Megatsunami - Knowledge

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inundating up to 25 kilometres (16 mi) inland from the coast. This research was later found to be flawed. The documentary was produced before the experts' scientific paper was published and before responses were given by other geologists. There have been megatsunamis in the past, and future megatsunamis are possible but current geological consensus is that these are only local. A megatsunami in the Canary Islands would diminish to a normal tsunami by the time it reached the continents. Also, the current consensus for La Palma is that the region conjectured to collapse is too small and too geologically stable to do so in the next 10,000 years, although there is evidence for past megatsunamis local to the Canary Islands thousands of years ago. Similar remarks apply to the suggestion of a megatsunami in Hawaii.

256:(the ratio of slide speed to wave propagation) is significantly less than one. This suggests that the tsunami will move away from the wave generating slide preventing the buildup of the wave. Failures in shallow waters tend to produce larger tsunamis because the wave is more critical as the speed of propagation is less here. Furthermore, shallower waters are generally closer to the coast meaning that there is less radial damping by the time the tsunami reaches the shore. Conversely tsunamis triggered by earthquakes are more critical when the seabed displacement occurs in the deep ocean as the first wave (which is less affected by depth) has a shorter wavelength and is enlarged when travelling from deeper to shallower waters. 1337: 376:

folding of the sediments broke and uplifted 1,300 feet of ice along the entire front face of the Lituya Glacier at the north end of Gilbert Inlet. Also, the impact and the sediment displacement by the rockfall resulted in an air bubble and in water splashing action that reached the 1,720-foot (524 m) elevation on the other side of the head of Gilbert Inlet. The same rockfall impact, in combination with the strong ground movements, the net vertical crustal uplift of about 3.5 feet, and an overall tilting seaward of the entire crustal block on which Lituya Bay was situated, generated the giant solitary gravity wave which swept the main body of the bay.

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tsunami. Ordinary tsunamis have a small wave height offshore and generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell on the order of 30 cm (12 in) above the normal sea surface. In deep water it is possible that a tsunami could pass beneath a ship without the crew of the vessel noticing. As it approaches land, the wave height of an ordinary tsunami increases dramatically as the sea floor slopes upward and the base of the wave pushes the water column above it upwards. Ordinary tsunamis, even those associated with the most powerful strike-slip earthquakes, typically do not reach heights in excess of 30 m (100 ft).

22: 1090:. At Tafjord, the last and largest wave was 17 metres (56 ft) tall and struck at an estimated speed of 160 kilometres per hour (100 mph), flooding the town for 300 metres (328 yd) inland and killing 23 people. At Fjørå, waves reached 13 metres (43 ft), destroyed buildings, removed all soil, and killed 17 people. Damaging waves struck as far as 50 kilometres (31 mi) away, and waves were detected at a distance of 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the landslide. One survivor suffered serious injuries requiring hospitalization. 1163: 1622:

10,000 years. A closer study of deposits left in the ocean from previous landslides suggests that a landslide would likely occur as a series of smaller collapses rather than a single landslide. A megatsunami does seem possible locally in the distant future as there is geological evidence from past deposits suggesting that a megatsunami occurred with marine material deposited 41 to 188 metres (135 to 617 ft) above sea level between 32,000 and 1.75 million years ago. This seems to have been local to Gran Canaria.

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Gankakezawa have been estimated at 34 metres (112 ft) based on oral histories, while an estimate of 13 metres (43 ft) is derived from written records. At Sado Island, over 350 kilometres (217 mi; 189 nmi) away, a wave height of 2 to 5 metres (6 ft 7 in to 16 ft 5 in) has been estimated based on descriptions of the damage, while oral records suggest a height of 8 metres (26 ft). Wave heights have been estimated at 3 to 4 metres (9.8 to 13.1 ft) even as far away as the

5645: 6533: 6554: 1061:, clearing vegetation along a path 0.8 kilometres (0.5 mi) wide. When it entered the water, it generated a megatsunami which broke tree branches 34 metres (110 ft) above ground level 0.8 kilometres (0.5 mi) away. The wave killed vegetation to a height of 20 metres (65 ft) at a distance of 5 kilometres (3 mi) from the landslide, and it reached heights of 15 to 35 metres (50 to 115 ft) at different locations on the coast of 121: 851:. There is still no consensus in the debate as to what caused it but much evidence points to a landslide and debris avalanche along the flank of the volcano. An alternative hypothesis holds that an earthquake caused the tsunami. The event reduced the elevation of the peak of Hishiyama from 850 to 722 metres (2,789 to 2,369 ft). An estimated 2.4-cubic-kilometre (0.58 cu mi) section of the volcano collapsed onto the 301:. Trees just above the trim line showed severe scarring on their seaward side, while those from below the trim line did not. This indicated that a large force had impacted all of the elder trees above the trim line, and presumably had killed off all the trees below it. Based on this evidence, the scientists hypothesized that there had been an unusually large wave or waves in the deep inlet. Because this is a recently deglaciated 461:

Pacific; the discovery of mega-ripples in Louisiana via seismic imaging data, with average wavelengths of 600 metres (2,000 ft) and average wave heights of 16 metres (52 ft), looks like to confirm it. David Shonting and Cathy Ezrailson propose an "Edgerton effect" mechanism generating the megatsunami, similar to a milk drop falling on water that triggers a crown-shape water column, with a comparable height to the

5634: 1008:, was flung over a mile (1.6 km) inland on Sumatra by the wave, killing its entire crew. Two thirds of the island collapsed into the sea after the event. Groups of human skeletons were found floating on pumice numerous times, up to a year after the event. The eruption also generated what is often called the loudest sound in history, which was heard 4,800 kilometres (3,000 mi; 2,600 nmi) away on 6543: 1542:

volcano and found that a fissure about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) long had opened on the east side of the summit. As a result, the western half of the volcano – which is the volcanically active arm of a triple-armed rift – had slipped approximately 2 metres (7 ft) downwards and 1 metre (3 ft) westwards towards the

1469:, triggering a tsunami exceeding 200 m (660 ft) in run-up. Run-up of 60 m (200 ft) was observed along a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch of coast. There was no major damage or casualties. The tsunami was followed by a seiche that lasted for a week. The seiche produced a nine-day disturbance recorded by seismic instruments globally. 1386:

its mouth. Still probably 12 metres (40 feet) tall when it entered Icy Bay, the tsunami inundated parts of Icy Bay's shoreline with run-ups of 4 to 5 metres (13 to 16 feet) before dissipating into insignificance at distances of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the mouth of Taan Fiord, although the wave was detected 140 kilometres (87 miles) away.

184:) measured in many tens or hundreds of metres. The term "megatsunami" has been defined by media and has no precise definition, although it is commonly taken to refer to tsunamis over 100 metres (330 ft) high. A megatsunami is a separate class of event from an ordinary tsunami and is caused by different physical mechanisms. 4523: 259:

Determining a height range typical of megatsunamis is a complex and scientifically debated topic. This complexity is increased due to the fact that two different heights are often reported for tsunamis – the height of the wave itself in open water, and the height to which it surges when it encounters

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An eruption of Oshima-Ōshima occurred that lasted from 18 August 1741 to 1 May 1742. On 29 August 1741, a devastating tsunami occurred. It killed at least 1,467 people along a 120-kilometre (75 mi) section of the coast, excluding native residents whose deaths were not recorded. Wave heights for

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Although the earthquake which caused the megatsunami was considered very energetic, it was determined that it could not have been the sole contributor based on the measured height of the wave. Neither water drainage from a lake, nor a landslide, nor the force of the earthquake itself were sufficient

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landslide may also result in larger waves. The length of the slide influences both the wavelength and the maximum wave height. Travel time or run out distance of slide will also influence the resulting tsunami wavelength. In most cases the submarine landslides are noticeably subcritical, that is the

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of the model used to simulate tsunami generation, thus they have a large margin of uncertainty. Generally, landslide-induced tsunamis decay more quickly with distance than earthquake-induced tsunamis, as the former, often having a dipole structure at the source, tend to spread out radially and has a

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are in general agreement that the initial study was flawed. The current geology does not suggest that a collapse is imminent. Indeed, it seems to be geologically impossible right now – the region conjectured as prone to collapse is too small and too stable to collapse within the next

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Over the next 12 minutes, the wave travelled down the fjord at a speed of up to 97 kilometres per hour (60 mph), with run-up heights of over 100 metres (328 feet) in the upper fjord to between 30 and 100 metres (98 and 330 feet) or more in its middle section, and 20 metres (66 feet) or more at

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collapsed after two large earthquakes. This had been preceded by a series of earthquakes coming from the mountain, beginning near the end of 1791. Initial wave heights were 100 metres (330 ft), but when they hit the other side of Ariake Bay, they were only 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) in

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approximately 66 million years ago, would have caused a megatsunami over 100 metres (330 ft) tall. The height of the tsunami was limited due to relatively shallow sea in the area of the impact; had the asteroid struck in the deep sea the megatsunami would have been 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi)

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The large monolithic mass of rock struck the sediments at bottom of Gilbert Inlet at the head of the bay with great force. The impact created a large crater and displaced and folded recent and Tertiary deposits and sedimentary layers to an unknown depth. The displaced water and the displacement and

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height" can be several times larger than the wave's height just before reaching shore. While there is currently no minimum or average height classification for megatsunamis that is broadly accepted by the scientific community, the limited number of observed megatsunami events in recent history have

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supported the proposed mechanism and indicated that there was indeed sufficient volume of water and an adequately deep layer of sediments in the Lituya Bay inlet to account for the giant wave runup and the subsequent inundation. The modeling reproduced the documented physical observations of runup.

