2540:(EITI) was mainstreamed in all countries cooperating with the World Bank in mining industry reform. The EITI operates and was implemented with the support of the EITI multi-donor trust fund, managed by the World Bank. The EITI aims to increase transparency in transactions between governments and companies in extractive industries by monitoring the revenues and benefits between industries and recipient governments. The entrance process is voluntary for each country and is monitored by multiple stakeholders including governments, private companies and civil society representatives, responsible for disclosure and dissemination of the reconciliation report; however, the competitive disadvantage of company-by-company public report is for some of the businesses in Ghana at least, the main constraint. Therefore, the outcome assessment in terms of failure or success of the new EITI regulation does not only "rest on the government's shoulders" but also on civil society and companies.
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investment in other less lucrative sectors, leading to swings in government revenue because of volatility in the oil markets. Artisanal mining is clearly an issue in EITI Countries such as the
Central African Republic, D.R. Congo, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone – i.e. almost half of the mining countries implementing the EITI. Among other things, limited scope of the EITI involving disparity in terms of knowledge of the industry and negotiation skills, thus far flexibility of the policy (e.g. liberty of the countries to expand beyond the minimum requirements and adapt it to their needs), creates another risk of unsuccessful implementation. Public awareness increase, where government should act as a bridge between public and initiative for a successful outcome of the policy is an important element to be considered.
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2604:) which endorsed mandatory environment impact assessments and attention to the concerns of the local population. The codes based on this report are influential in the legislation of developing nations. The new codes are intended to encourage development through tax holidays, zero custom duties, reduced income taxes, and related measures. The results of these codes were analyzed by a group from the University of Quebec, which concluded that the codes promote foreign investment but "fall very short of permitting sustainable development". The observed negative correlation between natural resources and economic development is known as the
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1464:(1909–1971), broadened the focus to the “total environment of mining”, including reference to community development around mining, and how mining is portrayed to an urban society, which depends on the industry, although seemingly unaware of this dependency. He stated, “n the past, mining engineers have not been called upon to study the psychological, sociological and personal problems of their own industry – aspects that nowadays are assuming tremendous importance. The mining engineer must rapidly expand his knowledge and his influence into these newer fields.”
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2529:(including transparency and revenue management). By the early 2000s, community development issues and resettlements became mainstream concerns in World Bank mining projects. Mining-industry expansion after mineral prices increased in 2003 and also potential fiscal revenues in those countries created an omission in the other economic sectors in terms of finances and development. Furthermore, this highlighted regional and local demand for mining revenues and an inability of sub-national governments to effectively use the revenues. The
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1615:. ASM also includes, in small-scale mining, enterprises or individuals that employ workers for mining, but who generally still use similar manually-intensive methods as artisanal miners (such as working with hand tools). In addition, ASM can be characterized as distinct from large-scale mining (LSM) by less efficient extraction of pure minerals from the ore, lower wages, decreased occupational safety, benefits, and health standards for miners, and a lack of environmental protection measures.
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artificial cliff made by previous mining. A typical cycle alternates sumping, which undercuts the seam, and shearing, which raises and lowers the cutter-head boom to cut the entire height of the coal seam. As the coal recovery cycle continues, the cutter-head is progressively launched further into the coal seam. High wall mining can produce thousands of tons of coal in contour-strip operations with narrow benches, previously mined areas, trench mine applications and steep-dip seams.
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2730:, and exposure to excess heat are also known hazards. The current NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of noise is 85 dBA with a 3 dBA exchange rate and the MSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 90 dBA with a 5 dBA exchange rate as an 8-hour time-weighted average. NIOSH has found that 25% of noise-exposed workers in Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction have hearing impairment. The prevalence of hearing loss increased by 1% from 1991 to 2001 within these workers.
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need to be extracted. Steel will account for the largest portion of this total at 5 billion tons, followed by aluminum at 950 million tons, copper at 650 million tons, graphite at 170 million tons, nickel at 100 million tons, and other metals. Notably, the energy expenditure required to extract these metals will soon surpass that of coal mining, highlighting the growing importance of sustainable metal extraction practices.
2422:. The mining sector is made up of large multinational companies that are sustained by production from their mining operations. Various other industries such as equipment manufacture, environmental testing, and metallurgy analysis rely on, and support, the mining industry throughout the world. Canadian stock exchanges have a particular focus on mining companies, particularly junior exploration companies through Toronto's
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2267:. Since 2007 in central Finland, the Talvivaara Terrafame polymetal mine's waste effluent and leaks of saline mine water have resulted in ecological collapse of a nearby lake. Subaqueous tailings disposal is another option. The mining industry has argued that submarine tailings disposal (STD), which disposes of tailings in the sea, is ideal because it avoids the risks of tailings ponds. The practice is illegal in the
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2144:, whose purpose was to "act as a catalyst" in an effort to improve social and environmental performance in the mining and metals industry internationally. The mining industry has provided funding to various conservation groups, some of which have been working with conservation agendas that are at odds with an emerging acceptance of the rights of indigenous people – particularly the right to make land-use decisions.
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1091:, followed in 1935 by the Loloma Gold Mines, N.L., and then by Fiji Mines Development Ltd. (aka Dolphin Mines Ltd.). These developments ushered in a “mining boom”, with gold production rising more than a hundred-fold, from 931.4 oz in 1934 to 107,788.5 oz in 1939, an order of magnitude then comparable to the combined output of New Zealand and Australia's eastern states.
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2418:. It can be argued that what is referred to as the 'mining industry' is actually two sectors, one specializing in exploration for new resources and the other in mining those resources. The exploration sector is typically made up of individuals and small mineral resource companies, called "juniors", which are dependent on
1563:. Between 1870 and 1920, in Queensland Australia, an increase in mining accidents lead to more safety measures surrounding the use of explosives for mining. In the United States of America, between 1990 and 1999, about 22.3 billion kilograms of explosives were used in mining quarrying and other industries; Moreover "
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and small-scale mining (ASM) from the EITI and how to deal with "non-cash" payments made by companies to subnational governments. Furthermore, the disproportionate revenues the mining industry can bring to the comparatively small number of people that it employs, causes other problems, like a lack of
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New regulations and a process of legislative reforms aim to improve the harmonization and stability of the mining sector in mineral-rich countries. New legislation for mining industry in
African countries still appears to be an issue, but has the potential to be solved, when a consensus is reached on
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The waste is classified as either sterile or mineralized, with acid generating potential, and the movement and storage of this material form a major part of the mine planning process. When the mineralised package is determined by an economic cut-off, the near-grade mineralised waste is usually dumped
2235:– because only 5.3 g of gold is extracted per ton of ore, a ton of gold produces 200,000 tons of tailings. (As time goes on and richer deposits are exhausted – and technology improves – this number is going down to .5 g and less.) These tailings can be toxic. Tailings, which are usually produced as a
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Once the analysis determines a given ore body is worth recovering, development begins to create access to the ore body. The mine buildings and processing plants are built, and any necessary equipment is obtained. The operation of the mine to recover the ore begins and continues as long as the company
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The report's authors observed that the metal stocks in society can serve as huge anthropogenic mines above ground. However, they warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars, and fuel cells are so low that unless future
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still occur. Government figures indicate that 5,000 Chinese miners die in accidents each year, while other reports have suggested a figure as high as 20,000. Between 1870 and 1920, in
Queensland Australia, an increase in mining accidents lead to more safety measures surrounding the use of explosives
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which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste constitutes the mining process. Often more waste than ore is mined during the life of a mine, depending on the nature and location of the ore body. Waste removal and placement is a major cost to the mining operator,
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and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements, and an analysis of the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation. The proportion of a deposit that
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mining) may have such significant environmental and public health effects that mining companies in some countries are required to follow strict environmental and rehabilitation codes to ensure that the mined area returns to its original state. Mining can provide various advantages to societies, yet
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and extracts it using an industrial solvent. The container molecules are able to selectively separate the gold from the solvent without the use of water stripping." The newly developed molecules can eliminate water stripping, whereas mining traditionally "relies on a 125-year-old method that treats
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are used to transport miners, minerals and waste. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, and move rock and ore out, and machinery in and out, of underground mines. Huge trucks, shovels and cranes are employed in surface mining to move large quantities of overburden and ore. Processing plants use
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In 2023, 8.5 billion metric tons of coal were extracted from the Earth's crust. However, as the global economy transitions away from fossil fuels and toward a more sustainable future, the demand for metals is set to skyrocket. Between 2022 and 2050, an estimated 7 billion metric tons of metals will
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While exploration and mining can be conducted by individual entrepreneurs or small businesses, most modern-day mines are large enterprises requiring large amounts of capital to establish. Consequently, the mining sector of the industry is dominated by large, often multinational, companies, most of
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in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, and lifting water about 24 metres (79 ft). They were worked as treadmills with miners standing on the top slats. Many examples of such devices have been found in old Roman mines and some examples are now preserved in the
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used in society grew rapidly. Today, the development of major nations such as China and India and advances in technologies are fueling an ever-greater demand. The result is that metal mining activities are expanding and more and more of the world's metal stocks are above ground in use rather than
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Technical and economic challenges notwithstanding, successful mine development must also address human factors. Working conditions are paramount to success, especially with regard to exposures to dusts, radiation, noise, explosives hazards, and vibration, as well as illumination standards. Mining
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Mining operations remain rigorous and intrusive, often resulting in significant environmental impacts on local ecosystems and broader implications for planetary environmental health. To accommodate mines and associated infrastructure, land is cleared extensively, consuming significant energy and
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to the
Pacific coast. With the exploration of the West, mining camps sprang up and "expressed a distinctive spirit, an enduring legacy to the new nation"; Gold Rushers would experience the same problems as the Land Rushers of the transient West that preceded them. Aided by railroads, many people
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boxes. Only minor shaking or washing may be necessary to disaggregate (unclump) the sands or gravels before processing. Processing of ore from a lode mine, whether it is a surface or subsurface mine, requires that the rock ore be crushed and pulverized before extraction of the valuable minerals
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This estimation is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to
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According to The World Counts page "The amount of resources mined from Earth is up from 39.3 billion tons in 2002. A 55 percent increase in less than 20 years. This puts Earth's natural resources under heavy pressure. We are already extracting 75 percent more than Earth can sustain in the long
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Mining operations can create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the world's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact; however, the outsized role of mining in generating business for often rural, remote or
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High wall mining, which evolved from auger mining, is another form of surface mining. In high wall mining, the remaining part of a coal seam previously exploited by other surface-mining techniques has too much overburden to be removed but can still be profitably exploited from the side of the
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such as copper, lead, and iron. Areas in modern
Montana, Utah, Arizona, and later Alaska became predominant suppliers of copper to the world, which was increasingly demanding copper for electrical and household goods. Canada's mining industry grew more slowly than did the United States due to
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is used in mining to explore and develop sites, to remove and stockpile overburden, to break and remove rocks of various hardness and toughness, to process the ore, and to carry out reclamation projects after the mine is closed. Bulldozers, drills, explosives and trucks are all necessary for
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ASM is an important socio-economic sector for the rural poor in many developing nations, many of whom have few other options for supporting their families. Over 90% of the world's mining workforce are engaged in ASM, with an estimated 40.5 million people directly engaged in ASM, from over 80
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Sub-surface mining consists of digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits. Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts. Sub-surface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used, and the
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design parameters are used in the design of the waste dumps, and special conditions apply to high-rainfall areas and to seismically active areas. Waste dump designs must meet all regulatory requirements of the country in whose jurisdiction the mine is located. It is also common practice to
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insurance. Between 1955 and 1990 it provided about $ 2 billion to fifty mining projects, broadly categorized as reform and rehabilitation, greenfield mine construction, mineral processing, technical assistance, and engineering. These projects have been criticized, particularly the
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Fiji through the Prism of
Geology and Mines Inspection. Chapter 5 in: White F. (2020). Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) 978-1-5255-7767-3
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McGill
University. Sunset of a Transformational Career. Chapter 16 in: White F. Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) 978-1-5255-7767-3
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explains in detail, was the removal of water from mining shafts. As miners dug deeper to access new veins, flooding became a very real obstacle. The mining industry became dramatically more efficient and prosperous with the invention of mechanically- and animal-driven pumps.
2691:(MSHA) was established in 1978 to "work to prevent death, illness, and injury from mining and promote safe and healthful workplaces for US miners." Since its implementation in 1978, the number of miner fatalities has decreased from 242 miners in 1978 to 24 miners in 2019.
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the best approach. By the beginning of the 21st century, the booming and increasingly complex mining sector in mineral-rich countries was providing only slight benefits to local communities, especially in given the sustainability issues. Increasing debate and influence by
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Noise studies have been conducted in several mining environments. Stageloaders (84-102 dBA), shearers (85-99 dBA), auxiliary fans (84–120 dBA), continuous mining machines (78–109 dBA), and roof bolters (92–103 dBA) represent some of the noisiest equipment in underground
1142:, and other minerals were mined, worked, and traded. Early French explorers who encountered the sites made no use of the metals due to the difficulties of transporting them, but the copper was eventually traded throughout the continent along major river routes.
1996:... this new process has a milder environmental impact and that, besides gold, it can be used for capturing other metals such as platinum and palladium," and could also be used in urban mining processes that remove precious metals from wastewater streams.
2426:; Canadian companies raise capital on these exchanges and then invest the money in exploration globally. Some have argued that below juniors there exists a substantial sector of illegitimate companies primarily focused on manipulating stock prices.
2345:. The US mining industry is also large, but it is dominated by extraction of coal and other nonmetal minerals (e.g., rock and sand), and various regulations have worked to reduce the significance of mining in the United States. In 2007, the total
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In the early colonial history of the
Americas, "native gold and silver was quickly expropriated and sent back to Spain in fleets of gold- and silver-laden galleons", the gold and silver originating mostly from mines in Central and South America.
1212:; where natives informed him of an island of copper. La Ronde obtained permission from the French crown to operate mines in 1733, becoming "the first practical miner on Lake Superior"; seven years later, mining was halted by an outbreak between
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Interior of an artisanal mine near Low's Creek, Mpumalanga
Province, South Africa. The human figures, exploring this mine, show the scale of tunnels driven entirely with hand tools (two-kilogram (4.4 lb) hammer and hand-forged scrap-steel
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The process of mining from discovery of an ore body through extraction of minerals and finally to returning the land to its natural state consists of several distinct steps. The first is discovery of the ore body, which is carried out through
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of mining companies was reported at US$ 962 billion, which compares to a total global market cap of publicly traded companies of about US$ 50 trillion in 2007. In 2002, Chile and Peru were reportedly the major mining countries of
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remains one of the largest in terms of its global economic importance. Prospecting potential mining sites, a vital area of concern for the mining industry, is now done using sophisticated new technologies such as seismic prospecting and
1948:(or mineral dressing) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation (extractive metallurgy) of valuable metals or minerals from their
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Maynard, S.R., Lisenbee, A.L. & Rogers, J. (2002). Preliminary
Geologic Map of the Picture Rock 7.5 – Minute Quadrangle Santa Fe County, Central New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Open-File Report
2845:, a mining company which supplies the essential cobalt to these multinational corporations with allegations of negligence that led to the deaths of children or injuries such as broken spines, emotional distress and forced labor.
