274:
1126:
participants to the conference, no common decision could be adopted about the new
International. During the Conference, communists were criticized about the United Front and the committees against war, while the participation of PSIm annoyed PCd'I. Later, a policy of rapprochement to reformists provoked an internal controversy and various federations and sections intervened, forcing the Direction to gather in order to answers to the communist direction and the United Front Committee Against Fascism and War. In this occasion, the PSIm was allowed to criticize the mistakes committed by the two International and it could contact the other political organizations in order to achieve the syndical union. PSIm was also allowed to invite Trotskyists and other proletarian political tendencies to the debate.
1267:
913:
1118:
688:
1433:
530:
1732:. Socialist parties that were still faithful to the revolutionary method as the way to socialism, including PSI, formed instead the International Information Bureau of Revolutionary Socialist Parties, the future London Bureau. The IRMC, after being politically near to the trotskyist movement and Left Opposition since the first years of the 1930s, became a meeting point for those parties ideologically belonging to communist left, communist right and left socialism.
609:
insignificant in Italy and for this reason republicans and leftists in particular kept their distances from it without leaving the organization. The leading group authority of PSLI weighed on CAI and imposed itself as the mediator of financial contributions granted by the Labour and
Socialist International, of which it was member. Moreover, this circumstance fuelled the left opposition within the PSI, which had its strengths in the sections of
36:
988:, but also the paralysis provoked by disagreements and fratricidal fights within the action of masses which destroyed the faith in the future revolution. The convention tried to stimulate comrades by creating positive statements and reporting the successes obtained in the struggles to perform syndicalist and class unity among Italian emigrates, and giving themselves the merit to have associated the parties adhering to the
1254:. Furthermore, there were divergences between SAP and the Trotskyist movement about how a new International had to be created: according to SAP, this should happen through a long process of maturation of labour movement avant-garde; while Trotskyist stated that it was necessary to immediately select an avant-garde at world level according to a very precise programme, explaining the need of this kind of construction work.
1767:
648:
where we can not discuss, until it would possible in Italy». The debate, joined by 30 delegates, overcame the claim of the
Direction to limit the discussion to the only organizational field; all the participants, maximalists, fusionist o thirdinternationalists in favour of a united front with communists, wanted to discuss and deliberate, so that some motions were proposed by the Committee of Defence (maximalist),
1753:
881:, performed an operation intended to liquidate reformism and maximalism in favour of the establishment of a «rigorously Marxist and democratic socialism, adopting the class struggle as instrument and the liberation of humanity from every economical and political serfdom as purpose». The party was then affiliated with the Labour Socialist International, and the name chosen for the unified party was
957:
by the majority of delegates, who approved instead the participation of PSIm to a united front with communists. In 1932, after the death of Turati and Coccia, Nenni and
Saragat reinforced their role within the PSI-LSI. In a turbulent international situation, communists were talking about a "world revolution" while socialists (including PSIm) were attracted by the opposition to
768:) and Nenni asked moreover for a regular congress to be held. The direction, under the protests of opponents who objected the threaten of an auto-convocation by rebel federations, postponed a convention about organizational problems initially scheduled for 6 January 1930. However, the direction expelled 58 militants. On 16 March, two different meetings were held in
1202:
the need to unite the working class in both the syndical and political field. Mariani also condemned the refusal to the PSIm question to be admitted to the Unity of Action Pact, and he invited comrades to insist in asking for the proletarian unity based «on clear principles». The motion summarizing the works included a courageous defence of the
1219:
seem to proceed well, given that there were resistances against the joint action among the Labour
Socialist International. According to Nenni, only the collaboration on the syndical level could be possible; while communists stated that «the PSI-LSI was invited to a self-criticism for the wrong behaviour towards the allies».
1189:
Italian socialists that the PSI Direction did not want to impose any political and tactical directives to the
Italian groups, nor a dictatorial organization control. Furthermore, it stated that the programme had to be reworked according to the needs that would be revealed with the development of the movement in Italy.
877:("Congress of Unity") held in the House of French Socialists between 19 and 20 July 1930 in Paris. Among the representatives of various foreign socialist parties, there were 47 delegates representing 1017 members for fusionist maximalists and other 50, representing 811 former members of PSULI. Nenni, along with
2452:
Individuati gli elementi idonei (preferibilmente esuli individualisti, portati per temperamento e per opzione politica all'azione diretta), li si segnalava ai piĂą abili doppiogiochisti che - accattivatesene le simpatie anche con sovvenzioni finanziarie presentate quale aiuto solidaristico al compagno
1188:
The second part of the letter indicated the themes of propaganda to promote, drawing the attention of activists to the active movement among the fascist youth, who «takes seriously the devilries of the fascist arsenal and believes in the anti-capitalistic function of corporations». The letter ensured
1000:
and transform the capitalist society into a socialist one. It was recommended the abstention from everything could break the new contacts established among members of the different proletarian movements, evidencing the need to denounce to the proletarian public opinion all whose activities that aimed
784:
The maximalist autonomist group, led by
Angelica Balabanoff, elected a new direction formed by Sigfrido Ciccotti, Carlo Marchisio, Oreste Mombello, Pietro Refolo, Giorgio Salvi (deputy secretary and administrative secretary) and Gino Tempia. Autonomists confirmed Balabanoff as political secretary and
498:
soul of the party, was completely inconclusive and inadequate to face with determination the contemporary political situation, characterized by freedom-destroying provisions that confirmed the establishment of the fascist regime with the end of syndical freedoms, the illegality of strike proclamation
221:
voted for the removal of 120 opposition deputies, police closed the headquarters of anti-fascist parties and organizations. The direction of PSI was dissolved, transferring its powers to some managers living abroad and in contact with the socialist secretary Olindo
Vernocchi from Rome, while sections
1369:
at the end of
October 1935 between Alessandro Consani for PSIm and the leaders of Left Fraction of PCd'I, followed by a meeting held on 5 November by Consani, Dino Mariani, Nicola Di Bartolomeo and other Trotskyist exponents for their admission to the party. Another meeting was held five days later,
1218:
signed for socialists, but the ideas of
Saragat regarding communists were preserved at the ideological level but outdated at the political one; the joint struggle against the common fascist enemy was considered instead as an absolute priority. That happened while actions of the United Front did not
956:
About sixty delegates took part to the PSIm Lyon convention, debating on the anti-fascist struggle and the relations with other organizations abroad. The exit from the Italian League for Human Rights was approved, confirming the leave from CGdL, while the join to Red Unions was proposed but rejected
755:
Another cause of conflicts within the party was the role of the Concentration: Balabanoff accused reformists (who were holding the power inside the association as well as the LSI funds) to keep it inert. She aimed to a more wide unitary solution, within the framework of a political line of the unity
1201:
of 30 December, the opening day of the assembly. Mariani accused the division among the labour and socialist movement provoked by right and left sections, between social democratic and communist leaders, for the victories achieved by the fascist reaction in Italy and elsewhere. He talked then about
1008:
Despite the LSI was considered by the maximalist PSI as "the International of war and collaborationist reformism, den of social chauvinists", this kind of collaborative "elasticity" or spirit of understanding towards the London Bureau was a surprise. While Leon Trotsky accused the merger of Spanish
793:
Both factions claimed to have the majority in the party, obtained actually by fusionists in Zurich, London and Marseille, while the left claimed to have the three-quarters of subscribers to PSI. During a reunion, fusionist ascertained that the direction did not want to revoke the expulsion measures
732:
The Party is intangible. If there are subscribers who no longer have faith in the revolutionary class struggle, who consider good the reformist method, who still have the illusion of being able to do socialism in the International of war, who approve the collaborationist methods and the disgraceful
647:
and LSI. Balabanova did not participate to this convention, because she was in Sweden as a member of the secretary office of the International Information Bureau of Revolutionary Socialist Parties. Also Nenni did not attend because he thought that «It could be useless to participate to a convention
638:
Contrasts about the fusion sharpened at the end of 1927. The area led by Angelica Balabanoff tried to rebut the fusionist moves of Nenni with an expedient: a political line change and a merger with socialist reformist PSULI had to be confirmed by a formal congress held in Italy, not by an emigrated
1348:
The NOI, founded as an opposition group within PCd'I against the political line dictated by the party following the turn of so-called Third Period, was expelled by the Central Committee of 9 June 1930 which accused the opposition of «contacting Trotskyists, conducting a slanderous campaign against
655:
The convention ended with a majority vote which sanctioned the attitude of the Direction but recommended «the unity of purposes and action of the whole Party for the struggle that comrades of Italy conduct against the fascist dictatorship» and gave a mandate «to the Party Direction in order to hit
1459:
However, a group of officers tried to overtake the Popular Front government with a military coup. The uprising became active between 17 and 18 July 1936, and also if the rebellion had to be a "quick coup d'Ă©tat", the republican government was able to maintain the control over most of the country.