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of 1,720 feet (524 m) at the head of the Bay and the subsequent huge wave along the main body of Lituya Bay which occurred on July 9, 1958, were caused primarily by an enormous subaerial rockfall into Gilbert Inlet at the head of Lituya Bay, triggered by dynamic earthquake ground motions

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that surged up the opposite side of the head of the bay to a height of 520 metres (1,710 feet), and was still many tens of metres high further down the bay when it carried eyewitnesses Howard Ulrich and his son Howard Jr. over the trees in their fishing boat. They were washed back into the bay and

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In 1949, an eruption occurred at three of the volcano's vents – Duraznero, Hoyo Negro, and Llano del Banco. A local geologist, Juan Bonelli-Rubio, witnessed the eruption and recorded details on various phenomenon related to the eruption. Bonelli-Rubio visited the summit area of the

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A 2010 model that examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay, which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone, and also the energy and height of the waves, and the accounts given by eyewitnesses, concluded that there had been a "dual slide" involving a rockfall, which also

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Recent findings show that the nature of a tsunami is dependent upon volume, velocity, initial acceleration, length and thickness of the contributing landslide. Volume and initial acceleration are the key factors which determine whether a landslide will form a tsunami. A sudden deceleration of the

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height of 150 metres (490 ft) in Crillon Inlet at the head of the bay. The four eyewitnesses to the wave in Lituya Bay itself all survived and described it as between 30 and 76 metres (100 and 250 ft) high. The maximum inundation distance was 610 metres (2,000 ft) inland along the

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up to ~11. A more recent simulation of the global effects of the Chicxulub megatsunami showed an initial wave height of 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi), with later waves up to 100 metres (330 ft) in height in the Gulf of Mexico, and up to 14 metres (46 ft) in the North Atlantic and South

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This was the most likely scenario of the event – the "PC model" that was adopted for subsequent mathematical modeling studies with source dimensions and parameters provided as input. Subsequent mathematical modeling at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (Mader, 1999, Mader & Gittings, 2002)

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Day and Ward have admitted that their original analysis of the danger was based on several worst case assumptions. A 2008 study examined this scenario and concluded that while it could cause a megatsunami, it would be local to the Canary Islands and would diminish in height, becoming a smaller

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Submarine landslides can pose a significant hazard when they cause a tsunami. Although a variety of different types of landslides can cause tsunami, all the resulting tsunami have similar features such as large run-ups close to the tsunami, but quicker attenuation compared to tsunami caused by

1275:, causing a megatsunami which pushed the lake waters in a series of surges, which reached a maximum height of 260 metres (850 ft) above the pre-eruption water level (about 975 m (3,199 ft) ASL). Above the upper limit of the tsunami, trees lie where they were knocked down by the 227:

landslide tsunami where waves up to 15 m high impacted a 20 km section of the coast killing 2,200 people, yet at greater distances the tsunami was not a major hazard. This is due to the comparatively small source area of most landslide tsunami (relative to the area affected by large

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Normal tsunamis result from displacement of the sea floor due to movements in the Earth's crust (plate tectonics). Powerful earthquakes may cause the sea floor to displace vertically on the order of tens of metres, which in turn displaces the water column above and leads to the formation of a

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In a BBC television documentary broadcast in 2000, experts said that they thought that a landslide on a volcanic ocean island is the most likely future cause of a megatsunami. The size and power of a wave generated by such means could produce devastating effects, travelling across oceans and

465:, that means over 10–12 kilometres (6–7 mi) for the initial seawater forced outward by the explosion and blast waves; then, its collapse triggers megatsunamis changing their height according to the different water depth, raising up to 500 metres (1,600 ft). Furthermore, the initial 919:. The waves bounced back to Shimabara, which, when they hit, accounted for about half of the tsunami's victims. According to estimates, 10,000 people were killed by the tsunami, and a further 5,000 were killed by the landslide. As of 2011, it was the deadliest known volcanic event in Japan. 269:

reached 260 metres (853 ft), while the tallest megatsunami ever recorded (Lituya Bay in 1958) reached a run-up height of 520 metres (1,720 ft). It is also possible that much larger megatsunamis occurred in prehistory; researchers analyzing the geological structures left behind by

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Just before 8:00 p.m. on February 22, 1756, a landslide with a volume of 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 cubic metres (16,000,000 to 20,000,000 cu yd) travelled at high speed from a height of 400 metres (1,300 ft) on the side of the mountain Tjellafjellet into the

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analysis has revealed that a slab of rock 62 metres (203 ft) thick and at an elevation stretching from 150 to 900 metres (492 to 2,953 ft) is in motion. Geologists assess that an eventual catastrophic collapse of 18,000,000 to 54,000,000 cubic metres (24,000,000 to

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Before the 1950s, scientists had theorized that tsunamis orders of magnitude larger than those observed with earthquakes could have occurred as a result of ancient geological processes, but no concrete evidence of the existence of these "monster waves" had yet been gathered.

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which forms Lituya Bay, destroying two fishing boats anchored there and killing two people. This was the highest wave of any kind ever recorded. The subsequent study of this event led to the establishment of the term "megatsunami," to distinguish it from ordinary tsunamis.

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in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum elevation of 520 metres (1,710 ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the

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It is likely that several eruptions would be required before failure would occur on Cumbre Vieja. The western half of the volcano has an approximate volume of 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) and an estimated mass of 1.5 trillion metric tons

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triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier, as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide, a ratio comparable with other events where this "dual slide" effect is known to have happened.

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People are worried about the catastrophic crashing of the volcano into the ocean. There's no evidence that this will happen. It is slowly – really slowly – moving toward the ocean, but it's been happening for a very long

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ocean that covered most of the planet, creating a crater about 500 kilometres (310 mi) wide. The impact generated a megatsunami that probably extended to a depth of thousands of meters beneath the surface of the ocean and rose to the height of a

297:, mature tree growth did not extend to the shoreline as it did in many other bays in the region. Rather, there was a band of younger trees closer to the shore. Forestry workers, glaciologists, and geographers call the boundary between these bands a 1699:

there are submarine landslides, and submarine landslides do trigger tsunamis, but these are really small, localized tsunamis. They don't produce tsunamis that move across the ocean. In all likelihood, it wouldn't even impact the other Hawaiian

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earthquake in southeast Alaska caused 80,000,000 metric tons (90,000,000 short tons) of rock and ice to drop into the deep water at the head of Lituya Bay. The block fell almost vertically and hit the water with sufficient force to create a

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heights of 100 metres (328 ft), making the wave far too large to be caused by the quake itself. Instead, it was probably the result of an underwater landslide triggered by the earthquake. The quake and tsunami killed 2,347 people.

76:). They can have extremely large initial wave heights in the hundreds of metres, far beyond the height of any ordinary tsunami. These giant wave heights occur because the water is "splashed" upwards and outwards by the displacement. 1572:

10 short tons). If it were to catastrophically slide into the ocean, it could generate a wave with an initial height of about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) at the island, and a likely height of around 50 metres (200 ft) at the

1674:. There, hundreds of thousands of people could be killed as the tsunami could level Honolulu and travel 25 kilometres (16 mi) inland. Also, the West Coast of America and the entire Pacific Rim could potentially be affected. 1098:

On September 13, 1936, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of 1,000,000 cubic metres (1,300,000 cu yd) fell from a height of 800 metres (3,000 ft) into the southern end of the lake

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McMurtry, G. M.; Tappin, D. R.; Fryer, G. J.; Watts, P. (December 2002). "Megatsunami Deposits on the Island of Hawaii: Implications for the Origin of Similar Deposits in Hawaii and Confirmation of the 'Giant Wave Hypothesis'".

1174:, Alaska as the lighter areas at the shore where trees have been stripped away. The red arrow shows the location of the landslide, and the yellow arrow shows the location of the high point of the wave sweeping over the headland. 1324:, 20 kilometres (11 nmi; 12 mi) away, where it inundated the coast as far as 100 metres (328 ft) inland. Refracted energy from the tsunami created a wave that destroyed boats at the closest populated village, 1024:

On January 15, 1905, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of 350,000 cubic metres (460,000 cu yd) fell from a height of 500 metres (1,600 ft) into the southern end of the lake

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and the rest of the eastern coasts of the United States and Canada, as well as many other cities on the Atlantic coast in Europe, South America and Africa. The likelihood of this happening is a matter of vigorous debate.

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On November 21, 2000, a landslide composed of 90,000,000 cubic metres (120,000,000 cu yd) of rock with a mass of 260,000,000 tons fell from an elevation of 1,000 to 1,400 metres (3,300 to 4,600 ft) at

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earthquakes) which causes the generation of shorter wavelength waves. These waves are greatly affected by coastal amplification (which amplifies the local effect) and radial damping (which reduces the distal effect).

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impact when about 40 million cubic yards of rock several hundred metres above the bay was fractured by the earthquake, and fell "practically as a monolithic unit" down the almost-vertical slope and into the bay. The

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with heights of 40 to 50 metres (130 to 160 ft). The waves flooded the shore for 200 metres (660 ft) inland in some areas, destroying farms and other inhabited areas. Damaging waves struck as far away as

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suffered a catastrophic collapse about 1.5 million years ago, generating a megatsunami, and now lies as a debris field scattered northward across the ocean bottom, while what remains on the island are the highest

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DePalma, Robert A.; Smit, Jan; Burnham, David A.; Kuiper, Klaudia; Manning, Phillip L.; Oleinik, Anton; Larson, Peter; Maurrasse, Florentin J.; Vellekoop, Johan; Richards, Mark A.; Gurche, Loren (23 April 2019).

1045:– was thrown 300 metres (1,000 ft) inland by the last wave and wrecked. At the northern end of the 11.7-kilometre (7.3 mi) long lake, a wave measured at almost 6 metres (20 ft) destroyed a bridge. 639:

with an initial height of probably about 100 m (330 ft) and caused the lake's water to slosh back and forth for days. Much of the water in the megatsunamis washed over the lake's outlet at what is now

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The mechanism giving rise to megatsunamis was analysed for the Lituya Bay event in a study presented at the Tsunami Society in 1999; this model was considerably developed and modified by a second study in 2010.

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in the southeast Pacific Ocean 2.5 million years ago caused a megatsunami that was over 200 metres (660 ft) high in southern Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula; the wave swept across much of the Pacific

4350:"Evolution of events before and after the 17 June 2017 rock avalanche at Karrat Fjord, West Greenland – a multidisciplinary approach to detecting and locating unstable rock slopes in a remote Arctic area" 1077:

On April 7, 1934, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Langhamaren with a volume of 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) fell from a height of about 730 metres (2,395 ft) into the

935:. Studies of Lituya Bay between 1948 and 1953 first identified the event, which probably occurred because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay near Mudslide Creek. The wave had a maximum 1127:, a restaurant, a schoolhouse, and all boats on the lake. A 12.6-metre (41 ft) wave struck the southern end of the 11.7-kilometre (7.3 mi) long lake and caused damaging flooding in the 4560: 824:. The slide generated a megatsunami 30 metres (100 ft) in height that struck Stranda, flooding the area for 100 metres (330 ft) inland and destroying the church and all but two 1413:. The event was thought to be caused by melting ice that destabilised the rock. It registered as a magnitude 4.1 earthquake and created a 100-metre (328 ft) wave. The settlement of 4091:

Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Larsen, Lotte; Pedersen, Stig; Pedersen, Jerrik; Jepsen, Hans; Pedersen, Gunver; Nielsen, Tove; Pedersen, Asger; Von Platen-Hallermund, Frants; Weng, Willy (2004).

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in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the last and largest of which reached a height of between 62 and 63.5 metres (203 and 208 ft) on the opposite shore. Large waves struck

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that displaces a volume of water. Ordinary tsunamis exhibit shallow waves in the deep waters of the open ocean that increase dramatically in height upon approaching land to a maximum

4961:"Evaluation of the Threat of Mega Tsunami Generation from Postulated Massive Slope Failure of Island Stratovolcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on The Island of Hawaii, George" 1374:, but about 180,000,000 short tons (161,000,000 long tons; 163,000,000 metric tons) of rock with a volume of about 50,000,000 cubic metres (65,400,000 cu yd) fell into the 3157:

Bondevik, S.; Lovholt, F.; Harbitz, C.; Mangerud, J.; Dawsond, A.; Svendsen, J. I. (2005). "The Storegga Slide tsunami – comparing field observations with numerical simulations".

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On July 4, 1905, an overhanging glacier – since known as the Fallen Glacier – broke loose, slid out of its valley, and fell 300 metres (1,000 ft) down a steep slope into

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Svennevig, Kristian; Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Keiding, Marie; Boncori, John Peter Merryman; Larsen, Tine B.; Salehi, Sara; Solgaard, Anne Munck; Voss, Peter H. (8 December 2020).