1510:, where valuable minerals are found in veins, in layers, or in mineral grains generally distributed throughout a mass of actual rock. Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods.
1660:. More than 150 million people indirectly depend on ASM for their livelihood. 70–80% of small-scale miners are informal, and approximately 30% are women, although this ranges in certain countries and commodities from 5% to 80%.
3078:. With 450 kilometres (280 mi) of roads, 40 million tonnes of annually produced ore, and a depth of 1,270 metres (4,170 ft), it is also one of the most modern underground mines. The deepest borehole in the world is
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by the UN Centre for Transnational Corporations (UNCTC), but the Business Council for Sustainable Development (BCSD) together with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) argued successfully for self-regulation instead.
472:. One of the complexes is shown in one of the earliest known mining maps. The miners crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust known as the dry and wet attachment processes.
1262:) and then silver that were taken into possession and extracted first. Other metals would often wait for railroads or canals, as coarse gold dust and nuggets do not require smelting and are easy to identify and transport.
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While there is no completely coherent definition for ASM, artisanal mining generally includes miners who are not officially employed by a mining company and use their own resources to mine. As such, they are part of an
1694:, commonly associated with coal mining, which involves taking the top of a mountain off to reach ore deposits at depth. Most placer deposits, because they are shallowly buried, are mined by surface methods. Finally,
3283: – a discipline of engineering concerned with the application of geological science and engineering principles to fields, such as civil engineering, mining, environmental engineering, and forestry, among others
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This is when the mining company makes the decision whether to develop the mine or to walk away from the project. This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the
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were found at the Umm el-Sawwan site; gypsum was used to make funerary items for private tombs. Other minerals mined in Egypt from the Old Kingdom (2649-2134 BC) until the Roman Period (30 BC-AD 395) including
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For major mining companies and any company seeking international financing, there are a number of other mechanisms to enforce environmental standards. These generally relate to financing standards such as the
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There have also been instances of killings and evictions attributed to conflicts with mining companies. Almost a third of 227 murders in 2020 were of Indigenous peoples rights activists on the frontlines of
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to England in the mid-sixteenth century. On the continent, mineral deposits belonged to the crown, and this regalian right was stoutly maintained. But in England, royal mining rights were restricted to
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of Brazil, begun in 1981. The World Bank established mining codes intended to increase foreign investment; in 1988, it solicited feedback from 45 mining companies on how to increase their involvement.
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2825:. Reports have risen of children carrying sacks of cobalt weighing 25 kg from small mines to local traders being paid for their work only in food and accommodation. A number of companies such as
2458:; for example, one study found that conversion of forest in the Amazon increased six-fold from the period 2003–2006 (292 ha/yr) to the period 2006–2009 (1,915 ha/yr), largely due to artisanal mining.
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have been implicated in lawsuits brought by families whose children were severely injured or killed during mining activities in Congo. In December 2019, 14 Congolese families filed a lawsuit against
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Reform old taxes in line with more recent financial innovation, engage directly with the companies, enact land use and impact assessments, and incorporate specialized support and standards agencies.
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financing as their principal means of funding exploration. Juniors are mainly pure exploration companies, but may also produce minimally, and do not have a revenue exceeding US$ 50 million.
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is the world's deepest mine from ground level, reaching a depth of 4 km (2.5 mi) below ground level. The trip from the surface to the bottom of the mine takes over an hour. It is a
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oilers, dozer operators, and welders using air arcing were occupations with the highest noise exposures among surface coal miners. Coal mines had the highest hearing loss injury likelihood.
2533:(a Canadian think tank) has highlighted the environmental protection laws in developing countries, as well as voluntary efforts by mining companies to improve their environmental impact.
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The Miner's Handbook: A Handy Book of Reference on the Subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, Etc. For the Use of Students and Others Interested in Mining Matters
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who owned the base metals and coal under their estates then had a strong inducement to extract these metals or to lease the deposits and collect royalties from mine operators. English,
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3211:, found in discarded electronics. Furthermore, waste after 15 years has still not broken down, so less processing would be required when compared to mining ores. A study undertaken by
1130:; metallic copper was still present near the surface in colonial times. Indigenous peoples used Lake Superior copper from at least 5,000 years ago; copper tools, arrowheads, and other
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Heiss, Andreas G.; Oeggl, Klaus (2008). "Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria)".
2163:, which certify an "auditable environmental management system", involve short inspections, although they have been accused of lacking rigor. Certification is also available through
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1495:. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals (excluding petroleum and natural gas) in the United States, including 98% of metallic ores.
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The silver crisis of 1465 occurred when all mines had reached depths at which the shafts could no longer be pumped dry with the available technology. Although an increased use of
4898:"Evidence of the impacts of metal mining and the effectiveness of mining mitigation measures on social–ecological systems in Arctic and boreal regions: a systematic map protocol"
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expelled during the mining process, work in inhumane conditions spending numerous hours working in extreme heat, darkness and 14 hour workdays with no allocated time for breaks.
2454:("commodities supercycle") increased the prices of commodities, driving aggressive mining. In addition, the price of gold increased dramatically in the 2000s, which increased
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In Brazil, more than 170 tribes organized a march to oppose controversial attempts to strip back indigenous land rights and open their territories to mining operations. The
977:, as well as the growing use of metal as a building material, was also a driving force in the tremendous growth of the iron industry during this period. Inventions like the
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companies are considered to have an adjusted annual mining-related revenue of more than US$ 500 million, with the financial capability to develop a major mine on its own.
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1840:, in which supporting pillars are removed as miners retreat, allowing the room to cave in, thereby loosening more ore. Additional sub-surface mining methods include
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is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means.
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1521:: this technique involves digging neither at the surface nor underground. The extraction of target minerals by this technique requires that they be soluble, e.g.,
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researchers "invented a new class of molecules whose shape and size enable them to capture and contain precious metal ions," reported in a study published by the
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large crushers, mills, reactors, roasters and other equipment to consolidate the mineral-rich material and extract the desired compounds and metals from the ore.
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The use of Firesetting in the Granite Quarries of South India Paul T. Craddock The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society, Vol. 13 Number 1. 1996
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There is also up to 20 MJ/kg of energy in waste, potentially making the re-extraction more profitable. However, although the first landfill mine opened in
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rehabilitate dumps to an internationally acceptable standard, which in some cases means that higher standards than the local regulatory standard are applied.
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and allowed the mining of previously impenetrable metals and ores. In 1762, one of the world's first mining academies was established in the same town there.
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2171:, but these reports are voluntary and unverified. Miscellaneous other certification programs exist for various projects, typically through nonprofit groups.
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has the world's longest winding steel wire rope, which is able to lower workers to 3,054 metres (10,020 ft) in one uninterrupted four-minute journey.
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This was followed by the Global Mining Initiative which was begun by nine of the largest metals and mining companies and which led to the formation of the
1302:. After declines in production, another boom in mining occurred in the 1960s. In the early 21st century, Australia remains a major world mineral producer.
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Aryee, B., Ntibery, B., Atorkui, E. (2003). "Trends in the small-scale mining of precious minerals in Ghana: a perspective on its environmental impact",
2995:#1 Shaft, the underground and surface works were commissioned in 1987. The mine is considered to be one of the most substantial gold mines in the world.
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begins. After lode ore is crushed, recovery of the valuable minerals is done by one, or a combination of several, mechanical and chemical techniques.
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limitations in transportation, capital, and U.S. competition; Ontario was the major producer of the early 20th century with nickel, copper, and gold.
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has long been a concern as well, and where enforced, modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines. Unregulated, poorly regulated or
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were often used by the Spanish to pulverize ore after being mined. This device was powered by animals and used the same principles used for grain
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The Cerrillos Hills Park Coalition, (2000). Cerrillos Hills Historic Park Vision Statement. Public documents: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007,
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benefits of mining using host country regulatory initiatives. It found existing literature suggesting donors encourage developing countries to:
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today increasingly must address environmental and community impacts, including psychological and sociological dimensions. Thus, mining educator
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mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place to support the roof of the room. Room and pillar mining often leads to
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cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed by further streams of water from the overhead tanks. The Roman miners used similar methods to work
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during operation and after closure may also be required. Government regulations may not be well enforced, especially in the developing world.
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is the largest producer of diamonds in Africa, with an estimated 12 million carats in 2019. Other types of mining reserves in Africa include
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Roman techniques were not limited to surface mining. They followed the ore veins underground once opencast mining was no longer feasible. At
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Landfill Mining, Preserving Resources through Integrated Sustainable Management of Waste, Technical Brief from the World Resource Foundation
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has called on Brazil's Supreme Court to uphold Indigenous land rights to prevent exploitation by mining groups and industrial agriculture.
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so a detailed characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration program for a mining operation.
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Haddaway, Neal R.; Cooke, Steven J.; Lesser, Pamela; Macura, Biljana; Nilsson, Annika E.; Taylor, Jessica J.; Raito, Kaisa (2019-02-21).
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2600:(CVRD) was privatized. These and other developments, such as the Philippines 1995 Mining Act, led the bank to publish a third report (
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that contains valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined and sold for profit. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any
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5383:
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2888:
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by chemicals emitted from mining processes. These processes also affect the atmosphere through carbon emissions which contributes to
1719:
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Bloom, M.J. & Denison, M. (2012) Environmental management for extractives, Professional Evidence and Applied Knowledge Services
3196:
end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.
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6000:
4122:
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1984:
966:, Slovakia) in 1627. Black powder allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins. Blasting was much faster than
946:
was extensive. The water mills were employed in crushing ore, raising ore from shafts, and ventilating galleries by powering giant
756:
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3165:. Between 1932 and 1999, copper in use in the US rose from 73 kilograms (161 lb) to 238 kilograms (525 lb) per person.
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The relationship between indigenous peoples and mining is defined by struggles over access to land. In Australia, the Aboriginal
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1008:(1556). These books detail many different mining methods used in German and Saxon mines. A prime issue in medieval mines, which
9751:
7416:
4500:
OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas: Third Edition
3500:
3432:
The Periodic Table: Nature's Building Blocks: An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses
3295:
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3151:
1201:
1028:
from the 7th century to the 14th century. Gold was often traded to Mediterranean economies that demanded gold and could supply
846:
and other weapons. The overwhelming dependency on iron for military purposes spurred iron production and extraction processes.
635:, where seven long aqueducts tapped local rivers and sluiced the deposits. The Romans also exploited the silver present in the
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is done by removing surface vegetation, dirt, and bedrock to reach buried ore deposits. Techniques of surface mining include:
11796:
9691:
6991:
6954:
6806:
4608:
Krook, Joakim; Svensson, Niclas; Eklund, Mats (2012-03-01). "Landfill mining: A critical review of two decades of research".
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4516:
3440:
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for mining. Mining accidents continue worldwide, including accidents causing dozens of fatalities at a time such as the 2007
7086:
3481:
Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007,
3378:
2880:
In the Philippines, an anti-mining movement has raised concerns regarding "the total disregard for ancestral land rights".
1712:
1278:
In the early 20th century, the gold and silver rush to the western United States also stimulated mining for coal as well as
8481:
6927:, pp. 749–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide mining industry in 1950, including coal, metals and minerals
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3189:
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who developed large-scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by numerous
5430:
4357:
3455:
Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007,
2754:
of mining processes, a prominent criticism pertaining to this form of extractive practice and of mining companies are the
774:
718:
through bare rock to drain the stopes. The same adits were also used to ventilate the workings, especially important when
8988:
7052:
7018:
7016:
The Miner's Handbook: A Handy Reference on the subjects of Mineral Deposits (1894) Mining operations in the 19th century.
3457:
2855:
2766:, miners are not given appropriate equipment to provide them with protection from possible mine collapse or from harmful
2662:
on April 26, 1942, which killed 1,549 miners. While mining today is substantially safer than it was in previous decades,
2616:
2437:, metal ore mining, nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying, and mining support activities. Of all of these categories,
2305:
5155:
1274:
View showing miners' clothes suspended by pulleys, also wash basins and ventilation system, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, 1936
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10546:
4833:"Scientists develop technique to reduce cost, environmental impact of mining precious metal", by Valentina Ruiz Leotaud
4015:
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Friesen Press, Victoria. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover), 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback), 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook).
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Masterson, Elizabeth A.; Deddens, James A.; Themann, Christa L.; Bertke, Stephen; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (April 2015).
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and local communities called for new approaches which would also include disadvantaged communities, and work towards
2239:, are most commonly dumped into ponds made from naturally existing valleys. These ponds are secured by impoundments (
2121:
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operating the mine finds it economical to do so. Once all the ore that the mine can produce profitably is recovered,
1378:
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9125:
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for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final
11509:
9479:
7922:
6585:"Chuquicamata's Life Underground Will Cost a Fortune, but is Likely to Pay Off for Codelco | Copper Investing News"
2672:
538:, captured the gold mines of Mount Pangeo in 357 BC to fund his military campaigns. He also captured gold mines in
9237:
7375:
7154:
6857:"Enhanced Landfill Mining: Material recovery, energy utilisation and economics in the EU (Directive) perspective"
6563:
5804:
5414:
4190:"Mining in the West Development Articles and Essays Meeting of Frontiers Digital Collections Library of Congress"
3265:
2097:
1952:(waste material). Processing of placer ore material consists of gravity-dependent methods of separation, such as
1412:
1290:
and by the 1850s was producing 40% of the world's gold, followed by the establishment of large mines such as the
1041:
875:
Due to differences in the social structure of society, the increasing extraction of mineral deposits spread from
6867:
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6617:
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4142:, Federal Writers' Project, Trinity University Press, Wisconsin, USA, 2013, p. 451. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
2884:' opposition to mining led a governor to proclaim a ban on mining operations in Mountain Province, Philippines.
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7245:
7240:
7111:
5118:"Chemical reactions and conditions of mineral formation at tailings storage facilities of the Russian Far East"
5065:"A Challenge to Conservationists: Can we protect natural habitats without abusing the people who live in them?"
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2125:
2016:
can occur at local, regional, and global scales through direct and indirect mining practices. Mining can cause
2013:
2006:
1841:
1818:
1814:
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1630:. However, they also frequently travel to mining areas and work year-round. There are four broad types of ASM:
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found close to the Earth's surface. These were used to make early tools and weapons; for example, high quality
5686:
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at 900 metres (3,000 ft), which annually produces 443,000 tons of copper and 20,000 tons of molybdenum.
2429:
Mining operations can be grouped into five major categories in terms of their respective resources. These are
935:
and skilled workers were brought over; in 1642 a colony of 4,000 foreigners was mining and smelting copper at
12086:
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8504:
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ore is saved by using recycled material. However, levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the
5412:
Environmental Effects of Foreign Investment Versus Domestic Investment in the Mining Sector In Latin-America
4660:
3044:, at over 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). The largest and second deepest open-pit copper mine in the world is
2687:(NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues. The
2390:, with BHP founded and headquartered in the country, and mining in Canada are particularly significant. For
2279:
separately with view to later treatment should market conditions change and it becomes economically viable.
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to evaluate the financial viability, the technical and financial risks, and the robustness of the project.