1125:
Among the poor results of the Paris Conference, there were the proposal of boycotting Germany and holding a world congress «representing all the workers' organizations of the world that accept the need of struggle to realize socialism as a basis». Due to the heterogeneity of point of views of the
1257:
During the Conference, the debate about a new International divided the PSIm, with a part of its Direction around Balabanoff in favour of it and a group around Dino Mariani against. However, the party joined the proposal presented by SAP that expected a long period of fascism rule in Germany and
743:
The autonomist majority imposed the ceasing of the debate on socialist unity and took disciplinary actions after rebellions among federal conventions. The controversy within PSI became unstoppable and spread also outside the French borders, in particular among the Italian Socialist Federation of
718:
In February 1928, PSI direction renewed the leading bodies and deliberated a manifest as an appeal to the unity of revolutionary left in which «the two great illusions maturated during the war with the proletariat were attacked: the collaborationist illusion and the Bolshevik one», expecting the
260:
Leaders decided to keep the party alive «with its physiognomy, tactics and programme», recommending to cease every trending activity and to act «in favour of comrades affected by the fascist terror». Regarding the struggle against fascism, the party declared its will to operate «along with other
1661:
sect of provocateurs». In view of the International Conference Against War and Fascism convened by the London Bureau (31 October - 2 November 1936), PSIm promulgated a resolution of participation whose declaration of principle hoped the Bureau transformation «from a simple connection point to a
1344:
as necessary». Meanwhile, Leon Trotsky inaugurated his new entrist tactic in order to «conquer and transform them into "marxist revolutionary parties" - or destroy them» (referring to parties considered as "centrists" by him), expecting a long battle during that it was necessary to clarify and
1232:
In February 1935, a conference was held in Paris by left socialists among the London Bureau and two different political sides clashed: one wanted to «work for the unity of working class», while another one aimed to engage «for the revolutionary unit of the working class, which it would not be
1451:
with 4,176,156 votes and 276 deputies, against 3,783,601 votes of the Counter-revolutionary National Front with 132 deputies. Since the first days after the victory of the Popular Front, peasants began to occupy the lands of their owners, and left activists started to request the amnesty for
1735:
So that in August 1933 two different political orientations appeared: one claimed that left socialism should work for the unity of working class, while the other one aimed to the revolutionary unity of the working class, which could not be achieved by the failed policies of the two existing
976:
on 17–18 April 1933. An invitation was addressed to PSIm for the reconstruction of the socialist unity among the LSI, while the proletarian one with communists was complained, but refusing the Bolshevik notion of power which would have dictatorship and terrorism as main fatal consequences.
608:
Due to the divisions among the members, CAI showed poor accomplishing skills since its first actions: it obtained success defending the emigrates in France, urging the intervention of LIDU in the assistance to the victims (including communists) of police provisions. But the work of CAI was
1316:
The PSI-LSI Direction convened in Paris on 14 and 15 July 1935 and approved the motion in favour of the «realization of one of the main goals of workers: one Party, one syndical organization, one International», in order to support the quest of peace and, in case of an attack against the
995:
An intermediate movement was formed among the Direction and it considered the creation of a sincere and effective agreement of proletarian organizations as the main task of the party, in order to give back to masses the faith in the future revolution and the necessary force to oppose the
836:("New Avanti", without the exclamation mark). Another dispute regarded the old abbreviation of PSI, because on the socialist cards released in exile by the fraction of Pietro Nenni, from 1931 until the creation of the first Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity, had the wording
506:
of 27 February 1927, hoping for «the formation of a strong beam of the working class to oppose against the beam of the bourgeoisie in power in Italy». The Communist Party of Italy refused the proposal, denouncing the maximalist appeal as «a miserable move of the party», while the
1209:
An idea of a new relation with communists made instead its way through the cadres of PSIm since the Marseille Congress of 1933. This re-approaching process between PSI-LSI and PCd'I culminated into the Unity of Action Pact signed on 17 August 1934, although PSIm was excluded.
865:
Under the hegemony of internal left, PSIm quitted the Concentration, claiming that it was not the ideal place for "authentic revolutionary" forces. Moreover, the party decided to leave the reformist General Confederation of Labour led by Bruno Buozzi, who wanted to join the
711:», of whose support «they need every day for work purposes and political protection». The intervention of the Grand Orient, which had a great influence in the French political life, was probably defined by factors of international politics like threatens of crises that
1001:
to the establishment of the supremacy at the expense of the other. The debate focused mainly on the relations with PCd'I and the creation of a united front with communists, a proposal which would be later approved. Balabanoff was confirmed as secretary and director of
589:, LIDU). The purpose of CAI was the organization of Italian antifascist forces in order to reorganize the anti-fascist movement abroad avoiding to repeat the old divisions existing in Italy before the establishment of the regime. Communists remained outside along with
1183:
The party should be warned about “intransigentists” and “visionary activists” (who aimed to a general strike and an armed insurrection, considering unstable the fascist regime) as well as those who were waiting for operate «sufficient enlargement in the meshes of the
1488:
and the Maximalist Italian Socialist Party gave their support to republicans and addressed an appeal to other anti-fascist parties among Italian emigrates, in order to make them intervene in the conflict. About thirty maximalist socialists came in Spain to join the
1105:, which signed a manifest (known as the "Declaration of Four") in favour of a new Workers' International and the foundation of new communist parties. While acknowledging the failure of the two main international political forces of the proletarian movement, the
656:
with an inflexible energy comrades, sections and federations that not observe with loyal discipline to the duties traced by the Convention». Furthermore, all the members of the assembly admitted the impossibility to keep alive a party organization in Italy.