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Ortiz, J.R., Bonelli Rubio, J.M., 1951. La erupción del Nambroque (junio-agosto de 1949). Madrid: Talleres del Instituto Geográfico y Catastral, 100 p., 1h. pleg.;23 cm

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section of the volcano without any movement. The section affected by the 1949 eruption is currently stationary and does not appear to have moved since the initial rupture.

1300:, reaching a speed of 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph). About 30,000,000 cubic metres (39,000,000 cu yd) of material with a mass of 87,000,000 tons entered 4208:

Mooney, Chris, "One of the biggest tsunamis ever recorded was set off three years ago by a melting glacier," washingtonpost.com, September 6, 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2020

841: 893:, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the slide. The waves killed 32 people and destroyed 168 buildings, 196 boats, large amounts of forest, and roads and boat landings. 635:

basin, a landslide with a volume of 12.5 cubic kilometres (3.0 cu mi) which formed McKinney Bay between 21,000 and 12,000 years ago, generated megatsunamis/

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Carracedo, J.C. (1996). "A simple model for the genesis of large gravitational landslide hazards in the Canary Islands". In McGuire, W; Jones; Neuberg, J.P. (eds.).

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McMurtry, Gary M.; Fryer, Gerard J.; Tappin, David R.; Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Fietzke, Jan; Garbe-Schoenberg, Dieter; Watts, Philip (1 September 2004).

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McMurtry, Gary M.; Fryer, Gerard J.; Tappin, David R.; Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Fietzke, Jan; Garbe-Schoenberg, Dieter; Watts, Philip (1 September 2004).

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with a volume of possibly 6,000,000 cubic metres (7,800,000 cu yd) fell from the mountain Skafjell from a height of 500 metres (1,640 ft) into the

5242:, Cornucopia Press, 2010. A thriller in which a megatsunami is intentionally created when a terrorist detonates a nuclear bomb on La Palma in the Canary Islands. 3064:

Ramalho, Ricardo S.; Winckler, Gisela; Madeira, José; Helffrich, George R.; Hipólito, Ana; Quartau, Rui; Adena, Katherine; Schaefer, Joerg M. (1 October 2015).

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article responded to such claims with "Will a monstrous landslide off the side of Kilauea trigger a monster tsunami bound for California? Short answer: No."

1223: 485:, 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) away, part of a vast inland sea at the time and directly triggered via seismic shaking by the impact within a few minutes. 4949: 4906:"Recent structural evolution of the Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma, Canary Islands: volcanic rift zone re-configuration as a precursor to flank instability" 3628:"Manifestation of Hokkaido Southwest (Okushiri) Tsunami, 12 July, 1993, at the Coast of Korea: Statistsl Characteristics Spectul Analysis, and Energy Decay" 1441:

at the head of Elliot Creek. The sudden displacement of water generated a 100 m (330 ft) high megatsunami that cascaded down Elliot Creek and the

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that displace large volumes of water, resulting in waves that may exceed the height of an ordinary tsunami by tens or even hundreds of metres. Underwater

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Although known earlier to the local population, a crack 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide and 500 metres (1,640 ft) in length in the side of the mountain

1662:. A tsunami event is also possible, with the tsunami potentially reaching up to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) in height According to the documentary 1897:"Rapid forecast of tsunami wave heights from a database of pre-computed simulations, and application during the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in French Polynesia" 1425:

were evacuated because of a danger of additional landslides and waves. The tsunami was noted at settlements as far as 100 kilometres (62 mi) away.

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prehistoric asteroid impacts have suggested that these events could have resulted in megatsunamis that exceeded 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in height.

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height of around 30 metres (100 ft) in the cases of the most powerful earthquakes. By contrast, megatsunamis occur when a large amount of material

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near the southern end of the lake, killing 61 people – half their combined population – and 261 farm animals and destroying 60 houses, all the local

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Pérez-Torrado, F. J.; Paris, R.; Cabrera, M. C; Schneider, J.-L.; Wassmer, P.; Carracedo, J. C.; Rodríguez-Santana, A.; & Santana, F. (2006).

2406: 1378:. The landslide generated a megatsunami with an initial height of about 100 metres (330 feet) that struck the opposite shore of the fjord, with a 6263: 5322: 559: 452:

tall. Among the mechanisms triggering megatsunamis were the direct impact, shockwaves, returning water in the crater with a new push outward and

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Instead, the megatsunami was caused by a combination of events in quick succession. The primary event occurred in the form of a large and sudden

4663: 4564: 2199: 2314:– George Pararas-Carayannis, Excerpts from Presentation at the Tsunami Symposium of Tsunami Society of May 25–27, 1999, in Honolulu, Hawaii, US 1128: 4244: 1406: 1103:

in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the largest of which reached a height of 74 metres (243 ft). The waves destroyed all farms at

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Gulick, Sean P. S.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Ormö, Jens; Hall, Brendon; Grice, Kliti; Schaefer, Bettina; Lyons, Shelby; Freeman, Katherine H.;

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Occurring in an uninhabited area, the event was unwitnessed, and several hours passed before the signature of the landslide was noticed on

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north of the island; the collapse was similar in size to the 2.3-cubic-kilometre (0.55 cu mi) collapse which occurred during the

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Bonelli-Rubio, J. M. (1950). Contribucion al estudio de la erupcion del Nambroque o San Juan. Madrid: Inst. Geografico y Catastral, 25 pp.

3921: 6591: 4128: 2970: 1230:, killing nearly 2,000 people. This is currently the only known example of a megatsunami that was indirectly caused by human activities. 3443:

Korsgaard, Niels J.; Svennevig, Kristian; Søndergaard, Anne S.; Luetzenburg, Gregor; Oksman, Mimmi; Larsen, Nicolaj K. (13 March 2023).

2362:"Physics of crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by asteroid impact, ∼3.26 Ga, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa" 2006:

Masson DG, Harbitz CB, Wynn RB, Pedersen G, Løvholt F (August 2006). "Submarine landslides: processes, triggers and hazard prediction".

1677:

Other research suggests that such a single large landslide is not likely. Instead, it would collapse as a series of smaller landslides.

4326: 4222:

Stolz, Kit, "Why Scientists Are Worried About a Landslide No One Saw or Heard," atlasobscura.com, March 17, 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2020

1153: 279: 26: 1104: 1030: 265:

all had run-up heights that exceeded 100 metres (300 ft). The megatsunami in Spirit Lake, Washington, USA that was caused by the

5098:

Carracedo, J.C. (1999). "Growth, Structure, Instability and Collapse of Canarian Volcanoes and Comparisons with Hawaiian Volcanoes".

2927: 1733:

was rediscovered in 1983 and attracted scientific attention. It since has widened at a rate of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) per year.

1289: 955:. Probably occurring because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay in the Mudslide Creek Valley, the wave had a maximum 440: 240:

shorter wavelength (the rate at which a wave loses energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, in other words the longer the

2935: 1781: 1582: 1421:

heights of 9 metres (30 ft). Eleven buildings were swept into the sea, four people died, and 170 residents of Nuugaatsiaq and

1348:

damage from the 17 October 2015 megatsunami in Taan Fiord. Based on visible damage to trees that remained standing, they estimated

1219: 1108: 1034: 873: 5277: 4701: 4298: 2845:"A critical examination of evidence used to re-interpret the Hornitos mega-breccia as a mass-flow deposit caused by cliff failure" 1227: 997:

had its human settlements wiped out, and they never repopulated. (This area rewilded and was later declared a national park.) The

968: 889:, 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the landslide – where they washed inland 20 metres (66 ft) above normal flood levels – and 80: 6604: 6179: 5060:

Carracedo, J.C. (1994). "The Canary Islands: an example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic-island volcanoes".

4420:"The 16 September 2023 Greenland Megatsunami: Analysis and Modeling of the Source and a Week-Long, Monochromatic Seismic Signal" 4193: 3145: 1069:

reported a series of large waves that caused the water level to rise and fall 5 to 6 metres (15 to 20 ft) for a half-hour.

6546: 5594: 5362: 4856: 3146:

Alden, Andrew, "The 'Tahoe Tsunami': New Study Envisions Early Geologic Event," kqed.org, July 31, 2014, Retrieved 23 June 2020

1538:, Spain. Day and Ward hypothesize that if such an eruption causes the western flank to fail, a megatsunami could be generated. 5224:

Vallely, G.A. (2005). "Volcanic edifice instability and tsunami generation: Montaña Teide, Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain)".

1581:

seaboard when it runs ashore eight or more hours later. Tens of millions of lives could be lost in the cities and/or towns of

593:

about 105,000 years ago. The tsunami also deposited such sediments at an elevation of 60 to 80 metres (197 to 262 ft) on

477:

and slumping around the region (the largest known event deposits on Earth) with subsequent megatsunamis of various sizes, and

5056:

BBC 2 TV; 2000. Transcript "Mega-tsunami; Wave of Destruction", Horizon. First screened 21.30 hrs, Thursday, 12 October 2000.

4194:

Underwood, Emily, "Study of Alaskan Landslide Could Improve Tsunami Modeling," eos.org, April 26, 2019 Retrieved 16 June 2020

3948: 3908: 2728:"The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposit in the Gulf of Mexico: Large-scale oceanic basin response to the Chicxulub impact" 2702: 2469: 2123: 2092: 1855: 790: 244:

of a wave, the slower it loses energy) while the latter disperses little as it propagates away perpendicularly to the source

207:

next to bodies of water resulting from earthquakes or volcanic eruptions can, since they cause a much larger amount of water

5195:

Siebert, L. (1984). "Large volcanic debris avalanches: characteristics of source areas, deposits and associated eruptions".

5127:

Moore, J.G. (1964). "Giant Submarine Landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge". US Geologic Survey: D95–8. Professional Paper 501-D.

4232: 3827: 7024: 5826: 4538:

Løvholt, F.; Pedersen, G.; & Gisler, G. (2008). "Oceanic propagation of a potential tsunami from the La Palma Island."

1405:

On June 17, 2017, 35,000,000 to 58,000,000 cubic metres (46,000,000 to 76,000,000 cu yd) of rock on the mountain

1029:

in Norway, generating three megatsunamis of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in height. The waves destroyed the villages of

5315: 4524:

Tsunami deposits related to flank collapse in oceanic volcanoes: The Agaete Valley evidence, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands

2960:

Culliney, John L. (2006) Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.

2869: 2657: 1561: 1279:; below the limit, the fallen trees and the surge deposits were removed by the megatsunami and deposited in Spirit Lake. 795:

On February 17, 1674, between 19:30 and 20:00 local time, an earthquake struck the Maluku Islands. Ambon Island received

5716: 4233:

Morford Stacy, "Detecting Landslides from a Few Seismic Wiggles," columbia.edu, December 18, 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2020

4070: 1717:

Despite this, evidence suggests that catastrophic collapses do occur on Hawaiian volcanoes and generate local tsunamis.

