Max Born - Knowledge

2024: 1567:, but Heisenberg alone won the 1932 Prize "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen", while Schrödinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". On 25 November 1933, Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a "bad conscience" that he alone had received the Prize "for work done in Göttingen in collaboration—you, Jordan and I." Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by "a wrong decision from the outside." In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900, in which he credited Born and Jordan for the final mathematical formulation of matrix mechanics and Heisenberg went on to stress how great their contributions were to quantum mechanics, which were not "adequately acknowledged in the public eye." 1755: 944:. Very soon after his arrival, Born formed close ties to the latter two men. From the first class he took with Hilbert, Hilbert identified Born as having exceptional abilities and selected him as the lecture scribe, whose function was to write up the class notes for the students' mathematics reading room at the University of Göttingen. Being class scribe put Born into regular, invaluable contact with Hilbert. Hilbert became Born's mentor after selecting him to be the first to hold the unpaid, semi-official position of assistant. Born's introduction to Minkowski came through Born's stepmother, Bertha, as she knew Minkowski from dancing classes in 1770:, in 1954. In October, he received word that he was being awarded the Nobel Prize. His fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for "fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function"—something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: 1395:("Quantum-Theoretical Re-interpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations") to review, and submit for publication. In the paper, Heisenberg formulated quantum theory, avoiding the concrete, but unobservable, representations of electron orbits by using parameters such as transition probabilities for quantum jumps, which necessitated using two indexes corresponding to the initial and final states. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices, which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at 4902: 7542: 7530: 7518: 7493: 619: 7841: 7793: 7745: 7697: 7432: 1103:, who rejected relativity, forcing him to terminate the lecture. However, Hilbert and Runge were interested in Born's work, and, after some discussion with Born, they became convinced of the veracity of his results and persuaded him to give the lecture again. This time he was not interrupted, and Voigt offered to sponsor Born's habilitation thesis. Born subsequently published his talk as an article on "The Theory of the Rigid Electron in the Kinematics of the Principle of Relativity" ( 7444: 7262: 1326: 7382: 7334: 7322: 7481: 8462: 5336: 7223: 7829: 588: 7601: 7370: 7346: 7358: 7275: 7236: 7661: 7249: 5366: 7578: 5356: 7781: 7673: 7405: 7817: 7733: 7310: 7805: 7769: 7757: 7721: 7709: 7685: 7649: 7637: 7625: 7613: 7456: 1672: 1378:

in German language became a book published in 1920 of which Einstein received the proofs before publication. A third edition was published in 1922 and an English translation was published in 1924. Born represented light speed as a function of curvature, "the velocity of light is much greater for some directions of the light ray than its ordinary value c, and other bodies can also attain much greater velocities."

5346: 2137:, with Pascual Jordan. (Springer, 1930) – This was the first volume of what was intended as a two-volume work. This volume was limited to the work Born did with Jordan on matrix mechanics. The second volume was to deal with Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics. However, the second volume was not even started by Born, as he believed his friend and colleague Hermann Weyl had written it before he could do so. 44: 2264:, but rather a substantially new book. Shortly after World War II, a number of scientists suggested that Born update and translate his work into English. Since there had been many advances in optics in the intervening years, updating was warranted. In 1951, Wolf began as Born's private assistant on the book; it was eventually published in 1959 by 1077:. Born was intrigued, and began researching the subject. He was devastated to discover that Minkowski was also researching special relativity along the same lines, but when he wrote to Minkowski about his results, Minkowski asked him to return to Göttingen and do his habilitation there. Born accepted. Toeplitz helped Born brush up on his 901:, and his wife Margarethe (Gretchen) née Kauffmann, from a Silesian family of industrialists. She died when Max was four years old, on 29 August 1886. Max had a sister, Käthe, who was born in 1884, and a half-brother, Wolfgang, from his father's second marriage, to Bertha Lipstein. Wolfgang later became Professor of Art History at the 1415:, Born began immediately to make a transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg's paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors. The result was a surprising formulation: 1194:"religious professions and churches as a matter of no importance". His decision to be baptised was made partly in deference to his wife, and partly due to his desire to assimilate into German society. The marriage produced three children: two daughters, Irene, born in 1914, and Margarethe (Gritli), born in 1915, and a son, 4280: 4294: 1626:

became an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he "let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments." Delbrück, and Goeppert-Mayer went on

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and therefore be the most stable. Klein was impressed, and invited Born to submit a thesis on the subject of "Stability of Elastica in a Plane and Space" – a subject near and dear to Klein – which Klein had arranged to be the subject for the prestigious annual Philosophy Faculty Prize offered by the

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In 1919 and 1920, Max Born became displeased about the large number of objections against Einstein's relativity, and gave speeches in the winter of 1919 in support of Einstein. Born received pay for his relativity speeches which helped with expenses through the year of rapid inflation. The speeches

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had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912, and Born had used them in his work on the lattices theory of crystals in 1921. While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum

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I believe that ideas such as absolute certitude, absolute exactness, final truth, etc. are figments of the imagination which should not be admissible in any field of science. On the other hand, any assertion of probability is either right or wrong from the standpoint of the theory on which it is

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in March 1939. During 1939, he got as many of his remaining friends and relatives still in Germany as he could out of the country, including his sister Käthe, in-laws Kurt and Marga, and the daughters of his friend Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg. Hedi ran a domestic bureau, placing young Jewish

2195:(Oxford University Press, 1949) – Based on Born's 1948 Waynflete lectures, given at the College of St. Mary Magdalen, Oxford University. A later edition (Dover, 1964) included two appendices: "Symbol and Reality" and Born's lecture given at the Nobel laureates 1964 meeting in Landau, Germany. 1193:

when he got married, as did Max's sister Käthe. Despite never practising his religion, Born refused to convert, and his wedding on 2 August 1913 was a garden ceremony. However, he was baptised as a Lutheran in March 1914 by the same pastor who had performed his wedding ceremony. Born regarded

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came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at Göttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built Göttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born began looking for a new job, writing to Maria

1532:. This had a great deal of appeal to many at the time, as it offered the possibility of returning to deterministic classical physics. Born would have none of this, as it ran counter to facts determined by experiment. He formulated the now-standard interpretation of the 1505:. This formulation was entirely attributable to Born, who also established that all the elements not on the diagonal of the matrix were zero. Born considered that his paper with Jordan contained "the most important principles of quantum mechanics including its 2001: 988:

became his other examiners. Starting from his paper, Born developed the equations for the stability conditions. As he became more interested in the topic, he had an apparatus constructed that could test his predictions experimentally. On 13 June 1906, the

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run by Sister Annie at Dahlmannstraße 17, known as El BoKaReBo. The name was derived from the first letters of the last names of its boarders: "El" for Ella Philipson (a medical student), "Bo" for Born and Hans Bolza (a physics student), "Ka" for

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happen to be; there is no other Born to be found in Germany today." In negotiating for the position with the education ministry, Born arranged for another chair, of experimental physics, at Göttingen for his long-time friend and colleague

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Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me that it is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the 'old one'. I, at any rate, am convinced that

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Even before Born had taken up the chair in Berlin, von Laue had changed his mind, and decided that he wanted it after all. He arranged with Born and the faculties concerned for them to exchange jobs. In April 1919, Born became

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Klein had the power to make or break academic careers, so Born felt compelled to atone by submitting an entry for the prize. Because Klein refused to supervise him, Born arranged for Carl Runge to be his supervisor.

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in English, as Rosbaud was organizing a publishing company in England after the war. The publishing company did not materialize, and Rosbaud eventually joined Pergamon Press. (Greenspan, 2005, pp. 292–294.)

2023: 1391: 1348:(1921 to 1933), Born had a collaborator with shared views on basic scientific concepts—a benefit for teaching and research. Born's collaborative approach with experimental physicists was similar to that of 948:. The introduction netted Born invitations to the Minkowski household for Sunday dinners. In addition, while performing his duties as scribe and assistant, Born often saw Minkowski at Hilbert's house. 1105: 7143: 967:. Although not particularly interested in the subject, Born was obliged to present a paper. He presented one in which, taking the simple case of a curved wire with both ends fixed, he used Hilbert's 620: 976:

university. Entries could also qualify as doctoral dissertations. Born responded by turning down the offer, as applied mathematics was not his preferred area of study. Klein was greatly offended.

2006: 8686: 2280:, with Werner Heisenberg and Pascual Jordan (Battenberg, 1962) – Published in honor of Max Born's 80th birthday. This edition reprinted the authors' articles on matrix mechanics published in 1779:) seems to me to be the greatest blessing which modern science has given to us. For the belief in a single truth and in being the possessor thereof is the root cause of all evil in the world. 912:

in Breslau, Born entered the University of Breslau in 1901. The German university system allowed students to move easily from one university to another, so he spent summer semesters at

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A few weeks later, Born attempted to present their results at a meeting of the Göttingen Mathematics Society. He did not get far before he was publicly challenged by Klein and

7136: 4632: 8606: 8586: 2101:. The First World War delayed the start of work on this article, but it was taken up in 1919 and finished in 1922. It was published as a revised edition under the title 8701: 8691: 8581: 8465: 7129: 2187:, at the request of the Durham Philosophical Society and the Pure Science Society. An expanded version of the lecture appeared in a 1956 Dover Publications edition. 8671: 4448: 8626: 8551: 8516: 4257:, a former editor at Springer who remained in Germany during World War II and spied for the allies, was initially involved with Born and the endeavor to publish 8566: 4871: 1043: 2177:, whose successful career as an architect in Berlin was brought to an end when the Nazis took over, was temporarily brought to England to illustrate the book. 8403: 3022: 2052:

were very well received. They are considered classics in their fields, and are still in print. The following is a chronological listing of his major works:

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joined the Institut für Theoretische Physik as his assistant. She developed the first atomic beams. Working with Born, Bormann was the first to measure the

