrims to Canossa was the poet

2704: 2546: 2143: 2119: 2115: 2095:. The Bishop Wido of Ferrara, however, was hostile to Pope Gregory VII and had written 2059: 1925: 1569: 1329: 952: 935: 835: 448: 398: 6649:

Alcide Spaggiari "Canossa nell'ultimo secolo, storia, arte, folclore", pp. 213–228 in

2266: 8393: 7957: 7824: 7804: 7782: 7622: 7483: 7440: 7421: 7393: 7387: 7372: 7365: 7326: 7298: 7243: 7215: 7142:

Die Rezeption des Canossa-Ereignisses und das Bild der Markgräfin Mathilde in Italien

7117: 7084: 7035: 7016: 6902: 6610: 6566: 6429: 6202: 5819: 5720: 5001:

Andrea Padovani, "Matilde e Irnerio. Note su un dibattito attuale". (in Italian) In:

4852: 4144: 3647: 3166: 2221: 1601: 1520: 1341: 1254: 923: 911: 752: 614: 587: 548: 6199:

La memoria di Canossa. Saggi di contestualizzazione della Vita Mathildis di Donizone

5924:

Als die Bilder sprechen lernten: Das Evangeliar der Mathilde von Tuszien in New York

4835:

La memoria di Canossa. Saggi di contestualizzazione della Vita Mathildis di Donizone

4737:(in German). Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 55. pp. 599–610. 2892:

took place in October of the same year. This resulted in two conference volumes. In

2351:

A short time after her meeting with Henry V, Matilda retired to Montebaranzone near

2256: 2244:

given the spouse's considerable influence, their consent should have been obtained.

2118:); Sant'Anselmo in Pieve di Coriano (Province of Mantua); San Giovanni Decollato in 811:

was her place of birth. Lino Lionello Ghirardini and Paolo Golinelli both advocated

8201: 8169: 7947: 7927: 7739: 7728: 7642: 7533: 7367:

The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century: Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII

7207: 7195: 7058: 6954: 6824:

Canossa come luogo commemorativo: Le mostre di Paderborn (2006) e di Mantova (2008)

5349: 5198: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3046: 3038: 3023: 3013: 2857: 2811: 2777: 2636: 2632: 2615: 2583: 2569: 2535: 2393: 2372: 2320: 2239: 2163: 2043: 2039: 1879:. As the last political expellee, she granted asylum for a long time to Archbishop 1876: 1685: 1662: 1646: 1612: 1377: 1333: 1258: 1161: 997: 989: 919: 884: 856: 791:(or, in Italian, Donizone), where Matilda is referred to as 'Resplendent Matilda' ( 716: 599: 544: 492: 484: 394: 353: 342: 305: 272: 65: 7133:

Die Lage Italiens nach dem Investiturstreit: Die Frage der mathildischen Erbschaft

6919:

La Matelda di Dante e Matilde di Canossa: un problema aperto. Discorso di apertura

6423: 4980:, edited by Oswald Holder-Egger, Bernhard von Simson, Hanover/Leipzig 1916, p. 15. 1732: 586:

in 950, Adalbert-Atto provided refuge in Canossa Castle to Lothair's widow, Queen

8449: 8321: 8161: 7756: 7712: 7672: 7647: 6958: 6419: 5544: 4560: 3103: 2839: 2646: 2610: 2507: 2441: 2397: 2311: 2051: 2047: 1986: 1934: 1872: 1832: 1650: 1425: 1409: 1390: 1325: 1317: 1283: 1278: 1207: 1194: 1189: 1145: 915: 690: 536: 508: 428: 364: 7153:(in Italian). Trier: Laienadel und Armenfürsorge im Mittelalter. pp. 61–73. 4530:

J. Chodor (1991). "Queens in Early Medieval Chronicles of East Central Europe".

1543:

under his control. In 1092 Henry IV was able to conquer most of the counties of

846:

near Mantua and killed. Following the death of their father, Matilda's brother,

8273: 7952: 7885: 7798: 7701: 7523:

Women's Biography: Matilda of Tuscany, countess of Tuscany, duchess of Lorraine

7182:

Eads, Valerie (2010). "The Last Italian Expedition of Henry IV: Re-reading the

7149:

Golinelli, Paolo (2015a). Lukas Clemens; Katrin Dort; Felix Schumacher (eds.).

4607:

Welf IV. Schlüsselfigur einer Wendezeit. Regionale und europäische Perspektiven

3642:

Paolo Golinelli, "Copia di calendario monastico da Frassinoro, dans Romanica".

2746: 2729: 2429: 2389: 2367: 2336: 2260: 2215:

Paolo Golinelli doubts this reconstruction of the events. He thinks that Guido

2195: 2175: 2072: 2055: 2027: 1955: 1939: 1921: 1581: 1552: 1417: 1310: 1302: 1262: 1227: 1095: 1041: 896: 831: 764: 732: 633: 575: 504: 476: 465: 432: 421: 378: 361: 313: 185: 7199: 7062: 5459:

La pittura nell'abbazia di Nonantola, un refettorio affrescato di etä romanica

5353: 5202: 8611: 8233: 6381:. (in Italian) In: Elena Corradini, Elio Garzillo, Graziella Polidori (ed.): 2816: 2785: 2651: 2597: 2578: 2339:

and Vice-Queen of Italy. At this meeting he also concluded a firm agreement (

2324: 2274: 2023: 1840: 1751: 1747: 1671: 1666: 1616: 1593: 1298: 1294: 1177: 1106: 728: 579: 488: 52: 7316:(in German). Munich: Canossa 1077. Erschütterung der Welt. pp. 129–142. 7144:(in German). Munich: Canossa 1077. Erschütterung der Welt. pp. 592–602. 6988:(in German). Munich: Canossa 1077. Erschütterung der Welt. pp. 117–128. 2518:

he took the view that domination by women was harmful; as examples he named

2019:

inner-city monasteries in Tuscany and thus an important pillar of her rule.

1967:

of the so-called Bonissima on the Palazzo Comunale, the cathedral square of

1933:

Until well into the fourteenth century, medieval rule was exercised through

1519:

Gregory VII died on 25 May 1085, and Matilda's forces, with those of Prince

7819: 7212:

To the Glory of Her Sex: Women's Roles in the Composition of Medieval Texts

3034: 2861: 2769: 2449: 2409: 2171: 2111: 1822:(Diocese of Salzburg, around 1160). Admont, Abbey Library, Ms. 289, fol. 1v 1441: 1398: 1140:, which he had willed (along with the rest of his patrimony) to his nephew 1060: 594:

attempted to take power in Italy and imprisoned her for a short time. King

30:"Countess Matilda" redirects here. For other noblewomen named Matilda, see 7572: 7288:(in German). Innsbruck: Verlag der Wagner'schen universitäts-buchhandlung. 5970:

Famoso incontro di Bianello fra ia contessa Matilde e Fimperatore Enrico V

3012:

In the arts, the story of Matilda and Henry IV is the main plot device in

2873:

six countries were visited. The edition was created in 1998 in the series

1523:(her off and on again enemy), took to the field in support of a new pope, 1123: 7809: 7506: 7004:

Ein neuer Typ der europäischen Fürstin im 11. und frühen 12. Jahrhundert?

6968:

Der Thronerbe als Rivale. König Konrad, Kaiser Heinrichs IV. älterer Sohn

4778: 2749:

stood up for the political unity of Italy, and he designed a play called

2680:

Matilda reached the climax of the positive assessment in the time of the

2127: 2031: 1844: 1827: 1790:

the summer of 1105, 1107, and 1111. In early summer of 1099 she gave the

1016: 820: 740: 642: 440: 5928:

Text, Bild und Ritual in der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft (8.–11. Jh.)

4580:, MGH SS rer Germ NS 2 (Berlin, 1923), pp. 128f., accessible online at: 1637: 360:. She reigned in a period of constant battles, political intrigues, and 8017: 7389:

Tuscan Countess: The Life and Extraordinary Times of Matilda of Canossa

7140:

Golinelli, Paolo (2006). Christoph Stiegemann, Matthias Wemhoff (ed.).

6087:

Tuscan Countess. The Life and Extraordinary Times of Matilda of Canossa

3424: 3422: 3253:

Arnaldo Tincani, "Le corti dei Canossa in area padana", pp. 276–278 in

2665: 2076: 1783: 1625: 1524: 1080: 839: 783:, an assumption reinforced by a miniature in the early twelfth-century 647: 571:

Frankish noble family who had been very influential in northern Italy.

7314:

Die Canusiner und "ihre" Kirchenbauten. Von Adalbert Atto bis Mathilde

5066:

Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung 117

4445: 2618:

also mentioned Matilda's alleged relationship with the House of Este;

1924:, this can at best affect the referring to the Vulgate version of the 1831:

Guelphs, Matilda's court offices cannot be verified. Scholars such as

1393:, the imperial troops defeated the army of Matilda and Gregory VII in 672: 8065: 8041: 8001: 7632: 7151:

Canossa terra dei rifugio. Carità e ospitalità della contessa Matilde

5950: 3975:

See the letter of rejection of the German bishops from January 1076 (

3018: 2805: 2527: 2519: 2478: 1972: 1557: 1349: 1183: 1173: 1165: 1129: 1020: 904: 880: 756: 629: 560: 371: 6163: 4735:

Zu den Urkunden der Markgräfin Mathilde von Tuszien für Montecassino

4420:

Scientia veritatis. Festschrift für Hubert Mordek zum 65. Geburtstag

3419: 2909: 2377:

many others came to the emperor and accepted him as their overlord.

1118: 823:

have been discussed as the possible birthplace. According to author

7869: 7439:. The Muscarelle Museum of Art, The College of William & Mary. 5656:

Sul preteso "figlio adottivo" di Matilde di Canossa, Guido V Guerra

3190:

Le origini di una grande dinastia feudale Adalberto-Atto di Canossa

2573: 2359: 2290: 2092: 1917: 1908: 1589: 1497: 1445: 1047: 931: 876: 712: 568: 405: 173: 7312:

Piva, Paolo (2006). Christoph Stiegemann, Matthias Wemhoff (ed.).

6995:

Mathilde von Canossa – Herrschaft zwischen Tradition und Neubeginn

6984:

Goez, Elke (2006a). Christoph Stiegemann, Matthias Wemhoff (ed.).

6113:

Das Gerücht vom Tod des Herrschers im frühen und hohen Mittelalter

6027:, edited by Luigi Simeoni. Bologna 1931–1940, v. 1255–1257, p. 98. 5309: 4587: 3983:. (in German), Carl Erdmann (ed.) Leipzig 1937, Appendix A, p. 68. 2135: 1477: 624:

The rise of the family reached its apogee under Matilda's father,

8033: 7002:

Goez, Elke (2007). Bernd Schneidmüller, Stefan Weinfurter (ed.).