947:

A study of Lituya Bay in 1953 concluded that sometime around 1874, perhaps in May 1874, another megatsunami occurred in

6421: 5848: 5736: 4418:

Carrillo-Ponce, Angela; Heimann, Sebastian; Petersen, Gesa M.; Walter, Thomas R.; Cesca, Simone; Dahm, Torsten (2024).

3701: 1526:

Geologists Dr. Simon Day and Dr. Steven Neal Ward consider that a megatsunami could be generated during an eruption of

403:

between 37 and 58 kilometres (23 and 36 mi) wide traveling at 20 kilometres (12.4 mi) per second struck the

6268: 5539: 2844: 2333: 1243: 856: 266: 160: 3668: 2433: 5726: 5686: 1502:, Canada, to be unstable enough to collapse into the lake, generating a megatsunami that might destroy the town of 902: 3583: 993:. The tsunamis were powerful enough to kill over 30,000 people, and their effect was such that an area of land in 869: 539:

in the world. The megatsunami may have reached a height of 610 metres (2,000 ft) near its origin and reached

6584: 6456: 5442: 4539: 4248: 1341: 2223:"Chicxulub impact tsunami megaripples in the subsurface of Louisiana: Imaged in petroleum industry seismic data" 663:

caused a megatsunami approximately 8,200 years ago. It is estimated to have completely flooded the remainder of

6536: 6129: 5308: 5187:

Rihm, R; Krastel, S. & CD109 Shipboard Scientific Party; 1998. "Volcanoes and landslides in the Canaries".

4080:

Geology of Interactions of Volcanoes, Snow, and Water: Tsunami on Spirit Lake early during 18 May 1980 eruption

4037: 2485:

Goto, Kazuhisa; Tada, Ryuji; Tajika, Eiichi; Bralower, Timothy J.; Hasegawa, Takashi; Matsui, Takafumi (2004).

1144:

north shore of the bay. The cause of the megatsunami remains unclear, but may have been a submarine landslide.

208: 142: 4155:, "The 2015 landslide and tsunami in Taan Fiord, Alaska," nature.com, September 6, 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2020 1465:

On 16 September 2023 a large landslide originating 300–400 m (980–1,310 ft) above sea level entered

1336: 231:

The size of landslide-generated tsunamis depends both on the geological details of the landslide (such as its

2877: 2222: 1586: 5255: 3557: 3006: 2052:

McAdoo, B.G.; Watts, P. (2004). "Tsunami hazard from submarine landslides on the Oregon continental slope".

6953: 5584: 4485: 3159: 585:

at a modern-day elevation of 326 metres (1,070 ft) – 375 to 425 metres (1,230 to 1,394 ft) above

138: 100: 4983:; Douglass, P.M. (1983). "Nature and mechanics of the Mount St Helens rockslide-avalanche of 18 May 190". 3395: 7014: 6688: 5294: 4221: 3733: 1515: 1167: 959:

height of 24 metres (80 ft), flooding the coast of the bay up to 640 metres (2,100 ft) inland.

939:

height of 120 metres (394 ft), flooding the coast of the bay up to 230 metres (750 ft) inland.

624:, 55 kilometres (34 mi; 30 nmi) away, with a height of at least 170 metres (558 ft) and a 326: 216: 200: 84: 5644: 3694: 3445:"Giant mid-Holocene landslide-generated tsunamis recorded in lake sediments from Saqqaq, West Greenland" 2361: 2178: 1742:

is inevitable and could generate megatsunamis of 35 to 100 metres (115 to 328 ft) in height on the

817: 686:

with an initial wave height along the eastern coast of Sicily of 40 metres (131 ft). It struck the

343:

to create a megatsunami of the size observed, although all of these may have been contributing factors.

6577: 5781: 5261:

World's Biggest Tsunami: The largest recorded tsunami with a wave 1720 feet tall in Lituya Bay, Alaska

313: 6316: 5721: 5681: 1328:, on the southwestern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the landslide. 429: 91:

landslide (caused by human activity destabilizing sides of valley). Prehistoric examples include the

5145: 4933: 4778: 4182: 1626:

tsunami by the time it reached the continents as the waves interfered and spread across the oceans.

813: 321: 248:. Testing whether a given tsunami model is correct is complicated by the rarity of giant collapses. 219:(1958) then the water may be unable to disperse and one or more exceedingly large waves may result. 6446: 5821: 5811: 5751: 5387: 5357: 4867: 4397:"Landslide caused by melting B.C. glacier created massive tsunami, destroyed salmon habitat: study" 1896: 1681: 1371: 1272: 1239: 985:

on 27 August 1883. The waves reached heights of up to 24 metres (79 feet) along the south coast of

4833: 4737: 4169:

nps.gov National Park Service, "Taan Fjord Landslide and Tsunami," nps.gov, Retrieved 16 June 2020

2870:"A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile" 6483: 6466: 6303: 5796: 5661: 5599: 5589: 5482: 4506: 4396: 3854: 3220:

Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Mazzarini; Francesco, Massimiliano (1 July 2006).

2487:"Evidence for ocean water invasion into the Chicxulub crater at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary" 1521: 648:, carrying house-sized boulders as far downstream as the California-Nevada border at what is now 457: 131: 5271: 3479: 2180: 1214:

produced a 250 m (820 ft) surge that overtopped the dam and destroyed the villages of

6478: 6416: 5843: 5529: 4928: 4739: 4509:. Science Daily, based on materials from the Delft University of Technology. 21 September 2006. 4092: 3925: 3498: 1450: 1260:. This released the pressure on the magma trapped beneath the summit bulge which exploded as a 641: 48:(movement of the earth's plates) and therefore occur along plate boundaries and as a result of 37:

is a very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water.

3896: 2977: 2459: 1950: 1366:

on October 17, 2015, the side of a mountain collapsed, at the head of Taan Fiord, a finger of

6311: 6293: 5801: 5696: 5331: 5132: 4579: 2644:"Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Created A Mile-High Tsunami That Swept Through The World's Oceans" 683: 4905: 3602: 2502: 2238: 670:

Around 6370 BCE, a 25-cubic-kilometre (6 cu mi) landslide on the eastern slope of

7009: 7004: 6659: 6498: 6331: 6034: 5891: 5756: 5467: 5204: 5166: 5107: 5069: 5028: 4992: 4920: 4814: 4751: 4431: 4361: 3799: 3745: 3598: 3407: 3358: 3282: 3233: 3168: 3077: 2886: 2789: 2739: 2684: 2589: 2498: 2373: 2281: 2234: 2061: 2015: 1962: 1908: 1768: 1503: 621: 523: 21: 4183:

Rozell, Ned, "The giant wave of Icy Bay," alaska.edu, April 7, 2016 Retrieved 16 June 2020

3396:"Catastrophic event recorded among Holocene eolianites (Sidi Salem Formation, SE Tunisia)" 2939: 448: 8: 6569: 6493: 6378: 6373: 6099: 5771: 5731: 5447: 2179:

State of Hawaii Department of Defense Tsunami Technical Review Committee (1 March 2013).

1685: 1394: 767:

volcano erupted, the force of the eruption causing megatsunamis which affected the whole

482: 400: 5208: 5170: 5111: 5073: 5032: 4996: 4924: 4818: 4755: 4435: 4365: 4050:

Vaiont Dam photos and virtual field trip (University of Wisconsin), retrieved 2009-07-01

3967:

Hoel, Christer, "The Loen Accidents in 1905 and 1936," fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020

3828:"Hoel, Christer, 'The Tjelle Rock Avalanche in 1756,' fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020" 3803: 3749: 3546:

Hoel, Christer, "The Skafjell Rock Avalanche in 1731," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020

3444: 3411: 3362: 3286: 3237: 3195: 3172: 3081: 2890: 2793: 2743: 2593: 2377: 2285: 2065: 2019: 1966: 1912: 16:

Very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water

6436: 6149: 6139: 6104: 6004: 5989: 5886: 5013: 3528: 3376: 3300: 3251: 3108: 3065: 2820: 2777: 2757: 2708: 2620: 2577: 2524: 2511: 2486: 2221:

Kinsland, Gary L.; Egedahl, Kaare; Strong, Martell Albert; Ivy, Robert (13 June 2021).

1978: 1924: 1487: 1293: 1054: 698:

with a height of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in), prompting the village's abandonment.

617: 504: 5119: 4942: 2073: 1409:

fell from an elevation of roughly 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) into the waters of the

6968: 6678: 6612: 6518: 6508: 6451: 6431: 6114: 6079: 6014: 5994: 5984: 5866: 5554: 5412: 5216: 5081: 4349: 4303: 4150: 3944: 3904: 3761: 3757: 3642: 3532: 3380: 3304: 3255: 3113: 3095: 3039: 2825: 2807: 2761: 2712: 2698: 2625: 2607: 2573: 2546: 2516: 2465: 2031: 1982: 1796: 1635: 1301: 1276: 772: 679: 649: 508: 347: 306: 73: 4880: 3499:"The 1674 Ambon Tsunami: Extreme Run-up Caused by an Earthquake-Triggered Landslide" 3180: 2528: 2311: 7019: 6900: 6894: 6696: 6600: 6473: 6441: 6411: 6220: 6205: 6074: 6009: 5901: 5816: 5746: 5671: 5452: 5422: 5352: 5347: 5260: 5212: 5174: 5115: 5093:. Special Publication. Vol. 110. London: Geological Society. pp. 125–135. 5077: 5036: 5014:"Cumbre Vieja Volcano – Potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma, Canary Islands" 5000: 4938: 4759: 4439: 4369: 4245:"After recon trip, researchers say Greenland tsunami in June reached 300 feet high" 3807: 3753: 3606: 3545: 3518: 3510: 3452: 3415: 3366: 3290: 3241: 3176: 3103: 3085: 2902: 2894: 2815: 2797: 2747: 2690: 2615: 2597: 2543:"Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event" 2506: 2381: 2342: 2289: 2242: 2069: 2023: 1970: 1928: 1916: 1801: 1786: 1602: 1499: 1449:, covering a total distance of over 60 km (37 mi). The event generated a 1367: 1357: 1312:

height of 50 metres (164 ft) near the landslide and 28 metres (92 ft) at

1265: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1139:

On October 27, 1936, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska with a maximum

978: 848: 613: 462: 444: 224: 211:. If the landslide or impact occurs in a limited body of water, as happened at the 96: 4740:"Megatsunami deposits on Kohala volcano, Hawaii, from flank collapse of Mauna Loa" 3986: 3788:"The 1741 Oshima-Oshima Eruption: Extent and volume of submarine debris avalanche" 3007:"Likely occurrence of mega-tsunami in the Middle Pleistocene near Coquimbo, Chile" 2971:"Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study. Along North Shore to Halawa Valley, Molokai" 1162: 1131:, the lake's northern outlet. The waves killed 74 people and severely injured 11. 87:(a landslide which caused an initial wave of 524 metres (1,719 ft)), and the 6799: 6278: 6174: 6124: 6089: 6049: 5941: 5911: 5761: 5711: 5621: 5579: 5512: 5437: 5397: 5284: 4881:

Hole, Christer, "The Åkerneset Rock Avalanche," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020

4803: 4460: 4270: 3987:

Hoel, Christer, "The Tafjord Accident in 1934," fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020

3831: 3419: 3347:"Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities" 3066:"Hazard potential of volcanic flank collapses raised by new megatsunami evidence" 2898: 1869: 1739: 1705: 1442: 1305: 932: 757: 710: 606: 245: 45: 4960: 3627: 3269:

Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Massimiliano (28 November 2006).