1356:
The debate within PSIm about the need of a new proletarian International saw the group of Balabanoff in favour of the Trotskyist proposal, and due to that the party accepted two meetings with dissident NOI exponents of PSI-LSI organized in September 1935.
727:
when the Authority Direction declared closed every discussion about the fusion with reformists, and he was replaced on 12 August 1928 by the political secretary Angelica Balabanoff herself. On 3 February 1929, Balabanoff wrote on the socialist newspaper:
1637:
and debates since the first 20th century, along with the rising revisionist movement, the unity of the Italian proletariat movement was undermined by theoretical re-elaborations done since the first years of 1900 by other Marxists, in particular by
1241:
and the Dutch Independent Socialist Party voted in favour of the "resolution on the reconstruction of the world labour movement", without advancing the prospective of a new proletarian International and consequently keeping their affiliation to the
1179:
The general criteria assigned to the socialist action consisted in «the creation of a dynamism having masses as the subject or which can directly give that attitude to them”: as a mean, the party should be organized into groups “of revolutionary
1940:
1915:
1740:
but it was defending only its own national interests, and the reformism had been completely included in the system of bourgeois companies and capitalism, the IRMC and most of its parties suffered due to this situation and the World War II.
748:("The Future of Workers"), supporter at the time of pro-merger positions. Nenni was alleged to be approached by a «person sent specially from Italy» who propose to him a return in exchange for a charge among fascist labour unions. Fascist
1686:" because its labour productivity was less than that of the capitalist society, the revenue distribution gave place to privileged castes and the despotism of Stalinian bureaucracy would suppress every principle of proletarian democracy .
776:
The fusionist group, headed by Coccia and Nenni, debated until the morning of 17 March and elected a direction formed by Antonio Bianchi, Franco Clerici, Ugo Coccia, Mario Gabici and Pietro Nenni, appointed as secretary and director of
2755:
1258:
Italy and a mass orientation to left-wing, advising also to «facilitate, help social democratic left movements» in Germany and Austria, urging to defend the democratic freedoms and developing an active police in the other countries.
2672:
2329:
2150:
2125:
273:
1389:
The Party Direction, considering the leave of Balabanoff to the United States, redistributed the charges: international relations were entrusted to Balabanoff and Giuseppe Andrich, relations with not French federations to
1206:, but at the same time it included also a severe criticism towards the ant-unitary behaviour of Comintern leaders, and concluded indicating the points of the programme that the Party established for the immediate future.
1236:
The unity of parties signatory of the «Declaration of Four» in June 1933 (proclaiming «the establishment of a new proletarian International and new communist parties»), was however deteriorated: since the beginning, the
1559:, Michel Collinet and Michel Duchesne). PSIm agreed with the proposal of POUM regarding the creation of a new Workers' International, but French were not in favour and concrete decisions were not made. Meanwhile,
499:
and the suppression of elective communal councils, replaced by mayors appointed by the government. In the meantime, the congress was not organized and the debate regarding the fusion did not produce any result.
723:. Adversaries to the appeal moved resolutely to action starting to push on hesitants. Nenni, along with Amedeo Clerici from Vienna and Ugo Coccia, openly criticized the Direction. Coccia left the direction of
844:, literally "Italian Socialist Party - Section of Labour Socialist International"). While the cards released by maximalist socialists (who legally held the rights on the old name) had the simple abbreviation
1168:
and the political secretary tried to send an invitation to trustees living in Italy and the secretaries of sections abroad. The message was formed by seven pages divided into two documents and stated that:
1160:, revolts led by anarchic syndicates blew up throughout the country and provoked the general strike organized by left labour unions on 5 October 1934, causing revolutionary popular motions in
980:
On 4 and 5 June 1933, during the 4th convention of PSIm, the Direction identified as the main causes of the victory of fascism and nazism not only the misunderstanding of the two phenomena by
2763:
412:
PSI was then divided between autonomist and fusionist maximalists and a congress was convened for the 14 November 1926 to discuss about the merger. During that, three points were discussed:
2676:
733:
democratic utopias, let them go with reformists: they will stay where they belong. As a revolutionary party, PSI remains and will remain the Party of the revolution of Italian proletariat.
1197:
Meanwhile, PSIm held its General Convention in Paris between 30 and 31 December 1934. It was attended by 52 delegates and Dino Mariani introduced the debate with an article published on
389:, published an article exalting to the fusion between PSI and PCd'I. An anti-merger movement was formed in Milan on 14 January 1923 within the National Committee of Socialist Defence (
888:
In 1931, due to internal divergences, Nenni distanced himself from the party of Guido Salvi, deputy political secretary of PSIm as well as administrative secretary and owner of the
582:
1176:«The action of the Party should set the goal of arousing, first of all, a mass movement around immediate claim through a work to be done among the “Fascist institutions of labour”»
1063:
and claimed that every common action with the Communist International was impracticable. This side was also in favour to the reunification of the proletarian movement through the
969:
pushed Italian communists to begin negotiations with other leftists parties in order to create a consultative committee regarding actions to be performed in Italy and abroad.
546:
1037:
The reformist socialism as conceived by Nenni and his comrades is a complete failure. Only the unity of all proletarians can hinder a further expansion of fascist movements!
1622:
The historical and ideological base of Maximalist Italian Socialist Party was the maximalist socialism which had controlled the PSI since the 13th Socialist Congress of
1009:
right and communist left into the POUM as a "surrender to centrism", Italian maximalists considered it as a clear example of "reconstitution of the proletarian unity".
1047:
The representatives of 14 marxists held a Conference in Paris between 27 and 28 August of the same year, and three different sides faced each other in that occasion:
1716:
founded on 27 February 1921 by a series of left socialist parties with the purpose of overcoming the division suffered by the world proletarian movement after the
1325:». A common manifest was stipulated with communists «to turn the war towards the defeat of fascism and the victory of popular revolution, for a socialist Italy».
1540:
exalted the Spanish revolutionary action. PSIm gave its support to POUM by sending men and funds through Alessandro Consani, despite their financial troubles.
1233:
realized between the two existing internationals - LSI and Comintern, considered as a failure», and asked for the establishment of a new international body.
562:
425:
377:("Is this the liquidation of the Socialist Party?") where he considered the merger as a liquidation at loss of PSI. In the same edition of the newspaper,
2852:
1736:
Internationals but only through the creation of a new International. at the beginning of the 1940s, while the Soviet Union did no longer advocate for a
402:
329:(PSU) on 6 November 1925, founded on 5 October 1922, a day after the 19th Congress of the Italian Socialist Party. After this event, the co-director of
1379:
824:
on 22 March 1930, forcing then Angelica Balabanoff and his party to make appeal to justice: the court annulled the renaming and conceded the rights of
659:
Those results were negatively received by who was openly in favour to the fusion with PSLI. The PSI Direction convened on 19 February 1928 and elected
1498:
1405:, and Mariani resigned from most of his charges, being aware of his limits and his absolute dedication to the cause that he did not want to hinder.