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1036:. The trading of gold for salt was mostly used to promote trade between the different economies. Since the
727:
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35:
31:
17:
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or restoration of the land after the mine is closed. Mining materials are often obtained from ore bodies,
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6947:
From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry
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and could also be ignited. Mining equipment can generate considerable noise, putting workers at risk for
2168:
1223:
3722:
2643:
2247:). In 2000 it was estimated that 3,500 tailings impoundments existed, and that every year, 2 to 5 major
1647:
198:
economically depressed communities means that governments often fail to fully enforce such regulations.
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557:. The water was used for a variety of purposes, including removing overburden and rock debris, called
373:. Later, between 2613 and 2494 BC, large building projects required expeditions abroad to the area of
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To gain access to the mineral deposit within an area it is often necessary to mine through or remove
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to find and then define the extent, location and value of the ore body. This leads to a mathematical
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680:
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were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt. These mines are described by the
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1980:
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2128:. Mining companies have used this oversight from the financial sector to argue for some level of
1904:
which frees the desired minerals from the waste gravel. The minerals are then concentrated using
1722:
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42:
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includes the mining of various minerals; it produces relatively little of the industrial metals
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10409:
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5963:"BLASTING OUT: EXPLOSIVES PRACTICES IN QUEENSLAND METALLIFEROUS MINES, 1870-1920: Blasting out"
4434:"BLASTING OUT: EXPLOSIVES PRACTICES IN QUEENSLAND METALLIFEROUS MINES, 1870-1920: Blasting out"
3916:
3458:"Swaziland National Trust Commission – Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern"
3280:
3192:(UNEP), published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates.
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2438:
2068:
it can also spark conflicts, particularly regarding land use both above and below the surface.
1865:
1825:
1559:
to blast out rock and ore intended for processing. The most common explosive used in mining is
1287:
1248:
888:(of which England had virtually no deposits) by a judicial decision of 1568 and a law in 1688.
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554:
215:
144:
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dates back over four thousand years. Gold became an important commodity for Africa during the
810:
was primarily extracted from shallow depths, rather than through deep mine shafts. Around the
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5831:"Promoting Transparency in the Extractive Sectors: An EITI Training for Tanzania Legislators"
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3203:
now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves. This is especially true of
2751:
2642:
Safety has long been a concern in the mining business, especially in sub-surface mining. The
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2033:
1939:
1933:
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after they arrived in the 7th century BC. The marble was shipped away and was later found by
491:
300:
296:
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Included within the human rights abuses that occur during mining processes are instances of
2310:
2092:
Iron hydroxide precipitate stains a stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining.
1702:
are excavated and processed. Landfill mining has been thought of as a long-term solution to
802:
were also used, mainly for gilding or coinage. Initially, many metals were obtained through
377:
in order to secure minerals and other resources not available in Egypt itself. Quarries for
11968:
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said mining posed a threat to their living culture and could damage sacred heritage sites.
2423:
2248:
2164:
1231:
1205:
531:
308:
207:
57:
9763:
8813:
6108:"Summary of Longwall and Continuous Miner Section Noise Studies in Underground Coal Mines"
5380:
5279:"Multiple mining impacts induce widespread changes in ecosystem dynamics in a boreal lake"
3482:
2196:
Set in play transparency and community participation initiatives using the wealth accrued.
1032:, even though much of Africa was abundant with salt due to the mines and resources in the
8:
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2924:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2695:
2406:
2387:
2133:
1844:, bore hole mining, drift and fill mining, long hole slope mining, sub level caving, and
1502:, consisting of valuable minerals contained within river gravels, beach sands, and other
1453:
1408:
1189:, an estimate of "about 15,000 tons of rock had been removed from Mt. Chalchihuitl using
924:
535:
72:
9310:
6828:"Study shows around ÂŁ360 million of metals could be mined from just four landfill sites"
5992:
5399:
5294:
4913:
4621:
4119:
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3622:
3560:"Pharaonic quarrying and mining: settlement and procurement in Egypt's marginal regions"
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6432:"The Cordillera People's Alliance: Mining and Indigenous Rights in the Luzon Highlands"
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6084:
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5582:
5319:
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3971:
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2922:. The reason given is: Deepest mine record was just changed and might need more detail.
2739:
2486:
2391:
2334:
2117:
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2029:
1945:
1929:
1592:
Artisanal gold mines near Dodoma, Tanzania. Makeshift sails lead fresh air underground.
1526:
1318:
1270:
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1145:
1134:
that were part of an extensive native trade-network have been discovered. In addition,
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in origin (c. 4000–3000 BC). Other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the
183:
84:
11306:
10541:
8788:
7122:
5134:
4774:
4387:"Blasting injuries in surface mining with emphasis on flyrock and blast area security"
2215:
Location of waste rock storage (center) at Teghut (village) Copper-Molybdenum Mine in
2132:. In 1992, a Draft Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations was proposed at the
1796:
Caterpillar Highwall Miner HW300 – Technology Bridging Underground and Open Pit Mining
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6186:
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5803:. World Bank's Oil, Gas and Mining Policy and Operations Unit (COCPO). Archived from
5586:
5493:
Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports
5324:
5306:
5151:
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but works independently, mining minerals using their own resources, usually by hand.
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994:
735:
219:
8803:
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Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator.
5658:
Do Canadian mining companies operating abroad face weaker environmental regulations?
3938:
3508:
3223:, Israel in 1953, little work has followed due to the abundance of accessible ores.
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in Germany, where the base of the pit is 299 metres (981 ft) below sea level.
2655:
2544:
2530:
2479:
companies have at least $ 50 million in annual revenue but less than $ 500 million.
2466:
Mining companies can be classified based on their size and financial capabilities:
2211:
2174:
The purpose of a 2012 EPS PEAKS paper was to provide evidence on policies managing
1988:
1960:
Since most metals are present in ores as oxides or sulfides, the metal needs to be
1912:
1829:
1612:
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1560:
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640:
558:
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9013:
8793:
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6457:"Indigenous warrior women take fight to save ancestral lands to Brazilian capital"
6182:
5892:
The Challenges of Development, Mining Codes in Africa And Corporate Responsibility
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Make the environment-poverty link and introduce cutting-edge wealth measures and
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Artisanal miners often undertake the activity of mining seasonally. For example,
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became widespread in the 19th century, and the United States Congress passed the
1209:
1004:
861:
803:
767:
449:
402:
120:
48:
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8798:
6319:"Apple and Google named in US lawsuit over Congolese child cobalt mining deaths"
4849:"Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science"
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to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The resulting
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4254:. Australian Atlas of Minerals Processing, Mines, and & Processing Centres.
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3010:
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at least 2 million tons of tailings were released into a local river. In 2015,
2244:
2179:
2041:
1993:
1837:
1690:, which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore underneath; and
1675:
1670:
1552:
1534:
1514:
1488:
1157:
1072:
Gold and coal mining started in Australia and New Zealand in the 19th century.
999:
876:
834:, for example, were often laden with up to 100 pounds (45 kg) of plate or
799:
740:
569:
527:
498:
Mining in Europe has a very long history. Examples include the silver mines of
236:
203:
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175:
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8722:
6403:
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4922:
4897:
4698:
4402:
3930:
3575:
3461:
3428:
3199:
As recycling rates are low and so much metal has already been extracted, some
2505:
2319:
1964:
to its metallic form. This can be accomplished through chemical means such as
1686:, identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay;
568:
The Romans used hydraulic mining methods on a large scale to prospect for the
194:
is dependent on investment, labor, energy, refining, and transportation cost.
12128:
12047:
11557:
11187:
10997:
10814:
10809:
10674:
10511:
10495:
10363:
10349:
10230:
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10124:
10056:
10050:
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9915:
9823:
9474:
9327:
9290:
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9105:
9050:
8901:
8886:
8712:
8556:
8366:
8203:
8093:
8050:
7831:
7708:
7594:
7544:
7408:
7349:
7271:
7202:
6190:
6167:"Evaluating hearing loss risks in the mining industry through MSHA citations"
6075:
5310:
5143:
5117:
4931:
4688:
4637:
4508:
4410:
3606:
3583:
3321:
3245:
3099:
3041:
2881:
2629:
2351:
2293:
2268:
2264:
2037:
1973:
1893:
1538:
1518:
1310:
1234:
in the mid-19th century, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with
1182:
1153:
1119:
1077:
1033:
988:
Much of the knowledge of medieval mining techniques comes from books such as
672:
601:
386:
374:
354:
280:
276:
10684:
9120:
8916:
2632:
spraying rockdust to reduce the combustible fraction of coal dust in the air
2401:
27:
Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth
11990:
11925:
11878:
11574:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11439:
11434:
11094:
10952:
10679:
10634:
10504:
10500:
10468:
10358:
10280:
10251:
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10161:
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9979:
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9865:
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9576:
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9520:
9496:
9412:
9305:
9182:
9003:
8973:
8891:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8843:
8754:
8655:
8168:
8126:
7902:
7853:
7789:
7645:
7549:
7266:
7261:
6208:
6093:
5328:
4882:
4864:
4645:
4418:
4361:
3045:
3006:
2984:
2955:
2863:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2763:
2755:
2719:
2526:
2256:
1915:
are used to sink shafts, excavate stopes, and obtain samples for analysis.
1869:
1845:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1687:
1657:
1623:
1588:
1568:
967:
811:
719:
683:, the scale of the operations increased dramatically, as the Romans needed
668:
597:
550:
465:
406:
304:
264:
211:
191:
156:
116:
79:. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through
10689:
9212:
9207:
9197:
9160:
9150:
9090:
9023:
8536:
5903:
International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy: Trends and Prospects
5560:"Regulation & Legitimacy in the Mining Industry in Africa: Where does"
3780:. Vitoria, Spain: Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava. pp. 205–335.
2370:, but according to one estimate has as a percent of world reserves 40% of
1938:
Once the mineral is extracted, it is often then processed. The science of
1754:
1087:, in 1934, the Emperor Gold Mining Company Ltd. established operations at
12042:
12022:
11995:
11821:
11579:
11479:
11172:
11161:
11156:
11104:
10982:
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10841:
10297:
10266:
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9905:
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9601:
9556:
9464:
9444:
9177:
9100:
9060:
8968:
8948:
8692:
8677:
8667:
8603:
8523:
8264:
8208:
8030:
8008:
8003:
7870:
7747:
7713:
7701:
7589:
7512:
7344:
7207:
5760:
5680:
3067:
2838:
2814:
2759:
2735:
2637:
2602:
Assistance for Minerals Sector Development and Reform in Member Countries
2455:
2434:
2386:
is a significant part of that country's economy. In the developed world,
2232:
1564:
1404:
1391:
1255:
1127:
989:
932:
921:
787:
783:
723:
656:
632:
605:
562:
390:
335:
316:
292:
199:
179:
163:
152:
80:
4385:
Bajpayee, T.S.; Rehak, T.R.; Mowrey, G.L.; Ingram, D.K. (January 2004).
4068:
Copper: its mining and use by the aborigines of the Lake Superior Region
4050:
Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines
3975:
1196:
In 1727 Louis Denys (Denis) (1675–1741), sieur de La Ronde – brother of
96:
11985:
11915:
11885:
11868:
11846:
11656:
11526:
11521:
11229:
11177:
11002:
10925:
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10719:
10397:
10307:
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10275:
10271:
10028:
9797:
9531:
9427:
9407:
9338:
9172:
8953:
8822:
8818:
8707:
8551:
8371:
8188:
8146:
8088:
8057:
7696:
7628:
7566:
7539:
7502:
7047:
The Oil, gas and Mining Sustainable Community Development Fund (2009).
6067:
5277:
Leppänen, Jaakko Johannes; Weckström, Jan; Korhola, Atte (2017-09-05).
5097:
4503:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2016.
3429:
J. Theo Kloprogge; Concepcion P. Ponce; Tom Loomis (18 November 2020).
2826:
2767:
2707:
2568:
has been involved in mining since 1955, mainly through grants from its
2565:
1979:
In 2018, led by Chemistry and Biochemistry professor Bradley D. Smith,
1900:, is fed into machinery consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or
1861:
1627:
1444:
1432:
1363: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1298:(one of the largest zinc-lead ore deposits), and the iron ore mines at
1279:
1243:
traveled West for work opportunities in mining. Western cities such as
1190:
1186:
1037:
951:
943:
835:
707:
589:
581:
515:
503:
431:
284:
88:
9192:
9155:
8697:
6559:
6481:"Brazil: Supreme Court must uphold indigenous land rights – UN expert"
5411:
3831:"Web Hosting, Reseller Hosting & Domain Names from Heart Internet"
1976:
combines the geologic sciences with extractive metallurgy and mining.
1801:
extraction method or the technique used to reach the mineral deposit.
1537:, which dissolve in water. Some minerals, such as copper minerals and
1456:
can begin, to make the land used by the mine suitable for future use.
75:
of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the
12017:
11963:
11863:
11841:
11826:
11628:
11354:
11246:
11182:
11079:
10992:
10947:
10883:
10868:
10714:
10585:
10375:
10166:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9802:
9591:
9571:
9454:
9417:
9110:
9075:
8906:
8826:
8687:
8254:
8136:
7944:
7939:
7917:
7806:
7799:
7618:
7613:
7520:
7497:
6375:"Old Habits Die Hard: Indigenous Land Rights and Mining in Australia"
6021:
5370:
Industry in Transition: A Profile of the North American Mining Sector
5076:
3889:
A Harper International Edition. Fifth printing. February 1968. p. 316
3204:
3141:
3056:
3005:
The deepest mine in Europe is the 16th shaft of the uranium mines in
2980:
2834:
2771:
2703:
2447:
2160:
2096:
Countries with strongly enforced mining regulations commonly require
1969:
1682:, which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground;
1643:
Shock-push (poverty-driven, following conflict or natural disasters).
1599:(ASM) is a blanket term for a type of subsistence mining involving a
1567:
used 66.4%, nonmetal mining and quarrying 13.5%, metal mining 10.4%,
1416:
1299:
1259:
1178:
1088:
982:
974:
973:
The widespread adoption of agricultural innovations such as the iron
913:
827:
684:
676:
667:
was one of the most important mining regions, but all regions of the
580:
to supply water to the minehead, where the water was stored in large
423:
419:
378:
366:
358:
288:
148:
124:
112:
104:
8618:
8541:
7360:
7139:
6536:"Mineral deposits: from their origin to their environmental impacts"
6502:
5044:
Regulations for Corporations: A historical account of TNC regulation
3215:
has found ÂŁ360 million of metals could be mined from just four
2762:
close to them. Frequently, despite being protected by International
1856:
1781:
1640:
Rush-type (massive migration, pulled often by commodity price jumps)
1338:
1321:, have begun to increase in demand as a result of new technologies.
