47:
375:
independent and impartial body established by domestic law and functioning in accordance with procedures laid down by domestic law. It shall, in formulating its decisions, have the assistance of one or more qualified and independent mental health practitioners and take their advice into account." The final point states: "A patient or his personal representative or any interested person shall have the right to appeal to a higher court against a decision that the patient be admitted to, or be retained in, a mental health facility."
332:
detentions (e.g. less than 72 hours). However, the WHO states that there must always be a right of appeal in a timely manner as well as "ongoing, automatic, mandatory and regular reviews of status." The hearing authority should not be influenced by any external instruction at all. A balance is required between avoiding delays in necessary admission/treatment, reviewing as soon as possible, preventing harm, and recognising rights to mental health care as well as to refuse treatment.
201:
304:, legal representatives (lawyers), any family (especially next of kin), and mental health professionals involved in the person's care (typically including the clinician with primary responsibility for the patient) or brought in for an independent view. The hearings may be held privately or may be open to the public, depending on the jurisdiction and individual circumstances.
363:). However, tribunals are not necessarily legally enabled to deal with humans rights claims. In particular, claims for rights to mental health care and support still generally remain outside their remit, though they can sometimes make non-binding recommendations regarding care plans or supervisory arrangements.
400:
Individuals involved in the tribunal process describe feelings of powerlessness and complain about the limited scope of tribunals that prevent them discussing their experience of treatment. Individuals may feel intimidated by the number of people present at the tribunal particularly if their friends
647:
Japan has regional
Psychiatric Review Boards, but their independence is questioned. The members are appointed by the governor of each region, who is the same person who orders involuntary detentions. Half or over half of each panel is made up of psychiatrists, who are often owners of the hospitals,
391:
can as barrier to patient autonomy as it can be difficult for individuals to express arguments in medical language. Concerns have been raised about the lack of scrutiny of medical evidence in
Australia; carers in Scotland have criticised a "hierarchy of opinion" mirroring decision making in medical
409:
There have been issues in
Ireland with of psychiatrists defying tribunals are readmitting patients after a tribunal revoked an order. Concerns regarding inaccurate and out-of-date medical reports have been raised in Canada. Risk is a component of decision making of tribunals but risk estimates are
323:
observes that most countries around the world use some type of "independent authority such as a review body, tribunal or a court to confirm involuntary admission based on medical/psychiatric/professional expertise." Such authorities generally also adjudicate findings of incapacity to consent to or
514:
The Mental Health Review
Tribunal for Northern Ireland was set up under the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986. Following the commencement of parts of the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016, it was renamed as simply the Review Tribunal. It deals with cases of detention under the
667:
has traditionally had no oversight body or national mental health law. The Mental Health Care Act 2012 creates some rights for detained patients to request a second opinion from another state psychiatrist and then an independent psychiatrist; however there is no right to a legal hearing and no
638:
South Africa has Mental Health Review Boards in each province, as mandated by the country's Mental Health Care Act 2002. Although the Act has been noted for improving aspects of the mental health system, the review boards "contend with limited resources, administrative challenges and limited
374:
in 1991, has some basic standards concerning the need for a legal hearing for patients who are detained or treated against their will or whose capacity to make decisions is questioned. Principle 17 (Review body) includes 7 points. Point 1 states: "The review body shall be a judicial or other
331:
Many countries require that every person recommended for detention or involuntary treatment be reviewed in a legal hearing, with legal representation provided. Some countries with fewer resources may initially only require a paper review in straightforward cases, or may not review very short
327:
In countries that use the courts, although they have the advantage of unambiguous legal status, the court process can become a 'rubber stamp' exercise where judges make decisions in the absence of patients, representatives or witnesses, and endorse medical recommendations without independent
656:
The United States uses a purely judicial model, rather than mental health tribunals ('mental health boards' in the US are regional government groups that monitor or advise on policy etc.). Civil commitment hearings are generally held before a judge, and operate under the laws of that state.