1383:
1514:
1391:
1164:. These events convinced Angelica Balabanoff about the coming of the ideal time to reprise contact with socialists in Italy. A committee formed by
719:
liquidation of the two working class internationals (LSI and Comintern) and aiming to recreate the international proletarian unity achieved before
676:
487:
429:
1375:
1329:
1295:
460:
597:
and others in order to keep contact with Italian masses «in their social defence and political resistance moves». The official weekly newspaper
1518:
570:
671:
in the executive of the Antifascist Concentration. The Direction assumed three new members: left maximalist Carlo Marchisio, manager of the
502:
A call to the proletarian unity against fascism was addressed by PSI to Unitarian socialists, communists, republicans and anarchists on the
1582:
1502:
966:
222:
ceased to communicate with each other. Remaining parts of the socialist organization were integrated in the Italian federations located in
1394:, communications with the United Front to Siro Burgassi, while Dino Mariani became the effective secretary replacing Angelica Balabanoff.
2847:
1645:
From those assumptions, Maximalist PSI characterized itself for a strict ideological intransigence, remaining faithful to the concept of
1098:
785:
nominated the "fiduciary directionals" of the Federations, formed by convinced workers, and intensified the relations with socialists in
1709:
1673:
PSIm position had to be redefined in relation of the anarchical and trotskyist movement, on the base of experience in Russia and Spain;
699:
Those events were not appreciated by socialists who were convinced about the necessity to strengthen the LSI. Among them there was the
1724:. The experience ended with a failure and, on 10 May 1923, some parties of the Vienna International rejoined reformists of the former
1173:
Fascism managed «to spiritually pulverize masses, scare them, disorient them and to lead them towards indifference and wide passivity»
896:
and the party were in serious economical troubles. In a climate of attacks from PCd'I when it was carrying out the political line of “
873:
Meanwhile, the fusionist fraction of Nenni managed the confluence into the new party, during a congress known as the 21st Congress or
253:
was elected as the political secretary while Giorgio Salvi was the deputy political and administrative secretary. On 10 December 1926
1121:
Commemorative plate of the illegal typography of the Workers' Socialist Party of Germany, co-signer party of the Declaration of Four.
1094:
1397:
Meanwhile, a polemic was provoked towards Dino Mariani by Alessandro Consani, a maximalist leader who would be later revealed as an
1456:, jails were opened and detainees freed. These events gave hopes among exiled antifascists who thought about how to act in Italy.
1349:
the party and having a “wrong evaluation of the prospectives of the fascist regime”». NOI then became the Italian section of the
574:
245:
The new direction of PSI was formed by the maximalist majority emerged during the 19th Congress of PSI in Rome of 1922, when the
613:
and Paris, where a third formation was formed in favour of the entry of socialists into the Antifascist Proletarian Committees (
1238:
1090:
1033:
nor Labour Socialist International. During that conference, a permanent committee was formed and Angelica Balabanoff declared:
494:
without presenting any motions but converging its votes on the maximalist motion. This dialectic, derived from the traditional
214:
2810:
644:
550:
508:
326:
2453:
bisognoso - li sospingevano verso iniziative dinamitarde. In questo gioco furono maestri e il n. 51 (il socialmassimalista
1543:
Between 31 October and 2 November 1936, the London Bureau indicted an "International Conference Against War and Fascism" in
707:, it deliberated to push on socialist leaders in order to achieve the fusion of the two parties «generally not belonging to
2589:
1490:
663:
as new political secretary, along with an executive committee formed by Giorgio Salvi, Giovanni Bordini, Siro Burgassi and
538:
524:
1313:
and PSI-LSI to join the Congress of Italians abroad, while a group of PSIm militants solicited for a merger with PSI-LSI.
278:
2188:
1676:
The concept of dictatorship of proletariat should be replaced with that of the "revolutionary power of the proletariat";
1729:
1601:
151:
86:
2047:
2440:
1056:
704:
594:
1266:
1646:
2250:
I massimalisti alla ricerca di una linea politica: lotta antifascista, identitĂ ideologica e lotta fronte unico
1662:
coordination body», and where the following proposal were postulated resuming the political positions of PSIm:
1106:
218:
1682:
The proletarian characteristic of the Soviet Union had to be recognized, even denying the identification of "
1441:
1422:
1350:
1287:
828:
to the maximalists, who would publish the newspaper until 1 May 1940. In 1934, Nenni tried again to take the
639:
representation of PSI. In the meantime, the socialist Direction declared a convention for 15 January 1928 in
2263:
1596:
Balabanoff later abandoned the maximalist positions and adhered to the Socialist Party of Italian Workers (
912:
103:
1113:
and the Independent Labour Socialist Party (NSPP) of Poland refused to participate to a new international.
1517:. Meanwhile, another Italian formation, guided by the militant of the Italian Fraction of Communist Left
652:(fusionist) while others were voted in the different federations, including those of London and Zurich.
1694:
and PSI-LSI, the group of Balabanoff remained always firmly critical against these political subjects.
1414:
1089:. However, members of this faction had various lines of thought: the most extreme ones were deduced by
1581:(which remained to maximalists) beyond 1940, but it was dismantled after the end of WWII, joining the
794:(rejecting also their motion) and they decided to not participate to the Convention held in the local
1563:
and PSIm defended POUM which was ousted by the Catalan government due to a denounce of "Trotskyism".
1795:
1691:
1370:
with the participation of Trotskyist Mario Bavassano, and the formation of an Agreement Committee (
1310:
1153:
1071:
752:
police took advantage from this situation and infiltrated some agents in the PSI section of Paris.
566:
378:
366:
290:
282:
852:" ("maximalist") to it. Those circumstances suggest the Balabanoff area was the majoritarian one.
187:
in exile following the split that occurred during the first phases of the Socialist Convention of
1790:
1721:
1590:
1279:
1145:
1135:
491:
441:
382:
286:
231:
184:
112:
82:
78:
68:
2362:
2285:
1117:
804:
visited the two political assemblies announcing their adhesion to the Communist Party of Italy.
2563:
1299:
1291:
1275:
1139:
1052:
900:”, the third General Convention of the Italian (Maximalist) Socialist Party was hold abroad in
257:
became a weekly newspaper, reduced to a minimal format and with Ugo Coccia as editor-in-chief.
1577:
The Maximalist Italian Socialist Party continued its political activity and the publishing of
1485:
1445:
590:
223:
2704:
463:, Morigi and Valeri, was in favour of the unification but on leftist intransigent positions;
428:, Nobili and others) against the merger with PSU but divided on the proposal of joining the
2014:
1725:
1713:
1341:
1060:
981:
2739:
1081:
While other organizations - including PSIm - considered failed the reformist LSI and the
687:
675:
section, fusionist Filippo Amedeo, former syndicalist and deputy of Turin, and maximalist
8:
1785:
985:
660:
558:
515:). Maximalists accepted hoping that the Concentration would welcome also the communists.
495:
445:
48:
529:
1800:
1717:
1203:
483:
156:
131:
1547:, to which PSIm Direction took part, and that was preceded by a meeting between PSIm,
344:
and rebuilding the unity between all socialists. The direction, with the exception of
2806:
2043:
1654:
1465:
1418:
1398:
1302:
along with other smaller French left-wing groups, inaugurating the political line of
1157:
921:
907:
796:
692:
578:
146:
116:
1666:
The possibility of an ideological change for the better had to be denied to LSI and
1536:
answered thanking in the name of his party secretary, while the socialist newspaper
1497:, POUM), the Spanish homologue and political referent of PSIm. Among them there was
1432:
511:(PSULI) invited maximalist socialists to join the Antifascist Action Concentration (
2407:, p. 7, Angelica Balabanoff oder: Warum schreibt eine Neunzigjährige ein Buch?