6986:

Die Canusiner – Machtpolitik einer oberitalienischen Adelsfamilie

6062:

Libros legum renovavit: Irnerio lucerna e propagatore del diritto

4171:"La leggenda del ponte del Diavolo (e perché dovreste visitarlo)" 3644:

Arte e liturgia nelle terre di San Geminiano e Matilde di Canossa

2685: 2656: 2628: 2551: 2332: 2202:

From these sources, Elke Goez, for example, concludes that Guido

2147: 1943: 1836: 1759: 1722: 1688:(writing in the early twelfth century), included a letter in his 1608: 1577: 1573: 1536: 1493: 1469: 1421: 1405: 1321: 1069: 851: 808: 768: 720: 417: 413: 267: 7015:(in German). Darmstadt: WBG Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 6826:. (in Italian) In: Renata Salvarani, Liana Castelfranchi (ed.): 6805:

A proposito di nuove edizioni di documenti matildici e canossani

6525:. (in German) In: Christoph Stiegemann, Matthias Wemhoff (ed.): 5488:

Scritti di Storia Medievale offerti a Maria Consiglia De Matteis

5457:. (in Italian) In: Costanza Segre Montel, Fulvio Zuliani (ed.): 5396: 2452:, marks her burial place in St. Peter's and is often called the 2408:. Finally, in 1645 her remains were definitely deposited in the 1051:

held by Beatrice. Supported by judges, Matilda had already held

523: 7836: 7564: 7074:(in German). Frühmittelalterliche Studien 31. pp. 158–196. 5926:. (in German) In: Patrizia Carmassi, Christoph Winterer (ed.): 3243:. Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 51: 83–114. 3095: 2793: 2789: 2734:

Auf dem Schloßhof zu Canossa steht der deutsche Kaiser Heinrich

2470: 2328: 2298: 2294: 2151: 1976: 1968: 1864: 1778: 1771: 1742: 1733:

Final defeat of Henry IV and new room for maneuvers for Matilda

1565: 1544: 1540: 1531: 1501: 1382: 1358: 1313:, her family's eponymous stronghold. The pope took her advice. 1290: 1250: 1218:(Resplendent Matilda, please accept this book, oh you dear one) 1199: 1149: 1137: 1086: 981: 965: 900: 812: 788: 682: 607: 603: 528: 472: 424:, in the Apennines south of Reggio, the centre of her domains. 155: 93: 7114:

Mathilde und der Gang nach Canossa, im Herzen des Mittelalters

6687:"Mathilde von Tuszien-Canossa (1046–1115) – zum 900. Todestag" 6655: 5673:

Mathilde und der Gang nach Canossa. Im Herzen des Mittelalters

4088: 3722: 3656: 3407: 3303: 2079:. The festive consecration could take place in 1106, with the 1375:

In 1079, Matilda gave the pope all her domains (the so-called

1233: 8049: 5683: 5681: 5558:

Comune di Pescarolo ed Uniti. Pieve di San Giovanni Decollato

4790: 4711: 2801: 2797: 2555: 2485:. This work is the main source to the Margravine's life. The 2302: 2139: 2067: 1767: 1763: 1585: 1485: 1465: 1436: 1429: 1153: 1064: 993: 947: 926:, had been Tuscan bishops. Matilda made her first journey to 872: 804: 780: 724: 556: 552: 146: 6493: 6491: 6422:(1978). ""Argument", Canto XXVIII". In Milano, Paolo (ed.). 6325: 6323: 5537:

Provincia di Modena. Chiesa Sant'Andrea Apostolo di Vitriola

5505: 4933: 4931: 4889: 3778: 3776: 2091:

and in June of the same year possessions in the vicinity of

1847:. Works were dedicated or presented to Matilda, such as the 703:

first met on the occasion of the wedding of Conrad II's son

475:

reports that between 6 and 11 May 1111, Matilda was crowned

451:

and a power vacuum developed in Italy. The struggle between

7814: 7323:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, C.1024-c.1198

7131:

Golinelli, Paolo (2001). Werner Goez, Klaus Herbers (ed.).

6975:

Goez, Elke (2004). Dieter R. Bauer, Matthias Becher (ed.).

6532: 6134: 5738: 5736: 3739: 3737: 3336:

Die Urkunden und Briefe der Markgräfin Mathilde von Tuszien

2401: 1980: 1755: 1711:

everything is in front of you and there is no hidden malice

1504:

on 2 July 1084. In the battle, Matilda was able to capture

1481: 1253:

of Henry IV through their respective grandmothers, sisters

927: 6476: 5892: 5880: 5678: 5600: 5576: 5321: 5297: 4907:

Elke Goez "Matilde di Canossa e i suoi ospiti", p. 331 in

4810:

Die Welfen und ihr Braunschweiger Hof im hohen Mittelalter

4754: 4699: 4612: 4511: 4425: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 2631:. In Mantua, Matilda was also linked by marriage with the 1839:

at her request and Johannes of Mantua a commentary on the

663: 7072:Über die Mathildischen Schenkungen an die Römische Kirche 6993:

Goez, Elke (2006b). Jörg Jarnut, Matthias Wemhoff (ed.).

6619: 6587: 6503: 6488: 6320: 6308: 5523:

Renzo Zagnoni "Gli ospitali dei Canossa", pp. 310–323 in

5209: 5158: 4928: 4264: 4125: 3853: 3773: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3045:, along some other contemporaries like her second cousin 3022:, and the Margravine is the main historical character in 2995:

any relevant information into other sections or articles.

7231:

The military leadership of Matilda of Canossa, 1046-1115

6769: 6563:

I mille volti di Matilde. Immagini di un mito nei secoli

6267:

Bonizo von Sutri als gregorianischer Geschichtsschreiber

6247: 6042: 5816:

I mille volti di Matilde. Immagini di un mito nei secoli

5796: 5733: 5658:. (in Italian) In: Gino Badini, Andrea Gamberini (ed.): 5564: 5493: 5233: 5083: 4948: 4946: 4677: 4675: 4007:

Am Vorabend von Canossa – die Eskalation eines Konflikts

3829: 3817: 3734: 3315: 1148:. Godfrey of Bouillon also disputed Matilda's rights to 1026: 942: 7473:(in German). Historisches Jahrbuch 115. pp. 41–84. 7116:(in German). Düsseldorf/Zürich: Artemis & Winkler. 6730:

L'ancella di san Pietro. Matilde di Canossa e la Chiesa

6335: 6220: 6218: 5870: 5868: 5828: 5660:

Medioevo reggiano. Studi in ricordo di Odoardo Rombaldi

5437: 5435: 5136: 5134: 4624: 4360: 4242: 4240: 3909: 3586: 2384:

Matilda's tombstone at St. Peter's Basilica, by Bernini

1316:

It soon became clear that the intention behind Henry's

1241:

of Pauls von Bernried in the manuscript Heiligenkreuz,

1124:

State of Matilda's domains after her accession to power

6970:(in German). Historisches Jahrbuch 116. pp. 1–49. 6383:

La chiesa di Sant'Agostino a Modena Pantheon Atestinum

5771:

Paolo Golinelli "Matilde ed Enrico V", pp. 455–471 in

5046: 4918: 4916: 4489: 4487: 4460: 4372: 4300: 3957: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3685: 3539: 3366: 3259: 2157: 2013: 606:

to Adalbert-Atto. In 977 at the latest, the county of

7437:

Matilda of Canossa and the Origins of the Renaissance

7321:

Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Luscombe, David, eds. (2004).

6781: 5945:

Storia di San Benedetto Polirone, Le origini 961–1125

5862:. 2. edition (in German) Stuttgart 2014, pp. 150–152. 5257: 5146: 5021: 4983: 4958: 4943: 4672: 4648: 4288: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3502: 3378: 3281: 3279: 2224:

while she was on her deathbed at Bondeno di Roncore.

1632: 1336:(Matilda's second cousin; Adelaide's grandmother was 1237:

Pope Gregory VII is depicted at the beginning of the

6667: 6575: 6388: 6359: 6296: 6272: 6215: 6175: 6122: 6067: 6030: 6005: 5904: 5865: 5840: 5748: 5693: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5588: 5464: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5245: 5221: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5071: 4877: 4865: 4815: 4766: 4687: 4660: 4636: 4576:, II, ch.32, in B. Bretholz and W. Weinberger, ed., 4324: 4252: 4237: 4201: 4189: 4064: 3945: 3933: 3870: 3868: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3468: 3466: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3342: 3195: 3142: 2759:

La contessa Matilde di Canossa e Isabella di Groniga

1758:. She ordered or led successful expeditions against 1530:

On his third expedition to Italy, Henry IV besieged

1412:. She is believed to have commissioned the renowned 7320: 6846: 5041:

Orte der Herrschaft. Mittelalterliche Königspfalzen

4913: 4499: 4484: 4472: 4225: 4213: 4145:"Ponte della Maddalena (detto 'Ponte del Diavolo')" 4113: 4076: 3880: 3788: 3514: 3478: 3428: 3207: 3041:, being represented as one of the 999 names on the 974:

pro incolomitate et anima Matilde dilecte filie mee

914:. Godfrey the Bearded's brother, Frederick, became 681:Matilda's parents, Boniface (l) and Beatrice (r) - 610:was added to the domains awarded to Adalbert-Atto. 27:

Canossian dynasty countess of Tuscany (c.1046–1115)