292:
and has often held clinical responsibility for detained patients before; and the community/specialist/'non-legal' member is neither a lawyer or medical doctor but has relevant qualifications (often at postgraduate level) and/or specialist experience in mental health, either as a
535:
In many other jurisdictions, where mental health reviews are stipulated they tend to be carried out by a judge rather than by specialist tribunals. Turkey does not yet have a single coherent mental health law and there is no established system of review or appeal of detentions.
481:
A tribunal panel has three members: the legal, medical and specialist lay member. Some patients held in the mental health system after facing criminal charges are termed 'restricted' patients and are subject to additional controls via the
660:
India has traditionally had no oversight body, even since the 1987 Mental Health Act. However a Draft Mental Health Care Bill (2012) looks to set up a national Mental Health Review
Commission and state Mental Health Review Boards.
284:
The usual composition of the panel varies by jurisdiction but may consist of a legal member, a medical member and a community/specialist member. The legal member may be a senior lawyer or judge (often
793:
204:
367:
307:
Many
Western developed nations use a tribunal model (they may be termed review boards) for mental health. There is usually provision to appeal decisions to a court (
615:
1119:
503:
387:
nature, tribunals are significantly influenced by the medical domain through the use of medical discourse and respect for medical expertise. Further, medical
336:
356:
344:
707:
228:
936:"Differences of Legal Regulations Concerning Involuntary Psychiatric Hospitalization in Twelve European Countries: Implications for Clinical Practice"
576:
is possible. The related legislation is the Mental Health (Compulsory
Assessment & Treatment) Act 1992 (and Amendment Act 1999 of the same name).
989:
Arikan R, Appelbaum PS, Sercan M, Turkcan S, Satmis N, Polat A (2007). "Civil commitment in Turkey: reflections on a bill drafted by psychiatrists".
448:
429:
815:"Are mental health tribunals operating in accordance with international human rights standards? A systematic review of the international literature"
523:
Mental Health
Tribunals in Ireland are administered by the Mental Health Tribunals Division of the Mental Health Commission. The related law is the
328:
analysis. Independent tribunals of specially selected members with expertise in the area are said to be more competent bodies if operated properly.
1024:
975:
549:
1049:
392:
settings; and forensic patients in Canada commented on the influence of the treating teams and particularly psychiatrist in decision making.
17:
773:
630:, which adjudicates mentally disordered offenders found unfit to stand trial or not criminally responsible by reason of mental disorder.
437:
441:
432:
is now technically known as the First-tier
Tribunal (Mental Health) but in practice is often called the Mental Health Tribunal. The
1137:
221:
1073:
888:
340:
324:
refuse medical treatment, and the issuing of community treatment orders (outpatient commitment) in countries that have them.
870:
648:
and only one legal member. Furthermore, there is no right of appeal to a higher judicial court or to legal representation.
311:). By contrast some countries use an entirely judicial (courts) model, while some have no oversight or review body at all.
499:
475:
474:) relating to decisions of the First-tier Tribunal and MHRT for Wales. Appeals from the Upper Tribunal are heard by the
553:
214:
128:
604:
487:
96:
1169:
726:"Patients with learning disabilities who lack capacity detained under the Mental Health Act in the UK: A case study"
410:
difficult. Individuals in New
Zealand report disagreeing with risk assessments and felt that risk was exaggerated.
490:). Three patients in the early 2010s were allowed to have their hearings in public, with the media in attendance.
371:
725:
704:
527:. The Tribunal panel consists of a psychiatrist, a lawyer (either a solicitor or a barrister) and a lay member.