8611: 4776: 319: 2852: 1360:. Born and Sommerfeld collaborated with experimental physicists to test and advance their theories. In 1922, when lecturing in the United States at the 3803: 2341: 2233: 8536: 6913: 2349: 8511: 8506: 3919:. Franck was Director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics at Göttingen, while Born was Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. 3743:

The award was presented for research on quantum mechanics of fields and shared with Born's collaborator H. W. Peng. See Greenspan, 2005, p. 257 and

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Born's position at Cambridge was only a temporary one, and his tenure at Göttingen was terminated in May 1935. He therefore accepted an offer from

4245:. The first 5 revised editions were done by Pergamon Press (1959–1975). The last 2 were done by Cambridge University Press in 1980 and 1999. 2097:(Teubner, 1915) – After its publication, the physicist Arnold Sommerfeld asked Born to write an article based on it for the 5th volume of the 6983: 2268:'s Pergamon Press. – the delay being due to the lengthy time needed "to resolve all the financial and publishing tricks created by Maxwell." 1046:

until he was again medically discharged after just six weeks' service. He then returned to Breslau, where he worked under the supervision of

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The Born–Einstein Letters: Correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916 to 1955, with commentaries by Max Born

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On graduation, Born was obliged to perform his military service, which he had deferred while a student. He found himself drafted into the

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to be Born's assistant. Heisenberg returned to Göttingen in 1923, where he completed his habilitation under Born in 1924, and became a

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The Born–Einstein Letters: Correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916–1955, with commentaries by Max Born

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2017 – On 11 December 2017, Google showed a Google doodle, designed by Kati Szilagyi, in honouring the 135th birth anniversary of Born.

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The award was for Born's fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction.

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experiment, a ruptured cooling water hose, and a flooded laboratory, led to Lummer telling him that he would never become a physicist.

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By the end of 1913, Born had published 27 papers, including important work on relativity and the dynamics of crystal lattices (3 with

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Oral history interview transcript for Max Born on 18 October 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

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Oral history interview transcript for Max Born on 17 October 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

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Born's gravestone in Göttingen is inscribed with the canonical commutation relation, which he put on rigorous mathematical footing.

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did not create an additional chair for him. In November 1935, the Born family had their German citizenship revoked, rendering them

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Freeview video of Gustav Born (son of Max) with conversation and film on Gustav's memories of his father by the Vega Science Trust

3883: 2826: 818:, was suspended from his professorship at the University of Göttingen. He emigrated to the United Kingdom, where he took a job at 401: 8531: 8501: 5467: 5013: 1783:

In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In 1955 he became one of signatories to the

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Oral history interview transcript for Max Born on 1 June 1960, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

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Oral history interview transcript for Max Born on 1 June 1960, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

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The eighth edition was published in 1969, including revisions by R. J. Blin-Stoyle & J. M. Radcliffe. The 8th edition of

8661: 8576: 8556: 8541: 7019: 4911: 4847: 4821: 4749: 4641: 4577: 4192: 2802: 2117:(MIT Press, 1926) – A first account of matrix mechanics being developed in Germany, based on two series of lectures given at 1023: 8496: 7155: 5395: 5230: 2217: 2201:

with H. S. Green (Cambridge University Press, 1949) – The six papers in this book were reproduced with permission from the

1257:. In Berlin, Born formed a lifelong friendship with Einstein, who became a frequent visitor to Born's home. Within days of 8616: 5311: 4487: 2361: 1361: 723:

he was originally placed as a radio operator, but his specialist knowledge led to his being moved to research duties on

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James Franck und Max Born in Göttingen: Reden zur akademischen Feier aus Anlass der 100. Wiederkehr ihres Geburtsjahres.

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was now raging. Soon after arriving in Berlin in 1915, he enlisted in an Army signals unit. In October, he joined the

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Sentinel Wire Services (18 January 1986). "People In The News - Baby Chloe is a first for Newton-John, Lattanzi".

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Born's relationship with Klein was more problematic. Born attended a seminar conducted by Klein and professors of

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used the matrix method to calculate the energy values of the hydrogen atom and found that they agreed with the

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Untersuchungen über die Stabilität der elastischen Linie in Ebene und Raum unter verschiedenen Grenzbedingungen

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representation of quantum mechanics. The following year, he formulated the now-standard interpretation of the

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Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of

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as Director of the Physical Institute. "Theoretical physics," Einstein advised him, "will flourish wherever

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and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born was awarded the 1954

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Biografien bedeutender österreichischer Wissenschafterinnen: "Die Neugier treibt mich, Fragen zu stellen"

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Heisenberg, W. (1925). "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen".

1160:), and "Re" for Albrecht Renner (another medical student). A frequent visitor to the boarding house was 747:, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. His influence extended far beyond his own research. 649:

for his "fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the

8601: 7761: 7362: 6294: 3594:"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems" 3432: 3168: 1918: 1830: 1784: 1735: 1092:. Born and Minkowski got along well, and their work made good progress, but Minkowski died suddenly of 559: 6059: 5186: 4742:. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925 3915:(Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983). Speeches by Norbert Kamp, Peter Haasen, Gerhart W. Rathenau, and 2300:

My Life and My Views: A Nobel Prize Winner in Physics Writes Provocatively on a Wide Range of Subjects

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In a letter to Born on 4 December 1926, Einstein made his famous remark regarding quantum mechanics:

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Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light

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During his life, Born wrote several semi-popular and technical books. His volumes on topics like

1983: 1942: 1739: 1712: 1602:. Born's assistants at the University of Göttingen's Institute for Theoretical Physics included 1506: 835: 731:. Under Born, Göttingen became one of the world's foremost centres for physics. In 1925 Born and 385: 380: 7972: 7338: 6490: 1537: 744: 8651: 8196: 8128: 8120: 8080: 7892: 7833: 7629: 7409: 6994: 6506: 6474: 6135: 5951: 5844: 5543: 5415: 5096: 3648: 1951: 1564: 1557: 1258: 968: 646: 336: 210: 4170:– See the entry for Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance. Also see Greenspan, 2005, p. 352. 3930:"Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroskopy – Developement [ 3785: 2876: 1014:, and posted to the 2nd Guards Dragoons "Empress Alexandra of Russia", which was stationed in 7982: 7977: 7882: 7785: 6767: 6583: 6454: 6386: 6298: 6234: 5578: 5181: 3960:"Who is Max Born? Google doodle honours physicist for his contributions to quantum mechanics" 3937: 3714: 3568:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials" 1704: 1533: 1498: 913: 898: 740: 534: 7737: 4945: 3744: 2968:

Einstein's Theory Of Relativity, Max Born, E. P. Dutton and Company, New York, 1924 page 285

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Born remained at Edinburgh until he reached the retirement age of 70 in 1952. He retired to

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on 12 January 1909. The mathematics students had Born speak on their behalf at the funeral.

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Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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was a daughter of Irene (1914–2003), while Gustav is the father of musician and academic

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Published Works – Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften Akademiebibliothek

2190: 1695:. A few weeks later Göttingen cancelled Born's doctorate. Born considered an offer from 1575: 752: 494: 8424: 8252: 8212: 7725: 7290: 6879: 6751: 6543: 6502: 6486: 6430: 6418: 6374: 6318: 6310: 6230: 6210: 5369: 5280: 5136: 5070: 4957: 4901: 4836: 4810: 4793: 4734: 4730: 4711: 4697: 4615: 4607: 4558: 4523: 4479: 4431: 3891: 3762: 1858: 1850: 1826: 1708: 1665: 1595: 1396: 1203: 1182: 1074: 985: 909: 871: 831: 772: 685: 436: 300: 160: 7773: 5431: 2143:(Springer, 1933) – The book was released just as the Borns were emigrating to England. 1825:

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a

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Annotated bibliography for Max Born from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

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in the 100th Birth Year of Max Born and James Franck, Institute Directors 1921–1933.

1871:) who are thus also Max's grandchildren. His great-grandchildren include songwriter 1845:

Born's wife Hedwig (Hedi) Martha Ehrenberg (1891–1972) was a daughter of the jurist

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all received their PhD degrees under Born at Göttingen, and his assistants included

684:", winning the university's Philosophy Faculty Prize. In 1905, he began researching 8434: 8429: 8332: 8316: 8308: 8228: 8204: 8070: 8003: 7948: 7859: 7641: 6964: 6843: 6799: 6458: 6446: 6362: 6354: 6099: 6063: 5999: 5991: 5943: 5852: 5763: 5693: 5499: 5349: 5196: 5151: 5141: 5074: 5052: 4972: 4949: 4785: 4689: 4599: 4515: 4471: 4423: 4379: 4355: 4160: 3672: 2872: 2631: 2366: 1974:

Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit of the German Federal Republic

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and Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics on the science faculty at the

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attack in January 1907. He then travelled to England, where he was admitted to

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The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)

2812: 8480: 8364: 8324: 8244: 8138: 8075: 8045: 8024: 7927: 7701: 7534: 7485: 7448: 7202: 7008: 6940: 6891: 6875: 6823: 6815: 6791: 6735: 6731: 6711: 6695: 6667: 6599: 6378: 6342: 6226: 6163: 6047: 6027: 5963: 5923: 5911: 5891: 5860: 5483: 5443: 5299: 5272: 5156: 5146: 5066: 4759: 3686: 2884: 2635: 2612:"Die Theorie des starren Elektrons in der Kinematik des Relativitätsprinzips" 2128: 1862: 1814: 1789: 1696: 1692: 1661: 1619: 1615: 1392:Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen 1254: 1121: 1117: 1039: 1031: 937: 921: 878: 804: 800: 724: 693: 665: 650: 630: 554: 544: 474: 446: 441: 305: 185: 170: 114: 75: 8376: 6111: 4886: 4651: 3215: 2149:(1933) – Based on seven lectures given at the Technischen Hochschule Berlin. 1715:, an offer that Born promptly accepted, assuming the chair in October 1936. 1707:

asked Born if he would consider becoming his successor as Tait Professor of

1206:, his wife's maternal grandfather, as well as to philosopher and theologian 945: 8340: 8276: 8220: 7922: 7677: 7617: 7546: 7443: 7267: 7192: 6859: 6855: 6811: 6779: 6775: 6627: 6611: 6306: 6278: 6258: 6147: 6127: 6119: 5947: 5868: 5775: 5642: 5551: 5527: 5455: 4857: 4805: 4789: 4603: 4254: 2892: 2135:

Elementare Quantenmechanik (Zweiter Band der Vorlesungen über Atommechanik)

2127:(George Bell & Sons, 1927) – Translated by J. W. Fisher and revised by 2059: 1966: 1938: 1901: 1853:). Born was survived by his wife Hedi and their children Irene, Gritli and 1802: 1767: 1603: 1303: 1238: 1140: 1114:

Die Theorie des starren Elektrons in der Kinematik des Relativitätsprinzips

1093: 1055: 894: 855: 847: 780: 728: 689: 504: 479: 330: 103: 8260: 4722: 3664: 2959:

Einstein's Theory Of Relativity, Max Born, Dover, New York, 1965, page 357

1261:

in November 1918, Planck had the Army release Born. A chance meeting with

99: 8236: 7809: 7560: 7314: 6923: 6807: 6723: 6635: 6591: 6551: 6330: 6326: 6246: 6159: 6131: 5931: 5899: 5701: 5459: 5166: 4896: 4544: 1763: 1730:, and together they continued to investigate the mysterious behaviour of 1723: 1680: 1502: 1325: 1294: 1262: 1100: 1047: 933: 851: 839: 720: 697: 661: 564: 539: 519: 195: 5359: 1253:, who had established a special unit dedicated to the new technology of 850:

broke out in Europe. He remained in Edinburgh until 1952. He retired to

8090: 8062: 7522: 7480: 7381: 7333: 7321: 7228: 7187: 6783: 6699: 6679: 6522: 6470: 6083: 6019: 5975: 5812: 5728: 5618: 5586: 4953: 4693: 4611: 4565: 4519: 4475: 4427: 3071: 2183:(Cambridge University Press, 1943) – The address given King's College, 1810: 1636: 1521: 1513: 1509:." The paper put Heisenberg's approach on a solid mathematical basis. 1407: 1337: 1222: 1186: 1059: 956: 811: 418: 4914:

Held at the Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections Division

4384: 4359: 3665:"Constructing a Shared Vision: Otto Koenigsberger and Tata & Sons" 2950:

The Born Einstein Letters, Walker and Company, New York, 1971, page 30

2941:

The Born Einstein Letters, Walker and Company, New York, 1971, page 72

1570:

Those who received their PhD degrees under Born at Göttingen included

867: 838:, where, working with German-born assistants E. Walter Kellermann and 67: 8268: 7956: 7470: 7374: 6171: 6143: 5979: 5161: 5057: 5032: 2425:. (Pennsylvania, U.S.). Associated Press. 6 January 1970. p. 26. 2257: 2222: 1806: 1684: 1211: 890: 626: 587: 190: 7151: 3677: 2611: 2069:

Die Relativitätstheorie Einsteins und ihre physikalischen Grundlagen

2032:

Die Relativitätstheorie Einsteins und ihre physikalischen Grundlagen

1743:

women in jobs. Born received his certificate of naturalisation as a

1687:

in 1935. Born considered taking a permanent position there, but the

1168:

on loan to Hilbert at Göttingen as a special assistant for physics.

993:

announced that Born had won the prize. A month later, he passed his

842:, he continued his research into physics. Born became a naturalised 8164: 7828: 7600: 7369: 7345: 7280: 7241: 3023:"The Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics—Nobel Lecture" 2827:"Goethe-Universität — "Historic Site" Plaque for Frankfurt Physics" 2075:– Based on Born's lectures at the University of Frankfurt am Main. 1731: 1486: 1190: 4334:

was also published by Taylor and Francis/Charles Scribner's Sons,

3342:. (Washington, U.S.). Associated Press. 15 April 1976. p. 19. 2911: 2002:

Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie

7672: 7357: 7254: 5014:"Video – Max Born (1959): Optical Problems (German presentation)" 3475: 3473: 2302:(Scribner, 1968) – Part II (pp. 63–206) is a translation of 1563:

In 1928, Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the

1332:, 1927. Born is second from the right in the second row, between 1274: 709: 2260:. (Pergamon, 1959) – This book is not an English translation of 1671: 7816: 7732: 7660: 7507: 7309: 2853:"Serendipitous Meanderings and Adventures with Molecular Beams" 2049: 1120:. On 23 October Born presented his habilitation lecture on the 1019: 1015: 882: 815: 642: 395: 80: 4838:

From X-Rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and their Discoveries

4633:

The End of the Certain World: The Life and Science of Max Born

3470: 3351: 3349: 3110: 3088: 3086: 2764: 2762: 2710: 2708: 2540: 1675:

Max and Hedi Born in Indian clothes, Bangalore, India, c. 1937

7804: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7720: 7708: 7684: 7648: 7636: 7624: 7612: 7455: 7404: 3236: 3224: 2971: 2725: 2723: 2659: 2657: 2593: 2591: 2477: 1411:

mechanics. With the help of his assistant and former student

1270: 1198:, born in 1921. Through marriage, Born is related to jurists 1181:

In 1912, Born met Hedwig (Hedi) Ehrenberg, the daughter of a

1018:. His service was brief, as he was discharged early after an 870:, Poland), which at the time of Born's birth was part of the 705: 681: 3458: 3446: 3409: 3385: 3361: 3316: 3304: 3197: 1516:

had been thinking along the same lines as Heisenberg. Soon,

8687:

Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

8369: 5410: 5081: 4590:(May 2002). "The Wide-Ranging Family History of Max Born". 4097: 4095: 3713:

Centre, The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research.

3490: 3488: 3346: 3187: 3185: 3083: 2759: 2705: 1529: 1221:), which became a book. In 1914, he received a letter from 43: 4064: 4001: 3999: 3620:"Mother, model was much more than 'Olivia's older sister'" 2747: 2735: 2720: 2693: 2654: 2642: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2528: 2441: 2312:

with Hedwig Born and Albert Einstein (Nymphenburger, 1969)

1088:

used in the latter's project to reconcile relativity with

625:; 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British 4498:

Born, M. (1926). "Zur Quantenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge".

3725: 3134: 3047: 2489: 2324:(Munich: Nymphenburger, 1975). Born's published memoirs. 2118: 1722:. He had two German assistants, E. Walter Kellermann and 1497:. The left hand side of the equation is not zero because 998: 858:, and died in a hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970. 673: 8592:

Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom

4092: 3485: 3397: 3373: 3248: 3182: 3146: 2983: 660:

in 1904, where he met the three renowned mathematicians

4161:

Citations for Max Born Based on the Library of Congress

3996: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3098: 2995: 2774: 2681: 2453: 2141:

Optik: Ein Lehrbuch der elektromagnetische Lichttheorie

1265:

that month led to discussion of the manner in which an

8547:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

4872:

American Institute of Physics History Search: Max Born

4658:

Max Born – Baumeister der Quantenwelt. Eine Biographie

3645: 3059: 3028:. Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize. Archived from 1829:. As a result, for the first time in human history, a 1137:

Born settled in as a young academic at Göttingen as a

866:

Max Born was born on 11 December 1882 in Breslau (now

16:

German-British physicist and mathematician (1882–1970)

8404:

World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention

4812:

Niels Bohr's Times, In Physics, Philosophy and Polity

4114:

is available from Dover Publications in paper cover,

1424: 1185:

law professor, and a friend of Carl Runge's daughter

676:

thesis on the subject of "Stability of Elastica in a

4907:

The Statistical Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics

4777:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

4729: 4397: 4390:

Reprinted as chapter 7 in Bernstein, Jeremy (2014).

3693: 3077: 2929: 2155:(Blackie, London, 1935) – Authorized translation of 8607:

Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

8587:

Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin

3500: 3122: 2669: 2230:

The statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics

1891:(1908–1999) obtain commission in the Mysore State. 1699:in Moscow, and started taking Russian lessons from 1389:. On 9 July, Heisenberg gave Born a paper entitled 971:to determine the configuration that would minimise 4835: 4809: 4710: 4557: 3758:"Royal Society of Edinburgh. Awards to Professors" 2465: 2322:Mein Leben: Die Erinnerungen des Nobelpreisträgers 1610:, Friedrich Hund, Pascual Jordan, Wolfgang Pauli, 1466: 3163: 3161: 2793:Korotin, Ilse Erika; Stupnicki, Nastasja (2018). 2121:, over three months, in late 1925 and early 1926. 1652:. At Cambridge, he wrote a popular science book, 8702:World Constitutional Convention call signatories 8692:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 8582:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 8478: 4877:Encyclopædia Britannica, Max Born – full article 4592:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4551: 4392:A Chorus of Bells and Other Scientific Inquiries 4134:was last published by Dover Publications, 1951, 3116: 2792: 2310:Briefwechsel 1916–1955, kommentiert von Max Born 1947:1953 – Honorary citizen of the town of Göttingen 1849:and Elise von Jhering (a daughter of the jurist 1241:, but he had turned it down. Born accepted. The 8627:People associated with the University of Zurich 8552:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 8517:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge 4713:The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics 2429: 2304:Von der Verantwortung des Naturwissenschaftlers 2240:Physics in My Generation: A Selection of Papers 1044:1st (Silesian) Life Cuirassiers "Great Elector" 6921: 4905:including his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1954 3952: 3876: 3715:"Born, Max - Bright Sparcs Biographical entry" 3158: 1058:in physics. A minor accident involving Born's 700:in Berlin in 1918 led to discussion of how an 8672:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen 8567:Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt 7137: 6984:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 6907: 5396: 5097: 4766: 3731: 3479: 3355: 3092: 2768: 2714: 2546: 2483: 2447: 2388: 2386: 2337:For a full list of his published papers, see 1524:. Another important contribution was made by 1344:For the 12 years Born and Franck were at the 1317:of atoms in gases and the size of molecules. 4892:Max Born information from Nobel Winners site 4842:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company. 3433:"Robert Schlapp M.A.(Edin.), Ph.D.(Cantab.)" 1718:In Edinburgh, Born promoted the teaching of 1381:In 1925, Born and Heisenberg formulated the 1369: 1173: 1155: 1138: 1026:, and studied physics for six months at the 885:descent. He was one of two children born to 814:came to power in Germany, and Born, who was 8612:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 1210:, and is a great uncle of British comedian 1081:so he could work with the four-dimensional 897:, who was a professor of embryology at the 688:with Minkowski, and subsequently wrote his 633:who was instrumental in the development of 7144: 7130: 6914: 6900: 5403: 5389: 5104: 5090: 4900: 4671: 4442: 4332:My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate 3292:. The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize 3270:. The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize 3065: 2977: 2603: 2396:. The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize 2383: 2328:My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate 42: 8537:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 7183:World Constitution Coordinating Committee 5056: 4626: 4383: 4354: 3676: 3494: 3464: 3452: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3328: 3322: 3310: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3203: 3191: 3152: 3140: 2917: 2877:10.1146/annurev.physchem.55.081203.151413 2780: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2699: 2663: 2648: 2597: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2534: 2495: 2459: 1934:der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 8512:Academics of the University of Edinburgh 8507:Academics of the University of Cambridge 7170:Constitution for the Federation of Earth 4912:Papers of Professor Max Born (1882–1970) 4744:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3652:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Newspapers, Inc. 3209: 3007: 2850: 2413: 2411: 2022: 1835:Constitution for the Federation of Earth 1753: 1670: 1556:This quotation is often paraphrased as ' 1324: 908:Initially educated at the König-Wilhelm- 3617: 1467:{\displaystyle pq-qp={h \over 2\pi i}I} 1132: 1071:On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies 8479: 5355: 4985:(American Philosophical Society, 1967) 4982:Sources for History of Quantum Physics 4708: 4014:Greenspan, 2005, pp. 66, 110, and 115. 3886:[Max Born Prize] (in German). 3053: 2211:Natural Philosophy Of Cause And Chance 2192:Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance 1747:on 31 August 1939, one day before the 1178:, called these people the "in group". 7125: 6895: 5384: 5085: 4830: 4348: 4181:Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices 3984:Greenspan, 2005, pp. 49, 51, and 353. 2989: 2513:, Max Born Realschule, archived from 2408: 2078:Available in English under the title 1887:. Born helped his nephew, architect, 1703:'s Russian-born wife Genia. But then 1024:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge 920:in 1903. Fellow students at Breslau, 612: 5345: 5231:Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices 4804: 4660:Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2005, 4586: 4534: 4497: 4237:is now in its 7th revised printing, 3506: 3128: 3104: 3020: 3001: 2687: 2675: 2609: 2471: 2435: 2218:Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices 2073:(in German). Berlin: Springer. 1920. 1894: 1664:respectively. Born's granddaughter 1512:Born was surprised to discover that 822:, and wrote a popular science book, 8632:People from the Province of Silesia 5312:List of things named after Max Born 5043:(5233): 669–671. 14 February 1970. 4089:Jungnickel, Volume 2, 1990, p. 378. 3662: 3574:. American Foundation for the Blind 3548:. American Foundation for the Blind 3520:"Stadtfriedhof, Göttingen, Germany" 2857:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 2362:List of things named after Max Born 2278:Zur Begründung der Matrizenmechanik 2199:A General Kinetic Theory of Liquids 1969:Medal for International Law, Munich 1775:based. This loosening of thinking ( 1540:, which he published in July 1926. 1116:), which introduced the concept of 696:of the atom. A chance meeting with 13: 5202:Born–von Karman boundary condition 4406:(1925). "Zur Quantenmechanik II". 4270:Greenspan, 2005, pp. 174, 292–294. 4080:Greenspan, 2005, pp. 159–160. 3712: 3427: 3290:"Maria Goeppert-Mayer – Biography" 3078:Born, Heisenberg & Jordan 1925 2831:www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de 1528:, who looked at the problem using 846:on 31 August 1939, one day before 226:Born–von Karman boundary condition 14: 8713: 4865: 4360:"Max Born and the Quantum Theory" 3836:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954" 3786:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954" 3336:"Olivia had long road to stardom" 2932:, pp. 274, 281–285, 350–354. 2394:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954" 2330:(Scribner, 1978). Translation of 2225:. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1954) 1957:1954 – Nobel Prize Banquet Speech 1927:of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1145:. In Göttingen, Born stayed at a 8461: 8460: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7803: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7576: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7491: 7479: 7454: 7442: 7430: 7403: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7344: 7332: 7320: 7308: 7273: 7260: 7247: 7234: 7221: 5364: 5354: 5344: 5335: 5334: 4918:The Papers of Professor Max Born 4325: 4301: 4287: 4273: 4264: 4248: 4226: 4206: 4173: 4154: 4145: 4125: 4104: 4083: 4074: 2930:Jungnickel & McCormmach 1986 2851:Toennies, J. Peter (June 2004). 2274:(VandenHoeck und Ruprecht, 1960) 2204:Proceedings of the Royal Society 2181:Experiment and Theory in Physics 2057:Über das Thomson'sche Atommodell 1840: 1820: 1237:. The chair had been offered to 637:. He also made contributions to 586: 8677:Winners of the Max Planck Medal 8527:20th-century British physicists 7153:World Constitutional Convention 4552:Born, M.; Born, M. E. H. & 4142:, but it is no longer in print. 4054: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3987: 3978: 3922: 3906: 3846: 3828: 3796: 3778: 3750: 3737: 3656: 3639: 3611: 3586: 3560: 3534: 3512: 3421: 3282: 3260: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2844: 2819: 2786: 2348:. For his published works, see 2083:Einstein's theory of relativity 2028:Einstein's theory of relativity 2018: 2011:– Institute named in his honor. 1960:1954 – Born Nobel Prize Lecture 1793:there, in the same cemetery as 1485:were matrices for location and 1362:University of Wisconsin–Madison 1291:University of Frankfurt am Main 275: 8667:University of Göttingen alumni 8532:British theoretical physicists 8502:20th-century German physicists 5207:Canonical commutation relation 5192:Born–Oppenheimer approximation 5018:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings 4934:Astrophysics and Space Science 4774:(1971). "Max Born 1882–1970". 4740:Intellectual Mastery of Nature 3117:Born, Born & Einstein 1971 2501: 2372:List of Jewish Nobel laureates 1925:Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize 1833:convened to draft and adopt a 1734:. Born became a Fellow of the 1726:, and one Scottish assistant, 1364:, Sommerfeld sent his student 1277:, which is today known as the 712:, which is today known as the 251:Canonical commutation relation 231:Born–Oppenheimer approximation 1: 8150:(Righteous Among the Nations) 4539:. New York: Springer-Verlag. 4035:is available from MIT Press, 3618:McMahon, Neil (25 May 2013). 3220:Mathematics Genealogy Project 3169:"Nobel Prize in Physics 1933" 2109:Vorlesungen über Atommechanik 2103:Atomic Theory of Solid States 1630: 1247:Artillerie Prüfungskommission 861: 8662:University of Breslau alumni 8577:Heidelberg University alumni 8557:German emigrants to Scotland 8542:Fellows of the Royal Society 8409:Provisional World Parliament 5306:The End of the Certain World 5111: 2377: 2246:Physik im Wandel meiner Zeit 1650:St John's College, Cambridge 1648:. He accepted an offer from 1627:to be awarded Nobel Prizes. 