7364: 7325:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78, 84–85. 7297:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7158:Golinelli, Paolo (2015b). Michèle K. Spike (ed.). 6894: 6523:Zur Canossa-Rezeption im konfessionellen Zeitalter 4443: 4400: 4348: 4336: 4312: 3921: 3841: 3805: 3761: 3749: 3697: 3607: 3551: 3490: 3434: 3354: 3291: 3276: 1289:Insubordinate southern German princes gathered in 1184:Efforts to achieve a balance between king and pope 850:, inherited the family lands and titles under the 653: 518: 6559:Matilde nella storia di città, chiese e monasteri 5287:Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 4052: 4012: 3897: 3865: 3563: 3463: 3446: 3390: 3237:Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 2695:In the historiography of the eighteenth century ( 2635:. Giulio Dal Pozzo underpinned the claims of the 1867:, the miracle reports of Ubald of Mantua and the 1119:Matilda's role during the Investiture Controversy 866:, a distant kinsman who had been stripped of the 447:In 1097, Henry IV retreated past the Alps to the 8609: 7915: 6154:Canossa tra realtä regionale e ambizioni europee 5860:Die Welfen. Herrschaft und Erinnerung (819–1252) 2669:; whether Dante is referring to the Margravine, 2659:" who appears to Dante gathering flowers in the 1084:Scanello and other estates to the extent of 600 59:in supplication to enthroned Matilda of Tuscany 7526:, contains several letters to and from Matilda. 7265:] (in German). Düsseldorf. pp. 97–143. 7160:The Afterlife of Matilda of Canossa (1115–2015) 6418: 6196: 5484:"Nonostante le fonti: Matilde di Canossa donna" 4849:The Spirituality of Countess Matilda of Tuscany 2273:, San Benedetto Po (al Polirone), before 1099. 1975:, while the remains of her father were kept in 1332:, and Bertha's mother, the powerful Margravine 7854:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma 6741:See the critical reviews by Rudolf Schieffer, 6102:. (in German). Frankfurt am Main 1990, p. 244. 3052:In the grand strategy role-playing video game 1801: 1216:Mathildis lucens, precor hoc cape cara volumen 1198:Miniature of Matilda from the frontispiece of 7901: 7588: 6927:Fried, Johannes (2001). Klaus Herbers (ed.). 6747:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 24. März 1998 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 4033: 2331:, Henry V transferred to Matilda the rule of 2044:Santa Maria Assunta e San Geminiano of Modena 381:, she brokered a settlement in the so-called 347: 6543:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolinelli1999 ( 4728: 4726: 3233:"Die Markgrafen von Canossa und die Klöster" 3074:Her throne is roofed over by a stone canopy 2890:Congresso Internazionale di Studi Langobardi 2464: 1810:Matilda receiving a manuscript from scholar 1152:and Mosay, which her mother had received as 352:("the Great Countess"), was a member of the 7602: 6192: 6190: 5719:(in Italian). Milan: Camunia. p. 233. 5339: 5280: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3184: 3182: 3092:Rex rogat abbatem Mathildim supplicat atque 3084: 3075: 2938:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2448:with the statues being created by sculptor 1168:Verdun to her husband's pro-reform cousin, 815:as her birthplace. A recent publication by 458: 452: 321: 7908: 7894: 7595: 7581: 7504: 7354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7275:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7157: 7148: 7103:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6935: 6884:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6661: 6593: 6497: 5943:. (in Italian) In: Paolo Golinelli (ed.): 5941:Matilde di Canossa e l'abbazia di Polirone 5777: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5717:Matilde e i Canossa nel cuore del medioevo 5511: 5188: 4895: 4749:Laienadel und Armenfürsorge im Mittelalter 4578:Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmas von Prag 3646:. (in Italian), Modena 2006, pp. 202–203. 3321: 1464:also were melted down. She even sold her 955:in the second half of the eleventh century 855:(before 17 December 1053), making Matilda 45: 8525:(Munich: 1433–1435; Straubing: 1433–1435) 8485:(Munich: 1397–1432; Straubing: 1429–1432) 7166: 7139: 7130: 7111: 7083:(in Italian). Bologna. pp. 455–471. 6775: 6625: 6538: 6509: 6428:(Rev. ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin. 6329: 6314: 6253: 6048: 5802: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5276: 5274: 5272: 4723: 4554:Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters 4529: 4029: 4027: 3963: 2958:Learn how and when to remove this message 2707:) presented her as the Pope's protector. 2608:, the grandfather of Welf V. In his epic 2604:. He claimed that Matilda was married to 2287:malos sacerdotes fornicarios et adulteros 2184:adoptivus filius domine comitisse Matilde 1364: 918:, while both of the following two popes, 449:northern portion of the Holy Roman Empire 8389:(Lower: 1352–1353; Straubing: 1353–1362) 7477: 7362: 7339: 7283: 7206: 6940:(in Italian). Modena: Aedes Muratoriana. 6915: 6843:. (in Italian), 2 volumes. Spoleto 2016. 6787: 6482: 6450:Matilde di Canossa e la Matelda dantesca 6341: 6187: 6169: 6140: 5974:Quattro Castella nella storia di Canossa 5956: 5898: 5886: 5687: 5606: 5582: 5499: 5402: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5164: 4784: 4760: 4732: 4717: 4705: 4618: 4593: 4517: 4431: 4366: 4270: 4131: 4094: 3859: 3835: 3823: 3782: 3743: 3601: 3545: 3372: 3338:(in German). Hanover: Hahn. p. 110. 3333: 3270: 3219: 3179: 2554:partisans for the archbishop's chair in 2534:to Matilda, but to John of Gaeta, later 2379: 2265: 2255: 2212:from 952 to 986; they died out in 1113. 2194:took part in a meeting of abbots of the 1985: 1805: 1636: 1401:, only a few local followers are named. 1232: 1221: 1193: 946: 522: 8469:(Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447) 7256: 7034:(in German). Darmstadt: Primus-Verlag. 6869: 6100:Lothar III. und die Mathildischen Güter 5834: 5760: 5675:. (in German). Düsseldorf 1998, p. 295. 4837:. (in Italian). Pisa 2013, pp. 469–499. 4630: 4378: 4306: 3192:(in Italian), Tübingen 1971, pp. 74–77. 3148: 2251: 2081:Relatio fundationis cathedralis Mutinae 1297:and nearly all the rest that connected 229: 1069; died 1076) 14: 8610: 7463: 7434: 7415: 7292: 7237: 6892: 6852: 5818:. (in Italian) Milan 2003, pp. 20–21. 5705: 5486:. (in Italian) In: Berardo Pio (ed.): 5269: 4654: 4330: 4258: 4246: 4207: 4195: 4070: 4024: 3951: 3939: 3915: 3384: 3348: 1916:, the alleged founder of this school, 1750:, Matilda was finally able to restore 1553:Monastery of San Benedetto in Polirone 1063:. On 8 February 1073, Matilda went to 582:. After the unexpectred death of King 7889: 7576: 7453: 7406: 7385: 6992: 6983: 6947:Vorträge und Forschungen: Sonderbände 6926: 5470: 5414: 5263: 5152: 5027: 4989: 4964: 4952: 4937: 4681: 3891: 3327: 3230: 3213: 3090:the abbot and asks Mathilde humbly" ( 2590: 2227: 1998:lay princes in the eleventh century. 1361:, court documents were in dominance. 1027:Co-rulership with her mother Beatrice 943:First marriage: Godfrey the Hunchback 693:, Codex Vat. Lat. 4922, fol. 28v–30v) 578:in the southwest of the mountains of 341: 7517:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7311: 7188:Journal of Medieval Military History 7181: 7069: 7048: 7029: 7010: 7001: 6974: 6965: 6944: 6830:. Cinisello Balsamo 2008, pp. 42–51. 6673: 6581: 6527:Canossa 1077. Erschütterung der Welt 6394: 6365: 6302: 6278: 6224: 6181: 6128: 6073: 6036: 6011: 5910: 5874: 5846: 5754: 5742: 5699: 5642: 5630: 5618: 5594: 5570: 5441: 5426: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5140: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5052: 4922: 4883: 4871: 4846: 4821: 4796: 4772: 4693: 4666: 4642: 4505: 4493: 4478: 4406: 4354: 4342: 4318: 4294: 4231: 4219: 4119: 4082: 3847: 3811: 3799: 3767: 3755: 3728: 3716: 3691: 3662: 3613: 3557: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3440: 3413: 3360: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3201: 3160: 2969: 2936:adding citations to reliable sources 2903: 2639:of descent from Matilda in his work 1786:and Corte Carpaneta were confirmed. 1607:In 1094 Henry IV's second wife, the 1261:. Because of her family ties to the 7778:Church and state in medieval Europe 7228: 4851:. Bologna: Patron. pp. 43–50. 4466: 4058: 4018: 3927: 3903: 3874: 3580: 3472: 3457: 3401: 2833: 2388:Matilda was at first buried in the 2158:Adoption of Guido Guidi around 1099 2014:Patronage of churches and hospitals 1961:filia quondam magni Bonifatii ducis 377:and, as a relative of the imperial 24: 8633:Women in medieval European warfare 8405:(Landshut: 1359–1375; Upper: 1363) 7013:Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter 6936:Ghirardini, Lino Lionello (1989). 6897:Warfare in Feudal Europe, 730–1200 6607:Canossa. Die Entzauberung der Welt 2899: 2565:Gesta episcoporum Halberstadensium 2436:, and Agnesina Colonna Caetani. A 2396:; then, in 1633, at the behest of 2390:Abbey of San Benedetto in Polirone 2261:Abbey of San Benedetto in Polirone 2075:and citizens about the remains of 1633:Second marriage: Welf V of Bavaria 1576:-minded cities of northern Italy ( 1353:few donations for the dioceses of 25: 8729: 7745:Norman conquest of southern Italy 7505:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 7498: 6609:(in German), Munich 2006, p. 25. 6269:. (in German) Hanover 2011, p. 5. 6064:. (in Italian). Pisa 2013, p. 54. 4733:Goez, Elke; Goez, Werner (1999). 4034:Alison Creber (23 January 2018). 3334:Goez, Elke; Goez, Werner (1998). 