1772:
1737:
1634:
1247:
1215:
1064:
1026:
941:
878:
712:
421:
306:
302:
172:
108:
1690:
Despite the acts of generosity and anti-fascist coherence done by PSIm toward the
1533:
610:
1683:
1251:
1102:
1022:
929:
917:
832:
in Paris, but the local court impeded him and his newspaper was later renamed to
398:
345:
310:
43:
2286:"The Declaration of Four On the Necessity and Principles of a New International"
756:
of all the proletarian movement but without breaking up with the Concentration.
1758:
1630:
1617:
1556:
1481:
937:
897:
649:
602:
542:
471:
456:
359:
337:
322:
262:
124:
1328:
Among PSI-LSI, resistances against the Unity of Action Pact with PCd'I arose:
1286:
In July 1935, at the same time of the "frontist" turn of Comintern during its
860:
2841:
2782:"La situazione economica e politica del regime fascista. Un inedito del 1938"
1712:(IRMC), also known as London Bureau. This took origin from the experience of
1703:
1679:
The definition of United Front should be replaced with "revolutionary front";
1623:
1303:
945:
786:
433:
294:
1345:
sharpen contradictions among those parties for an internal differentiation.
1780:
1572:
1526:
1506:
1318:
1211:
1165:
1018:
962:
949:
700:
668:
554:
354:
333:
192:
120:
883:
Partito Socialista Italiano-Sezione dell’Internazionale operaia socialista
838:
Partito Socialista Italiano-Sezione dell'Internazionale operaia socialista
281:. Leon Trotsky is the third from the left, while in front of him there is
1336:, NOI), stated that «the Popular Front would lead to the capitulation in
1322:
997:
708:
268:
227:
405:. However, the fusionist group founded the National Unionist Committee (
664:
466:
The third one, headed by the Committee for Socialist Unity within PSI (
250:
1649:
but with a different interpretation from whose imposed in the USSR of
1626:
held in July 1912. Considering maximalism as an interpretation of the
2015:"LA LIBERTA'- Giornale della concentrazione antifascista (1927-1934)"
1667:
1633:
and an archaic concept of parties of Second International related to
1510:
1464:
against Spain and sent troops and vehicles to golpists, unleashing a
1082:
1075:
1030:
989:
973:
640:
298:
246:
136:
2781:
1408:
2284:
Bauer, E.; Schwab, J.; Schmidt, P.J.; Sneevliet, K. (August 1933).
2040:
Storia dell'Italia moderna; Il fascismo e le sue guerre (1922-1939)
2000:
I Repubblicani in esilio nella lotta contro il fascismo (1926-1940)
1544:
1460:
Fascist Italy of Mussolini and Nazi Germany of Hitler violated the
1366:
1161:
1148:, with the rise of the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (
892:. The newspaper administrator Giuseppe Andrich resigned too, while
769:
239:
188:
908:
Between the ideological and political identity of the United Front
352:
and the PSI executive on 17 December 1925 and founded the journal
35:
1532:
On 29 July, PSIm Direction sent a solidarity letter to POUM, and
1461:
1271:
933:
759:
235:
478:
There was also a fourth position, called thirdinternationalist (
336:
proposed to make way for reformists within the party, recalling
2325:
Oggi si apre il V° Convegno delle Sezioni all'Estero del P.S.I.
1650:
1453:
1337:
1332:
and Nicola Di Bartolomeo, exponents of New Italian Opposition (
958:
807:
314:
2038:
Candeloro, Giorgio (1986). "L'antifascismo dal 1925 al 1929".
1766:
1427:
621:("Our Avanti") in Paris, a newspaper that antifascists called
541:, CAI) was formed in Paris and made a public appeal signed by
1639:
1521:, joined to the first international brigade formed in Spain,
1321:, to «defend Russia without any kind of compromises with any
1222:
365:
However, Pietro Nenni was not in favour of a fusion with the
96:
1589:, PSIUP). Some PSIm exponents preferred to join instead the
2283:
1984:
Her adhesion was approved by a referendum among militants.
1658:
1552:
1548:
1509:, the organizer of the Italian column armed and trained in
1402:
1149:
1086:
1029:
with all the proletarian organizations not affiliated with
992:
with a call for unity addressed to the two Internationals.
972:
A few days later, the 22nd Congress of PSI-LSI was held in
925:
901:
861:
Exit from Concentration and General Confederation of Labour
800:. Another split of PSI happened when a group of maximalist
749:
703:
of Paris: according to a confidential communication of the
672:
437:
2691:
Organizzazioni presenti alla Conferenza di Parigi del 1933
1642:, provoking the split up during the 17th Congress of PSI.
1360:
1309:
The PSIm group of Dino Mariani accepted the invitation by
764:
Fusionists then formed the Committee for Socialist Unity (
537:
On 27 March 1927, the Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration (
2756:"I socialisti massimalisti nell'emigrazione antifascista"
1627:
1471:
1386:
and other NOI leader in order to make them join to PSIm.
720:
691:
An important symbol of Italian anti-fascism: the flag of
420:), was the expression of the maximalist majority (Vella,
2590:"80 aniversario de su fundaciĂłn: el POUM en la historia"
2042:. Milano: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore. p. 223.
1306:
followed also by SAP in Germany during the same period.
518:
474:, Schiavi and Viotto, was strongly unitary with the PSU.
2803:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge
2673:"Il socialismo di sinistra in Europa tra le due guerre"
1152:) and the establishment of a government coalition with
1070:
An intermediate position, defended also by the British
1525:(Lenin International Column), created by POUM for the
816:
Pietro Nenni, deputy secretary and editor-in-chief of
269:
End of parties and first hypothesis of socialist unity
401:
as the parliamentary leader, replacing the fusionist
2771:
Balabanoff, Angelica (2013). Jörn Schütrumpf (ed.).
1748:
1480:» ("Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy") launched by
682:
2393:
UnitĂ del moVimento operaio o nuova internazionale?
203:
2264:"Trotsky's Struggle for the Fourth International"
1409:Armed representation during the Spanish Civil War
369:(PCd'I): in January 1923, he wrote an article on
2839:
1246:(IAG), a body of the London Bureau considered "
490:and Clerici, which was in favour of joining the
430:International Working Union of Socialist Parties
1587:Partito Socialista Italiano di UnitĂ Proletaria
1129:
1059:(PUP) which was collocated in the tradition of
916:The last common appearance of the old guard of
855:
1340:'s hands», considering «the constitution of a
760:Convention of Grenoble and the fusionist split
617:), organized by PCd'I. Socialist left founded
1868:Storia del Partito Comunista Italiano, vol. I
1854:L’esilio e la ripresa dell’attivita’ politica
1566:
1261:
1012:
2740:"Segretari e leader del socialismo italiano"
2467:
2465:
1697:
1657:to define the exiled party as a «Trotskyist-
1583:Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity
2564:"Guerra di Spagna, il discorso di Rosselli"
2100:
2098:
1428:Victories of lefts in Spain and coup d'etat
1192:
744:Switzerland which was publishing in Zurich
679:, already member of PSI Direction in 1921.