761:
726:
and dewatered the mines using several kinds of machines, especially
11958:
11668:
11596:
11279:
11007:
10987:
10908:
10744:
10642:
10575:
10344:
10103:
9974:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9644:
9515:
9439:
9187:
9140:
8771:
8746:
8734:
8459:
8381:
7949:
7875:
7816:
7811:
7759:
7669:
7640:
7633:
7623:
7554:
7528:
7524:
7516:
7276:
7104:
5682:
5122:
Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia)
4533:"Addressing Forced Labor in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM)"
4153:
The General Mining Act of 1872 has left a legacy of riches and ruin
3838:
3220:
3216:
3200:
3161:
below ground as unused reserves. An example is the in-use stock of
3018:
2951:
2842:
2790:
2727:
2715:
2699:
2224:
2206:
2156:
2021:
1965:
1897:
1699:
1503:
1235:
1217:
1135:
1057:
978:
928:
850:
628:
617:
609:
596:
underneath and any gold-bearing veins. The rock was then worked by
453:
443:
346:
320:
108:
5709:"Principles: Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)"
5469:"2017 North American Industry Classification System Definition 21"
3654:"Selective attachment processes in ancient gold ore beneficiation"
3419:, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc, 1992, p. 3.
2556:
1172:
1880–1885. Photographs of the American West, Boston Public Library
514:
working them, their technology was essentially identical to their
11853:
11836:
11616:
11484:
11414:
11390:
11284:
10920:
10846:
10481:
10421:
10414:
10329:
10287:
10134:
10113:
10094:
10076:
10018:
9957:
9925:
9870:
9586:
9510:
9370:
9350:
9279:
8941:
8848:
8766:
8729:
8717:
8249:
8045:
8040:
7986:
7892:
7821:
7664:
7465:
7291:
6137:"Worker exposure and equipment noise in large surface coal mines"
5711:. Business and Human Right Resource Centre (2009). Archived from
5249:"Exclusive: Barrick faces sanctions for Argentina cyanide spills"
3960:"The Spanish Tradition in Gold and Silver Mining." Otis E. Young
3248: – Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict
3181:
3120:
3022:
2988:
2859:
2810:
2805:. These instances are a cause for widespread criticism of mining
2782:
2723:
2323:
2260:
2216:
2048:
2017:
1905:
1901:
1785:
1726:
1114:
During prehistoric times, early Americans mined large amounts of
1053:
947:
917:
889:
860:
during this period did decrease the value of, and dependence on,
831:
823:
815:
711:
593:
573:
530:
to have been used in buildings including the tomb of Amphipolis.
499:
486:
415:
370:
331:
324:
256:
140:
6266:. Ghana: Third World Network - Africa. p. 9. Archived from
5798:"Advancing the EITI in the Mining Sector: Implementation Issues"
5623:"The World Bank's Evolutionary Approach to Mining Sector Reform"
4300:"Net Zero Needs More Metals, But Less Extraction From the Earth"
3851:
A culture of Improvement. Robert Friedel. MIT Press. 2007. p. 81
572:
of ore, especially using a now-obsolete form of mining known as
11938:
11319:
11202:
11042:
10851:
10794:
10704:
10144:
9773:
9432:
9422:
9385:
9375:
9355:
9167:
9018:
8098:
8063:
7887:
7843:
7489:
7192:
4971:"Mining is a polluting business. Can new tech make it cleaner?"
3162:
3157:
3075:
3071:
2966:
2874:
2830:
2809:, a mineral essential for powering modern technologies such as
2806:
2651:
2375:
2359:
2330:
2272:
2236:
2228:
1953:
1949:
1828:, which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room,
1683:
1522:
1149:
1115:
1061:
1049:
901:
885:
869:
854:
843:
819:
791:
731:
692:
660:
636:
585:
519:
511:
507:
457:
439:
435:
427:
410:
382:
260:
252:
132:
128:
53:
4796:"Minerals Mining Conveyors | Mineral Mining Conveyor Products"
4264:
4262:
4260:
2543:
However, implementation has issues; inclusion or exclusion of
1498:
Targets are divided into two general categories of materials:
369:
used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and
11858:
11831:
11385:
11151:
11014:
10878:
10786:
10392:
10009:
8638:
8628:
8593:
8131:
7971:
7897:
7684:
7121:
6052:"Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010"
6049:
4562:"Women and Artisanal Mining: Gender Roles and the Road Ahead"
3049:
2959:
2866:, hydroelectric dams, and other infrastructure, according to
2659:
2395:
1961:
1637:
Seasonal (annually migrating during idle agriculture periods)
1600:
1317:
have also become a concern. Different elements, particularly
1213:
1139:
857:
839:
664:
624:
523:
398:
394:
362:
327:
272:
268:
248:
244:
76:
6939:
Treasures of the Earth: need, greed and a sustainable future
6932:
Mining, the Environment and Indigenous Development Conflicts
5857:
Mining, Sustainability and Risk:World Bank Group Experiences
5116:
Zvereva, V. P.; Frolov, K. R.; Lysenko, A. I. (2021-10-13).
3094:
3082:
at 12,262 metres (40,230 ft), but this is connected to
287:
are especially famous, and like most other flint mines, are
275:
areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by
11537:
11349:
11037:
10940:
10893:
10312:
10023:
9390:
9380:
9055:
8578:
8076:
7932:
7927:
7907:
7781:
7732:
7576:
4257:
3804:
The end of a Celtic tradition: the last gold miner in Wales
3778:
Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. II. Sulfuros y sulfosales
3607:"Al Fawakhir Gold mine as a Geosite, Eastern Desert, Egypt"
3037:
2654:
on March 10, 1906. This disaster was surpassed only by the
2588:
In 1992, the World Bank began to push for privatization of
2518:
2509:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2064:
2056:
1916:
1884:
haul truck at the North Antelope Rochelle opencut coal mine
1619:
1513:
Some mining, including much of the rare earth elements and
1472:
1103:
1084:
1029:
905:
897:
893:
881:
865:
795:
715:
700:
688:
613:
584:
and tanks. When a full tank was opened, the flood of water
469:
468:
as one method used to break down the hard rock holding the
240:
218:. Mining can also perpetuate political instability through
171:
136:
100:
61:
3336: – Resources that exist without actions of humankind.
2493:
Re their valuation, and stock market characteristics, see
1872:. It is also one of the largest land vehicles of all time.
1742:
Coalburg Seam highwall mining at ADDCAR 16 Logan County WV
722:
was used. At other parts of the site, they penetrated the
10694:
10013:
9935:
8783:
8035:
7679:
4895:
4384:
2821:. Many of these cases of child laborers are found in the
2338:
2240:
909:
807:
696:
543:
92:
30:"Underground mining" redirects here. For other uses, see
6404:"Uranium Mining – The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation"
6022:"Mission | Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)"
5531:"Metals Economics Group World Exploration Trends Report"
5276:
5211:
Technical Report: Design and Evaluation of Tailings Dams
3501:"ASA – October 1996: Mining and Religion in Ancient Man"
2679:
in the United States. Mining has been identified by the
2227:. For example, 99 tons of waste is generated per ton of
2072:
water resources, emitting air pollutants, and producing
1832:, which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and
303:. The oldest-known mine on archaeological record is the
5828:
4853:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4013:
3422:
3338:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3300:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3270:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3268: – Environmental problems from uncontrolled mining
3256:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3242: – Removal of human labor from the mining industry
2962:, site of the largest circumference and second deepest
2789:: child workers who broke down coal at a mine in South
2495:
Valuation (finance) § Valuation of mining projects
1992:
gold-containing ore with large quantities of poisonous
1788:
used for transporting miners within an underground mine
1254:
When new areas were explored, it was usually the gold (
1040:
in the 19th century, after, gold and diamond mining in
518:
predecessors. At other mines, such as on the island of
5512:
Amazon Gold Fever Comes with a High Environmental Cost
5445:"China's Continuing Monopoly Over Rare Earth Minerals"
872:
still remained vital to the story of medieval mining.
235:
Since the beginning of civilization, people have used
7053:
CommDev: Projects: Social Mine Closure Strategy, Mali
5763:"Report of 5th EITI Global Conference in Paris, 2011"
2681:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2570:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1968:
or through electrolytic reduction, as in the case of
5491:
Swenson JJ, Carter CE, Domec J-C, Delgado CI (2011)
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5115:
4491:
4467:
4016:"Mining industry in Africa - statistics & facts"
3808:. News.independent.co.uk. 2007-01-20. Archived from
3752:"Mining Greece the Goldmines of Alexander the Great"
3532:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 57–59.
3285:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3236: – Exploitation of raw materials from asteroids
2918:
of parts of this article (those related to article)
2263:
into a total of five rivers in Argentina near their
2251:
and 35 minor failures occurred. For example, in the
1987:. The new method "converts gold-containing ore into
782:
Mining as an industry underwent dramatic changes in
6925:
World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks
6345:"Record number of environmental activists murdered"
4607:
3324: – Point in time of largest mineral production
2592:with a new set of codes, beginning with its report
1541:, require acid or carbonate solutions to dissolve.
6454:
6301:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
2446:. Mining is heavily affected by the prices of the
2223:Ore mills generate large amounts of waste, called
1328:
1230:to encourage mining of federal lands. As with the
1044:has had major political and economic impacts. The
7132:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 528–542.
6260:Human Rights Violations in Africa's Mining Sector
6171:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
5355:
3989:"The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade (7th–14th Century)"
3345: – Part of the primary sector of the economy
2920:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
2650:, involved the death of 1,099 miners in Northern
2398:reportedly controlled 95% of production in 2013.
1483:Mining techniques can be divided into two common
623:Sluicing methods were developed by the Romans in
565:, or crushed, ores and driving simple machinery.
315:shows to be about 43,000 years old. At this site
12126:
6892:"Assessing the opportunities of landfill mining"
6737:
6735:
6455:Phillips, Tom; Milhorance, Flávia (2021-09-10).
6425:
6423:
6373:Behrendt, Larissa; Strelein, Lisa (March 2001).
6372:
5733:
5400:Global stock values top $ 50 trln: industry data
5205:
5203:
5201:
4380:
4378:
3405:. MBLWHOI Library. New York, Dover Publications.
3330: – Theory that resource wealth slows growth
2409:of Rio Tinto's subsidiary, Kennecott Utah Copper
1436:is economically recoverable is dependent on the
1309:of large multinational corporations has arisen.
830:greatly increased the demand for iron. Medieval
7096:An introduction to geology and hard rock mining
6941:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
6898:. Research database – University of Groningen.
6291:
6225:Human Rights Risks in Mining - A Baseline Study
5761:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.
5681:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.
5012:
4194:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
3318: – Overview of and topical guide to mining
3292: – To certify the origin of rough diamonds
3089:
1821:rock formations requires different techniques.
1603:who may or may not be officially employed by a
6986:(2nd ed.). Wide Publishing. p. 505.
6729:Carolyn Fry, Guardian.co.uk, 22 February 2008.
6698:The Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report
6528:
5223:
5221:
5219:
4218:Atlas of US and Canadian Environmental History
3398:
3180:95% of the energy used to make aluminium from
2698:associated with mining, including exposure to
2153:International Organization for Standardization
8475:
7376:
7155:
6743:Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis
6732:
6420:
5523:
5198:
4947:"The Environmental Problems Caused by Mining"
4375:
4052:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–6.
3966:, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Winter, 1965), pp. 299–314 (
3275:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
3013:, at 1,838 metres (6,030 ft). Second is
2683:(NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the
2538:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
2333:is the headquarters for large miners such as
2259:Corporation spilled over 1 million liters of
542:for minting coinage, eventually producing 26
6965:Gold mines may owe their origins to bacteria
6923:Woytinsky, W.S., and E.S. Woytinsky (1953).
6639:"Nordrhein-Westfalen in Zahlen und Geodaten"
5855:For an overview of the Bank and mining, see
5533:. Metals Economics Group Inc. Archived from
4139:The WPA Guide to Wisconsin: The Badger State
4044:
4042:
3604:
3548:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 108.
3351: – Mines in the Keuperian basin, France
2500:
2461:
1185:America; in the Cerillos Mining District in
338:may have mined flint for weapons and tools.
6764:"Landfill mining: new opportunities ahead?"
5754:
5216:
4099:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 34.
4078:
4076:
3864:. Mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu. Archived from
3723:"Mining Greece Ancient Quarries in Thassos"
2083:
1809:uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and
8482:
8468:
7383:
7369:
7162:
7148:
6944:
6934:. Tucson AZ: University of Arizona Press.
6294:"Congo, Child Labor and Your Electric Car"
5993:"NORA Mining Sector Council | NIOSH | CDC"
5229:Trends in the stewardship of tailings dams
3898:
3055:The deepest open-pit mine with respect to
3028:The deepest open-pit mine in the world is
2275:, but it is used in the developing world.
2142:International Council on Mining and Metals
2124:environmental standards, and criteria for
1517:, is done by less-common methods, such as
1397:cut and fill mining operation in hard rock
1314:
475:
6198:
6165:Sun, Kan; Azman, Amanda S. (March 2018).
6083:
5829:Revenue Watch Institute (20 April 2010).
5318:
5133:
4944:
4921:
4872:
4212:
4210:
4097:Politics of Latin America: The Power Game
4062:
4060:
4058:
4039:
3991:. The Metropolitan Museum. October 2000.
3920:
3677:
3399:Agricola, Georg; Hoover, Herbert (1950).
2889:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
2797:, United States in the early 20th century
2758:abuses occurring within mining sites and
2596:. In 1997, Latin America's largest miner
1379:Learn how and when to remove this message
1305:As the 21st century begins, a globalized
631:gold deposits, the largest site being at
190:. The exploitation of these deposits for
6692:
6690:
6342:
6164:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
4846:
4245:History of Australia's Minerals Industry
4073:
3167:
3156:During the 20th century, the variety of
3119:
3093:
2950:
2781:
2623:
2615:
2574:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
2555:
2504:
2450:minerals, which are often volatile. The
2400:
2309:
2210:
2087:
1999:
1985:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1875:
1855:
1791:
1780:
1749:
1737:
1646:
1587:
1471:
1390:
1294:, which ran for nearly a hundred years,
1269:
1163:
1144:
1098:
790:was mainly focused on the extraction of
773:
760:
757:Mining and metallurgy in medieval Europe
485:
452:occurred in the earliest dynasties. The
345:
47:
6981:
6429:
6056:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
5792:
5790:
5557:
4358:"In Situ Leach Mining (ISL) of Uranium"
3611:International Journal of Earth Sciences
2689:Mining Safety and Health Administration
1813:uses vertical access shafts. Mining in
1492:
1076:has become important in the economy of
14:
12127:
11508:
7119:
6538:. Taylor & Francis. January 1995.
5960:
5442:
5062:
4686:
4669:from the original on September 6, 2021
4431:
4207:
4177:The Americans: The National Experience
4095:Vaden, H.E. & Prevost. G. (2002).
4055:
4014:Published by M. Garside (2021-10-20).
3651:
3540:
3538:
3296:List of critical mineral raw materials
3290:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
3152:List of critical mineral raw materials
1238:, became a driving factor in the U.S.
778:Gallery, 12th to 13th century, Germany
11722:
11507:
10772:
9236:
9235:
8502:
8463:
7390:
7364:
7169:
7143:
6949:. Mining Journal Books. p. 555.
6687:
6510:"Mining and minerals in South Africa"
6316:
6221:
5736:"At the Fifth EITI Global Conference"
5608:
4847:Laura J., Sonter (December 5, 2018).
4297:
4179:. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 78–81.