3106:, Codex Vat. Lat. 4922, fol. 49v) 2986:list of miscellaneous information 2568:took it up: Matilda confessed to 539:, Codex Vat. Lat. 4922, fol. 20v) 397:dismissed and excommunicated the 284:Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany 255: 8461:(1381–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393) 7868: 6977:Welf V. und Mathilde von Canossa 6833: 6816: 6793: 6756: 6735: 6722: 6713:Canossa: Una lezione da meditare 6705: 6679: 6643: 6631: 6599: 6551: 6515: 6459: 6442: 6412: 6400: 6371: 6347: 6284: 6259: 6230: 6146: 6105: 6092: 6079: 6054: 6017: 5992: 5979: 5962: 5933: 5916: 5852: 5808: 5665: 5648: 5550: 5529: 5517: 5476: 5447: 5333: 5182: 5170: 5058: 5033: 5009: 4995: 4970: 4901: 4840: 4827: 4802: 4741: 4599: 4566: 4542: 4523: 3033:Matilda is a featured figure on 2974: 2908: 2545:blames her for the rebellion of 2134:); San Martino in Barisano near 1843:and a reflection on the life of 1508:and make him a hostage. By 1085 1113: 1072:were secured by the King's ban ( 699:Matilda's parents, Boniface and 671: 662: 8693:12th-century countesses regnant 8688:11th-century countesses regnant 8653:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 7478:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2003). 7371:. Manchester University Press. 4437: 4422:. Ostfildern 2004, pp. 273–288. 4412: 4384: 4276: 4163: 4137: 4100: 3999: 3986: 3969: 3668: 3636: 3619: 3526: 3429:Riley-Smith & Luscombe 2004 2714: 2060:Santa Maria Assunta of Volterra 1440:donation to the Church—imposed 1180:that he led in the late 1090s. 654:Parents, birth, and early years 519:Origins of the House of Canossa 251: 226: 8565:(Munich: 1487–1505; 1505–1508) 7832:Separation of church and state 7342:Henry IV of Germany, 1056-1106 7233:. Manchester University Press. 7079:Golinelli, Paolo, ed. (1994). 6916:Capitani, Ovidio, ed. (1999). 3247: 3154: 3068: 3030:(Simon & Schuster, 2009). 2004:Matilda Dei gratia si quid est 834:, as well as reputed to speak 749:Frederick II of Upper Lorraine 13: 1: 8698:Women in 11th-century warfare 8683:12th-century Italian nobility 8678:11th-century Italian nobility 8530:Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 8365:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361) 8333:(Upper: 1324–1340; 1340–1347) 8290:Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine 8269:(1254–1255; Upper: 1255–1256) 8005:(? – c. 716; c. 716 – c. 719) 6766:. (in Italian), Bologna 1994. 6693:(in German). 18 November 2015 6561:. In: Paolo Golinelli (ed.): 6291:Vita Heinrici IV. imperatoris 6242:Freiburger Diözesan-Archiv 95 5930:. Florence 2014, pp. 217–232. 4582:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3135: 2880:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 2726:August von Platen-Hallermünde 2602:Historia comitissae Mathildis 2543:Vita Heinrici IV. imperatoris 2314:and some of the cardinals in 2271:Gospels of Matilda of Tuscany 2034:, Montecassino, Vallombrosa, 747:, were the daughters of Duke 551:, who lived in the county of 427:After his famous penitential 327: 139: 7917:Duchesses consort of Bavaria 7723:First Council of the Lateran 7658:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 7293:Peters, Edward, ed. (1971). 7214:. Indiana University Press. 6959:10.11588/vuf-sb.1995.0.16977 6901:. Cornell University Press. 6691:geschichtsverein-weilburg.de 5043:. Göttingen 2002, pp. 11–23. 5006:. Spoleto 2016. pp. 199–242. 4110:. Bologna 1987, pp. 229–240. 2048:Santa Maria Assunta of Parma 1818:in a manuscript by Anselm's 1008:chroniclers, writing of the 559:and in the foothills of the 343:[maˈtildedikaˈnɔssa] 7: 8117:(c. 1000 – 1004, 1009–1017) 7718:First Battle of Langensalza 7663:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 7242:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 6751:Historische Zeitschrift 268 6732:. (in Italian), Milan 2015. 6565:. Milan 2003, pp. 119–131. 6456:. Modena 1964, pp. 156–169. 6385:. Modena 2002, pp. 242–249. 6117:Historische Zeitschrift 302 5959:, p. 184, Regest 125c. 5947:. Bologna 1998, pp. 91–100. 5461:. Nonantola 1991, pp. 5–28. 4444:Natalia Pushkareva (1989). 3113: 3083:) in the illustration. The 2426:James Francis Edward Stuart 2279:Morgan Library & Museum 2056:Santa Maria Assunta of Pisa 1979:and those of her mother in 1853:Orationes sive meditationes 1851:of Rangerius of Lucca, the 1802:Court culture and rulership 1653:, Chigi LVIII 296, fol. 56r 1510:Archbishop Tedaldo of Milan 1102:) for her and her parents. 727:, the Lordships of Stenay, 495:as their rich inheritance. 483:at the Castle of Bianello ( 481:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 479:and Vice-Queen of Italy by 10: 8734: 8708:12th-century Italian women 8628:11th-century Italian women 8194:Gertrude of Süpplingenburg 7618:Atto (archbishop of Milan) 7508:"Matilda of Canossa" 7078: 6862: 6800: 6650: 6638: 6407: 6354: 6172:, p. 150, Regest 147. 5968:Lino Lionello Ghirardini, 5791: 5772: 5662:. Milan 2007, pp. 123–132. 5524: 5177: 5016: 4908: 4283: 4177:(in Italian). 2 March 2015 3979:Const. 1, p. 106, N° 58 — 3254: 2776:("Tormented in Canossa"), 2126:); Santa Maria Assunta in 1368: 1187: 29: 8109:(before 972–976, 985–995) 7966: 7923: 7863: 7845: 7765: 7735:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 7686: 7610: 7556: 7547: 7539: 7532: 7284:Overmann, Alfred (1895). 7200:10.1515/9781846159022-002 7186:of Donizone of Canossa". 7167:Golinelli, Paolo (2016). 7112:Golinelli, Paolo (1998). 7063:10.11588/vuf.2015.0.46255 6473:, Rome 1971, pp. 854–860. 6201:(in Italian). Pisa: ETS. 5976:. Rome 1977, pp. 213–236. 5715:Golinelli, Paolo (1991). 5354:10.11588/vuf.2015.0.46246 5203:10.11588/vuf.2015.0.46259 4812:. Wiesbaden 1995, p. 546. 3731:, p. 215, Regest 26. 3665:, p. 215, Regest 25. 3416:, p. 201, Regest 7b. 3312:, p. 199, Regest 4f. 2757:wrote a historical novel 2697:Ludovico Antonio Muratori 2624:Ludovico Antonio Muratori 2620:Giovanni Battista Giraldi 2465:High and Late Middle Ages 2459: 2438:memorial tomb for Matilda 2434:Queen Charlotte of Cyprus 2422:Maria Clementina Sobieska 2392:, located in the town of 1792:Monastery of San Ponziano 1568:. In the spring of 1093, 1514:Gandolfo of Reggio Emilia 1090:near the court to Bishop 431:in front of the Canossa ( 289: 279: 266: 203: 180: 162: 135: 131: 115: 99: 89: 79: 71: 64: 44: 39: 8648:Remarried royal consorts 8373:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349) 8077:(Margravine: ?–907) 7638:Gotofredo da Castiglione 7435:Spike, Michele (2015b). 7416:Spike, Michele (2015a). 7238:Healey, Patrick (2013). 7051:Vorträge und Forschungen 6197:Eugenio Riversi (2013). 6089:. New York 2004, p. 258. 5342:Vorträge und Forschungen 5191:Vorträge und Forschungen 3061: 2983:This section contains a 2822:Corteo Storico Matildico 2532:Liber de anulo et baculo 2516:Liber de vita christiana 2475:De principibus Canusinis 2454:Honor and Glory of Italy 2412:, where they now lie in 2400:, her body was moved to 1849:Liber de anulo et baculo 1506:Bishop Bernardo of Parma 1144:, the son of his sister 986:Monastery of Sant'Andrea 795:): since the Latin word 574:Adalbert-Atto built the 240:Welf II, Duke of Bavaria 176:, Margraviate of Tuscany 32:Matilda (disambiguation) 8718:Investiture Controversy 8570:Marie of Baden-Sponheim 8541:(Ingolstadt: 1443–1445) 8538:Margaret of Brandenburg 8509:(Ingolstadt: 1413–1443) 8493:(Ingolstadt: 1401–1413) 8410:Ingeborg of Mecklenburg 8250:Agnes of the Palatinate 8114:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 7708:Donation of Constantine 7604:Investiture Controversy 7464:Struve, Tilman (1995). 7454:Spike, Michele (2016). 7420:. Centro Di, Florence. 7407:Spike, Michele (2014). 7386:Spike, Michele (2004). 7340:Robinson, I.S. (2003). 6874:(in German). Darmstadt. 6762:Paolo Golinelli (ed.), 6471:Enciclopedia Dantesca 3 5989:, ch. II, v. 1250–1256. 5490:. Spoleto 2011, p. 266. 4847:Nash, Penelope (2021). 4799:, p. 330, note 57. 4787:, n° 65, 101, 109, 132. 4149:www.castellitoscani.com 3981:Die Briefe Heinrichs IV 3161:Nash, Penelope (2017). 2851:tutto legato al passato 2755:Antonio Bresciani Borsa 2345:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht 2097:De scismate Hildebrandi 1676:Guelphs and Ghibellines 1371:Investiture Controversy 1005:Investiture Controversy 868:Duchy of Upper Lorraine 844:San Martino dall'Argine 711:in 1036 at the city of 383:Investiture Controversy 346:), also referred to as 8517:(Straubing: 1418–1425) 8501:(Straubing: 1404–1417) 8477:(Straubing: 1394–1404) 8402:Margarete of Nuremberg 8397:(Straubing: 1353–1386) 8218:Clementia of Zähringen 8197:(1127–1138; 1142–1143) 7997:Folchiade of Salzeburg 7875:Catholicism portal 7459:. Centro Di, Florence. 7363:Robinson, Ian (2004). 6870:Althoff, Gerd (2006). 6813:84, 2000, pp. 661–672. 6529:. Munich 2006, p. 610. 5455:L'abbazia di Nonantola 4609:. Munich 2004, p. 308. 3165:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3085: 3076: 3037:'s installation piece 2894:Williamsburg, Virginia 2675:Mechthild of Hackeborn 2671:Mechthild of Magdeburg 2469:Between 1111 and 1115 2385: 2353:Prignano sulla Secchia 2282: 2263: 2146:), and San Salvaro in 2089:San Cesario sul Panaro 1994: 1823: 1654: 1474:Abbey of Saint-Jacques 1365:Disputes with Henry IV 1246: 1230: 1219: 1057:Abbey of San Salvatore 990:Monastery of San Paolo 956: 596:Otto I of East Francia 540: 513:Saint Peter's Basilica 459: 453: 436: 348: 338: 322: 317: 309: 151:Margraviate of Tuscany 8703:Women in war in Italy 8668:Duchesses of Lorraine 8594:Elisabeth of Lorraine 8557:(Landshut: 1479–1502) 8549:(Landshut: 1452–1479) 8429:(Landshut: 1366–1379) 8357:(Lower: c. 1330–1334) 8341:(Lower: 1326/28–1333) 8317:(Upper: 1308/11–1322) 8309:(Lower: 1297/99–1310) 8146:Ethelinde of Northeim 8130:Judith of Schweinfurt 7793:Divine right of kings 7678:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 7550:Margravine of Tuscany 7514:Catholic Encyclopedia 7070:Goez, Werner (1997). 6893:Beeler, John (1971). 6822:Christoph Stiegmann, 6810:Nuova Rivista Storica 6753:, 1999], pp. 747–749. 6719:. Modena 1978, p. 22. 6160:, Modena 1978, p. 31. 