1534:probability density function 1507:extension to electrodynamics 1320: 820:St John's College, Cambridge 741:probability density function 425:Other academic advisors 7: 8293:Maurício Campos de Medeiros 7606:Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer 7327:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich 4930:"Recollections of Max Born" 4816:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4656:Also published in Germany: 4364:American Journal of Physics 4033:Problems of Atomic Dynamics 2355: 2115:Problems of Atomic Dynamics 1909:Fellow of the Royal Society 1689:Indian Institute of Science 1668:was the daughter of Irene. 10: 8718: 8617:Nobel laureates in Physics 7762:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 4628:Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike 4043:, and Dover Publications, 3854:"The Born medal and prize" 3804:"Born Nobel Prize Lecture" 3268:"Max Delbrück – Biography" 2095:Dynamik der Kristallgitter 2037: 1919:Royal Society of Edinburgh 1831:World Constituent Assembly 1785:Russell-Einstein Manifesto 1736:Royal Society of Edinburgh 560:Victor Frederick Weisskopf 8647:Scientists from Frankfurt 8497:Scientists from Göttingen 8443: 8417: 8396: 8181: 8163: 8137: 8119: 8061: 8038: 8017: 7996: 7965: 7941: 7910: 7901: 7858: 7666:Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza 7591: 7568: 7559: 7506: 7469: 7420: 7395: 7298: 7289: 7211: 7163: 7049: 7034:Frederick Chapman Robbins 7018: 6993: 6974: 6950: 6931: 6532: 6189: 5878: 5656: 5422: 5330: 5292: 5265:Gustav Victor Rudolf Born 5249: 5220: 5119: 4922:Churchill Archives Centre 4717:. New York: McGraw–Hill. 4636:. New York: Basic Books. 4308:The Born–Einstein Letters 4166:30 September 2007 at the 3732:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 3625:The Sydney Morning Herald 3480:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 3356:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 3093:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 2920:, pp. 113, 120, 123. 2769:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 2715:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 2547:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 2484:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 2448:Kemmer & Schlapp 1971 2419:"Nobel prize winner dies" 2099:Mathematical Encyclopedia 2087:. New York: Dutton. 1922. 1990:. It is awarded annually. 1915:Makdougall–Brisbane Prize 1227:professor extraordinarius 1202:, his father-in-law, and 1127: 585: 580: 576: 455: 424: 412: 394: 363: 353: 346: 312: 296: 285: 262: 141: 131: 121: 110: 88: 53: 41: 23: 8597:Jewish German physicists 8380:(teacher & pacifist) 8256:(scholar & pacifist) 7822:Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli 5322:Max Born Medal and Prize 5177:Born–Huang approximation 4537:Physics in my Generation 4295:"AIP Niels Bohr Library" 4281:"AIP Niels Bohr Library" 4213:Physics in My Generation 4151:Greenspan, 2005, 245–246 4101:Greenspan, 2005, p. 201. 4023:Greenspan, 2005, p. 132. 4005:Greenspan, 2005, p. 352. 3993:Greenspan, 2005, p. 100. 2636:10.1002/andp.19093351102 2344:26 February 2019 at the 2040:Bibliography of Max Born 1980:Max Born Medal and Prize 1642:Johns Hopkins University 1592:Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim 1552:is not playing at dice. 1233:had been created at the 1164:, a doctoral student of 903:City College of New York 769:Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim 530:Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim 221:Born–Huang approximation 8637:Scientists from Wrocław 8049:(Chemistry & Peace) 4946:1995Ap&SS.227..277W 4185:Oxford University Press 3888:German Physical Society 3766:. 2 May 1950. p. 3 3719:www.asap.unimelb.edu.au 3340:Spokane Daily Chronicle 2797:. Wien: Böhlau Verlag. 2423:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2171:Winifred Margaret Deans 1995:University of Göttingen 1993:1982 – Ceremony at the 1984:German Physical Society 1943:Royal Society of London 1740:Royal Society of London 1713:University of Edinburgh 1346:University of Göttingen 930:University of Göttingen 836:University of Edinburgh 658:University of Göttingen 386:University of Cambridge 381:University of Edinburgh 376:University of Göttingen 371:University of Frankfurt 136:University of Göttingen 8657:Theoretical physicists 8562:German Nobel laureates 8288:(writer & scholar) 8197:David Alfaro Siqueiros 8147:André and Magda Trocmé 8129:Martin Luther King Jr. 8121:Human rights activists 8081:Edris Rice-Wray Carson 7966:Physiology or Medicine 7834:Patrick Wolrige-Gordon 7630:B. Satya Narayan Reddy 7410:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 7055:Nobel Prize recipients 7020:Physiology or Medicine 5416:Nobel Prize in Physics 4790:10.1098/rsbm.1971.0002 4674:Zeitschrift für Physik 4604:10.1098/rsnr.2002.0180 4500:Zeitschrift für Physik 4456:Zeitschrift für Physik 4408:Zeitschrift für Physik 4342:. No longer in print. 4061:AIP Niels Bohr Library 3649:The Milwaukee Sentinel 3522:. Librairie Immateriel 3066:Born & Jordan 1925 2282:Zeitschrift für Physik 2035: 2030:, 1922 (US edition of 1952:Nobel Prize in Physics 1781: 1759: 1676: 1644:and Rudi Ladenburg at 1565:Nobel Prize in Physics 1558:God does not play dice 1554: 1468: 1370: 1341: 1225:explaining that a new 1174: 1172:, a mathematician and 1156: 1139: 1113: 969:calculus of variations 928:, told Born about the 647:Nobel Prize in Physics 337:Nobel Prize in Physics 7983:Hermann Joseph Muller 7978:Dickinson W. Richards 7786:Komla Agbeli Gbedemah 7363:Léopold Sédar Senghor 4449:"Zur Quantenmechanik" 4132:The Restless Universe 4069:Mechanics of the Atom 2167:The Restless Universe 2125:Mechanics of the Atom 2060:Habilitations-Vortrag 2026: 1857:. Singer and actress 1777:Lockerung des Denkens 1772: 1757: 1751:broke out in Europe. 1705:Charles Galton Darwin 1674: 1654:The Restless Universe 1635:In January 1933, the 1606:, Werner Heisenberg, 1545: 1499:matrix multiplication 1469: 1328: 914:Heidelberg University 899:University of Breslau 824:The Restless Universe 810:In January 1933, the 535:J. Robert Oppenheimer 8189:Arthur Ernest Bishop 7973:Albert Szent-Györgyi 7339:José Figueres Ferrer 7040:Thomas Huckle Weller 7028:John Franklin Enders 5239:Principles of Optics 5033:"Professor Max Born" 4709:Jammer, Max (1966). 4312:Macmillan Publishers 4234:Principles of Optics 3858:Institute of Physics 3745:Born Biographic Data 3663:Lee, Rachel (2012). 3572:Helen Keller Archive 3546:Helen Keller Archive 3245:, pp. 178, 262. 3233:, pp. 142, 262. 1988:Institute of Physics 1879:, racing car driver 1865:and actor Max Born ( 1738:in 1937, and of the 1720:mathematical physics 1646:Princeton University 1588:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 1538:Schrödinger equation 1422: 1354:University of Munich 1287:professor ordinarius 1235:University of Berlin 1133:Berlin and Frankfurt 1069:published his paper 1028:Cavendish Laboratory 997:and was awarded his 963:, on the subject of 918:University of Zurich 765:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 745:Schrödinger equation 614:[ˈmaksˈbɔʁn] 525:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 8360:(cultural theorist) 8009:Salvatore Quasimodo 7873:Dana McLean Greeley 7583:Cornelis Berkhouwer 7387:Otilio Ulate Blanco 7291:Head of governments 5300:lunar impact crater 5187:Born–Landé equation 5049:1970Natur.225..669. 4928:Wolf, Emil (1995). 4735:McCormmach, Russell 4731:Jungnickel, Christa 4686:1925ZPhy...33..879H 4512:1926ZPhy...37..863B 4468:1925ZPhy...34..858B 4420:1926ZPhy...35..557B 4376:2005AmJPh..73..999B 3816:on 31 December 2006 3467:, pp. 225–226. 3455:, pp. 218–220. 3418:, pp. 210–211. 3394:, pp. 205–208. 3370:, pp. 200–201. 3325:, pp. 180–184. 3313:, pp. 174–177. 3206:, pp. 285–286. 3107:, pp. 863–867. 3080:, pp. 557–615. 3056:, pp. 206–207. 3004:, pp. 275–279. 2992:, pp. 153–157. 2980:, pp. 879–893. 2869:2004ARPC...55....1T 2690:, pp. 238–241. 2628:1909AnP...335....1B 2517:on 13 November 2013 2236:– 11 December 1954. 2185:Newcastle upon Tyne 1982:was created by the 1932:Max Planck Medaille 1885:Chloe Rose Lattanzi 1881:Emerson Newton-John 1231:theoretical physics 1219:Theodore von Karman 1152:Theodore von Kármán 1054:, hoping to do his 953:applied mathematics 875:Province of Silesia 639:solid-state physics 358:Theoretical physics 206:Born–Landé equation 72:Province of Silesia 8682:Family of Max Born 8642:Quantum physicists 8622:Optical physicists 8425:World constitution 8253:Hugh J. Schonfield 8213:Edward J. Sparling 7738:Irène de Lipkowski 7726:Inder Kumar Gujral 7375:Muhammad Ayub Khan 5281:Olivia Newton-John 5137:Born approximation 4954:10.1007/BF00678085 4899:on Nobelprize.org 4694:10.1007/BF01328377 4564:. I. Born, trans. 4535:Born, Max (1969). 4520:10.1007/BF01397477 4493:on 4 October 2013. 4476:10.1007/BF01328531 4428:10.1007/BF01379806 4349:General references 4215:(Springer, 1969), 4195:and in soft cover 4183:is available from 3966:. 11 December 2017 3763:The Glasgow Herald 3035:on 19 October 2012 3021:Born, Max (1954). 2616:Annalen der Physik 2318:(Macmillan, 1971). 2272:Physik und Politik 2036: 1859:Olivia Newton-John 1851:Rudolf von Jhering 1827:world constitution 1760: 1709:Natural Philosophy 1677: 1666:Olivia Newton-John 1656:, and a textbook, 1596:Robert Oppenheimer 1464: 1397:Breslau University 1385:representation of 1342: 1204:Rudolf von Jhering 1183:Leipzig University 1075:special relativity 986:Karl Schwarzschild 832:Natural Philosophy 791:, Friedrich Hund, 773:Robert Oppenheimer 686:special relativity 437:Karl Schwarzschild 301:Olivia Newton-John 211:Born–Infeld theory 161:Born approximation 8602:Jewish physicists 8474: 8473: 8389: 8381: 8373: 8361: 8353: 8345: 8337: 8329: 8321: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8289: 8281: 8273: 8265: 8257: 8249: 8241: 8233: 8225: 8217: 8209: 8201: 8193: 8151: 8101:Priyadaranjan Ray 8057: 8056: 8050: 7988:Macfarlane Burnet 7953: 7860:Religious leaders 7854: 7853: 7846:William Beveridge 7654:Diwan Chaman Lall 7555: 7554: 7119: 7118: 6889: 6888: 5378: 5377: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5257:Gustav Jacob Born 5182:Born–Infeld model 5127:Adiabatic theorem 4979:, and Lini Allen 4849:978-0-7167-1147-6 4823:978-0-19-852049-8 4751:978-0-226-41585-7 4643:978-0-7382-0693-6 4579:978-0-8027-0326-2 4385:10.1119/1.2060717 4356:Bernstein, Jeremy 4193:978-0-19-850369-9 4179:A new edition of 3940:on 6 October 2014 3934:] of the MBI" 3894:on 13 August 2011 3482:, pp. 23–24. 