483:
471:
1190:
771:
Jurisdiction of Mental Health Tribunals to Provide Positive Remedies: Application, Challenges, and Prospects
1129:
1125:
598:
1093:
486:'s Mental Health Casework Section, but are still reviewed by the Mental Health Tribunal (often led by a
1185:
294:
790:
Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care
682:
320:
1097:
920:
610:
258:
770:
619:
588:, Mental Health Review Boards are specific to each province or territory in Canada. For example,
933:
664:
627:
524:
452:
335:
International legal agreements which can have a bearing on mental health tribunals include the
266:
92:
1109:
988:
1061:
1018:
969:
360:
278:
274:
270:
102:
87:
46:
1114:
107:
1037:
880:
440:(TCEA 2007) in 2008, is subdivided into chambers: Mental Health Tribunals come within the
8:
677:
456:
433:
164:
960:
935:
908:
852:
753:
557:
460:
352:
614:
and other legislation. The tribunals are also subject to the constitutional rights of
1159:
1105:
1006:
884:
856:
844:
836:
789:
745:
384:
154:
38:
757:
998:
955:
951:
947:
876:
826:
737:
589:
301:
262:
138:
777:
711:
308:
185:
133:
1101:
1038:
The Mental Health Care Act No 17 – South Africa. Trials and triumphs: 2002–2012
1002:
572:
prior to applying for a Mental Health Review Tribunal. Rarely a hearing at the
467:
285:
190:
1145:
1040:
Ramlall, S. African Journal of Psychiatry (Johannesbg). 2012 Nov;15(6):407–10.
288:) and acts as the chair; the medical member may be a senior (e.g. consultant)
1179:
840:
749:
254:
250:
169:
61:
1133:
1010:
848:
623:
569:
289:
1064:
Aakarsh Kamra & Garima Tiwari, Lex-Warrier Law Journal, November 2012
934:
Kallert Thomas W., Rymaszewska Joanna, Torres-González Francisco (2007).
261:, primarily by conducting independent reviews of patients diagnosed with
66:
585:
573:
545:
159:
112:
831:
814:
741:
1163:
470:
was also created by the TCEA 2007. It hears appeals (and sometimes
246:
596:
has instead a Consent and Capacity Board which operates under the
593:
548:, the tribunals vary by state in Australia. Examples include the
348:
705:
WHO Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation
388:
1141:
813:
Macgregor, Aisha; Brown, Michael; Stavert, Jill (July 2019).
515:
1986 Order and of deprivation of liberty under the 2016 Act.
502:
was created on 5 October 2005 by virtue of section 21 of the
1074:
China: End Arbitrary Detention in Mental Health Institutions
368:
Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness
568:
In New Zealand there is a right to apply for a review in a
1170:
Application for admission into a mental health institution
622:. In addition, each province and territory has a separate
1151:
71:
616:
Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1155:
1172:
Including link to photocopy of Mental Health Care Act.
504:
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
812:
780:
Joaquin Zuckerberg (2011) 57:2 McGill Law Journal 267
337:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
27:
Tribunal hearing for mental health treatment disputes
902:
Chm., Mental Health Rev. Tribunal for Wales, 1996-99
714:
World Health Organization, 2005. Chapters 8 & 13
357:
Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights
724:Sawhney, Indermeet; Zia, Asif; Gates, Bob (2017).
455:and has separate, but similar, procedural rules.
1177:
550:Mental Health Review Tribunal of New South Wales
253:) empowered by law to adjudicate disputes about
940:International Journal of Forensic Mental Health
723:
314:
1156:British Columbia Review Board (Criminal Code)
796:). United Nations, 1991. Retrieved July 2013.
700:
698:
395:
343:or regional human rights conventions such as
222:
1050:The parallel Report to CAT Committee in 2013
1023:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
974:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
875:. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007.
1152:British Columbia Mental Health Review Board
633:
530:
695:
463:served as its chairman from 1996 to 1999.
438:Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
229:
215:
959:
830:
819:Health & Social Care in the Community
592:'s operates under its Mental Health Act.
442:Health, Education and Social Care Chamber
730:British Journal of Learning Disabilities
626:(Criminal Code), established under the
449:Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales
14:
1178:
423:
383:Evidence suggests that despite their
341:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
300:Attendees may include the patient, a
1164:Ontario Review Board (Criminal Code)
808:
806:
804:
802:
339:(Article 13 Access to justice), the
881:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U22389
668:guarantee of legal representation.