3862:"Chapter 7: Medieval Silver and Gold"
3775:
2947:Extremes on Earth § Subterranean
2848:
2685:National Occupational Research Agenda
1764:
1286:Meanwhile, Australia experienced the
730:. These were used extensively in the
12094:
8489:
6752:United Nations Environment Programme
6707:United Nations Environment Programme
6516:from the original on 1 December 2016
5945:Where The Coal Is Stained With Blood
5787:
5098:http://partnerplatform.org/?zl177g4a
4738:"Metallurgy - Extractive metallurgy"
4658:
3901:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
3557:
3190:United Nations Environment Programme
3025:, at 1,750 metres (5,740 ft).
2898:
2620:Mining transport in Devnya, Bulgaria
1892:excavating the land. In the case of
1361:adding citations to reliable sources
1332:
6671:"The deepest hole we have ever dug"
6668:
6512:. SouthAfrica.info. 8 August 2012.
6256:
5567:Review of African Political Economy
4662:Coal Mining and the Highwall Method
4659:Drum, The Oil (November 26, 2010),
4360:. World-nuclear.org. Archived from
3546:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
3535:
3530:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
2702:which can lead to diseases such as
2306:Category:Mining industry by country
998:and probably most importantly from
927:combined to finance extraction and
786:. The mining industry in the early
675:the natives had mined minerals for
24:
10773:
8503:
7049:Social Mine Closure Strategy, Mali
6917:
6222:Spohr, Maximilian (January 2016).
5967:Australian Economic History Review
5689:from the original on 13 April 2011
5596:from the original on 31 March 2020
5177:"What is the Cost of Mining Gold?"
4475:"Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining"
4438:Australian Economic History Review
4070:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
3298: – European Union legislation
3000:North West Province (South Africa)
942:Use of water power in the form of
750:
210:, frequently contributes to local
25:
12156:
7066:
6317:Kelly, Annie (16 December 2019).
6231:. BGR. p. 10. Archived from
5457:from the original on Apr 3, 2023.
5135:10.17073/2500-0632-2021-3-181-191
3995:from the original on 25 June 2020
3605:Abdelmaksoud, Kholoud M. (2020).
3277: – Organization of countries
3254: – War fought over resources
3176:that has been abandoned for years
2590:government-owned mining companies
2329:Mining exists in many countries.
2108:prior beginning mine operations.
1880:A Bucyrus Erie 2570 dragline and
1571:7.1%, and all other users 2.6%".
1198:Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure
502:, which helped support the Greek
490:Ancient Roman development of the
12105:
12093:
12082:
12081:
8444:
8443:
7041:Mining: An International History
6884:
6849:
6820:
6791:
6756:
6711:
6662:
6631:
6602:
6577:
6552:
6473:
6448:
6396:
6366:
6336:
6310:
6285:
6250:
6215:
6158:
6129:
6100:
6043:
6014:
5979:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x
5961:Wegner, Jan Helen (2010-06-22).
4450:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x
4432:Wegner, Jan Helen (2010-06-22).
3802:"The Independent, 20 Jan. 2007:
3066:The largest underground mine is
2903:
2714:. Gases in the mine can lead to
2673:2009 Heilongjiang mine explosion
2005:This section is an excerpt from
1805:uses horizontal access tunnels,
1711:
1597:Artisanal and small-scale mining
1580:This section is an excerpt from
1493:sub-surface (underground) mining
1337:
510:. Although they had over 20,000
341:
162:Modern mining processes involve
12106:
9636:Outdoors & sports equipment
7084:Introductory Mining Engineering
6902:from the original on 2019-01-27
6809:from the original on 2017-05-23
6719:Tread lightly: Aluminium attack
6566:from the original on 2019-03-28
6491:from the original on 2021-09-13
6385:from the original on 2021-09-13
6355:from the original on 2021-09-13
6343:Marshall, Claire (2021-09-13).
6292:Financial Times (7 July 2019).
6147:from the original on 2018-07-19
6118:from the original on 2018-06-27
6032:from the original on 2018-06-14
6003:from the original on 2019-06-16
5985:
5954:
5937:
5919:
5907:African Mining Codes Questioned
5884:
5868:
5849:
5822:
5727:
5701:
5674:
5651:
5551:
5485:
5461:
5436:
5424:
5405:
5392:
5335:
5270:
5259:from the original on 2021-10-09
5241:
5187:from the original on 2015-06-12
5169:
5158:from the original on 2022-07-08
5109:
5090:
5056:
5036:
4988:
4963:
4945:Witchalls, Sammy (2022-04-03).
4938:
4889:
4840:
4817:
4806:from the original on 2023-01-26
4788:
4759:
4748:from the original on 2021-06-02
4730:
4705:
4680:
4652:
4601:
4582:
4554:
4525:
4456:from the original on 2023-02-21
4425:
4350:
4334:Introductory Mining Engineering
4326:
4316:
4291:
4280:from the original on 2023-04-02
4238:
4182:
4169:
4145:
4131:
4112:
4102:
4089:
4029:
4007:
3981:
3954:
3945:
3892:
3879:
3854:
3845:
3823:
3794:
3769:
3744:
3733:from the original on 2015-06-12
3715:
3704:from the original on 2015-06-12
3686:
3645:
3598:
3551:
3417:SME Mining Engineering Handbook
3381:from the original on 2023-02-10
3266:Environmental effects of mining
2998:The Moab Khutsong gold mine in
2745:
2594:The Strategy for African Mining
2098:environmental impact assessment
1626:, and mining is pursued in the
1348:needs additional citations for
1329:Mine development and life cycle
939:in the northwestern mountains.
334:are believed to be sites where
12145:Occupational safety and health
7112:New International Encyclopedia
6982:Jayanta, Bhattacharya (2007).
5443:Nesbit, Jeff (April 2, 2013).
5227:TE Martin, MP Davies. (2000).
4767:"Mining Concentrate Thickener"
3522:
3493:
3475:
3449:
3409:
3392:
3363:
3312: – Engineering discipline
2991:province. Previously known as
2777:
2677:Upper Big Branch Mine disaster
2126:Socially responsible investing
2014:Environmental impact of mining
2007:Environmental impact of mining
1777:Underground mining (soft rock)
1773:Underground mining (hard rock)
13:
1:
9640:Personal protective equipment
7033:Journal of Cleaner Production
7002:Hardrock Gold: a miner's tale
6183:10.1080/15459624.2017.1412584
3694:"Mining greece ancient mines"
3652:Neesse, Thomas (April 2014).
3356:
2551:
2231:, with even higher ratios in
1923:
1551:Explosives have been used in
1467:
1306:
1181:dated at 700 AD was mined in
1169:
728:reverse overshot water-wheels
522:, marble was quarried by the
230:
7409:Pollution / quality
7120:Munroe, Henry Smith (1911).
6748:International Resource Panel
6703:International Resource Panel
6587:. 2015-04-06. Archived from
6430:Tartlet, R.K. (March 2001).
5933:(in French). March 10, 2006.
5508:10.1371/journal.pone.0018875
5450:U.S. News & World Report
4630:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.015
4298:Rathi, Akshat (2024-09-10).
4084:A History of American Mining
3679:10.1016/j.mineng.2014.01.009
3186:International Resource Panel
3090:Metal reserves and recycling
2823:Democratic Republic of Congo
1896:, unconsolidated gravel, or
1733:
1574:
1265:
1251:originated as mining towns.
1046:Democratic Republic of Congo
954:was first used in mining in
330:. Mines of a similar age in
279:and galleries. The mines at
139:. The ore must be a rock or
95:recovered by mining include
36:Underground hard-rock mining
32:Underground soft-rock mining
7:
11723:
6984:Principles of Mine Planning
6560:"Chuquicamata | MINING.com"
5431:Mining in Africa – Overview
5343:Mining's Problem with Waste
4569:siteresources.worldbank.org
4086:, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
3887:Economic History of Europe.
3226:
3172:A metal recycling plant in
2287:
2169:Global Reporting Initiative
1851:
1224:Mining in the United States
1094:
10:
12161:
6945:Even-Zohar, Chaim (2002).
6803:www.enviroalternatives.com
5303:10.1038/s41598-017-11421-8
5063:Chapin, Mac (2004-10-15).
4690:Underground mining Methods
4687:Harraz, Hassan Z. (2010).
4391:Journal of Safety Research
3631:10.1007/s00531-019-01811-w
3145:
3135:
2944:
2927:Last update: 9th July 2022
2894:
2669:Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster
2635:
2598:Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
2356:mineral industry of Africa
2314:The Särkijärvi pit of the
2291:
2204:
2061:mountaintop removal mining
2004:
1927:
1770:
1668:
1664:
1634:Permanent artisanal mining
1579:
1228:General Mining Act of 1872
1067:
754:
627:in 25 AD to exploit large
479:
225:
40:
29:
12076:
11924:
11807:
11733:
11729:
11718:
11677:
11627:
11520:
11516:
11503:
11370:
11305:
11262:
11132:
11023:
10963:
10867:
10785:
10781:
10768:
10633:
10524:
10430:
10087:
9855:
9655:
9255:
9248:
9244:
9231:
9038:
8859:
8745:
8522:
8515:
8511:
8498:
8439:
8380:
8245:
8238:
8119:
7980:Types / location
7979:
7970:
7780:
7575:
7488:
7458:
7407:
7398:
7322:
7290:
7254:
7233:
7226:
7178:
7099:(archived 13 August 2016)
5579:10.1080/03056240802410984
5502:. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18875.
4923:10.1186/s13750-019-0152-8
4699:10.13140/RG.2.1.2881.1124
4403:10.1016/j.jsr.2003.07.003
3931:10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8
3576:10.1017/S0003598X0004624X
3349:Grozon coal and saltworks
2611:
2501:Regulation and governance
2462:Corporate classifications
2444:remote-sensing satellites
2378:, and 90% of the world's
2302:Category:Mining companies
2253:Marcopper mining disaster
2219:'s northern Lori province
2149:mines with good practices
1759:Upper Silesian Coal Basin
1415:to estimate the size and
1160:, Michigan, U.S., in 1905
1022:Iron metallurgy in Africa
1016:
687:'s resources, especially
271:mines have been found in
64:'s crater lake, Indonesia
11954:Mergers and acquisitions
11695:Research and development
10055:Chemical & hormonal
9710:Communications equipment
6864:Enhanced Landfill Mining
5913:January 1, 2016, at the
5558:Cambell, Bonnie (2008).
4509:10.1787/9789264252479-en
4151:McClure R, Schneider A.
3968:Journal of the Southwest
3835:romans-in-britain.org.uk
3558:Shaw, Ian (March 1994).
3435:. Elsevier. p. 54.
3305:List of mining companies
2644:Courrières mine disaster
2298:List of mining companies
2200:
2130:industry self-regulation
2110:Environmental monitoring
2102:environmental management
2084:Environmental regulation
1981:University of Notre Dame
1504:unconsolidated materials
1440:of the ore in the area.
1110:region of the U.S., 1865
1026:trans-Saharan gold trade
745:National Museum of Wales
714:out the veins and drove
10740:Painting and decorating
9764:Medical imaging systems
9697:Parts & peripherals
7129:Encyclopædia Britannica
6937:Ali, Saleem H. (2009).
6930:Ali, Saleem H. (2003).
4742:Encyclopedia Britannica
4479:Intergovernmental Forum
4175:Boorstin, D.J. (1965).
4125:August 1, 2012, at the
3080:Kola Superdeep Borehole
2856:climate change activism
2675:in China, and the 2010
2523:sustainable development
1757:coal mine shaft tower,
1723:Garzweiler surface mine
1296:Broken Hill ore deposit
482:Mining in Roman Britain
476:Ancient Greece and Rome
216:environmental conflicts
43:Mining (disambiguation)
12058:State-owned enterprise
12038:Nonprofit organization
11949:Horizontal integration
9757:Scientific instruments
9720:Network infrastructure
7044:. Ernest Benn Limited.
7000:Morrison, Tom (1992).
5734:The Ghanaian Journal.
5683:"Governance Structure"
5000:www.theworldcounts.com
4902:Environmental Evidence
4865:10.1098/rspb.2018.1926
4717:Geosciences LibreTexts
4274:Geosciences LibreTexts
4082:Ricard, T. A. (1932),
3885:Heaton Herbert (1948)
3776:Calvo, Miguel (2003).
3281:Geological engineering
3177:
3133:
3117:
2970:
2862:, mining, large-scale
2798:
2633:
2621:
2561:
2513:
2512:Global Conference 2016
2452:2000s commodities boom
2439:oil and gas extraction
2431:oil and gas extraction
2410:
2326:
2220:
2093:
1885:
1873:
1866:bucket-wheel excavator
1826:shrinkage stope mining
1824:Other methods include
1797:
1789:
1761:
1743:
1653:
1593:
1480:
1399:
1288:Australian gold rushes
1275:
1200:and the son-in-law of
1173:
1161:
1111:
779:
771:
576:. They built numerous
495:
351:
145:non-renewable resource
83:, or feasibly created
81:agricultural processes
65:
11401:Private investigation
7038:Temple, John (1972).
5368:MacDonald A. (2002).
5352:. MiningWatch Canada.
5031:Rocks and Hard Places
4665:, A Media Solutions,
3171:
3123:
3116:inches (4 cm) in size
3097:
2954:
2785:
2752:environmental impacts
2627:
2619:
2583:Ferro Carajas project
2559:
2508:
2404:
2347:market capitalization
2313:
2214:
2205:Further information:
2106:mine closure planning
2091:
2047:Some mining methods (
2030:contamination of soil
2000:Environmental effects
1940:extractive metallurgy
1934:Extractive metallurgy
1879:
1859:
1795:
1784:
1753:
1741:
1706:and local pollution.
1698:involves sites where
1650:
1591:
1475:
1394:
1315:environmental impacts
1273:
1167:
1148:
1102:
931:. Hundreds of German
814:, the growing use of
777:
764:
663:, among many others.
561:, as well as washing
492:Dolaucothi Gold Mines
489:
480:Further information:
349:
301:English Lake District
297:Langdale axe industry
51:
11969:Vertical integration
9970:Speciality chemicals
9810:Electrical equipment
9727:Consumer electronics
8355:remnant natural area
7992:storage and recovery
7658:habitat conservation
7476:Deforestation (REDD)
6976:Alaska Placer Mining
6610:"The TEX Report Ltd"
5905:. Summarized in the
5069:World Watch Magazine
5042:Abrahams D. (2005).
4540:responsiblemines.org
4233:Taylor & Francis
4048:Lankton, L. (1991).
3963:Arizona and the West
3658:Minerals Engineering
3213:Cranfield University
3207:, used in cans, and
2696:occupational hazards
2424:TSX Venture Exchange
2155:(ISO). For example,
2026:loss of biodiversity
1546:Explosives in Mining
1357:improve this article
1232:California Gold Rush
1106:mining in the upper
765:Agricola, author of
637:argentiferous galena
549:However, it was the
532:Philip II of Macedon
309:Eswatini (Swaziland)
208:developing economies
41:For other uses, see
12053:Sole proprietorship
12028:Joint-stock company
11297:Veterinary medicine
11122:Property management
10916:Passenger transport
9943:Commodity chemicals
9769:Optical instruments
9737:Video game consoles
9630:Musical instruments
9471:Media reproduction
8309:Earth Overshoot Day
7883:Marine conservation
7864:non-timber products
7218:Mountaintop removal
6963:Geobacter Project:
6614:www.texreport.co.jp
6114:. 25 October 2016.