1758:

with a height of 14 metres (46 ft), and many other communities in Norway's

6752: 6668: 6388: 6383: 6288: 6283: 6119: 6059: 6054: 5786: 5676: 5497: 5432: 5407: 5004: 3966: 3514: 3011: 3002: 2849: 2778:"A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota" 2246: 2137: 1659: 1543: 1535: 660: 581:, a megatsunami at least 400 metres (1,312 ft) in height deposited marine 567: 555: 515: 104: 92: 5633: 4374: 3457: 3345:

Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Massimiliano (30 August 2007).

2694: 2346: 2312:

The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska: Analysis of Mechanism

1974: 1825: 6998: 6963: 6761: 6558: 6406: 6326: 6215: 6134: 6109: 6044: 5974: 5881: 5776: 5653: 5574: 5534: 5507: 5417: 5367: 4980: 4168: 3765: 3646: 3099: 2811: 2611: 2569: 2520: 2434:"Scientists Reconstruct Ancient Impact That Dwarfs Dinosaur-Extinction Blast" 2407:"Scientists Reconstruct Ancient Impact That Dwarfs Dinosaur-Extinction Blast" 2325: 1692: 1618: 1594: 1578: 1495: 1491: 1466: 1112: 1066: 1062: 645: 359:

effects, which added to the volume of displacement, and further impacted the

253: 236: 232: 69: 4008: 2802: 2602: 363:

on the floor of the bay, creating a large crater. The study concluded that:

6958: 6880: 6875: 6708: 6673: 6621: 6513: 6461: 6401: 6352: 6230: 6225: 6200: 6184: 6159: 5876: 5766: 5706: 5492: 5402: 5377: 4954:. Boulder, Colorado: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, September 1996. 3117: 3090: 2868:

Le Roux, J.P.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Kemnitz, Helga; Henriquez, Álvaro (2008).

2829: 2629: 2035: 2027: 1667: 1527: 1438: 1410: 1321: 1065:. At a distance of 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the slide, observers at 1013: 982: 470: 453: 412: 408: 192: 5179: 5154: 1726: 1670:, a 30-metre (98 ft) tsunami would take only thirty minutes to reach 1264:, which then released the pressure on the magma chamber and resulted in a 6973: 6859: 6771: 6766: 6644: 6503: 6235: 6164: 6029: 5969: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5806: 5741: 5701: 5691: 5666: 5549: 5502: 5462: 5427: 5041: 3812: 3787: 3371: 3346: 3319: 3295: 3270: 3246: 3221: 2752: 2727: 2385: 2148: 1920: 1791: 1418: 1414: 1390: 1379: 1363: 1349: 1345: 1309: 1140: 956: 936: 912:

height, though one location received 57-metre (187 ft) waves due to

908: 890: 881: 796: 717: 706: 625: 571: 368: 309:), one possibility was that this wave was a landslide-generated tsunami. 261: 181: 57: 5300: 5237: 3442: 2906: 2099: 1759: 1550: 716:

Around 5350 B.C., a landslide in Greenland created a megatsunami with a

492:

the coasts of northern Chile were likely struck by various megatsunamis.

6654: 6321: 6169: 6144: 6039: 6019: 5946: 5931: 5916: 5906: 5871: 5791: 5611: 5606: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5457: 4444: 4419: 3611: 3523: 2188:(Technical report) (2 ed.). State of Hawaii Department of Defense. 1762:

district with a height of several metres, and to be noticeable even at

1446: 1207: 1197: 1179: 1171: 1157: 1124: 1111:– completely washing away 16 farms – as well as 100 houses, bridges, a 948: 928: 916: 768: 744: 671: 664: 632: 540: 466: 425: 294: 241: 212: 196: 145: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 88: 49: 6553: 2726:

Sanford, Jason C.; Snedden, John W.; Gulick, Sean P. S. (March 2016).

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in Alaska. Some of the resulting landslide came to rest on the toe of

740: 6983: 6978: 6926: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6634: 6629: 6393: 6255: 6240: 6154: 5999: 5838: 5833: 5616: 5544: 5472: 5392: 5382: 5339: 4763: 4129:

researchgate.net The 2015 Landslide and Tsunami in Taan Fiord, Alaska

1951:"Lituya Bay Landslide Impact Generated Mega-Tsunami 50th Anniversary" 1751: 1747: 1651: 1598: 1574: 1554: 1434: 1422: 1313: 1297: 1257: 1215: 1203: 1079: 1038: 1009: 998: 927:

Sometime between August 1853 and May 1854, a megatsunami occurred in

825: 809: 736: 702: 691: 687: 656: 586: 536: 489: 474: 356: 298: 286: 204: 177: 65: 5297:

A detailed of analysis demolishing the La Palma Tsunami speculation.

3584:"Volcanic origin of the 1741 Oshima-Oshima tsunami in the Japan Sea" 3394:

Frébourg, Gregory; Hasler, Claude-Alain; Davaud, Eric (March 2010).

880:. The slide generated three megatsunamis in the Langfjorden and the 829: 120: 79:

Examples of modern megatsunamis include the one associated with the

6933: 6921: 6826: 6726: 6488: 6210: 6069: 5961: 5951: 5896: 5372: 5288: 4417: 4275: 4093:"Landslide and Tsunami 21 November 2000 in Paatuut, West Greenland" 2294: 2273: 1949:

Fritz, Hermann M.; Mohammed, Fahad; Yoo, Jeseon (6 February 2009).

1671: 1531: 1116: 1100: 1026: 974: 582: 563: 500: 496: 436: 416: 360: 352: 61: 4721: 4719: 4589:. Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia. pp. 36 p 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4347: 720:

height on Alluttoq Island of 45 to 70 metres (148 to 230 ft).

6916: 6890: 6851: 6787: 6718: 6639: 6357: 6347: 5517: 5487: 4664:"Spanish Canary Island volcano erupts after weeks of earthquakes" 4492:. BBC Two television programme, first broadcast. 12 October 2000. 4090: 3666: 3625: 3483: 3472: 2160: 2080: 1895:

Reymond, D.; Okal, E.A.; Herbert, H.; Bourdet, M. (5 June 2012).

1755: 1734: 1647: 1643: 1120: 1083: 1005: 986: 852: 598: 551: 527: 420: 41: 4904:

Day, S.J.; Carracedo, J.C.; Guillou, H.; Gravestock, P. (1999).

4534: 4532: 1766:. The predicted disaster is depicted in the 2015 Norwegian film 886: 6064: 5477: 4897:

Contribucion al estudio de la erupcion del Nambroque o San Juan

4716: 4545: 4507:"New Research Puts 'Killer La Palma Tsunami' At Distant Future" 4327:"17 June 2017, Karrat Fjord, Greenland Landslide & Tsunami" 3063: 2658:"Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact" 1730: 1658:

may have triggered past megatsunamis, most recently at 120,000

1655: 1610: 1590: 1454: 1453:

5.0 earthquake and destroyed over 8.5 km (5.3 mi) of

1428: 1325: 1317: 1058: 994: 952: 913: 821: 695: 675: 636: 578: 544: 531: 478: 290: 53: 4779:"A Gigantic Tsunami in the Hawaiian Islands 120,000 Years Ago" 3669:"The 1741–1742 Activity of Oshima-Ōshima Volcano, North Japan" 3219: 3156: 3131:

Gardner, J.V. (July 2000). "The Lake Tahoe debris avalanche".

2867: 828:, as well as many boats. Damaging waves struck as far away as 6747: 6701: 6426: 6245: 6024: 5979: 4903: 4614: 4529: 4518: 4516: 3550: 1743: 1639: 1606: 1433:

On 28 November 2020, unseasonably heavy rainfall triggered a

1375: 1211: 1184: 981:

which generated megatsunamis when they hit the waters of the

969:

1883 eruption of Krakatoa § Tsunamis and distant effects

764: 590: 404: 302: 191:

By contrast, megatsunamis are caused by landslides and other

4776: 3734:"Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the Mt scale" 3320:"From the Etna to the Levantine shore – an ancient tsunami?" 2326:"Lituya Bay Landslide and Tsunami – A Tsunami Ball Approach" 2111: 1308:

as Vaigat Strait), generating a megatsunami. The wave had a

620:

about 73,000 years ago triggered a megatsunami which struck

428:

when it reached shorelines. The resultant event created the

273: 6884: 5858: 4580:"Landslides in the Vancouver-Fraser Valley-Whistler region" 4072: 990: 602: 594: 260:

land. Depending upon the locale, this second or so-called "

174: 6599: 4978: 4513: 4059: 4857:"Megatsunami Deposits vs. High-stand Deposits in Hawai'i" 4501: 4499: 3785: 3676:

Journal of the Faculty of Science, Geology and Mineralogy

2689:. Springer Praxis Books. Springer Link. pp. 69–106. 2182:

Field Guide for Measuring Tsunami Run-Ups and Inundations

2154: 2105: 2005: 1894: 1437:

of 18,000,000 m (24,000,000 cu yd) into a

1252:

On May 18, 1980, the upper 400 metres (1,300 ft) of

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United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 354-C

2220: 2202:. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2021 2091:

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1490:, above the north end of the giant fresh-water fjord of 5155:"Impacts, mega-tsunami, and other extraordinary claims" 3711:

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

1750:

with a height of 35 to 85 metres (115 to 279 ft),

989:

and up to 42 metres (138 feet) along the west coast of

223:

earthquakes. An example of this was the July 17, 1998,

5152: 4496: 2567: 2484: 1754:

with a height of 30 to 70 metres (98 to 230 ft),

1041:, and 70 to 80 boats, one of which – the tourist boat 4111: 3941:

Krakatoa: The Day The World Exploded, August 27, 1883

3344: 3268: 3232:(13). Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, L13302. 2086: 1843: 570:

as the result of a mega-tsunami that occurred in the

4461:"Mystery tremors were from massive nine-day tsunami" 4271:"Four missing after tsunami strikes Greenland coast" 3393: 3196:"Prehistoric North Sea 'Atlantis' hit by 5m tsunami" 2725: 1746:′s opposite shore. The waves are expected to strike 1233: 842:

1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami

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with steep slopes and crossed by a major fault (the