2804:978-3-205-20238-7 2756:, pp. 83–86. 2744:, pp. 70–75. 2732:, pp. 63–67. 2702:, pp. 56–62. 2666:, pp. 61–62. 2651:, pp. 49–55. 2610:Born, M. (1909). 2600:, pp. 45–49. 2585:, pp. 42–43. 2573:, pp. 36–41. 2561:, pp. 33–36. 2549:, pp. 18–19. 2537:, pp. 30–31. 2498:, pp. 22–28. 2486:, pp. 16–18. 2175:Otto Königsberger 2173:. Born's nephew, 1895:Awards and honors 1889:Otto Königsberger 1868:Fellini Satyricon 1640:Göppert-Mayer at 1526:Erwin Schrödinger 1459: 1387:quantum mechanics 1366:Werner Heisenberg 1350:Arnold Sommerfeld 1330:Solvay Conference 1311:Elisabeth Bormann 1269:is formed when a 1166:Arnold Sommerfeld 942:Hermann Minkowski 881:, to a family of 785:Werner Heisenberg 733:Werner Heisenberg 704:is formed when a 670:Hermann Minkowski 656:Born entered the 635:quantum mechanics 594: 593: 456:Doctoral students 348:Scientific career 246:Adiabatic theorem 8709: 8697:Ehrenberg family 8464: 8463: 8435:World federalism 8430:World government 8387: 8379: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8333:Shigeri Yamataka 8327: 8319: 8317:Rameshwari Nehru 8311: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8240:(science editor) 8239: 8231: 8229:Gregorio Bermann 8223: 8215: 8207: 8205:E. M. L. Odjidja 8200:(Social realist) 8199: 8191: 8149: 8071:Charles C. Price 8048: 8004:Bertrand Russell 7951: 7949:Frederick Sanger 7908: 7907: 7888:Martin Niemöller 7844: 7843: 7832: 7831: 7820: 7819: 7808: 7807: 7796: 7795: 7784: 7783: 7772: 7771: 7760: 7759: 7748: 7747: 7736: 7735: 7724: 7723: 7712: 7711: 7700: 7699: 7688: 7687: 7676: 7675: 7664: 7663: 7652: 7651: 7642:Chiyo Sakakibara 7640: 7639: 7628: 7627: 7616: 7615: 7604: 7603: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7566: 7565: 7545: 7544: 7533: 7532: 7521: 7520: 7496: 7495: 7484: 7483: 7459: 7458: 7447: 7446: 7435: 7434: 7408: 7407: 7385: 7384: 7373: 7372: 7361: 7360: 7349: 7348: 7337: 7336: 7325: 7324: 7313: 7312: 7296: 7295: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7173: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7123: 7122: 7057: 6965:Ernest Hemingway 6916: 6909: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6882: 6866: 6850: 6834: 6818: 6802: 6786: 6770: 6754: 6742: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6686: 6674: 6658: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6602: 6586: 6570: 6554: 6525: 6509: 6497: 6481: 6465: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6381: 6365: 6349: 6337: 6321: 6313: 6301: 6289: 6281: 6265: 6253: 6237: 6221: 6205: 6182: 6166: 6154: 6138: 6122: 6114: 6102: 6094: 6086: 6078: 6070: 6054: 6038: 6022: 6014: 6002: 5994: 5982: 5966: 5954: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5906: 5894: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5758: 5746: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5719: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5668: 5649: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5554: 5546: 5544:Kamerlingh Onnes 5538: 5530: 5522: 5514: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5478: 5470: 5462: 5446: 5434: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5368: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5259: 5212:Cauchy–Born rule 5197:Born probability 5172:Born–Haber cycle 5152:Born reciprocity 5142:Born coordinates 5106: 5099: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5060: 5058:10.1038/225669a0 5028: 5026: 5024: 4973:John L. Heilbron 4965: 4904: 4861: 4841: 4827: 4815: 4801: 4763: 4726: 4716: 4705: 4655: 4623: 4583: 4563: 4548: 4531: 4494: 4492: 4486:. Archived from 4453: 4439: 4414:(557–615): 557. 4389: 4387: 4370:(11): 999–1008. 4343: 4329: 4323: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4210: 4204: 4177: 4171: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4129: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4058: 4052: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3936:. Archived from 3926: 3920: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3890:. Archived from 3884:"Max-Born-Preis" 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3860:. Archived from 3850: 3844: 3843: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3815: 3809:. Archived from 3808: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3710: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3429:Kemmer, Nicholas 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3018: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2899:on 3 August 2021 2895:. Archived from 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2390: 2367:List of refugees 2242:(Pergamon, 1956) 2111:(Springer, 1925) 2088: 2074: 2010: 1986:and the British 1877:Tottie Goldsmith 1847:Victor Ehrenberg 1749:Second World War 1608:Gerhard Herzberg 1600:Victor Weisskopf 1576:Siegfried Flügge 1473: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1444: 1404:pure mathematics 1383:matrix mechanics 1373: 1334:Louis de Broglie 1279:Born–Haber cycle 1251:Rudolf Ladenburg 1200:Victor Ehrenberg 1177: 1162:Paul Peter Ewald 1159: 1144: 1108: 1052:Ernst Pringsheim 995:oral examination 973:potential energy 916:in 1902 and the 789:Gerhard Herzberg 777:Victor Weisskopf 753:Siegfried Flügge 737:matrix mechanics 714:Born–Haber cycle 624: 623: 622: 616: 611: 607: 590: 500:Herbert S. Green 495:Siegfried Flügge 466: 414:Doctoral advisor 408: 403: 325:Max Planck Medal 279: 277: 268:Hedwig Ehrenberg 241:Cauchy–Born rule 216:Born–Haber cycle 181:Born reciprocity 176:Born probability 166:Born coordinates 152: 95: 64:11 December 1882 63: 61: 46: 36: 21: 20: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8439: 8413: 8392: 8385:Toyohiko Kagawa 8349:Stanley Slotkin 8320:(social worker) 8177: 8159: 8133: 8115: 8111:Wilder Penfield 8096:Pitirim Sorokin 8053: 8034: 8013: 7992: 7961: 7937: 7903:Nobel laureates 7897: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7802: 7790: 7778: 7774:Kenzō Matsumura 7766: 7754: 7742: 7730: 7718: 7706: 7694: 7690:Hisato Ichimada 7682: 7670: 7658: 7646: 7634: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7502: 7490: 7478: 7465: 7453: 7441: 7429: 7422:Prime Ministers 7416: 7402: 7396:Vice-presidents 7391: 7379: 7367: 7355: 7343: 7331: 7319: 7307: 7285: 7274: 7272: 7261: 7259: 7248: 7246: 7235: 7233: 7222: 7220: 7207: 7167: 7159: 7150: 7120: 7115: 7053: 7045: 7042:(United States) 7036:(United States) 7030:(United States) 7014: 7005:(Great Britain) 6989: 6970: 6967:(United States) 6946: 6943:(United States) 6927: 6920: 6890: 6885: 6869: 6853: 6837: 6821: 6805: 6789: 6773: 6757: 6745: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6689: 6677: 6661: 6645: 6633: 6621: 6605: 6589: 6573: 6557: 6541: 6534: 6528: 6512: 6500: 6484: 6475:Cohen-Tannoudji 6468: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6408: 6400: 6384: 6368: 6352: 6340: 6324: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6284: 6268: 6256: 6240: 6224: 6208: 6196: 6185: 6169: 6157: 6141: 6125: 6117: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6081: 6073: 6057: 6041: 6025: 6017: 6005: 5997: 5985: 5969: 5957: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5874: 5866: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5761: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5671: 5663: 5652: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5584: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5505: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5465: 5449: 5437: 5429: 5418: 5409: 5379: 5374: 5326: 5288: 5284:(granddaughter) 5276:(granddaughter) 5245: 5216: 5132:BBGKY hierarchy 5115: 5110: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5012: 4969:Kuhn, Thomas S. 4927: 4868: 4850: 4824: 4752: 4644: 4580: 4506:(12): 863–867. 4490: 4451: 4351: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4253: 4249: 4231: 4227: 4211: 4207: 4178: 4174: 4168:Wayback Machine 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4059: 4055: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3864:on 8 March 2020 3852: 3851: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3711: 3694: 3678:10.4000/abe.356 3661: 3657: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3347: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3143:, p. 1004. 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2978:Heisenberg 1925 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2805: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2510:Max Born's Life 2507: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462:, pp. 5–7. 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2358: 2346:Wayback Machine 2163:, with updates. 2079: 2065: 2042: 2021: 2004: 1897: 1873:Brett Goldsmith 1843: 1823: 1745:British subject 1633: 1536:for ψ*ψ in the 1495:identity matrix 1448: 1443: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1323: 1243:First World War 1170:Richard Courant 1135: 1130: 1104: 1090:electrodynamics 1083:Minkowski space 1067:Albert Einstein 1004:magna cum laude 1001:in mathematics 926:Ernst Hellinger 864: 844:British subject 743:for ψ*ψ in the 735:formulated the 672:. He wrote his 618: 617: 609: 599: 572: 569: 490:Walter Elsasser 468: 467: 462: 451: 406: 390: 342: 308:(granddaughter) 304: 303:(granddaughter) 281: 278: 1913) 273: 269: 258: 255: 236:BBGKY hierarchy 154: 153: 148: 132:Alma mater 126: 106: 97: 93: 84: 78: 65: 59: 57: 49: 48:Portrait, 1930s 37: 28: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8715: 8705: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8458: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8382: 8374: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8338: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8301:Oscar Niemeyer 8298: 8290: 8285:Mark Van Doren 8282: 8274: 8266: 8264:(union leader) 8258: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8226: 8218: 8210: 8202: 8194: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8173:Hugh B. Hester 8169: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8155:Brock Chisholm 8152: 8143: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8086:Harlow Shapley 8083: 8078: 8073: 8067: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8030:Joseph Rotblat 8027: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7918:Alfred Kastler 7914: 7912: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7878:George MacLeod 7875: 7870: 7864: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7800: 7788: 7776: 7764: 7752: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7704: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7620: 