5667:. MiningFacts.org.
5341:Coumans C. (2002).
5295:2017NatSR...710581L
4914:2019EnvEv...8....9H
4622:2012WaMan..32..513K
4066:West, G.A. (1970).
3913:2008VegHA..17..211H
3756:www.miningreece.com
3727:www.miningreece.com
3698:www.miningreece.com
3670:2014MiEng..58...52N
3623:2020IJEaS.109..197A
3415:Hartman, Howard L.
3371:"Definition of ORE"
3334:Resource extraction
3084:scientific drilling
3030:Bingham Canyon Mine
2993:Western Deep Levels
2750:In addition to the
2694:There are numerous
2407:Bingham Canyon Mine
2392:rare earth minerals
2388:mining in Australia
2151:occurs through the
1692:mountaintop removal
1622:are planted in the
1413:resource estimation
1319:rare-earth minerals
671:were exploited. In
536:Alexander the Great
454:gold mines of Nubia
385:were also found at
263:was used to create
12001:Putting-out system
11510:Information sector
11431:Personal services
11033:Financial services
10505:offshore platforms
10354:advanced materials
10335:Ready-mix concrete
9788:Laser construction
9748:Clocks and watches
9582:Injection moulding
9553:Other fabrication
9506:household hardware
8294:Ecosystem services
7417:Ambient standards
7089:2023-11-03 at the
7078:2016-04-15 at the
7024:2023-11-03 at the
6725:2017-05-10 at the
6349:BBC via Yahoo News
6257:Tamufor, Lindlyn.
6238:on 31 October 2020
6068:10.1002/ajim.22429
5897:2016-01-01 at the
5862:2011-09-29 at the
5663:2018-07-06 at the
5517:2013-03-09 at the
5498:2013-09-21 at the
5417:2016-12-31 at the
5386:2013-09-15 at the
5375:2011-07-28 at the
5348:2017-07-06 at the
5283:Scientific Reports
5234:2016-03-03 at the
5103:2020-09-23 at the
5049:2011-10-01 at the
4996:"The World Counts"
4859:(1892): 20181926.
4829:2018-06-12 at the
4594:2017-05-23 at the
4343:2016-04-15 at the
4250:2017-07-11 at the
4227:2023-09-28 at the
4216:Miller C. (2013).
4158:2010-12-05 at the
3487:2008-12-07 at the
3310:Mining engineering
3178:
3134:
3128:, a metal mine in
3118:
2971:
2849:Indigenous peoples
2799:
2634:
2622:
2572:, with the Bank's
2562:
2514:
2485:companies rely on
2411:
2327:
2221:
2118:Equator Principles
2094:
1946:Mineral processing
1930:Mineral processing
1886:
1874:
1798:
1790:
1765:Underground mining
1762:
1744:
1654:
1594:
1557:sub-surface mining
1527:potassium chloride
1481:
1400:
1276:
1240:Westward Expansion
1204:– took command of
1174:
1162:
1124:Keweenaw Peninsula
1112:
960:Kingdom of Hungary
780:
772:
496:
397:and various other
352:
313:radiocarbon dating
251:found in northern
220:resource conflicts
66:
12140:History of mining
12122:
12121:
12072:
12071:
12068:
12067:
11899:Natural resources
11744:Production-based
11714:
11713:
11710:
11709:
11652:Vocational school
11499:
11498:
11495:
11494:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10725:Electrical wiring
10711:Specialty trades
10665:Civil engineering
10520:
10519:
10194:Vulcanized rubber
9990:Cleaning products
9830:Electric lighting
9547:Surface finishing
9537:Powder metallurgy
9492:Metal fabrication
9238:Industrial sector
9227:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9126:Rare-earth metals
9034:
9033:
8457:
8456:
8435:
8434:
8234:
8233:
7913:genetic resources
7849:genetic resources
7484:
7483:
7392:Natural resources
7358:
7357:
7318:
7317:
7058:White F. (2020).
6993:978-81-7764-480-7
6974:Garrett, Dennis.
6956:978-0-9537336-1-3
6799:"Landfill Mining"
6436:Cultural Survival
6379:Cultural Survival
6273:on 18 August 2021
5876:World Development
5742:on 1 January 2016
5181:Visual Capitalist
5029:Moody R. (2007).
4518:978-92-64-25238-7
3841:on July 20, 2010.
3544:Shaw, I. (2000).
3528:Shaw, I. (2000).
3442:978-0-12-821538-8
3316:Outline of mining
3252:Conflict resource
3148:Conflict resource
3068:Kiirunavaara Mine
2969:mine in the world
2943:
2942:
2928:
2819:electric vehicles
2646:, Europe's worst
2281:Civil engineering
2147:Certification of
2100:, development of
1704:methane emissions
1656:countries in the
1462:Frank T. M. White
1438:enrichment factor
1425:feasibility study
1389:
1388:
1381:
1292:Mount Morgan Mine
1108:Mississippi River
995:De la pirotechnia
836:chain link armour
355:Ancient Egyptians
16:(Redirected from
12152:
12109:
12108:
12097:
12096:
12085:
12084:
11981:Enforced breakup
11976:Decentralization
11904:Physical capital
11731:
11730:
11720:
11719:
11518:
11517:
11505:
11504:
11381:Customer service
11292:Residential care
11240:Public relations
11048:Financial advice
11025:Asset management
10820:Department store
10783:
10782:
10770:
10769:
10750:Site preparation
10598:Telecom networks
10566:Waste management
10542:Gas distribution
10226:Synthetic fibers
9953:Industrial gases
9692:Computer systems
9626:Medical supplies
9253:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9233:
9232:
8663:Animal husbandry
8634:Medicinal plants
8520:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8500:
8499:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8461:
8460:
8447:
8446:
8398:
8345:Natural heritage
8304:overexploitation
8243:
8242:
7977:
7976:
7923:herbal medicines
7903:FAO Plant Treaty
7443:
7420:
7405:
7404:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7362:
7361:
7231:
7230:
7213:Hydraulic mining
7164:
7157:
7150:
7141:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7116:
7108:
6997:
6960:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6866:. Archived from
6861:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6834:. Archived from
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6779:
6773:. Archived from
6768:
6760:
6754:
6739:
6730:
6715:
6709:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6650:
6644:. Archived from
6643:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6616:. Archived from
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:on April 6, 2015
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6427:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6300:. Archived from
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6265:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6230:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6087:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5958:
5952:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5927:"Marcel Barrois"
5923:
5917:
5888:
5882:
5881:(3) pp. 385–400.
5872:
5866:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5837:on July 20, 2011
5833:. Archived from
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5768:. Archived from
5767:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5738:. Archived from
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5678:
5672:
5669:Fraser Institute
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5632:. Archived from
5627:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5564:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5539:
5527:
5521:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5473:US Census Bureau
5465:
5459:
5458:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5409:
5403:
5396:
5390:
5366:
5353:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5245:
5239:
5225:
5214:
5209:US EPA. (1994).
5207:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5137:
5113:
5107:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5075:. Archived from
5060:
5054:
5040:
5034:
5027:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4844:
4838:
4837:, June 10, 2018.
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4773:. Archived from
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4610:Waste Management
4605:
4599:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4537:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4354:
4348:
4330:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4266:
4255:
4242:
4236:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4149:
4143:
4135:
4129:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4071:
4064:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3979:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3924:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3837:. Archived from
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3570:(258): 108–119.
3555:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3507:. Archived from
3497:
3491:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3460:. Archived from
3453:
3447:
3446:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3367:
3339:
3301:
3286:
3271:
3257:
3240:Automated mining
3188:, hosted by the
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2915:factual accuracy
2907:
2906:
2899:
2664:mining accidents
2656:Benxihu Colliery
2628:A coal miner in
2545:artisanal mining
2531:Fraser Institute
2176:ecological costs
2134:Rio Earth Summit
1989:chloroauric acid
1842:hard rock mining
1830:long wall mining
1715:
1613:informal economy
1582:Artisanal mining
1561:ammonium nitrate
1519:in-situ leaching
1419:of the deposit.
1384:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1341:
1333:
1171:
1168:Mining factory,
964:Banská Štiavnica
679:, but after the
639:in the mines of
559:hydraulic mining
534:, the father of
462:Diodorus Siculus
323:to make the red
206:, especially in
21:
12160:
12159:
12155:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12150:
12149:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12118:
12117:
12064:
12033:Nationalization
11920:
11890:Primary inputs
11811:
11803:
11736:
11735:Classification
11725:
11706:
11673:
11623:
11607:Social networks
11524:
11512:
11491:
11475:Business travel
11377:Administrative
11366:
11345:Amusement parks
11309:
11301:
11275:Dentist offices
11258:
11128:
11095:Pension funding
11068:Risk management
11053:Holding company
11019:
10959:
10871:
10863:
10835:Specialty store
10830:Online shopping
10777:
10756:
10629:
10516:
10426:
10083:
10041:Pharmaceuticals
9985:Aroma compounds
9921:Petroleum jelly
9851:
9840:Home appliances
9835:Electric motors
9783:spotting scopes
9744:Instrumentation
9657:
9651:
9633:Office supplies
9240:
9219:
9203:Dimension stone
9137:Other minerals
9082:Mining of ores
9030:
8855:
8741:
8688:Other livestock
8574:Permanent crops
8507:
8494:
8488:
8458:
8453:
8431:
8396:
8376:
8362:Systems ecology
8328:Natural capital
8230:
8115:
8104:reclaimed water
7966:
7928:UPOV Convention
7776:
7571:
7480:
7454:
7450:Ozone depletion
7441:
7418:
7394:
7389:
7359:
7354:
7340:Deep sea mining
7314:
7300:Room and pillar
7286:
7250:
7222:
7174:
7168:
7137:
7103:
7091:Wayback Machine
7080:Wayback Machine
7069:
7026:Wayback Machine
6994:
6957:
6920:
6918:Further reading
6915:
6914:
6905:
6903:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6841:
6839:
6832:www.rebnews.com
6826:
6825:
6821:
6812:
6810:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6740:
6733:
6727:Wayback Machine
6716:
6712:
6695:
6688:
6679:
6677:
6669:Piesing, Mark.
6667:
6663:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6623:
6621:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6594:
6592:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6569:
6567:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6494:
6492:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6465:
6463:
6453:
6449:
6440:
6438:
6428:
6421:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6388:
6386:
6371:
6367:
6358:
6356:
6341:
6337:
6327:
6325:
6315:
6311:
6298:Financial Times
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6163:
6159:
6150:
6148:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6121:
6119:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6048:
6044:
6035:
6033:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6006:
6004:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5959:
5955:
5951:. March 2, 2007
5942:
5938:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5915:Wayback Machine
5899:Wayback Machine
5890:GRAMA. (2003).
5889:
5885:
5873:
5869:
5864:Wayback Machine
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5775:on 26 July 2011
5772:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5715:on 8 April 2011
5707:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5679:
5675:
5665:Wayback Machine
5656:
5652:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5609:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5519:Wayback Machine
5510:. Lay summary:
5500:Wayback Machine
5490:
5486:
5477:
5475:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5441:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5419:Wayback Machine
5410:
5406:
5397:
5393:
5388:Wayback Machine
5377:Wayback Machine
5367:
5356:
5350:Wayback Machine
5340:
5336:
5275:
5271:
5262:
5260:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5236:Wayback Machine
5226:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5188:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5161:
5159:
5114:
5110:
5105:Wayback Machine
5095:
5091:
5082:
5080:
5061:
5057:
5053:, p. 6. UNRISD.
5051:Wayback Machine
5041:
5037:
5028:
5013:
5004:
5002:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4955:
4953:
4943:
4939:
4894:
4890:
4845:
4841:
4831:Wayback Machine
4822:
4818:
4809:
4807:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4780:
4778:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4751:
4749:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4685:
4681:
4672:
4670:
4657:
4653:
4606:
4602:
4596:Wayback Machine
4589:Landfill Mining
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4459:
4457:
4430:
4426:
4383:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4345:Wayback Machine
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4308:
4306:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4281:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4252:Wayback Machine
4243:
4239:
4229:Wayback Machine
4215:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4170:
4160:Wayback Machine
4150:
4146:
4136:
4132:
4127:Wayback Machine
4117:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4090:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4021:
4019:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3922:10.1.1.156.1683
3897:
3893:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3812:on July 6, 2008
3800:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3650:
3646:
3603:
3599:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3489:Wayback Machine
3480:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3402:De re metallica
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3375:Merriam-Webster
3369:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3337:
3299:
3284:
3269:
3261:Deep sea mining
3255:
3234:Asteroid mining
3229:
3217:landfill sites.
3209:precious metals
3154:
3144:
3138:Landfill mining
3136:Main articles:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3061:Tagebau Hambach
2949:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2851:
2780:
2748:
2671:in Russia, the
2648:mining accident
2640:
2614:
2560:World Bank logo
2554:
2503:
2464:
2420:venture capital
2416:publicly listed
2384:Mining in India
2308:
2290:
2245:embankment dams
2209:
2203:
2188:natural capital
2086:
2081:
2080:
2074:hazardous waste
2010:
2002:
1936:
1928:Main articles:
1926:
1889:Heavy machinery
1854:
1834:room and pillar
1779:
1771:Main articles:
1767:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1696:landfill mining
1680:open-pit mining
1673:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1585:
1577:
1547:
1531:sodium chloride
1500:placer deposits
1478:longwall mining
1470:
1395:Schematic of a
1385:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1354:
1342:
1331:
1307:mining industry
1268:
1210:Chequamegon Bay
1097:
1070:
1042:Southern Africa
1019:
1005:De re metallica
862:precious metals
838:in addition to
804:open-pit mining
800:precious metals
784:medieval Europe
768:De Re Metallica
759:
753:
751:Medieval Europe
484:
478:
464:, who mentions
450:Mining in Egypt
409:. Quarries for
403:Sinai Peninsula
344:
233:
228:
214:violations and
188:placer deposits
121:dimension stone
60:at the edge of
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12158:
12148:
12147:
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12137:
12120:
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12077:
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12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12015:
12014:
12013:
12011:Temporary work
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11973:
11972:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11934:Centralization
11930:
11928:
11922:
11921:
11919:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11888:
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11871:
11866:
11856:
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11850:
11849:
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11818:
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11805:
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11801:
11800:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11781:
11780:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11750:
11741:
11739:
11727:
11726:
11716:
11715:
11712:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11704:
11703:
11702:
11700:Basic research
11692:
11687:
11681:
11679:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11660:
11659:
11654:
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11609:
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11552:
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11531:
11529:
11514:
11513:
11501:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11489:
11488:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11469:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11429:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11417:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11374:
11372:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11362:Tabletop games
11359:
11358:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11334:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11316:
11314:
11303:
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11300:
11299:
11294:
11289:
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11287:
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11277:
11268:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11244:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11227:
11225:Legal services
11222:
11221:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11200:
11199:
11198:
11196:system testing
11185:
11180:
11166:
11165:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11138:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11119:
11109:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11077:
11076:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11058:Money transfer
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11029:
11027:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11012:
11011:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10969:
10967:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10956:
10955:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10931:Passenger rail
10928:
10923:
10913:
10912:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10899:Moving company
10896:
10891:
10886:
10875:
10873:
10865:
10864:
10862:
10861:
10860:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10839:
10838:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10805:Consumer goods
10802:
10800:Car dealership
10791:
10789:
10779:
10778:
10775:Service sector
10766:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10639:
10637:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10595:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10563:
10562:
10561:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10530:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10498:
10493:
10478:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10436:
10434:
10432:Heavy industry
10428:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10412:
10402:
10401:
10400:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10371:Metal refining
10368:
10367:
10366:
10364:Synthetic gems
10361:
10356:
10347:
10341:Other mineral
10339:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10285:
10284:
10283:
10278:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10239:
10238:
10237:
10231:Thermoplastics
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10198:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10111:
10106:
10091:
10089:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10057:contraceptives
10053:
10051:Blood products
10048:
10038:
10036:Fine chemicals
10033:
10032:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9916:Petrochemicals
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9861:
9859:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9817:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9776:
9766:
9761:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9717:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9699:
9694:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9680:Semiconductors
9677:
9675:Circuit boards
9672:
9661:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9628:
9623:
9620:
9615:
9609:
9606:
9605:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9544:
9542:Prefabrication
9539:
9534:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9499:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9475:Cassette tapes
9469:
9468:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9333:
9330:
9325:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9311:Vegetable oils
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9285:
9284:Dairy products
9282:
9277:
9272:
9261:
9259:
9257:Light industry
9250:
9242:
9241:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9165:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9042:
9040:
9036:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8846:
8839:Wild mushrooms
8836:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8816:
8814:Natural rubber
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8781:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8751:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8599:Tropical fruit
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8571:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8532:Arable farming
8528:
8526:
8517:
8509:
8508:
8505:Natural sector
8496:
8495:
8487:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8464:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8397:(perpetuation)
8392:
8386:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8350:Nature reserve
8347:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8296:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8284:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8246:
8240:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8074:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8033:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7983:
7981:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7827:climate change
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7795:Bioprospecting
7792:
7786:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7767:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7677:
7672:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7650:
7649:
7648:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7581:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7494:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7440:Clean Air Act
7432:
7427:
7422:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7388:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7296:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7167:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7123:"Mining"
7117:
7106:"Mining"
7101:
7093:
7068:
7067:External links
7065:
7064:
7063:
7056:
7045:
7036:
7029:
7012:
6998:
6992:
6979:
6972:
6961:
6955:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6883:
6848:
6819:
6790:
6755:
6731:
6710:
6686:
6661:
6630:
6601:
6576:
6562:. 2012-07-17.