5858:Bernd Schneidmüller, 4976:Burchard of Ursperg, 2828:UNESCO World Heritage 2606:Albert Azzo II d'Este 2383: 2269: 2259: 1989: 1892:iudices sacri palatii 1809: 1640: 1414:Ponte della Maddalena 1236: 1225: 1197: 962:Godfrey the Hunchback 950: 613:Adalbert-Atto's son, 526: 66:Margravine of Tuscany 8673:People from Lombardy 8623:Margraves of Tuscany 8562:Kunigunde of Austria 8514:Elizabeth of Görlitz 8506:Catherine of Alençon 8498:Margaret of Burgundy 8434:Catherine of Gorizia 8426:Catherine of Bohemia 8306:Jutta of Schweidnitz 8258:Elizabeth of Hungary 7788:College of Cardinals 7628:Antipope Clement III 7259:Die Macht der Frauen 7032:Mathilde von Canossa 6749:; Johannes Laudage, 6236:Otto Gerhard Oexle, 6141:Goez & Goez 1998 5899:Goez & Goez 1998 5887:Goez & Goez 1998 5688:Goez & Goez 1998 5607:Goez & Goez 1998 5583:Goez & Goez 1998 5500:Goez & Goez 1998 5403:Goez & Goez 1998 5328:Goez & Goez 1998 5316:Goez & Goez 1998 5304:Goez & Goez 1998 5281:Werner Goez (1991). 5165:Goez & Goez 1998 4785:Goez & Goez 1998 4761:Goez & Goez 1998 4751:. Trier 2015, p. 30. 4718:Goez & Goez 1998 4706:Goez & Goez 1998 4619:Goez & Goez 1998 4594:Goez & Goez 1998 4518:Goez & Goez 1998 4391:Bernold of Constance 4271:Goez & Goez 1998 4132:Goez & Goez 1998 3860:Goez & Goez 1998 3836:Goez & Goez 1998 3824:Goez & Goez 1998 3783:Goez & Goez 1998 3744:Goez & Goez 1998 3231:Goez, Elke (1995a). 2932:improve this section 2473:wrote the chronicle 2414:St. Peter's Basilica 2316:St. Peter's Basilica 2281:, MS M.492, fol. 84r 2252:Last years and death 2180:Prangarda of Canossa 2052:San Martino of Lucca 2040:San Pietro in Mantua 1881:Conrad I of Salzburg 1857:Anselm of Canterbury 1812:Anselm of Canterbury 1535:Counties of Mantua, 1245:, Cod. 12, fol. 181v 701:Beatrice of Lorraine 333:– 24 July 1115), or 294:Beatrice of Lorraine 254: 1089; 196:St. Peter's Basilica 172:Bondeno di Roncore, 158:, Lordship of Mantua 8658:Countesses in Italy 8533:(Munich: 1438–1460) 8490:Elisabeth of Cleves 8482:Elisabetta Visconti 8466:Margaret of Austria 8418:Margaret of Austria 8378:Cunigunde of Poland 8370:Elisabeth of Sicily 8362:Margarete Maultasch 8354:Richardis of Jülich 8346:Margaret of Bohemia 8330:Margaret of Holland 8314:Beatrice of Silesia 8298:Mechthild of Nassau 8282:Matilda of Habsburg 8242:Ludmilla of Bohemia 8186:Wulfhilde of Saxony 8122:Gunhilda of Denmark 8082:Judith of Sülichgau 8074:Cunigunde of Swabia 7229:Hay, David (2008). 7030:Goez, Elke (2012). 7011:Goez, Elke (2010). 6966:Goez, Elke (1996). 6807:. (in Italian) In: 6803:; Paolo Golinelli: 6715:. (in Italian) In: 6664:, pp. 379–383. 6605:Stefan Weinfurter, 6469:. (in Italian) In: 6452:. (in Italian) In: 6240:. (in Italian) In: 6158:Studi Matildici III 6156:. (in Italian) In: 5972:. (in Italian) In: 5745:, pp. 168–170. 5573:, pp. 156–159. 5218:, p. 129, 151. 5197:. Ostfildern: 447. 5092:, pp. 159–169. 4940:, pp. 327–328. 4532:East Central Europe 2732:published the poem 2701:Girolamo Tiraboschi 2682:Counter-Reformation 2643:, written in 1678. 2446:Gianlorenzo Bernini 2418:Christina of Sweden 1914:Burchard of Ursperg 1680:Constance of Sicily 1621:Council of Piacenza 1598:Anselm III of Milan 1496:) defeated them at 1328:, their infant son 1170:Albert III of Namur 1142:Godfrey of Bouillon 1094:and the chapter of 1010:synod held at Worms 970:Abbey of Frassinoro 864:Godfrey the Bearded 857:heiress presumptive 709:Gunhilda of Denmark 584:Lothair II of Italy 501:Counter-Reformation 493:"Matildine domains" 358:Italian Middle Ages 18:Mathilda of Tuscany 8618:Matilda of Tuscany 8586:Renata of Lorraine 8522:Margaret of Cleves 8474:Margaret of Cleves 8458:Maddalena Visconti 8421:(Upper: 1361–1363) 8349:(Lower: 1328–1339) 8325:(Lower: 1309–1312) 8301:(Upper: 1294–1317) 8293:(Lower: 1290–1296) 8285:(Upper: 1273–1294) 8277:(Upper: 1260–1271) 8261:(Lower: 1253–1271) 8226:Matilda of England 8178:Matilda of Tuscany 8154:Judith of Flanders 8138:Richenza of Swabia 8106:Gisela of Burgundy 8058:Liutgard of Saxony 7992:Gleisnod de Friuli 7943:Bavaria-Ingolstadt 7696:Concordat of Worms 7668:Matilda of Tuscany 7653:Henry I of England 7561:Title next held by 7263:The Power of Women 6745:. (in German) In: 6425:The portable Dante 6115:. (in German) In: 6111:Florian Hartmann, 6085:Michèle K. Spike, 6002:, ch. II, v. 1257. 5543:2015-02-06 at the 5348:. Ostfildern: 22. 5242:, p. 99, 154. 5068:, 2009, pp. 12–22. 4572:Cosmas of Prague, 4559:2015-06-25 at the 4548:Cosmas of Prague, 4469:, p. 124–129. 4005:Johannes Laudage, 3682:1987, pp. 417–433. 3625:Roberto Albicini, 3055:Crusader Kings III 2782:Il principe scalzo 2774:Trafitto a Canossa 2739:In the era of the 2705:Saverio Dalla Rosa 2591:Early modern times 2550:against Matilda's 2440:, commissioned by 2406:Castel Sant'Angelo 2386: 2283: 2264: 2228:Matildine Donation 2120:Pescarolo ed Uniti 1995: 1824: 1655: 1454:Castel Sant'Angelo 1420:crosses the river 1270:Siegfried of Mainz 1247: 1231: 1220: 1098:as a soul device ( 957: 953:Apennine Peninsula 951:The states of the 936:Richard I of Capua 817:Michèle Kahn Spike 638:Abbey of Nonantola 541: 399:Holy Roman Emperor 339:Matilde di Canossa 335:Matilda of Canossa 310:Matilde di Toscana 302:Matilda of Tuscany 191:Castel Sant'Angelo 40:Matilda of Tuscany 8605: 8604: 8394:Margaret of Brieg 8386:Maud of Lancaster 8037:(c. 741 – c. 748) 8029:(c. 716 – c. 719) 8026:Imma of Alamannia 8021:(c. 716 – c. 719) 8013:(c. 716 – c. 719) 7982:(c. 610 – c. 625) 7974:(c. 556 – c. 572) 7958:Bavaria-Straubing 7883: 7882: 7825:Donation of Pepin 7805:Holy Roman Empire 7783:Clerical celibacy 7623:Pope Callixtus II 7571: 7570: 7392:. Vendome Press. 7295:The First Crusade 7208:Ferrante, Joan M. 6711:Ovidio Capitani, 6557:Paolo Golinelli, 6541:, pp. 29–52. 6485:, pp. 19–28. 6377:Paolo Golinelli, 6060:Enrico Spagnesi, 5939:Paolo Golinelli, 5922:Thomas Labusiak, 5814:Paolo Golinelli, 5671:Paolo Golinelli, 5654:Paolo Golinelli, 5514:, pp. 61–73. 5482:Paolo Golinelli, 5055:, pp. 66–71. 4898:, pp. 70–73. 4833:Eugenio Riversi, 4574:Chronica Boemorum 4550:Chronica Boemorum 4434:, p. 289ff.. 3694:, p. 80, 88. 3674:Paolo Golinelli, 3633:2006, pp. 389–403 3511:, pp. 20–25. 3204:, pp. 14–16. 3172:978-1-137-59088-6 3010: 3009: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2766:Azzione Cattolica 2510:gave Matilda his 2222:Abbey of Polirone 2178:, descendants of 2107:margravial rule. 1690:Chronica Boemorum 1602:Roger I of Sicily 1521:Jordan I of Capua 1342:Tedald of Canossa 1255:Matilda of Swabia 1239:Vita Gregorii VII 912:Gregorian Reforms 753:Matilda of Swabia 592:Berengar of Ivrea 299: 298: 170:(aged 68–69) 16:(Redirected from 8725: 8663:House of Canossa 8554:Hedwig Jagiellon 8546:Amalia of Saxony 8266:Maria of Brabant 8210:Theodora Komnene 8202:Maria of Bohemia 8170:Eupraxia of Kiev 8069:(Queen: 882–887) 8061:(Queen: 880–882) 8053:(Queen: 827–876) 8045:(bef. 770 – 788) 7948:Bavaria-Landshut 7928:Duchy of Bavaria 7910: 7903: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7873: 7872: 7740:Gregorian Reform 7729:In nomine Domini 7643:Pope Gregory VII 7597: 7590: 7583: 7574: 7573: 7540:Preceded by 7534:Italian nobility 7530: 7529: 7518: 7510: 7493: 7474: 7472: 7460: 7450: 7431: 7412: 7403: 7382: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7345: 7336: 7317: 7308: 7289: 7280: 7274: 7266: 7253: 7234: 7225: 7203: 7178: 7176: 7163: 7154: 7145: 7136: 7127: 7108: 7102: 7094: 7075: 7066: 7045: 7026: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6941: 6932: 6923: 6912: 6900: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6831: 6820: 6814: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6739: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6536: 6530: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6465:Fiorenzo Forti, 6463: 6457: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6265:Thomas Förster, 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6194: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6152:Vito Fumagalli, 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6109: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5977: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5937: 5931: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5775: 5769: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5712: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5554: 5548: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5453:Fulvio Zuliani, 5451: 5445: 5439: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5318:, n° 12, 15, 20. 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5278: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4941: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4596:, n° 42, 43, 45. 4591: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4297:, p. 23–68. 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3918:, p. 55–56. 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3786: 3780: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3678:. (in Italian), 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3640: 3634: 3629:. (in Italian), 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3461: 3455: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3431:, p. 78–79. 