7608: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7572: 7570: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7537: 7525: 7512: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7488: 7475: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7461:Tetsu Katayama 7451: 7439: 7437:Clement Attlee 7426: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7351:Julius Nyerere 7341: 7329: 7317: 7304: 7302: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7270: 7257: 7244: 7231: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7198:Margaret Isely 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7149: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7126: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7006: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6980: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6961: 6959: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6937: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6919: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6867: 6851: 6835: 6819: 6803: 6787: 6771: 6755: 6743: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6687: 6675: 6659: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6603: 6587: 6571: 6555: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6510: 6498: 6482: 6466: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6382: 6366: 6350: 6338: 6322: 6314: 6302: 6290: 6282: 6266: 6254: 6238: 6222: 6211:P. W. Anderson 6206: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6167: 6155: 6139: 6123: 6115: 6103: 6095: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6055: 6039: 6032:Goeppert Mayer 6023: 6015: 6003: 5995: 5983: 5967: 5955: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5907: 5895: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5824: 5816: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5759: 5756:C. D. Anderson 5747: 5739: 5732: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5669: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5638: 5630: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5567: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5447: 5435: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5362: 5352: 5342: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5317:Max Born Award 5314: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5278: 5270: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5109: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5029: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4966: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4866:External links 4864: 4863: 4862: 4848: 4828: 4822: 4802: 4764: 4750: 4727: 4706: 4680:(1): 879–893. 4669: 4642: 4624: 4598:(2): 219–262. 4588:Born, G. V. R. 4584: 4578: 4549: 4532: 4495: 4462:(1): 858–888. 4440: 4400:Heisenberg, W. 4395: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4324: 4300: 4286: 4272: 4263: 4247: 4225: 4205: 4187:in hard cover 4172: 4153: 4144: 4124: 4112:Atomic Physics 4103: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4053: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3951: 3921: 3917:Friedrich Hund 3905: 3875: 3845: 3840:NobelPrize.org 3827: 3795: 3790:NobelPrize.org 3777: 3749: 3736: 3724: 3692: 3655: 3638: 3610: 3585: 3559: 3533: 3511: 3509:, p. 261. 3499: 3497:, p. 299. 3495:Greenspan 2005 3484: 3469: 3465:Greenspan 2005 3457: 3453:Greenspan 2005 3445: 3420: 3416:Greenspan 2005 3408: 3406:, p. 224. 3404:Greenspan 2005 3396: 3392:Greenspan 2005 3384: 3382:, p. 199. 3380:Greenspan 2005 3372: 3368:Greenspan 2005 3360: 3345: 3327: 3323:Greenspan 2005 3315: 3311:Greenspan 2005 3303: 3281: 3259: 3257:, p. 143. 3255:Greenspan 2005 3247: 3243:Greenspan 2005 3235: 3231:Greenspan 2005 3223: 3208: 3204:Greenspan 2005 3196: 3194:, p. 191. 3192:Greenspan 2005 3181: 3157: 3155:, p. 190. 3153:Greenspan 2005 3145: 3141:Bernstein 2005 3133: 3131:, p. 113. 3121: 3109: 3097: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2922: 2918:Greenspan 2005 2910: 2843: 2818: 2803: 2785: 2781:Greenspan 2005 2773: 2758: 2754:Greenspan 2005 2746: 2742:Greenspan 2005 2734: 2730:Greenspan 2005 2719: 2704: 2700:Greenspan 2005 2692: 2680: 2678:, p. 225. 2668: 2664:Greenspan 2005 2653: 2649:Greenspan 2005 2641: 2602: 2598:Greenspan 2005 2587: 2583:Greenspan 2005 2575: 2571:Greenspan 2005 2563: 2559:Greenspan 2005 2551: 2539: 2535:Greenspan 2005 2527: 2500: 2496:Greenspan 2005 2488: 2476: 2474:, p. 231. 2464: 2460:Greenspan 2005 2452: 2440: 2428: 2407: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2354: 2335: 2334: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2297: 2275: 2269: 2266:Robert Maxwell 2249: 2248:(Vieweg, 1957) 2243: 2237: 2226: 2214: 2208: 2196: 2188: 2178: 2164: 2157:Moderne Physik 2153:Atomic Physics 2150: 2147:Moderne Physik 2144: 2138: 2132: 2122: 2112: 2106: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2063: 2046:atomic physics 2038:Main article: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 1998: 1991: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1948: 1945: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1911: 1905: 1896: 1893: 1842: 1839: 1822: 1819: 1795:Walther Nernst 1728:Robert Schlapp 1701:Rudolf Peierls 1658:Atomic Physics 1632: 1629: 1624:Walter Heitler 1612:Léon Rosenfeld 1584:Pascual Jordan 1580:Friedrich Hund 1530:wave mechanics 1518:Wolfgang Pauli 1475: 1474: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1413:Pascual Jordan 1374:at Göttingen. 1358:quantum theory 1322: 1319: 1273:reacts with a 1267:ionic compound 1208:Hans Ehrenberg 1147:boarding house 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1079:matrix algebra 982:Woldemar Voigt 961:Ludwig Prandtl 863: 860: 828:Atomic Physics 797:Léon Rosenfeld 793:Wolfgang Pauli 761:Pascual Jordan 757:Friedrich Hund 708:reacts with a 702:ionic compound 692:thesis on the 592: 591: 583: 582: 578: 577: 574: 573: 571: 570: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 550:Bertha Swirles 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 515:Pascual Jordan 512: 510:Friedrich Hund 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 471: 461: 460: 459: 457: 453: 452: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:Woldemar Voigt 428: 426: 422: 421: 416: 410: 409: 398: 392: 391: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 367: 365: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 344: 343: 341: 340: 334: 328: 322: 316: 314: 310: 309: 298: 294: 293: 287: 283: 282: 271: 267: 266: 264: 260: 259: 257: 256: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 147: 146: 145: 143: 142:Known for 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 127:United Kingdom 123: 119: 118: 112: 108: 107: 98: 96:(aged 87) 92:5 January 1970 90: 86: 85: 79:(now Wrocław, 66: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8714: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:Silesian Jews 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8386: 8383: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8365:Tamaki Uemura 8363: 8358: 8355: 8352:(businessman) 8350: 8347: 8344:(theosophist) 8342: 8339: 8334: 8331: 8326: 8325:Satish Gujral 8323: 8318: 8315: 8310: 8307: 8302: 8299: 8294: 8291: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8275: 8270: 8267: 8262: 8259: 8254: 8251: 8246: 8245:Henri Laugier 8243: 8238: 8235: 8230: 8227: 8222: 8219: 8214: 8211: 8206: 8203: 8198: 8195: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182:Varied Fields 8180: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8153: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8139:Humanitarians 8136: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8076:Edward Condon 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8047: 8046:Linus Pauling 8044: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8025:John Boyd Orr 8023: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7928:Hideki Yukawa 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7893:Michael Scott 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7715: 7714:Ichirō Kiyose 7710: 7705: 7703: 7702:Henry Usborne 7698: 7693: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569:International 7567: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536: 7535:Setsuo Yamada 7531: 7526: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7487: 7486:Culbert Olson 7482: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7450: 7449:Milton Margai 7445: 7440: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7271: 7269: 7258: 7256: 7245: 7243: 7232: 7230: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7203:Georgia Lloyd 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7157: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7009:Walther Bothe 7007: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986:(Switzerland) 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6941:Linus Pauling 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6464: 6463:R. Richardson 6460: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6404: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6295:Chandrasekhar 6291: 6288: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6088: 6085: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6021: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5862: 5857: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5841: 5838: 5833: 5830: 5825: 5822: 5817: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5769: 5768:G. P. Thomson 5765: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5703: 5698: 5695: 5690: 5687: 5686:O. Richardson 5682: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5628: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5588: 5583: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5520:Van der Waals 5516: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5484:J. J. Thomson 5480: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5361: 5353: 5351: 5343: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5282: 5279: 5274: 5273:Georgina Born 5271: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Born rigidity 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5147:Born equation 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5003:- Session III 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4832:Segrè, Emilio 4829: 4825: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4806:Pais, Abraham 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4666:3-8274-1640-X 4663: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4341: 4340:0-85066-174-9 4337: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4320:1-4039-4496-2 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4243:0-521-64222-1 4240: 4236: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4221:0-387-90008-X 4218: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4201:0-19-850369-5 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4148: 4141: 4140:0-486-20412-X 4137: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4120:0-486-65984-4 4117: 4113: 4107: 4098: 4096: 4086: 4077: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4049:0-486-43873-2 4046: 4042: 4041:0-262-52019-2 4038: 4034: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3358:, p. 22. 