4674: 4561:"No, Hawaii's Volcano Won't Trigger a Mega-Tsunami" 3497:Pranantyo, Ignatius Ryan; Cummins, Phil R. (2020). 1048: 40:Megatsunamis have different features from ordinary 5091:Volcano Instability on the Earth and Other Planets 4958: 4725: 4680: 4577: 4291: 2360:Sleep, Norman H.; Lowe, Donald R. (3 March 2014). 2166: 1666:, if a big landslide occurred at Mauna Loa or the 1486:Some geologists consider an unstable rock face at 1178:On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of 6274:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System 5226:Journal of the Open University Geological Society 4203: 4201: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 3038:Johnson, Carl; Mader, Charles L. (January 1995). 2682: 1460: 1316:, the site of an abandoned settlement across the 1170:can be seen in this oblique aerial photograph of 6996: 4217: 4215: 4007:Mader, Charles L.; Gittings, Michael L. (2002). 3635:The International Journal of the Tsunami Society 3496: 3438: 3436: 2122:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDawsonStewart2007 ( 1948: 1664:National Geographic's Ultimate Disaster: Tsunami 1634:Sharp cliffs and associated ocean debris at the 1472: 1400: 1352:heights in this area of 5 metres (16.4 ft). 922: 907:On 21 May 1792, a flank of the Mayamaya dome of 784: 6264:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 5097: 5088: 5059: 4855:Fryer, G.J.; McMurtry, G.M. (12–15 June 2005). 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4226: 4164: 4162: 4009:"Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay Mega-Tsunami, II" 3922:"How Volcanoes Work – Krakatau, Indonesia 1883" 3786:Kenji Satake; Yukihiro Kato (1 February 2001). 2782:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2582:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1646:indicate that landslides from the flank of the 1331: 1147: 962: 612:The collapse of the ancestral Mount Amarelo on 4299:"Greenland tsunami leaves four people missing" 4198: 4173: 4133: 3222:"Large submarine landslides offshore Mt. Etna" 2861: 6585: 5316: 5223: 4894: 4854: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4558: 4212: 4006: 3433: 3326:. CISEM: The Mediterranean Science Commission 2976:. National Park Service. 2001. Archived from 2117: 355:also caused air to be "dragged along" due to 44:. Ordinary tsunamis are caused by underwater 4619: 4360:(4). European Geosciences Union: 1021–1038. 4159: 3667:Katsui, Yoshio; Yamamoto, Masatsugu (1981). 3626:Im Sang Oh; Alexander B. Rabinovich (1994). 3037: 2928:"Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic" 2732:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 1680:In 2018, shortly after the beginning of the 1429:2020: Elliot Creek, British Columbia, Canada 862: 803: 631:A major collapse of the western edge of the 29:, which proved the existence of megatsunamis 5194: 5126: 2719: 2307: 2305: 2051: 1874:Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology 1282: 1134: 942: 896: 481:of 10 to 100 metres (30 to 300 ft) in 407:3.26 billion years ago east of what is now 203:do not normally generate megatsunamis, but 173:A megatsunami is a tsunami with an initial 6592: 6578: 5323: 5309: 5189:National Environment Research Council News 4866:. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, 4601: 4329:. International Tsunami Information Center 3938: 3317: 1854:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcGuire2006 ( 1191: 1154:1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami 1072: 280:1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami 5330: 5274:BBC Two program broadcast 12 October 2000 5178: 5040: 4932: 4834:"The Megatsunami: Possible Modern Threat" 4691: 4443: 4373: 3811: 3610: 3522: 3456: 3370: 3294: 3245: 3107: 3089: 2819: 2801: 2751: 2619: 2601: 2510: 2431: 2359: 2317: 2293: 2267: 2265: 2263: 1738:71,000,000 cu yd) of rock into 1522:Cumbre Vieja § Potential megatsunami 1093: 1019: 808:At 10:00 p.m. on January 8, 1731, a 314: 274:Recognition of the concept of megatsunami 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 3846: 3779: 3682:(4). Japan: Hokkaido University: 527–536 3641:(2). Seoul National University: 93–116. 2936:Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute 2302: 2047: 2045: 1782:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 1335: 1161: 872:about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) west of 751: 713:of 41 to 66 metres (135 to 217 ft). 628:height of over 270 metres (886 ft). 333: 20: 5272:BBC — Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction 5011: 4899:. Madrid: Inst. Geografico y Catastral. 4632: 3962: 3960: 3619: 3130: 3001: 2842: 2323: 2001: 1999: 1849: 1560:Cumbre Vieja remained dormant until an 1417:, 32 kilometres (20 mi) away, saw 1382:height there of 193 metres (633 feet). 52:and the subsequent rise or fall in the 6997: 5595:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations 5256:Mega Tsunami: history, causes, effects 4832:Britt, Robert Roy (14 December 2004). 4053: 3581: 3193: 2457: 2411:AGU Advancing Earth and Space Sciences 2271: 2260: 1271:One lobe of the avalanche surged onto 729: 64:or anywhere near water (such as via a 6573: 5304: 4831: 4661: 4563:. National Geographic. Archived from 4000: 2042: 1549:In 1971, an eruption occurred at the 791:1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami 6542: 4459:Gill, Victoria (12 September 2024). 4458: 3957: 3852: 2683:Shonting, D.; Ezrailson, C. (2017). 2432:Achenbach, Joel (19 December 2023). 2366:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2324:Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (2010). 1996: 1562:eruption began on September 19, 2021 495:A megatsunami affected the coast of 235:) and also on assumptions about the 143:adding citations to reliable sources 114: 4952:Tsunamis Affecting Alaska 1737–1996 4578:Evans, S.G.; Savigny, K.W. (1994). 4486:"Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction" 3731: 3725: 3480:"Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction" 3040:"Modeling the 105 KA Lanai Tsunami" 2576:; Kaskes, Pim (24 September 2019). 2491:Meteoritics & Planetary Science 2274:"Giant Waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska" 2227:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2087:Løvholt, Pedersen & Gisler 2008 1481: 644:, California, and flooded down the 13: 6422:National Oceanographic Data Center 5849:World Ocean Circulation Experiment 5737:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project 5050: 3853:Hays, Jeffrey (17 November 1990). 3135:. Geological Society of Australia. 3057: 2512:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x 415:, near South Africa's border with 14: 7036: 6269:Global Sea Level Observing System 5249: 5239:The Wave – A John Decker Thriller 5153:Pinter, N.; Ishman, S.E. (2008). 3133:15th Annual Geological Conference 2938:. 22 October 2015. Archived from 2686:Chicxulub: The Impact and Tsunami 2646:. iflscience.com. 8 January 2019. 2545:. 20 October 2021. Archived from 2334:Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 1509: 1244:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 1234:1980: Spirit Lake, Washington, US 857:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 836:1741: Oshima-Ōshima, Sea of Japan 701:Around 5650 B.C., a landslide in 589:at the time the wave struck – on 550:The existence of large scattered 267:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 6552: 6541: 6532: 6531: 5727:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study 5643: 5632: 4874: 4848: 4825: 4797: 4770: 4731: 4694:"Tidal wave threat 'over-hyped'" 4685: 4662:Jones, Sam (19 September 2021). 4655: 4646: 4637: 2008:Philos Trans a Math Phys Eng Sci 1553:vent at the southern end of the 1530:on the volcanic ocean island of 1049:1905: Disenchantment Bay, Alaska 903:1792 Unzen landslide and tsunami 747:, may have caused a megatsunami. 119: 6457:Ocean thermal energy conversion 6180:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis 5267:Benfield Hazard Research Centre 4959:Pararas-Carayannis, G. (2002). 4888: 4571: 4540:Journal of Geophysical Research 4478: 4452: 4411: 4389: 4341: 4319: 4263: 4249:Georgia Institute of Technology 4237: 4084: 4064: 4026: 3991: 3980: 3971: 3932: 3914: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3820: 3660: 3575: 3558:"Significant Volcanic Eruption" 3539: 3490: 3387: 3338: 3311: 3262: 3213: 3187: 3181:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.003 3150: 3139: 3124: 3031: 2995: 2963: 2954: 2920: 2836: 2768: 2676: 2650: 2636: 2578:"The first day of the Cenozoic" 2561: 2535: 2478: 2451: 2425: 2399: 2353: 2214: 2192: 2172: 2130: 1870:"Tsunami Facts and Information" 1691:In the same article, geologist 1342:United States Geological Survey 682:triggered a megatsunami in the 130:needs additional citations for 3899:Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard 3451:. European Geosciences Union. 2461:Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard 1942: 1888: 1862: 1818: 1461:2023: Dickson Fjord, Greenland 832:. The waves killed 17 people. 393: 1: 5120:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00095-5 4943:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00101-8 4864:NSF Tsunami Deposits Workshop 4692:Ali Ayres (29 October 2004). 4559:Sarah Gibbons (17 May 2018). 3855:"Unzen volcano and eruptions" 2074:10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00307-4 1807: 1473:Potential future megatsunamis 1401:2017: Karrat Fjord, Greenland 923:1853–1854: Lituya Bay, Alaska 876:, Norway, between Tjelle and 785:1674: Ambon Island, Banda Sea 705:created a megatsunami with a 562:south of the Chilean city of 372:along the Fairweather Fault. 6954:Potentially hazardous object 5717:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 5687:Craik–Leibovich vortex force 5443:Luke's variational principle 5278:La Palma threat "over-hyped" 5217:10.1016/0377-0273(84)90002-7 5082:10.1016/0377-0273(94)90053-1 5021:Geophysical Research Letters 5012:Ward, S.N.; Day, S. (2001). 4895:Bonelli Rubio, J.M. (1950). 3792:Geophysical Research Letters 3758:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3 3420:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.12.006 3351:Geophysical Research Letters 3318:CISEM News (December 2006). 3275:Geophysical Research Letters 3226:Geophysical Research Letters 3160:Marine and Petroleum Geology 2899:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.002 2843:Le Roux, Jacobus P. (2015). 1901:Geophysical Research Letters 1812: 1506:(located at its south end). 1457:habitat along Elliot Creek. 1332:2015: Taan Fiord, Alaska, US 1148:1958: Lituya Bay, Alaska, US 963:1883: Krakatoa, Sunda Strait 7: 7025:Oceanographical terminology 4587:Geological Survey of Canada 4526:. Marine Geol. 227, 135–149 3503:Pure and Applied Geophysics 3194:Rincon, Paul (1 May 2014). 1955:Pure and Applied Geophysics 1775: 1516:Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard 1168:1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami 724: 388: 110: 85:1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami 27:1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami 10: 7041: 5782:Ocean dynamical thermostat 5630: 5197:J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res 5100:J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res 5062:J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res 5005:10.1680/geot.1983.33.3.243 4968:Science of Tsunami Hazards 4913:J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res 4807:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 4016:Science of Tsunami Hazards 3939:Winchester, Simon (2003). 