643:in order to clarify the PSI relations with
416:The first one, known as Socialist Defence (
2853:International Revolutionary Marxist Centre
2780:Togliatti, Palmiro (January–March 2011) .
2770:
2404:
1883:Storia del socialismo italiano (1892-1926)
1710:International Revolutionary Marxist Centre
1598:Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani
1223:Hypothesis of the new Labour International
633:
348:, refused the proposal of Nenni, who left
34:
2779:
2471:
2462:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2081:
2079:
2037:
1274:are the ones who pull the threads of the
1005:, with Dino Mariani as deputy secretary.
870:("Red Unions") formed by the communists.
451:The second one, called Socialist Action (
2775:. Berlin: Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin GmbH.
2773:Lenin oder: Der Zweck heiligt die Mittel
2644:(year I, n. 22). Turin. 22 January 1921.
2542:
2540:
2384:
2382:
2308:
2306:
2218:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2095:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1894:
1892:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1431:
1265:
1116:
1074:, which aimed to a future alliance with
967:National Socialist German Workers’ Party
911:
715:alluded during a speech of 5 June 1927.
686:
528:
272:
177:Partito Socialista Italiano Massimalista
27:Partito Socialista Italiano Massimalista
2805:(3rd ed.). London: HarperCollins.
2800:
2737:
2619:
2531:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2349:
2312:
2224:
2212:
2175:
2104:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1911:La liquidazione del partito socialista?
1898:
1828:
1606:Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano
1361:Agreement Committee with communist left
848:, modern historians add the adjective "
468:Comitato per l’unità socialista nel PSI
391:Comitato Nazionale di Difesa Socialista
375:La liquidazione del Partito Socialista?
321:The first party to be dissolved by the
2840:
2828:
2819:
2753:
2722:Il massimalismo alla guida del partito
2654:
2648:
2613:
2587:
2546:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2423:
2398:
2388:
2261:
2245:
2230:
2085:
1997:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1611:
1495:Partido Obrero de UnificaciĂłn Marxista
1472:Maximalist military engagement in POUM
1227:
965:. Meanwhile, the rise to power of the
208:
2537:
2379:
2343:
2303:
2206:
2164:
2146:Il 2Âş Convegno del P.S.I., all'estero
2056:
1978:
1889:
1813:
1708:Maximalist PSI was affiliated to the
1491:Workers' Party of Marxist Unification
1296:Section of the Workers' International
519:Agreement between anti-fascist forces
393:), which occupied the headquarter of
2624:Il periodo dell’esilio (1926 – 1943)
2588:Solano, Wilebaldo (3 October 2015).
2410:
820:of Zurich, renamed his newspaper to
628:
539:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
525:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
513:Concentrazione d’Azione Antifascista
2831:Storia della guerra civile spagnola
2738:Leonzio, Simone (25 October 2016).
2702:
2659:Il dibattito sull’unita’ socialista
2090:Il dibattito sull’unita’ socialista
2012:
2002:. Florence: Le Monnier. p. 26.
1834:
1653:. The political rigour of PSIm led
1144:Since the elections of 1933 in the
1091:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
587:Lega italiana dei diritti dell'uomo
279:2nd World Congress of the Comintern
52:Dino Mariani (effective since 1936)
13:
2848:Defunct socialist parties in Italy
2670:
2608:El POUM, la revoluciĂłn y la guerra
1602:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
1244:Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft
470:) and supported by Nenni, Romita,
169:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
87:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
24:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
14:
2864:
2457:, nome di copertura 'Tirteo 200')
1478:Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia!
1353:and subsequently joined PSI-LSI.
1025:, a World Conference was held in
683:Appeal to the revolutionary unity
1765:
1751:
1600:, PSLI), which later became the
705:Italian Ministry of the Interior
204:Signs of conflicts among the PSI
2824:. Geneva: Edizioni di Cremille.
2731:
2696:
2664:
2633:
2581:
2556:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2433:
2355:
2339:(in Italian). 30 December 1934.
2318:
2277:
2262:Wright, John G. (August 1946).
2255:
2181:
2139:
2114:
2107:, pp. 23–24, chapter III:
2031:
2006:
1991:
1885:. Torino: Einaudi. p. 312.
1870:. Torino: Einaudi. p. 223.
1647:dictatorship of the proletariat
1452:prisoners among the cities. In
766:Comitato per l'unitĂ socialista
615:Comitati Proletari Antifascisti
601:was created on 1 May 1927 with
583:Italian League for Human Rights
261:parties active on the field of
213:On 16 November 1926, after the
183:, was the residual part of the
2760:Sotto le bandiere del marxismo
2135:(in Italian). 3 February 1929.
1929:
1904:
1874:
1859:
1730:Labour Socialist International
1:
2428:La nuova opposizione italiana
1950:(in Italian). 3 January 1925.
1925:(in Italian). 3 January 1925.
1806:
1670:, ascertaining their failure;
1442:1936 Spanish general election
1423:1936 Spanish general election
1351:International Left Opposition
1282:for French elections of 1936.
1099:Revolutionary Socialist Party
285:, supporter of the merger of
2762:(in Italian). Archived from
2675:(in Italian). Archived from
2160:(in Italian). 23 March 1930.
2109:2 – Il convegno di Marsiglia
1865:
1290:(25 July - 20 August 1935),
1130:Message to comrades of Italy
1021:was conquering the power in
856:Looking for a political line
547:Giuseppe Emanuele Modigliani
533:Badge of a CAI member, 1931.
407:Comitato Nazionale Unionista
195:and the fusionist fraction.
191:, held on 16 March 1930, by
16:Political party in Italy
7:
2754:Sacchi, Marco (July 2010).
2622:, p. 25, chapter III:
1744:
1523:Columna Internacional Lenin
1374:) was approved, pushing on
1095:Independent Socialist Party
846:Partito Socialista Italiano
10:
2869:
2705:"Il Psi e il massimalismo"
1701:
1615:
1570:
1567:World War II and dismantle
1436:Flag of the Popular Front.
1415:Spanish Revolution of 1936
1412:
1334:Nuova Opposizione Italiana
1262:Policies of Popular Fronts
1133:
1013:Socialist left conferences
522:
385:and director in charge of
198:
2833:. Giulio Einaudi Editore.
2796:– via Academia.edu.
2363:"Declaration of the Four"
2193:socialismoitaliano1892.it
1880:
1720:and the establishment of
1698:International affiliation
1051:The one belonging to the
904:on 27 and 28 March 1932.
818:L'Avvenire dei lavoratori
812:and the name of the party
779:L’Avvenire dei Lavoratori
746:L'Avvenire dei lavoratori
142:
130:
102:
92:
74:
64:
56:
42:
33:
21:
2820:Michal, Bernard (1971).
2628:Il congresso di Grènoble
2121:Il Partito è intangibile
1796:Communist Party of Italy
1692:Communist Party of Italy
1311:Communist Party of Italy
1193:Convention of Saint-Ouen
1072:Independent Labour Party
567:Italian Republican Party
379:Giacinto Menotti Serrati
367:Communist Party of Italy
283:Giacinto Menotti Serrati
2441:"I tentacoli dell'OVRA"
2337:Senato della Repubblica
2158:Senato della Repubblica
2133:Senato della Repubblica
1948:Senato della Repubblica
1923:Senato della Repubblica
1866:Spriano, Paolo (1967).