3357: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3291: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3119:, p. 91. 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3095:, p. 35. 3094: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2783:, p. 96. 2782: 2777: 2771:, p. 21. 2770: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2717:, p. 20. 2716: 2711: 2709: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2450:, p. 17. 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234:Nobel Lecture 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2213:, Oxford 1949 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129:D. R. Hartree 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883:, and singer 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1863:Georgina Born 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1841:Personal life 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821:Global policy 1818: 1816: 1815:David Hilbert 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:Wilhelm Weber 1796: 1792: 1791: 1790:Stadtfriedhof 1786: 1780: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:Pyotr Kapitsa 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662:Maurice Pryce 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620:Eugene Wigner 1617: 1616:Edward Teller 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259:the armistice 1256: 1255:sound ranging 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1125: 1124:of the atom. 1123: 1122:Thomson model 1119: 1118:Born rigidity 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Joseph Larmor 1037: 1036:George Searle 1033: 1032:J. J. Thomson 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 983: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 938:David Hilbert 935: 931: 927: 923: 922:Otto Toeplitz 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:German Empire 876: 873: 869: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826:, as well as 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 805:Eugene Wigner 802: 801:Edward Teller 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:sound ranging 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:Thomson model 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:David Hilbert 663: 659: 654: 652: 651:wave function 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631:mathematician 628: 621: 615: 606: 602: 598: 589: 584: 579: 575: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 555:Sheila Tinney 553: 551: 548: 546: 545:Maurice Pryce 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:Mary Bradburn 473: 472: 470: 469: 465: 458: 454: 448: 447:J. J. Thomson 445: 443: 442:Joseph Larmor 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 427: 423: 420: 417: 415: 411: 404: 399: 397: 393: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 349: 345: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 315: 311: 307: 306:Georgina Born 302: 299: 295: 292: 289:3, including 288: 284: 265: 261: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 186:Born rigidity 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 171:Born equation 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 156: 155: 151: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 124: 120: 116: 115:Stadtfriedhof 113: 111:Resting place 109: 105: 101: 91: 87: 82: 77: 76:German Empire 73: 69: 56: 52: 45: 40: 35: 31: 22: 19: 8341:Sophia Wadia 8277:Lloyd Morain 8221:Erich Kahler 7932: 7923:C. F. Powell 7883:John Collins 7798:Lewis Silkin 7678:Gerhard Jahn 7618:Akira Kazami 7547:Shinzo Hamai 7268:Sierra Leone 7193:Philip Isely 7168: 7085: 7002: 6319:von Klitzing 6311:Van der Meer 5919: 5304: 5237: 5229: 5112: 5040: 5036: 5021:. Retrieved 5009:- Session IV 4997:- Session II 4981: 4940:(1–2): 277. 4937: 4933: 4906: 4837: 4811: 4781: 4775: 4738: 4712: 4677: 4673: 4657: 4631: 4595: 4591: 4559: 4554:Einstein, A. 4536: 4503: 4499: 4488:the original 4459: 4455: 4411: 4407: 4391: 4367: 4363: 4331: 4327: 4307: 4303: 4289: 4275: 4266: 4258: 4255:Paul Rosbaud 4250: 4232: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4180: 4175: 4156: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4111: 4106: 4085: 4076: 4068: 4067:: Search on 4056: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4010: 3989: 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3963: 3954: 3942:. Retrieved 3938:the original 3931: 3924: 3912: 3908: 3896:. Retrieved 3892:the original 3878: 3866:. Retrieved 3862:the original 3848: 3839: 3830: 3818:. Retrieved 3811:the original 3798: 3789: 3780: 3768:. 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Retrieved 2336: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2296:, 1924–1926. 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2261: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2229: 2216: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2180: 2166: 2161:John Dougall 2156: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2081: 2070: 2067: 2056: 2043: 2031: 2027: 2019:Bibliography 1967:Hugo Grotius 1939:Hughes Medal 1904:of Cambridge 1902:Stokes Medal 1866: 1844: 1824: 1803:Max von Laue 1788: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1768:West Germany 1761: 1717: 1678: 1657: 1653: 1634: 1604:Enrico Fermi 1572:Max Delbrück 1569: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1511: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1401: 1390: 1380: 1376: 1371:Privatdozent 1343: 1308: 1304:James Franck 1298: 1283: 1239:Max von Laue 1216: 1180: 1175:Privatdozent 1157:Privatdozent 1141:Privatdozent 1136: 1098: 1094:appendicitis 1070: 1064: 1056:habilitation 1009: 1002: 978: 950: 907: 895:embryologist 865: 856:West Germany 848:World War II 827: 823: 809: 781:Enrico Fermi 749:Max Delbrück 729:James Franck 718: 690:habilitation 655: 596: 595: 505:Carl Hermann 485:Max Delbrück 480:Kaijia Cheng 463: 400: 364:Institutions 347: 331:Hughes Medal 149: 104:West Germany 94:(1970-01-05) 18: 8492:1970 deaths 8487:1882 births 8357:Stuart Hall 8312:(economist) 8309:Ōuchi Hyōei 8304:(architect) 8237:Gerard Piel 8106:René Dumont 7868:Abbé Pierre 7810:N. G. Ranga 7750:John Foster 7561:Politicians 7498:Hiroo Ōhara 7315:Edgar Faure 7158:signatories 6924:Nobel Prize 6363:Steinberger 6279:K. Siegbahn 6271:Bloembergen 5992:Chamberlain 5725:Schrödinger 5635:M. Siegbahn 5564:W. H. Bragg 5560:W. L. Bragg 5167:Born series 5023:19 December 4991:- Session I 4977:Paul Forman 4924:, Cambridge 4772:Schlapp, R. 3970:11 December 3820:22 November 3669:ABE Journal 3054:Jammer 1966 2863:(1): 1–33. 2332:Mein Leben. 2005: [ 1764:Bad Pyrmont 1724:Klaus Fuchs 1681:C. V. Raman 1503:commutative 1295:Peter Debye 1263:Fritz Haber 1101:Max Abraham 1048:Otto Lummer 1012:German army 934:Felix Klein 887:Gustav Born 852:Bad Pyrmont 840:Klaus Fuchs 721:World War I 698:Fritz Haber 662:Felix Klein 565:Liming Yang 540:Huanwu Peng 520:Edgar Krahn 201:Born square 196:Born series 122:Citizenship 117:, Göttingen 8481:Categories 8388:(pacifist) 8377:Tano Jōdai 8372:executive) 8336:(feminist) 8280:(humanist) 8232:(humanist) 8216:(educator) 8192:(inventor) 8091:Jean Orcel 8063:Scientists 7997:Literature 7523:E.C. Quaye 7300:Presidents 7229:Costa Rica 7188:Thane Read 6952:Literature 6880:L'Huillier 6844:Hasselmann 6800:Strickland 6768:Kosterlitz 6692:Perlmutter 6431:Brockhouse 6136:Schrieffer 6008:Hofstadter 5960:C. N. Yang 5717:Heisenberg 5694:De Broglie 4768:Kemmer, N. 4566:London, UK 4445:Jordan, P. 4443:Born, M.; 4404:Jordan, P. 4398:Born, M.; 2990:Segrè 1980 2813:1038390215 2284:, Volumes 1811:Max Planck 1637:Nazi Party 1631:Later life 1522:Bohr model 1514:Paul Dirac 1408:Gustav Mie 1338:Niels Bohr 1223:Max Planck 1060:black body 965:elasticity 957:Carl Runge 946:Königsberg 862:Early life 812:Nazi Party 419:Carl Runge 320:FRS (1939) 60:1882-12-11 8296:(teacher) 8269:Kay Boyle 8261:Kaoru Ōta 8248:(scholar) 8224:(scholar) 8208:(teacher) 7957:Otto Hahn 7942:Chemistry 7471:Governors 7213:Countries 7011:(Germany) 6933:Chemistry 6926:laureates 6864:Zeilinger 6684:Novoselov 6652:Kobayashi 6576:Abrikosov 6423:J. Taylor 6403:de Gennes 6395:R. Taylor 6287:K. Wilson 6235:R. Wilson 6219:Van Vleck 6190:1976–2000 6180:Rainwater 6176:Mottelson 6152:Josephson 6100:Gell-Mann 6064:Schwinger 6052:Prokhorov 6012:Mössbauer 5972:Cherenkov 5964:T. D. Lee 5888:Cockcroft 5879:1951–1975 5678:C. Wilson 5657:1926–1950 5603:Guillaume 5492:Michelson 5452:Becquerel 5423:1901–1925 5412:Laureates 5162:Born rule 5067:1476-4687 4962:189849885 4784:: 17–52. 4760:489992471 4702:186238950 4570:Macmillan 4528:119896026 4484:186114542 4436:186237037 3964:Scroll.in 3898:30 August 3868:30 August 3687:2275-6639 3507:Born 2002 3129:Born 1969 3105:Born 1926 3002:Pais 1991 2885:0066-426X 2688:Born 2002 2676:Born 2002 2472:Born 2002 2436:Born 2002 2378:Citations 2258:Emil Wolf 2228:Max Born 2223:Kun Huang 1875:, singer 1807:Otto Hahn 1732:electrons 1693:stateless 1685:Bangalore 1683:to go to 1453:π 1432:− 1321:Göttingen 1315:free path 1229:chair of 1212:Ben Elton 1106:‹See Tfd› 1065:In 1905, 910:Gymnasium 891:anatomist 627:physicist 581:Signature 297:Relatives 191:Born rule 100:Göttingen 8522:Max Born 8466:Category 8447:Source: 8328:(artist) 8272:(writer) 8165:Veterans 8039:Multiple 7933:Max Born 7592:National 7281:Tanzania 7242:Pakistan 7003:Max Born 6872:Agostini 6760:Thouless 6752:McDonald 6740:Nakamura 6708:Wineland 6640:Grünberg 6596:Politzer 6580:Ginzburg 6568:Giacconi 6548:Ketterle 6503:'t Hooft 6487:Laughlin 6479:Phillips 6459:Osheroff 6387:Friedman 6359:Schwartz 6355:Lederman 6275:Schawlow 6251:Weinberg 6060:Tomonaga 5952:Brattain 5944:Shockley 5853:Blackett 5845:Appleton 5837:Bridgman 5784:Lawrence 5764:Davisson 5744:Chadwick 5627:Millikan 5611:Einstein 5500:Lippmann 5468:Rayleigh 5460:M. 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