3426: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3274: 3268: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3228: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3188:Vito Fumagalli, 3186: 3177: 3176: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3130:Terre Matildiche 3125:March of Tuscany 3120:House of Canossa 3107: 3088: 3082: 3072: 3047:Adelaide of Susa 3039:The Dinner Party 3028:The Book of Love 3024:Kathleen McGowan 3014:Luigi Pirandello 3005: 3002: 2996: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2912: 2904: 2844:Annali Canossani 2834:Research history 2812:Quattro Castella 2778:Laura Mancinelli 2661:earthly paradise 2637:Malaspina family 2633:House of Gonzaga 2616:Ludovico Ariosto 2584:Giovanni Villani 2570:Pope Gregory VII 2536:Pope Gelasius II 2444:and designed by 2394:San Benedetto Po 2373:Terre Matildiche 2335:and crowned her 2321:Quattro Castella 2240:Terre Matildiche 2188:adoptivus filius 2170:, member of the 2164:House of Canossa 2077:Saint Geminianus 1686:Cosmas of Prague 1663:Duchy of Bavaria 1647:Giovanni Villani 1613:Eupraxia of Kiev 1512:and the Bishops 1378:Terre Matildiche 1334:Adelaide of Susa 1243:Stiftsbibliothek 1162:Bishop of Verdun 998:Pope Gregory VII 885:House of Canossa 793:Mathildis Lucens 759:, a daughter of 717:Gisela of Swabia 675: 666: 600:Ottonian dynasty 545:House of Canossa 485:Quattro Castella 462: 456: 395:Pope Gregory VII 365:excommunications 354:House of Canossa 351: 349:la Gran Contessa 345: 332: 329: 325: 259: 257: 253: 230: 228: 169: 144: 141: 49: 37: 36: 21: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8713:Imperial vicars 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8578:Anna of Austria 8450:Taddea Visconti 8442:Anna of Neuffen 8338:Anne of Austria 8322:Agnes of Glogau 8162:Bertha of Savoy 7987:Fara of Bavaria 7979:Geila of Friuli 7962: 7919: 7914: 7884: 7879: 7867: 7859: 7841: 7761: 7757:Walk to Canossa 7713:Excommunication 7688: 7682: 7673:Pope Paschal II 7648:Guido da Velate 7606: 7601: 7562: 7553: 7545: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7470: 7447: 7428: 7400: 7379: 7347: 7346: 7333: 7305: 7268: 7267: 7250: 7222: 7174: 7124: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7042: 7023: 6953:. Sigmaringen. 6909: 6877: 6876: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6838: 6834: 6821: 6817: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6740: 6736: 6727: 6723: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6662:Ghirardini 1989 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6604: 6600: 6594:Golinelli 2015b 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6521:Mareike Menne, 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6498:Golinelli 2015b 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6464: 6460: 6448:Dante Bianchi, 6447: 6443: 6436: 6420:Lawrence Binyon 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6151: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6119:, 2016, p. 348. 6110: 6106: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5980: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5938: 5934: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5866: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5778: 5770: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5670: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5551: 5545:Wayback Machine 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5512:Golinelli 2015a 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5279: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4896:Golinelli 2015a 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4845: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4571: 4567: 4561:Wayback Machine 4547: 4543: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3994:Liber ad amicum 3991: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3881: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3587: 3579: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536:, 18 v. 1252 f. 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3332: 3328: 3322:Ghirardini 1989 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3229: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3104:Vatican Library 3073: 3069: 3064: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2990: 2979: 2975: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2929: 2913: 2902: 2900:Popular culture 2856:Of the Italian 2840:Walk of Canossa 2836: 2717: 2611:Orlando Furioso 2593: 2512:Liber ad amicum 2508:Bonizo of Sutri 2467: 2462: 2442:Pope Urban VIII 2398:Pope Urban VIII 2312:Pope Paschal II 2254: 2230: 2160: 2016: 1935:itinerant court 1873:Bonizo of Sutri 1869:Liber ad amicum 1833:Anselm of Lucca 1804: 1735: 1651:Vatican Library 1635: 1462:Nonantola Abbey 1426:Borgo a Mozzano 1391:Volta Mantovana 1373: 1367: 1326:Bertha of Savoy 1318:walk to Canossa 1284:Bonizo of Sutri 1279:excommunication 1208:Vatican Library 1192: 1190:Walk to Canossa 1186: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1036:) and duchess ( 1029: 945: 916:Pope Stephen IX 697: 696: 695: 694: 691:Vatican Library 678: 677: 676: 668: 667: 656: 537:Vatican Library 521: 509:Pope Urban VIII 471:The account of 420:. She made the 389:) and secular ( 370:She ruled as a 330: 262: 261: 258: 1095) 249: 245: 242: 232: 224: 220: 217: 199: 194: 189: 171: 167: 154: 145: 142: 123: 107: 104:Beatrice of Bar 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8731: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8591: 8583: 8575: 8567: 8559: 8551: 8543: 8535: 8527: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8471: 8463: 8455: 8447: 8439: 8431: 8423: 8415: 8407: 8399: 8391: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8274:Anna of Glogau 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8199: 8191: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8159: 8151: 8143: 8135: 8127: 8125:(1035/36–1038) 8119: 8111: 8103: 8095: 8093:(c. 938 – 947) 8087: 8085:(c. 910 – 937) 8079: 8071: 8063: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7976: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7953:Bavaria-Munich 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7799:Dominium mundi 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7702:Dictatus papae 7698: 7692: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7600: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7569: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7500: 7499:External links 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489:978-9004125537 7488: 7475: 7461: 7451: 7446:978-0988529373 7445: 7432: 7427:978-8870385342 7426: 7413: 7404: 7399:978-0865652422 7398: 7383: 7378:978-0719038754 7377: 7360: 7337: 7332:978-0521414111 7331: 7318: 7309: 7304:978-0812210170 7303: 7290: 7281: 7254: 7249:978-1409479574 7248: 7235: 7226: 7221:978-0253211088 7220: 7204: 7184:Vita Mathildis 7179: 7164: 7155: 7146: 7137: 7128: 7123:978-3538070653 7122: 7109: 7089: 7076: 7067: 7046: 7041:978-3863123468 7040: 7027: 7022:978-3534211494 7021: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6942: 6933: 6924: 6913: 6908:978-0801491207 6907: 6890: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6845: 6832: 6815: 6801:Golinelli 1994 6792: 6780: 6776:Golinelli 2001 6768: 6755: 6734: 6721: 6704: 6678: 6676:, p. 213. 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6628:, p. 600. 6626:Golinelli 2006 6618: 6598: 6586: 6584:, p. 204. 6574: 6550: 6539:Golinelli 1999 6531: 6514: 6512:, p. 598. 6510:Golinelli 2006 6502: 6487: 6475: 6458: 6441: 6435:978-0140150322 6434: 6411: 6399: 6397:, p. 200. 6387: 6370: 6368:, p. 379. 6358: 6346: 6334: 6332:, p. 596. 6330:Golinelli 2006 6319: 6317:, p. 595. 6315:Golinelli 2006 6307: 6305:, p. 334. 6295: 6283: 6281:, p. 335. 6271: 6258: 6254:Golinelli 2016 6246: 6229: 6227:, p. 127. 6214: 6208:978-8846736987 6207: 6186: 6184:, p. 195. 6174: 6162: 6145: 6133: 6131:, p. 175. 6121: 6104: 6098:Thomas Gross, 6091: 6078: 6076:, p. 174. 6066: 6053: 6049:Golinelli 2001 6041: 6039:, p. 180. 6029: 6025:Vita Mathildis 6016: 6014:, p. 194. 6004: 6000:Vita Mathildis 5991: 5987:Vita Mathildis 5978: 5961: 5949: 5932: 5915: 5913:, p. 332. 5903: 5891: 5879: 5877:, p. 129. 5864: 5851: 5849:, p. 375. 5839: 5837:, p. 123. 5827: 5807: 5803:Golinelli 2001 5795: 5776: 5773:Golinelli 1994 5759: 5757:, p. 166. 5747: 5732: 5726:978-8877671042 5725: 5704: 5702:, p. 167. 5692: 5677: 5664: 5647: 5645:, p. 115. 5635: 5633:, p. 157. 5623: 5621:, p. 159. 5611: 5599: 5597:, p. 158. 5587: 5575: 5563: 5549: 5528: 5525:Golinelli 1994 5516: 5504: 5502:, p. 450. 5492: 5475: 5463: 5446: 5444:, p. 140. 5431: 5429:, p. 186. 5419: 5407: 5405:, n° 114, 115. 5395: 5393:, p. 139. 5383: 5381:, p. 100. 5371: 5369:, p. 176. 5359: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5268: 5266:, p. 338. 5256: 5254:, p. 147. 5244: 5232: 5230:, p. 331. 5220: 5208: 5181: 5178:Golinelli 1994 5169: 5157: 5155:, p. 334. 5145: 5143:, p. 151. 5130: 5128:, p. 162. 5118: 5116:, p. 110. 5106: 5104:, p. 217. 5094: 5082: 5080:, p. 149. 5070: 5057: 5045: 5032: 5030:, p. 206. 5020: 5017:Golinelli 1994 5008: 4994: 4992:, p. 200. 4982: 4969: 4967:, p. 324. 4957: 4955:, p. 126. 4942: 4927: 4912: 4909:Golinelli 1994 4900: 4888: 4886:, p. 326. 4876: 4874:, p. 130. 4864: 4857: 4839: 4826: 4824:, p. 183. 4814: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4775:, p. 148. 4765: 4753: 4740: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4696:, p. 150. 4686: 4684:, p. 326. 4671: 4669:, p. 125. 4659: 4647: 4645:, p. 374. 4635: 4633:, p. 220. 4623: 4611: 4598: 4586: 4565: 4541: 4522: 4510: 4508:, p. 368. 4498: 4496:, p. 139. 4483: 4481:, p. 369. 4471: 4459: 4436: 4424: 4411: 4399: 4383: 4381:, p. 213. 4371: 4369:, p. 289. 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4309:, p. 209. 4299: 4287: 4284:Golinelli 1994 4275: 4263: 4251: 4236: 4234:, p. 171. 4224: 4222:, p. 121. 4212: 4200: 4188: 4162: 4136: 4124: 4122:, p. 117. 4112: 4099: 4087: 4085:, p. 113. 4075: 4063: 4051: 4023: 4011: 3998: 3996:, Book 8, 609. 3985: 3968: 3964:Golinelli 2016 3956: 3944: 3932: 3930:, p. 164. 3920: 3908: 3896: 3879: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3802:, p. 363. 3787: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3733: 3721: 3696: 3684: 3680:Benedictina 34 3667: 3655: 3635: 3631:Benedictina 53 3618: 3606: 3604:, p. 361. 3585: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3534:Vita Mathildis 3525: 3523:, p. 149. 3513: 3501: 3489: 3487:, p. 204. 3477: 3462: 3445: 3433: 3418: 3406: 3389: 3387:, p. 206. 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3275: 3273:, p. 358. 3258: 3255:Golinelli 1994 3246: 3218: 3216:, p. 119. 