1791:Italian Socialist Party
1722:Communist International
1591:Italian Communist Party
1505:as a link officer with
1280:Independent Republicans
1146:Second Spanish Republic
1136:Second Spanish Republic
1107:Swedish Communist Party
1057:Proletarian Unity Party
1017:On 19 June 1933, while
920:during the funerals of
634:Convention of Marseille
625:("The Little Avanti").
509:Unitary Socialist Party
492:Communist International
327:Unitary Socialist Party
185:Italian Socialist Party
132:Political position
113:Revolutionary socialism
83:Italian Communist Party
79:Italian Socialist Party
69:Italian Socialist Party
2801:Preston, Paul (2006).
2724:(see first paragraph).
2568:www.storiaxxisecolo.it
1998:Fedele, Santi (1989).
1881:Arfé, Gaetano (1965).
1437:
1365:A meeting was held in
1292:French Communist Party
1283:
1156:within the cabinet of
1140:Revolution of Asturias
1122:
1053:Labour Party of Norway
1045:
953:
741:
696:
534:
318:
249:faction was expelled.
176:
2829:Thomas, Hugh (1963).
2822:La guerra di Spagna I
1435:
1269:
1120:
1035:
915:
730:
690:
573:and Felice Quaglino (
565:and Mario Pistocchi (
532:
480:terzinternazionalista
276:
1936:All'unitĂ comunista!
1726:Second International
1714:Vienna International
1555:revolutionary left (
1401:and spy for Fascist
1342:Fourth International
1111:FederaciĂłn Comunista
1101:, as well as by the
1061:Vienna International
875:Congresso dell’UnitĂ
2703:CullorĂ , Emanuele.
2640:"I due Congressi".
2551:La guerra di spagna
1786:Angelica Balabanoff
1728:and co-founded the
1612:Ideological profile
1486:Giustizia e LibertĂ
1228:Conference of Paris
1042:Angelica Balabanoff
986:Third International
738:Angelica Balabanoff
661:Angelica Balabanoff
563:Fernando Schiavetti
559:Angelica Balabanoff
482:) and supported by
455:) and supported by
446:Angelica Balabanoff
313:can also be found.
215:Chamber of Deputies
209:Socialists in exile
49:Angelica Balabanoff
2693:, fitth paragraph.
2679:on 4 February 2016
2610:, tenth paragraph.
2455:Alessandro Consani
2189:"Tessera PSI 1931"
2019:Museo della Satira
1801:Socialism in Italy
1718:October Revolution
1438:
1284:
1204:Russian Revolution
1123:
954:
697:
667:, who would flank
535:
319:
2812:978-0-00-723207-9
2766:on 14 April 2017.
2747:Domani Socialista
2227:, pp. 26–27.
2013:Franchi, Franco.
1975:, pp. 20–21.
1963:, pp. 17–18.
1655:Palmiro Togliatti
1501:, who settled in
1419:Spanish Civil War
1399:agent provocateur
1372:Comitato d’Intesa
1158:Alejandro Lerroux
922:Felix Dzerzhinsky
797:Bourse du Travail
693:Arditi del Popolo
629:Towards the split
623:Il piccolo Avanti
579:Alceste De Ambris
453:Azione socialista
440:with the Russian
418:Difesa Socialista
403:Francesco Buffoni
277:Delegates of the
165:
164:
152:Political parties
147:Politics of Italy
2860:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2776:
2767:
2750:
2744:
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2447:
2437:
2431:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2367:www.marxists.org
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
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2093:
2083:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1775:
1773:Socialism portal
1770:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1738:world revolution
1635:Orthodox Marxism
1476:With the motto «
1449:(Frente Popular)
1380:Alfonso Leonetti
1216:Giuseppe Saragat
1065:social democracy
1043:
879:Giuseppe Saragat
772:among tensions:
739:
713:Benito Mussolini
619:Il nostro Avanti
307:Nikolai Bukharin
303:Grigory Zinoviev
109:Orthodox Marxism
75:Merged into
38:
19:
18:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2838:
2837:
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2742:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2682:
2680:
2671:Sacchi, Marco.
2669:
2665:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2422:
2411:
2405:Balabanoff 2013
2403:
2399:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2096:
2084:
2057:
2050:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1835:
1827:
1814:
1809:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1706:
1700:
1684:socialist state
1620:
1614:
1575:
1569:
1499:Giuseppe Bogoni
1474:
1444:was won by the
1430:
1425:
1411:
1384:Paolo Ravazzoli
1363:
1278:"; manifest of
1264:
1252:Left Opposition
1230:
1225:
1195:
1142:
1132:
1103:Left Opposition
1044:
1041:
1023:Weimar Republic
1015:
918:Bolshevik Party
910:
868:Sindacati Rossi
863:
858:
814:
762:
740:
737:
685:
636:
631:
527:
521:
399:Tito Oro Nobili
381:, supporter of
346:Giuseppe Romita
311:Mikhail Kalinin
293:. Furthermore,
271:
211:
206:
201:
161:
123:
119:
115:
111:
85:
81:
65:Split from
51:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2777:
2768:
2751:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2695:
2663:
2647:
2642:L'Ordine Nuovo
2632:
2612:
2580:
2555:
2536:
2534:, p. 102.
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2472:Togliatti 2011
2461:
2432:
2409:
2397:
2378:
2354:
2342:
2317:
2302:
2276:
2254:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2180:
2163:
2138:
2113:
2094:
2055:
2048:
2030:
2005:
1990:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1928:
1903:
1888:
1873:
1858:
1833:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1762:
1759:History portal
1746:
1743:
1699:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1631:Erfurt Program
1618:Erfurt Program
1613:
1610:
1568:
1565:
1557:Marceau Pivert
1529:in July 1936.
1515:Mario Angeloni
1482:Carlo Rosselli
1473:
1470:
1429:
1426:
1410:
1407:
1392:Santo Semeraro
1362:
1359:
1304:Popular fronts
1263:
1260:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1131:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1109:, the Spanish
1085:controlled by
1079:
1068:
1039:
1014:
1011:
909:
906:
898:social fascism
862:
859:
857:
854:
813:
806:
791:
790:
782:
761:
758:
735:
684:
681:
677:Franco Clerici
650:Filippo Amedeo
635:
632:
630:
627:
603:Claudio Treves
543:Claudio Treves
520:
517:
476:
475:
464:
449:
360:Carlo Rosselli
338:Claudio Treves
323:Fascist Regime
270:
267:
263:class conflict
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
149:
143:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
125:Anti-Stalinism
106:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2865:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2787:
2786:Studi Storici
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:(in Italian).
2748:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2522:, p. 98.
2521:
2516:
2510:, p. 77.
2509:
2504:
2498:, p. 96.
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2474:, p. 54.
2473:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2049:88-07-81378-5
2045:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1988:, p. 22.
1987:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:, p. 20.
1900:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1831:, p. 24.
1830:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1704:London Bureau
1695:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:Reggio Emilia
1619:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:Julián Gorkin
1530:
1528:
1527:Aragona front
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1446:Popular Front
1443:
1434:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:Pietro Tresso
1373:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Pietro Tresso
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:Popular Front
1297:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1276:Popular Front
1273:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1190:
1184:dictatorship»
1182:
1180:avant-garde”»
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1006:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
951:
947:
946:Joseph Stalin
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
805:
803:
799:
798:
788:
787:Latin America
783:
780:
775:
774:
773:
771:
767:
757:
753:
751:
747:
734:
729:
726:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
689:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
651:
646:
642:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
606:
605:as director.