3901:, Springer: New York, 2014 3713:(in Japanese). August 2014 3515:10.1007/s00024-019-02390-2 3012:Revista Geológica de Chile 2247:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117063 1519: 1513: 1355: 1237: 1195: 1151: 966: 900: 839: 788: 755: 277: 6946: 6909: 6868: 6850: 6819: 6812: 6780: 6746: 6739: 6717: 6687: 6653: 6620: 6611: 6527: 6366: 6340: 6317:Ocean acoustic tomography 6302: 6254: 6193: 6130:Mohorovičić discontinuity 6088: 5960: 5857: 5722:General circulation model 5652: 5358:Benjamin–Feir instability 5338: 4375:10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020 3703:日本海における大規模地震に関する調査検討会報告書 3458:10.5194/nhess-24-757-2024 2695:10.1007/978-3-319-39487-9 2464:. Springer. p. 178. 2347:10.1142/S1793431110000893 2138:"Tsunami Characteristics" 2118:Dawson & Stewart 2007 1975:10.1007/s00024-008-0435-4 1826:"Tsunami Characteristics" 1720: 1629: 973:The massive explosion of 863:1756: Langfjorden, Norway 804:1731: Storfjorden, Norway 779: 522:The northern half of the 430:Barberton Greenstone Belt 293:in 1953 observed that in 83:(volcanic eruption), the 81:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 62:suddenly falls into water 6447:Ocean surface topography 5822:Thermohaline circulation 5812:Subsurface ocean current 5752:Hydrothermal circulation 5585:Wave–current interaction 5363:Boussinesq approximation 5295:Mega-hyped Tsunami story 4868:University of Washington 3702: 3591:Earth, Planets and Space 1682:2018 lower Puna eruption 1283:2000: Paatuut, Greenland 1240:Spirit Lake (Washington) 1135:1936: Lituya Bay, Alaska 943:1874: Lituya Bay, Alaska 897:1792: Mount Unzen, Japan 566:has been interpreted by 554:in only one of the four 6484:Sea surface temperature 6467:Outline of oceanography 5662:Atmospheric circulation 5600:shallow water equations 5590:Waves and shallow water 5483:Significant wave height 4979:Voight, B.; Janda, R.; 4726:Pararas-Carayannis 2002 4681:Pararas-Carayannis 2002 3732:Abe, Katsuyuki (1989). 3603:2007EP&S...59..381S 2803:10.1073/pnas.1817407116 2603:10.1073/pnas.1909479116 2503:2004M&PS...39.1233G 2458:Bryant, Edward (2014). 2272:Miller, Don J. (1960). 2239:2021E&PSL.57017063K 2167:Pararas-Carayannis 2002 1704:Another volcanologist, 1192:1963: Vajont Dam, Italy 1073:1934: Tafjorden, Norway 743:island, to the east of 441:extinction of dinosaurs 312:On July 9, 1958, a 7.8 6479:Sea surface microlayer 5844:Wind generated current 5140:Cite journal requires 4785:. SOEST Press Releases 4354:Earth Surface Dynamics 3582:Satake, Kenji (2007). 3091:10.1126/sciadv.1500456 2142:Pacific Tsunami Museum 2028:10.1098/rsta.2006.1810 1830:Pacific Tsunami Museum 1715: 1702: 1353: 1256:collapsed, creating a 1202:On October 9, 1963, a 1175: 1094:1936: Lovatnet, Norway 1020:1905: Lovatnet, Norway 419:, in what was then an 382: 30: 6312:Deep scattering layer 6294:World Geodetic System 5802:Princeton Ocean Model 5682:Coriolis–Stokes force 5332:Physical oceanography 5180:10.1130/GSAT01801GW.1 1710: 1697: 1339: 1296:on the west coast of 1165: 752:c. 1600 BC: Santorini 684:Eastern Mediterranean 469:via impact triggered 365: 334:Analysis of mechanism 289:searching for oil in 95:(landslide), and the 24: 6332:Underwater acoustics 5892:Perigean spring tide 5757:Langmuir circulation 5468:Rossby-gravity waves 5236:Sandom, J.G., 2010, 5042:10.1029/2001GL013110 4652:As per Bonelli Rubio 3813:10.1029/2000GL012175 3372:10.1029/2007GL030717 3296:10.1029/2006GL027790 3247:10.1029/2006GL026064 2753:10.1002/2015JB012615 2386:10.1002/2014GC005229 1921:10.1029/2012GL051640 1504:Harrison Hot Springs 1364:Alaska Daylight Time 524:East Molokai Volcano 503:as evidenced by the 463:Chicxulub impactor's 443:, which created the 139:improve this article 6494:Science On a Sphere 6100:Convergent boundary 5772:Modular Ocean Model 5732:Geostrophic current 5448:Mild-slope equation 5209:1984JVGR...22..163S 5171:2008GSAT...18a..37P 5112:1999JVGR...94....1C 5074:1994JVGR...60..225C 5033:2001GeoRL..28.3397W 4997:1983Getq...33..243V 4925:1999JVGR...94..135D 4819:2002AGUFMOS51A0148M 4756:2004Geo....32..741M 4633:Ward & Day 2001 4436:2024SeisR...4..172C 4366:2020ESuD....8.1021S 4034:"Vaiont Dam, Italy" 3804:2001GeoRL..28..427S 3750:1989Tectp.166...27A 3412:2010SedG..224...38F 3400:Sedimentary Geology 3363:2007GeoRL..3416317P 3287:2006GeoRL..3322608P 3238:2006GeoRL..3313302P 3173:2005MarPG..22..195B 3082:2015SciA....1E0456R 2891:2008SedG..203..164L 2878:Sedimentary Geology 2794:2019PNAS..116.8190D 2744:2016JGRB..121.1240S 2594:2019PNAS..11619342G 2588:(39): 19342–19351. 2378:2014GGG....15.1054S 2286:1960usgs.rept....6M 2066:2004MGeol.203..235M 2020:2006RSPTA.364.2009M 1967:2009PApGe.166..153F 1913:2012GeoRL..3911603R 1686:National Geographic 1395:Columbia University 730:c. 2000 BC: Réunion 497:south–central Chile 401:astronomical object 7015:Geological hazards 6605:list by death toll 6150:Seafloor spreading 6140:Outer trench swell 6105:Divergent boundary 6005:Continental margin 5990:Carbonate platform 5887:Lunitidal interval 5283:2017-03-24 at the 4445:10.1785/0320240013 4424:The Seismic Record 4151:Higman, Bretwood, 4060:Voight et al. 1983 3997:Lander, pp. 61–64. 3928:on 13 August 2008. 3887:Lander, pp. 44–45. 3878:Lander, pp. 39–41. 3612:10.1186/BF03352698 3486:. 12 October 2000. 2664:. 20 December 2018 2574:Artemieva, Natalia 2549:on 20 October 2021 2438:washingtonpost.com 2155:Masson et al. 2006 2106:Masson et al. 2006 1488:Mount Breakenridge 1397:in New York City. 1362:At 8:19 p.m. 1354: 1344:scientists survey 1340:On 9 August 2016, 1294:Nuussuaq Peninsula 1176: 1107:and most farms at 1055:Disenchantment Bay 618:Cape Verde Islands 572:Middle Pleistocene 505:sedimentary record 201:volcanic eruptions 31: 6992: 6991: 6969:Geomagnetic storm 6942: 6941: 6808: 6807: 6735: 6734: 6679:Soil liquefaction 6601:Natural disasters 6567: 6566: 6559:Oceans portal 6519:World Ocean Atlas 6509:Underwater glider 6452:Ocean temperature 6115:Hydrothermal vent 6080:Submarine volcano 6015:Continental shelf 5995:Coastal geography 5985:Bathymetric chart 5867:Amphidromic point 5555:Wave nonlinearity 5413:Infragravity wave 5291:, 29 October 2004 5027:(17): 3397–3400. 4950:Lander, James F. 4304:Irish Independent 3950:978-0-670-91430-2 3909:978-3-319-06132-0 3859:Facts and Details 2788:(17): 8190–8199. 2704:978-3-319-39487-9 2570:Morgan, Joanna V. 2471:978-3-319-06133-7 2014:(1845): 2009–39. 1797:Tsunamis in lakes 1302:Sullorsuaq Strait 1277:pyroclastic surge 979:pyroclastic flows 931:in what was then 773:Mediterranean Sea 694:off the coast of 680:Mediterranean Sea 509:Ranquil Formation 449:Yucatán Peninsula 307:Fairweather Fault 225:Papua New Guinean 171: 170: 163: 74:volcanic eruption 46:tectonic activity 7032: 6901:Tropical cyclone 6895:Tornado outbreak 6817: 6816: 6744: 6743: 6697:Pyroclastic flow 6689:Volcano eruption 6618: 6617: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6571: 6570: 6557: 6556: 6545: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6474:Pelagic sediment 6412:Marine pollution 6206:Deep ocean water 6075:Submarine canyon 6010:Continental rise 5902:Rule of twelfths 5817:Sverdrup balance 5747:Humboldt Current 5672:Boundary current 5647: 5636: 5453:Radiation stress 5423:Iribarren number 5398:Equatorial waves 5353:Ballantine scale 5348:Airy wave theory 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5233: 5220: 5203:(3–4): 163–197. 5191:. Summer, 16–17. 5184: 5182: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5123: 5094: 5085: 5068:(3–4): 225–241. 5046: 5044: 5018: 5008: 4975: 4965: 4946: 4936: 4919:(1–4): 135–167. 4910: 4900: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4764:10.1130/G20642.1 4735: 4729: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4704:on 24 March 2017 4700:. Archived from 4689: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4630: 4617: 4612: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4584: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4556: 4543: 4542:: Oceans 113.C9. 4536: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4219: 4210: 4205: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4180: 4171: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4131: 4126: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4088: 4082: 4077: 4068: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036:. Archived from 4030: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3924:. Archived from 3918: 3912: 3897:Bryant, Edward, 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3834:on 4 August 2020 3830:. Archived from 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3708: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3554: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3509:(3): 1639–1657. 3494: 3488: 3487: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3298: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3249: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3167:(1–2): 195–208. 3154: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3093: 3070:Science Advances 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2983:on 16 April 2021 2982: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2823: 2805: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2738:(3): 1240–1261. 2723: 2717: 2716: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2623: 2605: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2514: 2497:(8): 1233–1247. 2482: 2476: 2475: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2372:(4): 1054–1070. 2357: 2351: 2350: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2269: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2060:(3–4): 235–245. 2049: 2040: 2039: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1961:(1–2): 153–175. 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1822: 1802:Volcanic tsunami 1787:List of tsunamis 1603:Washington, D.C. 1577:and the Eastern 1571: 1500:British Columbia 1498:of southwestern 1482:British Columbia 1358:Icy Bay (Alaska) 1266:plinian eruption 1254:Mount St. Helens 1248:Mount St. Helens 1166:Damage from the 849:Korean Peninsula 771:and the eastern 607:island of Hawaii 473:producing giant 445:Chicxulub crater 319: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 123: 115: 107:meteor impacts. 7040: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7029: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6938: 6905: 6869:Cyclonic storms 6864: 6846: 6804: 6800:Limnic eruption 6776: 6750: 6731: 6719:Natural erosion 6713: 6683: 6657: 6649: 6607: 6598: 6568: 6563: 6551: 6523: 6362: 6336: 6298: 6279:Sea-level curve 6250: 6189: 6175:Transform fault 6125:Mid-ocean ridge 6091: 6084: 6050:Oceanic plateau 5956: 5942:Tidal resonance 5912:Theory of tides 5853: 5762:Longshore drift 5712:Ekman transport 5648: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5628: 5580:Wave turbulence 5513:Trochoidal wave 5438:Longshore drift 5334: 5329: 5285:Wayback Machine 5252: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5053: 5051:Further reading 5016: 4991:(10): 243–273. 