3206: 3194: 3178: 3171: 3153: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3100:Vita Mathildis 3066: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3043:Heritage Floor 3008: 3007: 2982: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2916: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2835: 2832: 2747:Silvio Pellico 2730:Heinrich Heine 2716: 2713: 2592: 2589: 2501:Vita Mathildis 2492:Vita Mathildis 2487:Vita Mathildis 2483:Vita Mathildis 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2430:St. Petronilla 2404:and placed in 2368:cardiac arrest 2337:Imperial Vicar 2253: 2250: 2229: 2226: 2196:Vallombrosians 2176:House of Savoy 2159: 2156: 2138:; San Zeno in 2028:Fonte Avellana 2015: 2012: 1956:Henry the Lion 1940:Emilia-Romagna 1922:Johannes Fried 1861:Vita Mathildis 1803: 1800: 1734: 1731: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1661:, heir to the 1643:Nuova Chronica 1634: 1631: 1596:by Archbishop 1428:just north of 1418:Via Francigena 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1311:Canossa Castle 1263:Salian dynasty 1259:Empress Gisela 1249:Matilda was a 1228:Canossa Castle 1212:Vita Mathildis 1204:Vita Mathildis 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1107:lands alloteds 1096:Pisa Cathedral 1042:Emilia-Romagna 1028: 1025: 944: 941: 897:Pope Victor II 799:is similar to 785:Vita Mathildis 765:Count Palatine 687:Vita Mathildis 680: 679: 670: 669: 661: 660: 659: 658: 657: 655: 652: 619:dux et marchio 576:Canossa Castle 533:Vita Mathildis 520: 517: 505:Baroque Period 477:Imperial Vicar 466:Polirone Abbey 422:Canossa Castle 379:Salian dynasty 362:Roman Catholic 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 270: 264: 263: 247: 243: 238: 237: 236: 235: 222: 218: 213: 212: 211: 210: 207: 205: 201: 200: 186:Polirone Abbey 184: 182: 178: 177: 164: 160: 159: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 117: 113: 112: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 62: 61: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8730: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234:Agnes of Loon 8232: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938:Lower Bavaria 7936: 7934: 7933:Upper Bavaria 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7567: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7491: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7172: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7053:(in German). 7052: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6949:(in German). 6948: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6789: 6788:Overmann 1895 6784: 6778:, p. 56. 6777: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6651:Capitani 1999 6646: 6640: 6639:Capitani 1999 6634: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6596:, p. 33. 6595: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6546: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6500:, p. 32. 6499: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6483:Capitani 1999 6479: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6408:Capitani 1999 6403: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6355:Capitani 1999 6350: 6344:, p. 20. 6343: 6342:Capitani 1999 6338: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6256:, p. 29. 6255: 6250: 6244:, 1975, p. 11 6243: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6170:Overmann 1895 6166: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6057: 6051:, p. 60. 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5957:Overmann 1895 5953: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5861: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5805:, p. 62. 5804: 5799: 5793: 5792:Capitani 1999 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5473:, p. 14. 5472: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5428: 5423: 5417:, p. 19. 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5344:(in German). 5343: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5292: 5289:(in German). 5288: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5193:(in German). 5192: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4925:, p. 91. 4924: 4919: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4860: 4858:9788855535298 4854: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4736: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4657:, p. 34. 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4432:Robinson 2003 4428: 4421: 4415: 4409:, p. 31. 4408: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4367:Robinson 2003 4363: 4357:, p. 46. 4356: 4351: 4345:, p. 40. 4344: 4339: 4333:, p. 77. 4332: 4327: 4321:, p. 26. 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4261:, p. 70. 4260: 4255: 4249:, p. 66. 4248: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4210:, p. 53. 4209: 4204: 4198:, p. 51. 4197: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4103: 4097:, Regest 40a. 4096: 4095:Overmann 1895 4091: 4084: 4079: 4073:, p. 45. 4072: 4067: 4061:, p. 70. 4060: 4055: 4037: 4030: 4028: 4021:, p. 68. 4020: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3954:, p. 42. 3953: 3948: 3942:, p. 41. 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3906:, p. 67. 3905: 3900: 3894:, p. 12. 3893: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3877:, p. 65. 3876: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3850:, p. 93. 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3814:, p. 33. 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3770:, p. 82. 3769: 3764: 3758:, p. 31. 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3719:, p. 87. 3718: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3616:, p. 79. 3615: 3610: 3603: 3602:Villalon 2003 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3583:, p. 43. 3582: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3560:, p. 30. 3559: 3554: 3548:, p. 49. 3547: 3546:Robinson 2004 3542: 3535: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3499:, p. 68. 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3475:, p. 34. 3474: 3469: 3467: 3460:, p. 44. 3459: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3443:, p. 10. 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3404:, p. 35. 3403: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3375:, p. 88. 3374: 3373:Ferrante 1997 3369: 3363:, p. 29. 3362: 3357: 3351:, p. 51. 3350: 3345: 3337: 3330: 3324:, p. 22. 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3300:, p. 13. 3299: 3294: 3288:, p. 57. 3287: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3271:Villalon 2003 3267: 3265: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3239:(in German). 3238: 3234: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3151:, p. 97. 3150: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3004: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2959: 2951: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2917:This section 2915: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2817:beatification 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786:Reggio Emilia 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2690:Johann Stumpf 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2652:Divine Comedy 2648: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598:House of Este 2588: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2579:Nuova Cronica 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2364:Reggio Emilia 2361: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2341:firmum foedus 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325:Reggio Emilia 2322: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1900:legis doctore 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:Song of Songs 1838: 1834: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Pope Urban II 1749: 1748:First Crusade 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1667:Pope Urban II 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1624:attempting a 1622: 1618: 1617:Pope Urban II 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:King of Italy 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1299:central Italy 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:second cousin 1244: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1226:Ruins of the 1224: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1178:First Crusade 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1114:Personal rule 1111: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 954: 949: 940: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 865: 860: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 692: 688: 684: 674: 665: 651: 649: 645: 644: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 580:Reggio Emilia 577: 572: 570: 566: 565:Adalbert-Atto 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 538: 534: 530: 525: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 496: 494: 490: 489:Reggio Emilia 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 461: 455: 450: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 373: 368: 366: 363: 359: 355: 350: 344: 340: 336: 324: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 295: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 274: 271: 269: 265: 241: 234: 233: 216: 209: 208: 206: 202: 197: 192: 187: 183: 179: 175: 165: 161: 157: 152: 148: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 118: 114: 110: 105: 102: 98: 95: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 58: 55:and kneeling 54: 53:Hugh of Cluny 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 8638:1040s births 8596: 8588: 8580: 8572: 8564: 8556: 8548: 8540: 8532: 8524: 8516: 8508: 8500: 8492: 8484: 8476: 8468: 8460: 8452: 8444: 8436: 8428: 8420: 8412: 8404: 8396: 8388: 8380: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8316: 8308: 8300: 8292: 8284: 8276: 8268: 8260: 8252: 8244: 8236: 8228: 8220: 8212: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8177: 8172: 8164: 8156: 8148: 8140: 8132: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8100: 8092: 8084: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8052: 8044: 8036: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8004: 7981: 7973: 7852: 7820:Papal States 7797: 7750:Sack of Rome 7727: 7700: 7667: 7563: 7557: 7548: 7522: 7512: 7479: 7466: 7455: 7436: 7417: 7408: 7388: 7366: 7344:. Cambridge. 