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
531:
526:
516:
514:
510:
505:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:as secretary;
447:
443:
442:revolutionary
439:
435:
434:London Bureau
432:- the future
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Alfred Rosmer
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
266:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:16 March 1930
59:
55:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
2830:
2821:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2788:(in Italian)
2785:
2772:
2764:the original
2759:
2746:
2732:Bibliography
2721:
2714:12 September
2712:. Retrieved
2710:(in Italian)
2698:
2690:
2683:12 September
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2666:
2658:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2620:Leonzio 2016
2615:
2607:
2598:. Retrieved
2596:(in Spanish)
2593:
2583:
2572:. Retrieved
2570:(in Italian)
2567:
2558:
2550:
2532:Preston 2006
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2486:, p. 76
2479:
2454:
2451:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2427:
2400:
2392:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2352:, p. 27
2350:Leonzio 2016
2345:
2336:
2324:
2320:
2313:Preston 2006
2293:. Retrieved
2290:Marxists.org
2289:
2279:
2269:11 September
2267:. Retrieved
2257:
2249:
2248:, capitolo:
2225:Leonzio 2016
2220:
2215:, p. 26
2213:Leonzio 2016
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:
2183:
2178:, p. 25
2176:Leonzio 2016
2157:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2105:Leonzio 2016
2089:
2039:
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1986:Leonzio 2016
1980:
1973:Leonzio 2016
1968:
1961:Leonzio 2016
1956:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1899:Leonzio 2016
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1829:Leonzio 2016
1781:Pietro Nenni
1734:
1707:
1689:
1644:
1621:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1573:World War II
1560:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1519:Enrico Russo
1507:Aldo Garosci
1494:
1477:
1475:
1458:
1448:
1439:
1396:
1388:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1319:Soviet Union
1315:
1308:
1288:7th Congress
1285:
1256:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1212:Pietro Nenni
1208:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1166:Dino Mariani
1143:
1124:
1110:
1046:
1036:
1019:Adolf Hitler
1016:
1007:
1002:
994:
979:
971:
963:Leon Trotsky
955:
950:Leon Trotsky
944:, there are
924:on 30 April
893:
889:
887:
882:
874:
872:
867:
864:
850:massimalista
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:Nuovo Avanti
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
815:
809:
801:
795:
792:
778:
765:
763:
754:
745:
742:
731:
724:
717:
701:Grand Orient
698:
669:Pietro Nenni
658:
654:
637:
622:
618:
614:
607:
598:
586:
571:Bruno Buozzi
555:Pietro Nenni
536:
512:
503:
501:
479:
477:
467:
452:
417:
411:
406:
397:and elected
394:
390:
386:
374:
370:
364:
355:Quarto Stato
353:
349:
341:
334:Pietro Nenni
330:
320:
259:
254:
244:
212:
193:Pietro Nenni
180:
168:
166:
121:Anti-fascism
93:Headquarters
2657:, chapter:
2655:Sacchi 2010
2549:, chapter:
2547:Sacchi 2010
2520:Thomas 1963
2508:Michal 1971
2496:Thomas 1963
2484:Michal 1971
2426:, chapter:
2424:Sacchi 2010
2391:, chapter:
2389:Sacchi 2010
2246:Sacchi 2010
2088:, Chapter:
2086:Sacchi 2010
1852:, chapter:
1850:Sacchi 2010
1323:imperialism
1298:formed the
1055:and French
998:imperialism
808:Dispute on
496:libertarian
444:maximalist
301:(Germany),
228:Switzerland
2842:Categories
2792:9 December
2600:26 October
2594:Sinpermiso
2574:2019-08-02
2446:9 December
2372:2019-08-01
2295:10 October
2024:2019-08-05
1807:References
1702:See also:
1616:See also:
1571:See also:
1551:, SAP and
1503:Perpignano
1468:occurred.
1413:See also:
1134:See also:
928:. Between
665:Ugo Coccia
599:La LibertĂ
523:See also:
436:formed in
426:Momigliano
297:(France),
251:Ugo Coccia
117:Maximalism
2720:Chapter:
2689:Chapter:
2606:Chapter:
2330:"Avanti!"
2198:8 October
2151:"Avanti!"
2126:"Avanti!"
1941:"Avanti!"
1916:"Avanti!"
1668:Comintern
1608:, PSDI).
1511:Barcelona
1466:civil war
1083:Comintern
1076:Comintern
1031:Comintern
990:Cominform
974:Marseille
781:of Zurich
641:Marseille
577:) and by
422:Vernocchi
383:Comintern
373:entitled
299:Paul Levi
247:reformist
157:Elections
137:Left-wing
44:Secretary
1745:See also
1545:Brussels
1367:Brussels
1248:centrist
1162:Asturias
1154:radicals
1093:, Dutch
1040:—
1027:Brussels
942:Bukharin
770:Grenoble
736:—
595:populars
591:liberals
325:was the
240:Americas
217:and the
189:Grenoble
104:Ideology
1659:poumist
1579:Avanti!
1561:Avanti!
1538:Avanti!
1462:embargo
1272:Soviets
1199:Avanti!
1003:Avanti!
934:Kamenev
930:Kalinin
894:Avanti!
890:Avanti!
842:PSI-IOS
830:Avanti!
826:Avanti!
822:Avanti!
810:Avanti!
802:terzini
725:Avanti!
709:Masonry
561:(PSI),
504:Avanti!
488:Mancini
484:Lazzari
461:Mazzali
395:Avanti!
387:Avanti!
371:Avanti!
350:Avanti!
342:Avanti!
331:Avanti!
317:, 1920.
255:Avanti!
236:Belgium
232:Austria
199:History
173:Italian
57:Founded
2809:
2626:; 3 –
2046:
1651:Stalin
1454:Oviedo
1421:, and
1338:Stalin
982:Second
959:Stalin
938:Tomsky
611:Vienne
472:Amedeo
315:Moscow
224:France
219:Senate
2743:(PDF)
2708:(PDF)
2333:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1919:(PDF)
1640:Lenin
1250:" by
457:Bacci
358:with
291:PCd'I
289:with
179:) or
97:Paris
2807:ISBN
2794:2017
2716:2017
2685:2017
2602:2017
2448:2017
2297:2017
2271:2017
2200:2017
2044:ISBN
1553:SFIO
1549:POUM
1440:The
1403:OVRA
1294:and
1239:SAPD
1214:and
1150:CEDA
1138:and
1097:and
1087:USSR
984:and
948:and
940:and
926:1926
902:Lyon
840:(or
750:OVRA
673:Lyon
645:PSLI
575:CGdL
557:and
551:PSLI
545:and
438:1926
309:and
238:and
181:PSIm
167:The
2327:on
2148:in
2123:in
1938:in
1913:in
1628:SPD
1513:by
961:of
721:WWI
569:),
553:),
409:).
340:in
287:PSI
265:».
2844::
2784:.
2758:.
2745:.
2592:.
2566:.
2539:^
2464:^
2450:.
2412:^
2381:^
2365:.
2335:.
2305:^
2288:.
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