6551:
6544:
6527:
6501:
6487:. 2021-08-23.
6472:
6447:
6419:
6395:
6365:
6335:
6309:
6306:on 2022-12-10.
6284:
6249:
6214:
6157:
6128:
6099:
6062:(4): 392–401.
6042:
6013:
5999:. 2017-10-24.
5984:
5973:(2): 193–208.
5953:
5936:
5918:
5883:
5867:
5848:
5821:
5810:on 3 July 2014
5786:
5753:
5726:
5700:
5673:
5650:
5630:The World Bank
5607:
5550:
5522:
5484:
5460:
5435:
5423:
5404:
5391:
5381:Free full-text
5354:
5334:
5269:
5255:. 2017-05-08.
5240:
5215:
5197:
5183:. 2013-05-21.
5168:
5128:(3): 181–191.
5108:
5089:
5055:
5035:
5011:
4987:
4962:
4937:
4888:
4839:
4824:Leotaud, V. R.
4816:
4787:
4758:
4729:
4713:"12.9: Mining"
4704:
4679:
4651:
4600:
4581:
4553:
4524:
4517:
4490:
4466:
4444:(2): 193–208.
4424:
4374:
4349:
4325:
4315:
4290:
4276:. 2017-01-28.
4270:"12.9: Mining"
4256:
4237:
4206:
4181:
4168:
4144:
4130:
4111:
4101:
4088:
4072:
4054:
4038:
4028:
4006:
3980:
3953:
3944:
3891:
3878:
3853:
3844:
3822:
3793:
3786:
3768:
3743:
3729:. 2014-12-10.
3714:
3700:. 2014-12-10.
3685:
3644:
3617:(1): 197–199.
3597:
3550:
3534:
3521:
3492:
3474:
3448:
3441:
3421:
3408:
3391:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3343:Stone industry
3340:
3331:
3328:Resource curse
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3278:
3272:
3263:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3174:South Carolina
3126:Pyhäsalmi Mine
3091:
3088:
3086:, not mining.
3034:Bingham Canyon
3011:Czech Republic
2941:
2940:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2882:Ifugao peoples
2868:Global Witness
2850:
2847:
2779:
2776:
2747:
2744:
2712:pneumoconiosis
2636:Main article:
2613:
2610:
2606:resource curse
2578:political risk
2553:
2550:
2502:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2380:platinum group
2335:Anglo American
2289:
2286:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2180:socio-economic
2085:
2082:
2042:climate change
2011:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:sodium cyanide
1925:
1922:
1853:
1850:
1838:retreat mining
1766:
1763:
1735:
1732:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1676:Surface mining
1671:Surface mining
1669:Main article:
1666:
1663:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1605:mining company
1586:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1553:surface mining
1545:
1535:sodium sulfate
1515:uranium mining
1489:surface mining
1469:
1466:
1445:waste material
1387:
1386:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1267:
1264:
1206:Fort La Pointe
1193:before 1700."
1158:Copper Country
1126:and in nearby
1096:
1093:
1069:
1066:
1018:
1015:
1000:Georg Agricola
877:central Europe
755:Main article:
752:
749:
741:British Museum
681:Roman conquest
592:to expose the
528:archaeologists
477:
474:
343:
340:
232:
229:
227:
224:
204:illegal mining
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12157:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12114:
12113:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12092:
12090:
12089:
12080:
12079:
12075:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12048:Privatization
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12020:
12019:
12016:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11978:
11977:
11974:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11936:
11935:
11932:
11931:
11929:
11927:
11923:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11824:
11823:
11822:Externalities
11820:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11810:
11806:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11784:
11783:Market-based
11782:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11742:
11740:
11738:
11732:
11728:
11721:
11717:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11680:
11676:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11626:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11595:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11577:
11576:
11573:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11554:Audio-visual
11553:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11523:
11519:
11515:
11511:
11506:
11502:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11406:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11363:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11326:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11313:
11308:
11307:Entertainment
11304:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11245:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11204:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11170:
11167:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11144:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11131:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11081:
11078:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11063:Payment cards
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11022:
11016:
11013:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10998:Food delivery
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10978:Drink service
10976:
10975:
10974:
10971:
10970:
10968:
10966:
10962:
10954:
10951:
10950:
10949:
10946:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10918:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10872:& Storage
10870:
10866:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10843:
10840:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10815:Grocery store
10813:
10811:
10810:General store
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10771:
10767:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10632:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10564:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10523:
10513:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10496:Rail vehicles
10494:
10492:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10470:
10469:wind turbines
10466:
10463:
10461:
10460:Machine tools
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10403:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10394:
10391:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10351:
10350:Carbon fibers
10348:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10318:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10290:
10289:
10286:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10244:
10243:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10199:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10155:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10126:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10067:Illegal drugs
10065:
10063:
10062:Generic drugs
10060:
10058:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9980:Agrochemicals
9978:
9976:
9973:
9972:
9971:
9968:
9964:
9963:Pure elements
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9944:
9941:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9931:Synthetic oil
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9854:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9793:Lens grinding
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9725:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9715:Mobile phones
9713:
9712:
9711:
9708:
9704:
9703:storage media
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9658:& optical
9654:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9635:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9486:
9485:Optical discs
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9396:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9344:
9340:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9328:Bottled water
9326:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9249:Manufacturing
9247:
9243:
9239:
9234:
9230:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9169:
9166:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9009:Sea cucumbers
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8858:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8840:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8673:Dairy farming
8671:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8579:Apples et al.
8577:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8485:
8480:
8478:
8473:
8471:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8450:
8442:
8441:
8438:
8428:
8427:Non-renewable
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8367:Urban ecology
8365:
8363:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8199:Privatization
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8094:Surface water
8092:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7596:
7595:peak farmland
7593:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7379:
7374:
7372:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7351:
7350:Seabed mining
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7165:
7160:
7158:
7153:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7107:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7073:First chapter
7071:
7070:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7011:
7010:0-8061-2442-3
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6985:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6873:on 2015-06-12
6869:
6865:
6858:
6852:
6838:on 2015-06-12
6837:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6780:on 2015-06-13
6776:
6772:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6744:
6738:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6651:on 2021-04-28
6647:
6640:
6634:
6620:on 2016-03-03
6619:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6547:
6545:9789054105503
6541:
6537:
6531:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6424:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6304:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6269:
6262:
6261:
6253:
6234:
6227:
6226:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6177:(3): 246–62.
6176:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5887:
5880:
5877:
5874:See the 1995
5871:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5852:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5741:
5737:
5730:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5654:
5639:on 2014-04-17
5635:
5631:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5573:(3): 367–89.
5572:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5540:on 2012-08-03
5536:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5488:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5408:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5338:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5093:
5079:on 2010-08-02
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4777:on 2021-06-25
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:(3): 513–20.
4615:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4570:
4563:
4557:
4541:
4534:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4364:on 2010-08-17
4363:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:First chapter
4335:
4332:Hartmann HL.
4329:
4319:
4305:
4304:Bloomberg.com
4301:
4294:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4098:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4032:
4017:
4010:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:(2): 211–21.
3906:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3882:
3868:on 2013-07-14
3867:
3863:
3857:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3787:84-7821-543-3
3783:
3779:
3772:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3511:on 2018-10-02
3510:
3506:
3505:www2.asa3.org
3502:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3464:on 2016-03-03
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:Peak minerals
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:Blood diamond
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3101:
3100:native copper
3096:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:United States
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:Bergwerk Saar
3012:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2630:West Virginia
2626:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2536:In 2007, the
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:South America
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:List of mines
2285:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:United States
2266:
2265:Veladero mine
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2178:and maximize
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:surface water
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1974:Geometallurgy
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:placer mining
1890:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1659:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1539:uranium oxide
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:lode deposits
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1346:This section
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:Peak minerals
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:René Chartier
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:pre-Columbian
1180:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1154:Tamarack Mine
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
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1120:Lake Superior
1117:
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1078:New Caledonia
1075:
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599:
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401:sites on the
400:
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388:
387:Wadi Hammamat
384:
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375:Wadi Maghareh
372:
368:
364:
360:
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348:
342:Ancient Egypt
339:
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329:
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319:humans mined
318:
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299:based in the
298:
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281:Grimes Graves
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12099:
12087:
12006:Spinning-off
11991:Homesteading
11944:Conglomerate
11926:Organization
11879:Raw material
11874:Intermediate
11753:
11752:
11575:Broadcasting
11480:Cruise lines
11450:Maid service
11440:Dry cleaning
11411:Maintenance
11169:Architecture
11134:Professional
10953:Self storage
10857:Distribution
10635:Construction
10480:Other heavy
10405:Formed metal
10359:Mineral wool
10281:Safety glass
10252:Fused quartz
10247:Borosilicate
9911:Paraffin wax
9866:oil refining
9845:Transformers
9611:Other goods
9597:Stonemasonry
9577:Glassblowing
9562:Blow molding
9521:Locksmithing
9497:Boilermaking
9046:Fossil fuels
8844:Fungiculture
8799:Gutta-percha
8789:Frankincense
8784:Tree tapping
8755:Silviculture
8735:Fur trapping
8646:Horticulture
8594:Stone fruits
8425: /
8299:Exploitation
8184:Conservation
8127:Desalination
8062:
7955:conservation
7790:Biodiversity
7738:conservation
7691:
7585:Agricultural
7513:Fossil fuels
7170:
7136:
7127:
7110:
7059:
7048:
7039:
7032:
7015:
7014:John Milne.
7001:
6983:
6975:
6946:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6904:. Retrieved
6895:
6886:
6875:. Retrieved
6868:the original
6863:
6851:
6840:. Retrieved
6836:the original
6831:
6822:
6811:. Retrieved
6802:
6793:
6782:. Retrieved
6775:the original
6770:
6758:
6742:
6718:
6713:
6697:
6678:. Retrieved
6674:
6664:
6653:. Retrieved
6646:the original
6633:
6622:. Retrieved
6618:the original
6613:
6604:
6593:. Retrieved
6589:the original
6579:
6568:. Retrieved
6554:
6530:
6518:. Retrieved
6504:
6493:. Retrieved
6484:
6475:
6464:. Retrieved
6461:The Guardian
6460:
6450:
6439:. Retrieved
6435:
6411:. Retrieved
6407:
6398:
6387:. Retrieved
6378:
6368:
6357:. Retrieved
6348:
6338:
6326:. Retrieved
6323:The Guardian
6322:
6312:
6303:the original
6297:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6268:the original
6259:
6252:
6240:. Retrieved
6233:the original
6224:
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6174:
6170:
6160:
6149:. Retrieved
6140:
6131:
6120:. Retrieved
6111:
6102:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6034:. Retrieved
6026:www.msha.gov
6025:
6016:
6005:. Retrieved
5996:
5987:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5902:
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5878:
5875:
5870:
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5835:the original
5824:
5812:. Retrieved
5805:the original
5777:. Retrieved
5770:the original
5756:
5744:. Retrieved
5740:the original
5729:
5717:. Retrieved
5713:the original
5703:
5691:. Retrieved
5676:
5653:
5641:. Retrieved
5634:the original
5629:
5598:. Retrieved
5570:
5566:
5553:
5542:. Retrieved
5535:the original
5525:
5487:
5476:. Retrieved
5472:
5463:
5448:
5438:
5426:
5407:
5394:
5337:
5289:(1): 10581.
5286:
5282:
5272:
5261:. Retrieved
5252:
5243:
5189:. Retrieved
5180:
5171:
5160:. Retrieved
5125:
5121:
5111:
5092:
5081:. Retrieved
5077:the original
5072:
5068:
5058:
5038:
5033:. Zed Books.
5030:
5003:. Retrieved
4999:
4990:
4979:. Retrieved
4977:. 2024-03-06
4974:
4965:
4954:. Retrieved
4950:
4940:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4834:
4819:
4808:. Retrieved
4799:
4790:
4779:. Retrieved
4775:the original
4770:
4761:
4750:. Retrieved
4741:
4732:
4721:. Retrieved
4719:. 2017-01-28
4716:
4707:
4689:
4682:
4673:September 6,
4671:, retrieved
4661:
4654:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4568:
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4539:
4527:
4499:
4493:
4482:. Retrieved
4478:
4469:
4458:. Retrieved
4441:
4437:
4427:
4397:(1): 47–57.