509:
500:Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland
24:
1160:Ontario Consent and Capacity Board
554:Mental Health Review Tribunal (NT)
401:and family members in attendance.
378:
370:('MI Principles'), adopted by the
129:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
25:
1202:
1083:
872:Jones, His Honour (John) Geoffrey
799:
430:Mental Health Tribunal in England
418:
200:
199:
45:
1067:
1055:
1043:
618:. Appeals may rarely reach the
372:United Nations General Assembly
1076:Human Rights Watch, 3 May 2013
1062:Mental Health Care Bill (2012)
1031:
982:
952:10.1080/14999013.2007.10471263
927:
863:
783:
764:
717:
563:
484:Secretary of State for Justice
13:
1:
688:
18:Mental Health Review Tribunal
586:federal system of government
546:federal system of government
539:
413:
277:, and who may be subject to
7:
671:
493:
315:International legal context
297:or a specialist layperson.
10:
1207:
1003:10.1016/j.ijlp.2006.01.001
518:
404:
396:Experiences of individuals
295:mental health professional
683:Therapeutic jurisprudence
579:
321:World Health Organization
651:
642:
634:Republic of South Africa
611:Substitute Decisions Act
531:Other European countries
710:25 October 2013 at the
620:Supreme Court of Canada
605:Health Care Consent Act
665:Mental health in China
525:Mental Health Act 2001
453:Mental Health Act 1983
243:mental health tribunal
93:Involuntary commitment
776:12 April 2013 at the
361:right to a fair trial
279:involuntary treatment
275:outpatient commitment
271:psychiatric hospitals
103:Outpatient commitment
88:Involuntary treatment
1191:Ethics in psychiatry
991:Int J Law Psychiatry
639:political support."
558:Northern Territories
108:Voluntary commitment
1115:Republic of Ireland
678:Mental health court
457:John Geoffrey Jones
451:was created by the
434:First-tier Tribunal
424:England & Wales
165:Chemical castration
1138:Northern Territory
353:security of person
155:Psychoactive drugs
147:Current procedures
1186:Mental health law
1142:Western Australia
890:978-0-19-954089-1
832:10.1111/hsc.12749
742:10.1111/bld.12185
599:Mental Health Act
436:, created by the
385:multidisciplinary
239:
238:
39:Mental health law
16:(Redirected from
1198:
1110:Northern Ireland
1088:Official sites:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1014:
986:
980:
979:
973:
965:
963:
931:
925:
924:
918:
914:
912:
904:
899:
897:
867:
861:
860:
834:
825:(4): e494–e513.
810:
797:
787:
781:
768:
762:
761:
721:
715:
702:
590:British Columbia
584:As Canada has a
510:Northern Ireland
472:judicial reviews
302:patient advocate
263:mental disorders
245:is a specialist
231:
224:
217:
203:
202:
49:
30:
29:
21:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1176:
1175:
1134:New South Wales
1086:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1016:
1015:
987:
983:
967:
966:
932:
928:
916:
915:
906:
905:
895:
893:
891:
869:
868:
864:
811:
800:
788:
784:
778:Wayback Machine
769:
765:
722:
718:
712:Wayback Machine
703:
696:
691:
674:
654:
645:
636:
602:as well as the
582:
566:
542:
533:
521:
512:
496:
476:Court of Appeal
426:
421:
416:
407:
398:
381:
379:Decision-making
317:
309:judicial review
235:
134:Duty to protect
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1174:
1173:
1168:South Africa:
1166:
1148:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1085:
1084:External links
1082:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
981:
946:(2): 197–207.
926:
917:|website=
889:
862:
798:
794:On WHO website
782:
763:
736:(2): 138–141.