7341: 7322: 7313: 7294: 7285: 7262: 7258: 7239: 7230: 7211: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7169: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7113: 7080: 7071: 7054: 7050: 7031: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6985: 6976: 6967: 6950: 6946: 6937: 6928: 6918: 6896: 6871: 6848: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6808: 6804: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6763: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6737: 6729: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6695:. 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In 1839, 2684:and in the 2663:in Dante's 2524:Merovingian 2128:Monteveglio 2008:si quid est 1845:Virgin Mary 1619:called the 1387:Clement III 1176:during the 1017:Vlaardingen 920:Nicholas II 821:San Miniato 643:Via Aemilia 563:. His son, 460:sacerdotium 387:sacerdotium 331: 1046 143: 1046 127:(1089–1095) 122:(1069–1076) 111:(1053–1069) 109:Godfrey III 106:(1052–1069) 80:Predecessor 8612:Categories 8018:Pilithrude 7689:and events 7554:1055–1115 7090:8855523015 6615:3406535909 6571:8871794206 5824:8871794206 5471:Spike 2014 5415:Spike 2014 5293:: 379–394. 5264:Goez 2006b 5153:Goez 2006b 5028:Fried 2001 4990:Fried 2001 4965:Goez 2006b 4953:Goez 2006a 4938:Goez 2006b 4682:Goez 2006b 3892:Spike 2014 3652:8882909492 3214:Goez 2006a 3136:References 2780:the novel 2666:Purgatorio 2479:hexameters 1902:s, and 42 1626:black mass 1525:Victor III 1416:where the 1081:Archdeacon 1074:Königsbann 375:margravine 337:(Italian: 275:(Attonids) 215:Godfrey IV 120:Godfrey IV 8149:(c. 1070) 8101:(947–955) 8066:Richardis 8042:Liutperga 8002:Regintrud 7773:Canon law 7687:Documents 7633:Erlembald 7543:Frederick 7482:. BRILL. 7350:cite book 7271:cite book 7194:: 23–68. 7099:cite book 6880:cite book 6674:Goez 2012 6582:Goez 2012 6395:Goez 2012 6366:Goez 2004 6303:Goez 2015 6279:Goez 2015 6225:Goez 2012 6182:Goez 1997 6143:, n° 136. 6129:Goez 2012 6074:Goez 2012 6037:Goez 2012 6012:Goez 1997 5911:Goez 2015 5875:Piva 2006 5847:Goez 2004 5755:Goez 2012 5743:Goez 1997 5700:Goez 1997 5643:Goez 2010 5631:Goez 2012 5619:Goez 2012 5595:Goez 2012 5571:Goez 2012 5442:Piva 2006 5427:Goez 2012 5391:Piva 2006 5379:Goez 2012 5367:Goez 2007 5252:Goez 2012 5240:Goez 2012 5228:Goez 2015 5216:Goez 2012 5141:Goez 2012 5126:Goez 2007 5114:Goez 2012 5102:Goez 2012 5090:Goez 2012 5078:Goez 2012 5053:Goez 1995 4978:Chronicon 4923:Goez 2012 4884:Goez 2015 4872:Goez 2012 4822:Goez 2007 4797:Goez 2012 4773:Goez 2012 4694:Goez 2012 4667:Goez 2010 4643:Goez 2004 4520:, n° 140. 4506:Goez 2004 4494:Goez 2012 4479:Goez 2004 4407:Goez 1996 4395:Chronicon 4355:Goez 1996 4343:Goez 1996 4319:Goez 1996 4295:Eads 2010 4232:Goez 1995 4220:Goez 2012 4120:Goez 2012 4083:Goez 2012 3848:Goez 2012 3812:Goez 1995 3800:Goez 2004 3768:Goez 2012 3756:Goez 1995 3729:Goez 1995 3717:Goez 2012 3692:Goez 2012 3663:Goez 1995 3614:Goez 2012 3558:Goez 1995 3521:Goez 1995 3509:Goez 1995 3497:Goez 2012 3485:Goez 1995 3441:Goez 1995 3414:Goez 1995 3361:Goez 1995 3310:Goez 1995 3298:Goez 1995 3286:Goez 2012 3202:Goez 2012 3026:'s novel 3019:Enrico IV 2919:does not 2875:Diplomata 2806:Casentino 2582:wrote by 2528:Fredegund 2520:Cleopatra 2477:in Latin 2424:(wife of 2036:Nonantola 1973:Brescello 1952:Deperdita 1888:causidici 1820:Orationes 1816:Miniature 1737:With the 1611:princess 1558:Carpineti 1350:Po Valley 1338:Prangarda 1174:Jerusalem 1158:Theoderic 1100:Seelgerät 1034:comitissa 1021:Rotterdam 932:antipopes 905:Panegyric 881:Pentecost 848:Frederick 825:Elke Goez 803:(of/from 773:Frederick 630:Brescello 561:Apennines 393:) power, 90:Successor 84:Frederick 75:1055–1115 8133:(?–1053) 8090:Biltrude 8010:Waldrada 7971:Waldrada 7846:See also 7766:Concepts 7210:(1997). 6023:Donizo, 5998:Donizo, 5985:Donizo, 5901:, n° 67. 5889:, n° 68. 5690:, n° 73. 5609:, n° 76. 5585:, n° 55. 5541:Archived 5330:, n° 20. 5306:, n° 15. 4763:, n° 51. 4708:, n° 43. 4621:, n° 46. 4557:Archived 4538:: 9–50 . 4467:Hay 2008 4273:, n° 44. 4134:, n° 33. 4059:Hay 2008 4019:Hay 2008 3992:Bonizo, 3928:Hay 2008 3904:Hay 2008 3875:Hay 2008 3862:, n° 23. 3785:, n° 13. 3581:Hay 2008 3532:Donizo, 3473:Hay 2008 3458:Hay 2008 3402:Hay 2008 3114:See also 3086:ciborium 3079:ciborium 3016:'s play 3001:May 2023 2993:relocate 2948:May 2023 2751:Mathilde 2574:Holy See 2552:Patarian 2522:and the 2360:Reggiolo 2291:celibacy 2275:New York 2093:Ficarolo 1918:Irnerius 1909:placitum 1904:advocati 1784:Sustante 1774:(1114). 1766:(1104), 1762:(1101), 1739:de facto 1590:Piacenza 1574:Patarene 1556:1092 at 1468:city of 1446:allodial 1053:placitum 1038:ducatrix 889:Henry IV 877:Florence 801:lucensis 757:Richilda 737:Longlier 713:Nijmegen 648:Po river 634:Polirone 626:Boniface 590:, after 588:Adelaide 569:Supponid 549:Sigifred 503:and the 406:Lombardy 402:Henry IV 323:Mathilda 174:Reggiolo 57:Henry IV 8034:Hiltrud 6863:Sources 6467:Matelda 5167:, n° 9. 4397:, 1095. 3838:, n° 7. 3826:, n° 2. 3746:, n° 1. 2991:Please 2940:removed 2925:sources 2722:Matelda 2686:Baroque 2657:Matelda 2614:, poet 2600:in his 2410:Vatican 2333:Liguria 2148:Legnago 2132:Bologna 2124:Cremona 1944:Tuscany 1896:iudices 1877:charity 1837:psalter 1779:consuls 1760:Ferrara 1727:Welf IV 1723:Piadena 1682:shows. 1609:Rurikid 1578:Cremona 1537:Brescia 1498:Sorbara 1494:Bologna 1472:to the 1470:Donceel 1422:Serchio 1406:Ravenna 1322:penance 1301:to the 1092:Landulf 1070:Serchio 1048:placita 852:regency 809:Canossa 769:Bergamo 733:Juvigny 721:Marengo 437:Canusia 418:Tuscany 414:Romagna 318:Matilda 306:Italian 273:Canossa 260: 248: 244: 231: 223: 219: 125:Welf II 116:Co-rule 8098:Judith 7837:Simony 7815:Papacy 7611:People 7565:Rabodo 7558:Vacant 7486: 7443: 7424: 7396: 7375: 7329: 7301: 7246: 7218: 7120: 7087: 7038: 7019: 6905: 6613: 6569: 6432: 6205: 5822: 5723: 4855: 3650: 3169: 3096:Donizo 2870:Regest 2794:Modena 2790:Mantua 2547:Conrad 2526:Queen 2471:Donizo 2460:Legacy 2329:Donizo 2299:simony 2295:Mantua 2217:Guerra 2209:Guerra 2204:Guerra 2192:Guerra 2168:Guerra 2152:Verona 2144:Verona 2116:Modena 2073:canons 2068:tithes 2058:, and 1977:Mantua 1969:Modena 1927:Digest 1865:Donizo 1859:, the 1772:Mantua 1743:Verona 1659:Welf V 1588:, and 1570:Conrad 1566:Verona 1551:. The 1549:Reggio 1545:Modena 1541:Verona 1539:, and 1532:Mantua 1502:Modena 1410:Anselm 1395:battle 1383:Brixen 1359:Mantua 1330:Conrad 1295:passes 1291:Trebur 1200:Donizo 1166:invest 1150:Stenay 1138:Verdun 1087:mansus 1019:(near 982:Mantua 966:Verdun 903:, the 901:Donizo 840:French 836:German 813:Mantua 797:lucens 789:Donizo 745:Sophia 739:, and 729:Mouzay 683:Donizo 615:Tedald 608:Mantua 604:Modena 529:Donizo 473:Donizo 454:regnum 416:, and 410:Emilia 391:regnum 372:feudal 290:Mother 280:Father 204:Spouse 181:Burial 156:Mantua 100:Regent 94:Rabodo 51:Abbot 8050:Hemma 7471:(PDF) 7261:[ 7175:(PDF) 4039:(PDF) 3062:Notes 2802:Lucca 2798:Parma 2647:Dante 2556:Milan 2303:codex 2140:Cerea 2136:Forlì 2032:Farfa 1894:, 44 1890:, 29 1828:court 1768:Prato 1764:Parma 1717:.... 1586:Milan 1500:near 1486:Lucca 1478:Liège 1466:Allod 1437:Lucca 1430:Lucca 1355:Lucca 1303:north 1154:dowry 1130:Salic 1065:Lucca 994:Parma 873:synod 832:Latin 805:Lucca 781:Lucca 741:Orval 725:Briey 707:with 705:Henry 557:Parma 553:Lucca 441:court 433:Latin 314:Latin 268:House 250:( 246: 225:( 221: 147:Lucca 72:Reign 7484:ISBN 7457:2016 7441:ISBN 7422:ISBN 7394:ISBN 7373:ISBN 7356:link 7327:ISBN 7299:ISBN 7277:link 7244:ISBN 7216:ISBN 7171:2015 7118:ISBN 7105:link 7085:ISBN 7036:ISBN 7017:ISBN 6903:ISBN 6886:link 6841:2015 6699:2020 6611:ISBN 6567:ISBN 6545:help 6430:ISBN 6203:ISBN 5820:ISBN 5721:ISBN 5004:2015 4853:ISBN 4454:2020 4183:2020 4157:2020 4046:2020 3648:ISBN 3167:ISBN 2923:any 2921:cite 2804:and 2496:Vita 2402:Rome 1981:Pisa 1898:, 8 1826:The 1756:Rome 1582:Lodi 1547:and 1484:and 1482:Pisa 1357:and 1272:and 1257:and 928:Rome 922:and 838:and 751:and 457:and 429:walk 256:sep. 163:Died 153:, or 136:Born 7196:doi 7059:doi 6955:doi 5350:doi 5199:doi 3977:MGH 3098:'s 3094:). 2934:by 2673:or 2649:'s 2428:), 2154:). 1871:of 1863:of 1855:of 1754:to 1645:by 1476:in 1424:at 1202:'s 1146:Ida 1059:in 992:in 976:). 879:on 875:in 767:of 685:'s 531:'s 320:or 8614:: 7511:. 7352:}} 7348:{{ 7273:}} 7269:{{ 7190:. 7101:}} 7097:{{ 7055:81 6951:41 6882:}} 6878:{{ 6689:. 6490:^ 6322:^ 6217:^ 6189:^ 5867:^ 5779:^ 5762:^ 5735:^ 5707:^ 5680:^ 5434:^ 5346:81 5291:47 5285:. 5271:^ 5195:81 5133:^ 4945:^ 4930:^ 4915:^ 4725:^ 4674:^ 4534:. 4486:^ 4393:, 4239:^ 4173:. 4147:. 4026:^ 3882:^ 3867:^ 3790:^ 3775:^ 3736:^ 3699:^ 3588:^ 3565:^ 3465:^ 3448:^ 3421:^ 3392:^ 3278:^ 3261:^ 3241:51 3235:. 3221:^ 3181:^ 3049:. 2846:. 2830:. 2808:. 2800:, 2796:, 2792:, 2788:, 2753:. 2699:, 2692:. 2558:. 2538:. 2456:. 2432:, 2420:, 2362:, 2323:, 2277:, 2062:. 2054:, 2050:, 2046:, 2042:, 2030:, 1963:. 1814:. 1649:. 1584:, 1580:, 1432:. 1160:, 763:, 735:, 731:, 650:. 632:, 515:. 507:. 487:, 468:. 435:: 412:, 408:, 328:c. 326:; 316:: 312:; 308:: 252:m. 227:m. 149:, 140:c. 7909:e 7902:t 7895:v 7596:e 7589:t 7582:v 7492:. 7449:. 7430:. 7402:. 7381:. 7358:) 7335:. 7307:. 7279:) 7252:. 7224:. 7202:. 7198:: 7192:8 7126:. 7107:) 7093:. 7065:. 7061:: 7044:. 7025:. 6961:. 6957:: 6911:. 6888:) 6855:. 6790:. 6701:. 6547:) 6438:. 6211:. 5729:. 5561:. 5547:. 5356:. 5352:: 5205:. 5201:: 4861:. 4563:. 4536:1 4456:. 4185:. 4159:. 4048:. 3175:. 3102:( 3077:( 3003:) 2999:( 2988:. 2961:) 2955:( 2950:) 2946:( 2942:. 2928:. 2150:( 2142:( 2130:( 2122:( 2114:( 1950:( 1702:. 1206:( 1032:( 689:( 535:( 304:( 34:. 20:)

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