4394:
4390:
4366:. Retrieved
4362:the original
4352:
4333:
4328:
4318:
4307:. Retrieved
4303:
4293:
4282:. Retrieved
4273:
4240:
4232:
4217:
4199:27 September
4197:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4147:
4138:
4133:
4114:
4104:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4067:
4049:
4031:
4020:. Retrieved
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3983:
3967:
3961:
3956:
3947:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3870:. Retrieved
3866:the original
3856:
3847:
3839:the original
3834:
3825:
3814:. Retrieved
3810:the original
3803:
3796:
3777:
3771:
3760:. Retrieved
3758:. 2014-12-10
3755:
3746:
3735:. Retrieved
3726:
3717:
3706:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3545:
3529:
3524:
3513:. Retrieved
3509:the original
3504:
3495:
3477:
3466:. Retrieved
3462:the original
3451:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3365:
3198:
3194:
3179:
3155:
3065:
3054:
3048:in northern
3046:Chuquicamata
3027:
3004:
2997:
2985:South Africa
2974:
2973:As of 2019,
2972:
2956:Chuquicamata
2931:
2919:
2913:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:agribusiness
2852:
2800:
2795:Pennsylvania
2787:Breaker boys
2764:Labor rights
2756:human rights
2749:
2746:Human rights
2732:
2720:hearing loss
2716:asphyxiation
2693:
2658:accident in
2641:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2563:
2542:
2535:
2527:mine closure
2515:
2492:
2482:
2477:Intermediate
2476:
2470:
2465:
2428:
2412:
2328:
2316:apatite mine
2292:Main pages:
2277:
2257:Barrick Gold
2222:
2173:
2146:
2139:
2114:
2095:
2070:
2046:
2012:
1978:
1959:
1944:
1937:
1910:
1887:
1870:strip mining
1846:block caving
1823:
1811:shaft mining
1807:slope mining
1803:Drift mining
1799:
1768:
1745:
1688:strip mining
1674:
1658:global south
1624:rainy season
1617:
1609:
1595:
1569:construction
1550:
1544:
1543:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1476:Underground
1458:
1450:
1442:
1429:
1421:
1401:
1375:
1366:
1355:Please help
1350:verification
1347:
1323:
1304:
1285:
1277:
1253:
1222:
1195:
1175:
1113:
1082:
1071:
1060:, coal, and
1020:
1003:
993:
987:
972:
968:fire-setting
952:Black powder
941:
874:
848:
812:14th century
781:
766:
720:fire-setting
705:
669:Roman Empire
652:
645:Cartago Nova
644:
622:
608:deposits in
598:fire-setting
567:
548:
497:
466:fire-setting
448:
365:. At first,
353:
336:Neanderthals
305:Ngwenya Mine
243:and, later,
234:
212:human rights
196:
161:
91:or factory.
85:artificially
68:
67:
18:Metal mining
12043:Partnership
12023:Cooperative
11996:Outsourcing
11986:Freelancing
11864:Commodities
11568:Video games
11543:Periodicals
11420:Landscaping
11350:Fairgrounds
11252:Advertising
11173:engineering
11157:Bookkeeping
11112:Real estate
11105:Reinsurance
11003:Restaurants
10973:Foodservice
10965:Hospitality
10948:Warehousing
10936:Ridesharing
10926:Car rentals
10658:Residential
10593:Remediation
10476:Automobiles
10298:Earthenware
10267:Glass fiber
10262:Float glass
10072:Supplements
10046:Antibiotics
9948:Fertilizers
9906:Mineral oil
9881:Diesel fuel
9864:Coal &
9824:fiber optic
9798:Microscopes
9752:GPS devices
9732:Televisions
9665:Electronics
9656:Electrical
9602:Woodworking
9557:3D printing
9516:Gunsmithing
9480:Phonographs
9465:Typesetting
9445:Bookbinding
9408:Dressmaking
9403:Accessories
9335:Soft drinks
9270:Animal feed
9061:Natural gas
8949:Aquaculture
8932:Sea urchins
8804:Maple syrup
8678:Fur farming
8668:Beef cattle
8604:Viticulture
8552:Fiber crops
8524:Agriculture
8418:Nationalism
8390:Common-pool
8031:Hydrosphere
8024:remediation
8009:Groundwater
7604:Degradation
7345:Prospecting
7227:Sub-surface
7035:11: 131–40.
6771:MacFarlanes
6675:www.bbc.com
6277:28 December
6242:28 December
6141:www.cdc.gov
6112:www.cdc.gov
5997:www.cdc.gov
4975:Environment
2815:smartphones
2803:child labor
2778:Child labor
2760:communities
2638:Mine safety
2525:even after
2456:gold mining
2435:coal mining
2320:Siilinjärvi
2233:gold mining
2104:plans, and
2034:groundwater
1565:coal mining
1454:reclamation
1409:exploration
1405:prospecting
1280:base metals
1191:stone tools
1128:Isle Royale
990:Biringuccio
956:Selmecbánya
944:water mills
933:technicians
788:Middle Ages
724:water table
657:Plasenzuela
633:Las Medulas
616:ore in the
606:cassiterite
317:Paleolithic
265:flint tools
255:, southern
200:Work safety
168:reclamation
164:prospecting
153:natural gas
12129:Categories
11916:Technology
11886:Innovation
11847:Well-being
11657:University
11590:Television
11527:Mass media
11522:Publishing
11355:Nightclubs
11264:Healthcare
11235:Consulting
11230:Management
11178:Inspection
11162:Tax advice
11142:Accounting
11073:Securities
10889:Intermodal
10825:Mail order
10720:Demolition
10653:Industrial
10648:Commercial
10571:Collection
10422:Cast metal
10308:Refractory
10276:fiberglass
10272:Glass wool
10235:thermosets
10211:Engineered
10140:Engineered
10135:Sawmilling
10029:Toiletries
10000:Explosives
9820:Electrical
9803:Telescopes
9670:Components
9428:Shoemaking
9146:Phosphorus
9039:Geological
8989:Microalgae
8832:Pine resin
8819:Palm sugar
8794:Gum arabic
8708:Beekeeping
8547:Vegetables
8492:industries
8413:Extraction
8372:Wilderness
8333:accounting
8316:Management
8282:ecological
8270:tragedy of
8189:Peak water
8174:Efficiency
8147:Sanitation
8089:Stormwater
8082:harvesting
8058:Irrigation
7960:management
7918:gene banks
7859:management
7837:management
7753:resilience
7719:phosphorus
7675:industrial
7653:Management
7629:soundscape
7535:Geothermal
7255:Directions
7173:techniques
6906:2015-06-11
6896:www.rug.nl
6877:2015-06-11
6842:2015-06-11
6813:2015-06-11
6784:2015-06-11
6680:2021-05-04
6655:2021-05-04
6624:2015-06-11
6595:2015-06-11
6570:2015-06-11
6495:2021-09-13
6466:2021-09-13
6441:2021-09-13
6413:2021-09-13
6389:2021-09-13
6359:2021-09-13
6328:18 January
6151:2018-07-19
6122:2018-07-19
6036:2018-07-19
6007:2018-02-22
5544:2009-05-05
5478:2018-07-19
5263:2019-06-21
5191:2015-06-11
5162:2022-11-03
5083:2010-02-18
5005:2024-03-06
4981:2024-03-06
4956:2024-03-06
4835:Mining.com
4810:2023-04-03
4781:2021-03-29
4771:Red Meters
4752:2021-06-04
4723:2024-06-21
4574:26 October
4546:25 October
4484:2023-03-30
4460:2023-04-03
4368:2013-06-22
4309:2024-09-15
4284:2023-04-03
4164:Seattle PI
4022:2022-03-19
4018:. Statista
3872:2013-06-22
3816:2013-06-22
3762:2015-06-11
3737:2015-06-11
3708:2015-06-11
3515:2015-06-11
3468:2016-02-05
3385:2023-02-10
3357:References
3146:See also:
2945:See also:
2858:linked to
2768:pollutants
2736:coal mines
2728:rock falls
2708:asbestosis
2566:World Bank
2552:World Bank
1924:Processing
1862:Bagger 288
1628:dry season
1485:excavation
1468:Techniques
1433:metallurgy
1423:conduct a
1369:March 2024
1249:Sacramento
1187:New Mexico
1038:Great Trek
828:horseshoes
708:Dolaucothi
590:overburden
582:reservoirs
563:comminuted
546:per year.
516:Bronze Age
504:city state
432:travertine
293:greenstone
285:Krzemionki
231:Prehistory
155:, or even
89:laboratory
73:extraction
52:Mining of
12018:Ownership
11964:Monopsony
11842:Pollution
11827:Community
11737:standards
11642:Secondary
11629:Education
11612:Streaming
11280:Hospitals
11271:Medicine
11247:Marketing
11183:Surveying
11147:Assurance
11117:Brokerage
11080:Insurance
11008:Teahouses
10993:Fast food
10884:Air cargo
10869:Transport
10852:Brokerage
10842:Wholesale
10730:Elevators
10715:Cabinetry
10643:Buildings
10623:Telephone
10618:Satellite
10586:Recycling
10581:Hazardous
10547:Renewable
10526:Utilities
10487:Aerospace
10455:Hydraulic
10445:Conveyors
10440:Machinery
10345:Abrasives
10303:Porcelain
10257:Soda-lime
10216:Specialty
10206:Commodity
10167:Cardboard
10150:Composite
10088:Materials
10005:Fireworks
9995:Cosmetics
9975:Adhesives
9857:Chemicals
9815:Batteries
9687:Computers
9622:Jewellery
9608:Furniture
9592:Sintering
9572:Extrusion
9526:Machining
9502:Builders'
9455:Engraving
9450:Embossing
9433:Tailoring
9418:Hatmaking
9318:Beverages
9301:Preserved
9198:Limestone
9168:Quarrying
9141:Gemstones
9111:Palladium
9076:Tar sands
9071:Petroleum
9066:Oil shale
8912:Swordfish
8872:Anchovies
8713:Cochineal
8423:Renewable
8408:Depletion
8395:Conflict
8277:Economics
8255:enclosure
8214:Resources
8194:Pollution
8111:Watershed
8014:pollution
7945:Seed bank
7940:Rangeland
7822:Fisheries
7807:Biosphere
7800:biopiracy
7743:fertility
7619:cityscape
7614:Landscape
7521:peak coal
7508:Resources
7459:Emissions
7335:Automated
7330:Abandoned
7246:Soft rock
7241:Hard rock
7193:Quarrying
6520:13 August
6191:1545-9632
6076:1097-0274
5587:154670334
5433:. Mbendi.
5398:Reuters.
5311:2045-2322
5152:243263530
5144:2500-0632
4951:Earth.Org
4932:2047-2382
4638:0956-053X
4411:0022-4375
4336:, p. 11.
3917:CiteSeerX
3664:: 52–63.
3639:210715910
3592:127791320
3584:0003-598X
3564:Antiquity
3201:landfills
3142:Recycling
3132:, Finland
3130:Pyhäjärvi
3098:Macro of
3057:sea level
2981:gold mine
2934:July 2022
2835:Microsoft
2772:chemicals
2704:silicosis
2576:offering
2448:commodity
2374:, 60% of
2343:Rio Tinto
2190:accounts.
2161:ISO 14001
2053:phosphate
2028:, or the
2022:sinkholes
1970:aluminium
1908:or jigs.
1755:Mysłowice
1734:High wall
1700:landfills
1684:quarrying
1575:Artisanal
1300:Iron Knob
1266:Modernity
1258:and then
1179:Turquoise
1132:artifacts
1089:Vatukoula
983:threshing
975:plowshare
914:Landlords
851:banknotes
736:Rio Tinto
734:mines at
685:Britannia
677:millennia
641:Cartagena
588:away the
578:aqueducts
555:aqueducts
424:limestone
420:sandstone
379:turquoise
367:Egyptians
359:malachite
350:Malachite
289:Neolithic
149:petroleum
125:rock salt
113:limestone
109:gemstones
105:oil shale
12088:Category
11959:Monopoly
11911:Services
11690:Language
11685:Creative
11669:Tutoring
11647:Tertiary
11617:Websites
11597:Internet
11548:Software
11534:Written
11455:Pet care
11415:Janitors
11405:security
11396:Staffing
11320:Gambling
11213:Interior
11194:, &
11188:Physical
11100:Property
10988:Catering
10921:Airlines
10909:Trucking
10745:Plumbing
10700:Dredging
10675:Railways
10608:Internet
10603:Cable TV
10537:Electric
10482:vehicles
10381:Aluminum
10288:Ceramics
10201:Plastics
10114:Currying
10104:deliming
10077:Vaccines
10019:Perfumes
9958:Pigments
9901:Kerosene
9896:Jet fuel
9891:Gasoline
9886:Fuel oil
9618:Bicycles
9532:smithing
9440:Printing
9398:Clothing
9366:Spinning
9346:Textiles
9296:Prepared
9116:Platinum
9086:Aluminum
9014:Scallops
8927:Lobsters
8902:Mackerel
8882:Sardines
8849:Truffles
8825:, &
8772:Firewood
8747:Forestry
8557:Oilseeds
8449:Category
8382:Resource
8321:adaptive
8219:improved
8179:Conflict
8164:Security
8159:Scarcity
8152:improved
8142:Leaching
8019:recharge
7999:Drinking
7950:Wildlife
7817:Bushmeat
7812:Bushfood
7765:planning
7670:gemstone
7665:Minerals
7646:property
7634:viewshed
7624:seascape
7555:sunlight
7529:peak oil
7525:peak gas
7305:Longwall
7282:Borehole
7277:Bell pit
7208:Dredging
7188:Open-pit
7087:Archived
7076:Archived
7022:Archived
6900:Archived
6807:Archived
6723:Archived
6564:Archived
6514:Archived
6489:Archived
6485:UN OHCHR
6383:Archived
6353:Archived
6209:29200378
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6116:Archived
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6030:Archived
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5931:Le Monde
5911:Archived
5895:Archived
5860:Archived
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5496:Archived
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4827:Archived
4804:Archived
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4341:Archived
4278:Archived
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3939:15636432
3731:Archived
3702:Archived
3485:Archived
3379:Archived
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3221:Tel Aviv
3205:aluminum
3019:Saarland
2964:open pit
2843:Glencore
2791:Pittston
2740:Dragline
2724:Cave-ins
2700:rockdust
2394:mining,
2382:metals.
2288:Industry
2249:failures
2225:tailings
2207:Tailings
2157:ISO 9000
2059:mining,
2055:mining,
2051:mining,
1966:smelting
1898:alluvium
1868:used in
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1236:ranching
1220:tribes.
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1095:Americas
1058:iron ore
1010:Agricola
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610:Cornwall
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11837:Culture
11814:outputs
11724:Related
11664:Testing
11637:Primary
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11485:Tourism
11471:Travel
11467:Poverty
11445:Funeral
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11312:leisure
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11208:Fashion
11192:product
11038:Banking
10847:Auction
10705:Harbors
10685:Tunnels
10670:Bridges
10576:Dumping
10512:Weapons
10330:Plaster
10221:Pellets
10109:Tanning
10095:Leather
9926:Propane
9871:Bitumen
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9587:Pottery
9567:Drawing
9511:Cutlery
9376:Carpets
9371:Weaving
9351:Carding
9280:Canning
9208:Granite
9131:Uranium
9121:Lithium
8994:Seaweed
8979:Oysters
8974:Mussels
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8892:Haddock
8877:Herring
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5291:Bibcode
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2049:lithium
2018:erosion
1962:reduced
1906:sluices
1902:trommel
1882:CAT 797
1786:Mantrip
1727:Germany
1665:Surface
1487:types:
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574:hushing
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