716:
693:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
680:
673:
670:
653:
650:
644:
641:
635:
632:
581:
578:
565:
562:
541:
538:
532:
529:
520:
517:
511:
508:
495:
492:
468:Upper Tribunal
425:
422:
420:
419:United Kingdom
417:
415:
412:
406:
403:
397:
394:
380:
377:
316:
313:
286:senior counsel
257:treatment and
237:
236:
234:
233:
226:
219:
211:
208:
207:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
149:
148:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
123:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
90:
82:
81:
77:
76:
75:
74:
69:
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1052:6 April 2013.
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
977:
971:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
922:
910:
903:
892:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
866:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
795:
791:
786:
779:
775:
772:
767:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
713:
709:
706:
701:
699:
694:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
669:
666:
662:
658:
649:
640:
631:
629:
628:Criminal Code
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
607:
606:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
528:
526:
516:
507:
505:
501:
491:
489:
488:Circuit Judge
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
411:
402:
393:
390:
386:
376:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
322:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
296:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:mental health
252:
248:
244:
232:
227:
225:
220:
218:
213:
212:
210:
209:
206:
198:
197:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
177:
176:
171:
170:Psychosurgery
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
146:
145:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
120:
119:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
79:
78:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
62:Mental health
60:
59:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
1087:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1019:cite journal
997:(1): 29–35.
994:
990:
984:
970:cite journal
943:
939:
929:
901:
896:19 September
894:. Retrieved
871:
865:
822:
818:
785:
766:
733:
729:
719:
663:
659:
655:
646:
637:
624:Review Board
609:
603:
597:
583:
570:family court
567:
544:As it has a
543:
534:
522:
513:
497:
480:
465:
446:
427:
408:
399:
382:
365:
345:Article 5(4)
334:
330:
326:
318:
306:
299:
290:psychiatrist
283:
242:
240:
186:Kendra's Law
1124:Australia:
1120:New Zealand
564:New Zealand
273:, or under
191:Laura's Law
67:Medical law
33:Part of on
1180:Categories
1126:Queensland
689:References
574:High Court
160:Castration
139:Automatism
121:Principles
113:Psychiatry
97:by country
919:ignored (
909:cite book
857:119502303
841:0966-0410
750:1468-3156
540:Australia
414:By region
259:detention
1150:Canada:
1146:Tasmania
1130:Victoria
1098:Scotland
1011:16844221
849:30993806
774:Archived
758:79378017
708:Archived
672:See also
552:and the
494:Scotland
267:detained
265:who are
247:tribunal
205:Category
1094:England
961:3332905
594:Ontario
519:Ireland
405:Process
349:liberty
251:hearing
80:General
54:Part of
1009:
958:
887:
855:
847:
839:
756:
748:
608:, the
580:Canada
466:A new
389:jargon
355:) and
1106:Rules
1102:Wales
853:S2CID
754:S2CID
652:Other
643:Japan
1092:UK:
1025:link
1007:PMID
976:link
921:help
898:2022
885:ISBN
845:PMID
837:ISSN
746:ISSN
498:The
447:The
428:The
366:The
351:and
319:The
178:Laws
1108:),
999:doi
956:PMC
948:doi
877:doi
827:doi
738:doi
560:).
269:in
72:Law
1182::
1162:,
1158:,
1154:,
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1132:,
1128:,
1100:,
1096:,
1021:}}
1017:{{
1005:.
995:30
993:.
972:}}
968:{{
954:.
942:.
938:.
913::
911:}}
907:{{
900:.
883:.
851:.
843:.
835:.
823:27
821:.
817:.
801:^
752:.
744:.
734:45
732:.
728:.
697:^
506:.
478:.
461:QC
459:,
444:.
281:.
241:A
1104:(
1027:)
1013:.
1001::
978:)
964:.
950::
944:6
923:)
879::
859:.
829::
792:(
760:.
740::
556:(
359:(
347:(
249:(
230:e
223:t
216:v
99:)
95:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