4963: 4934:10.1.1.544.8128 4908: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4775: 4771: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4620: 4615:Day et al. 1999 4613: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4567:on 17 May 2018. 4557: 4546: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4457: 4453: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4149: 4134: 4127: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4054: 4043: 4041: 4040:on 29 July 2009 4032: 4031: 4027: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3441: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3392: 3388: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3267: 3263: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3192: 3188: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3129: 3125: 3076:(9): e1500456. 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3003:Paskoff, Roland 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2841: 2837: 2773: 2769: 2724: 2720: 2705: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2358: 2354: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2270: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2157:, p. 2025. 2153: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108:, p. 2024. 2104: 2100: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2050: 2043: 2004: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1778: 1740:Sunnylvsfjorden 1723: 1706:Janine Krippner 1632: 1617:Geologists and 1569: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1484: 1475: 1463: 1445:to the head of 1443:Southgate River 1431: 1403: 1372:Tyndall Glacier 1360: 1334: 1285: 1250: 1238:Main articles: 1236: 1200: 1194: 1160: 1152:Main articles: 1150: 1137: 1096: 1075: 1051: 1022: 971: 965: 945: 933:Russian America 925: 905: 899: 865: 844: 838: 806: 793: 787: 782: 760: 758:Minoan eruption 754: 732: 727: 711:Alluttoq Island 556:marine terraces 396: 391: 367:The giant wave 336: 330:both survived. 318: 282: 276: 167: 156: 150: 147: 136: 124: 113: 25:Diagram of the 17: 12: 11: 5: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6814: 6813:Meteorological 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6693: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6669:Seismic hazard 6665: 6663: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6549: 6539: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6499:Stratification 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6391: 6389:Color of water 6386: 6384:Benthic lander 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6289:Sea level rise 6286: 6284:Sea level drop 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120:Marine geology 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6060:Passive margin 6057: 6055:Oceanic trench 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5787:Ocean dynamics 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5677:Coriolis force 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5498:Stokes problem 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5433:Kinematic wave 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5275: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5250:External links 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5234: 5221: 5192: 5185: 5150: 5142:|journal= 5124: 5095: 5086: 5057: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5009: 4976: 4956: 4947: 4901: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4873: 4847: 4824: 4813:: OS51A–0148. 4796: 4769: 4730: 4715: 4684: 4673: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4618: 4600: 4570: 4544: 4528: 4512: 4495: 4477: 4451: 4430:(3): 172–183. 4410: 4388: 4340: 4318: 4307:. 18 June 2017 4290: 4279:. 18 June 2017 4262: 4251:. 25 July 2017 4236: 4225: 4211: 4197: 4186: 4172: 4158: 4132: 4110: 4083: 4063: 4052: 4025: 3999: 3990: 3979: 3977:Lander, p. 57. 3970: 3956: 3949: 3931: 3913: 3911:, pp. 162–163. 3889: 3880: 3871: 3845: 3819: 3798:(3): 427–430. 3778: 3744:(1–3): 27–34. 3738:Tectonophysics 3724: 3693: 3659: 3618: 3597:(5): 381–390. 3574: 3549: 3538: 3489: 3471: 3449:copernicus.org 3432: 3406:(1–4): 38–48. 3386: 3337: 3310: 3271:"Lost tsunami" 3261: 3212: 3186: 3149: 3138: 3123: 3056: 3030: 2994: 2962: 2953: 2942:on 27 May 2009 2919: 2885:(1): 164–180. 2860: 2850:Andean Geology 2835: 2767: 2718: 2703: 2675: 2649: 2635: 2560: 2534: 2477: 2470: 2450: 2424: 2413:. 9 April 2014 2398: 2352: 2341:(4): 285–319. 2316: 2301: 2295:10.3133/pp354C 2259: 2213: 2191: 2171: 2169:, p. 255. 2159: 2147: 2129: 2120:, p. 169. 2110: 2098: 2079: 2054:Marine Geology 2041: 1995: 1941: 1887: 1861: 1852:, p. 123. 1842: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1722: 1719: 1636:Kohala Volcano 1631: 1628: 1619:volcanologists 1579:North American 1544:Atlantic Ocean 1536:Canary Islands 1514:Main article: 1511: 1510:Canary Islands 1508: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1430: 1427: 1402: 1399: 1356:Main article: 1333: 1330: 1284: 1281: 1235: 1232: 1196:Main article: 1193: 1190: 1149: 1146: 1136: 1133: 1095: 1092: 1074: 1071: 1050: 1047: 1021: 1018: 967:Main article: 964: 961: 944: 941: 924: 921: 901:Main article: 898: 895: 864: 861: 840:Main article: 837: 834: 805: 802: 789:Main article: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 756:Main article: 753: 750: 749: 748: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 721: 714: 699: 668: 661:Storegga Slide 653: 629: 610: 575: 568:Roland Paskoff 548: 520: 516:Eltanin impact 512: 493: 486: 439:linked to the 433: 395: 392: 390: 387: 335: 332: 316: 278:Main article: 275: 272: 215:(1963) and in 169: 168: 127: 125: 118: 112: 109: 101:Chesapeake Bay 93:Storegga Slide 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7037: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6964:Meteor shower 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:Coastal flood 6760: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6538: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6407:Marine energy 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Acidification 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327:SOFAR channel 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135:Oceanic crust 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6110:Fracture zone 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045:Oceanic basin 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5975:Abyssal plain 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882:Internal tide 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Ocean current 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5635: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5575:Wave shoaling 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5535:Ursell number 5533: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418:Internal wave 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5368:Breaking wave 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5134: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5106:(1–4): 1–19. 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4974:(5): 251–277. 4973: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4836:. 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AGU. 3281:(22). AGU. 3205:22 February 2443:19 December 2417:19 December 2391:19 December 1792:Teletsunami 1415:Nuugaatsiaq 1407:Ummiammakku 1273:Spirit Lake 1222:, Rivalta, 1125:grain mills 909:Mount Unzen 891:Gjermundnes 882:Eresfjorden 870:Langfjorden 814:Storfjorden 690:village of 488:During the 394:Prehistoric 322:strike-slip 197:earthquakes 50:earthquakes 35:megatsunami 6999:Categories 6655:Earthquake 6613:Geological 6442:Reanalysis 6341:Satellites 6322:Sofar bomb 6170:Subduction 6145:Ridge push 6040:Ocean bank 6020:Contourite 5947:Tide gauge 5932:Tidal race 5917:Tidal bore 5907:Slack tide 5872:Earth tide 5792:Ocean gyre 5612:Wind setup 5607:Wind fetch 5570:Wave setup 5565:Wave radar 5560:Wave power 5458:Rogue wave 5388:Dispersion 4750:(9): 741. 4490:Transcript 4381:14 October 4103:14 October 3943:. Viking. 3864:13 October 3464:12 October 3425:28 October 3330:28 October 3049:18 October 3019:(1): 87–91 2233:: 117063. 2200:"Tsunamis" 1808:References 1735:Geological 1583:St. John's 1555:sub-aerial 1520:See also: 1447:Bute Inlet 1304:(known in 1208:Vajont Dam 1198:Vajont Dam 1180:Lituya Bay 1172:Lituya Bay 1158:Lituya Bay 1123:, several 1039:boathouses 949:Lituya Bay 929:Lituya Bay 917:topography 826:boathouses 769:Aegean Sea 745:Madagascar 709:height on 672:Mount Etna 665:Doggerland 642:Tahoe City 633:Lake Tahoe 605:, and the 541:California 537:sea cliffs 475:landslides 467:shock wave 426:skyscraper 295:Lituya Bay 287:Geologists 242:wavelength 217:Lituya Bay 213:Vajont Dam 205:landslides 89:Vajont Dam 6984:Hypernova 6979:Supernova 6927:Firestorm 6842:Heat wave 6837:Ice storm 6832:Cold wave 6635:Avalanche 6630:Landslide 6304:Acoustics 6256:Sea level 6155:Slab pull 6092:tectonics 6000:Cold seep 5962:Landforms 5839:Whirlpool 5834:Upwelling 5617:Wind wave 5545:Wave base 5473:Sea state 5393:Edge wave 5383:Cross sea 5159:GSA Today 4929:CiteSeerX 4097:repec.org 3766:0040-1951 3647:0736-5306 3562:NGDC NCEI 3533:212731869 3381:129407252 3324:ciesm.org 3305:226235815 3256:129699316 3100:2375-2548 2946:16 August 2932:mbari.org 2812:0027-8424 2762:130978191 2713:133461474 2612:0027-8424 2553:3 January 2521:1945-5100 2280:: 51–86. 1988:9 October 1983:129029990 1934:9 October 1813:Footnotes 1752:Geiranger 1748:Hellesylt 1727:Åkerneset 1708:, added: 1652:Mauna Loa 1599:Baltimore 1575:Caribbean 1534:, in the 1451:magnitude 1435:landslide 1423:Illorsuit 1314:Qullissat 1298:Greenland 1258:landslide 1224:Villanova 1216:Longarone 1204:landslide 1080:Tafjorden 1010:Rodrigues 999:steamship 816:opposite 810:landslide 737:landslide 703:Greenland 692:Atlit Yam 688:Neolithic 678:into the 657:North Sea 587:sea level 583:sediments 490:Messinian 458:magnitude 357:viscosity 348:impulsive 299:trim line 178:amplitude 151:July 2021 97:Chicxulub 66:landslide 54:sea floor 6934:ARkStorm 6922:Wildfire 6827:Blizzard 6727:Sinkhole 6537:Category 6489:Seawater 6216:Littoral 6211:Deep sea 6070:Seamount 5952:Tideline 5897:Rip tide 5827:shutdown 5797:Overflow 5530:Undertow 5373:Clapotis 5289:BBC News 5281:Archived 4698:BBC News 4465:BBC News 4276:BBC News 3771:30 March 3717:30 March 3686:30 March 3652:30 March 3567:30 March 3200:BBC News 3118:26601287 3005:(1991). 2912:11 April 2830:30936306 2630:31501350 2529:55674339 2036:16844646 1776:See also 1769:The Wave 1760:Sunnmøre 1700:islands. 1695:stated: 1672:Honolulu 1595:New York 1551:Teneguía 1532:La Palma 1117:workshop 1101:Lovatnet 1027:Lovatnet 977:created 975:Krakatoa 914:seafloor 878:Gramsgrø 853:seafloor 725:Historic 622:Santiago 564:Coquimbo 552:boulders 501:Pliocene 437:asteroid 417:Eswatini 389:Examples 361:sediment 353:rockfall 111:Overview 42:tsunamis 7020:Tsunami 6917:Derecho 6891:Tornado 6852:Drought 6788:Tsunami 6640:Mudflow 6547:Commons 6417:Mooring 6367:Related 6358:Jason-3 6348:Jason-1 6231:Pelagic 6226:Oceanic 6201:Benthic 5518:Tsunami 5488:Soliton 5205:Bibcode 5167:Bibcode 5108:Bibcode 5070:Bibcode 5029:Bibcode 4993:Bibcode 4921:Bibcode 4815:Bibcode 4783:Geology 4752:Bibcode 4744:Geology 4432:Bibcode 4403:3 April 4362:Bibcode 4333:24 June 4311:18 June 4283:18 June 4255:26 July 4099:. 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