589:
1030:(before 1064), the first literary work of the MHG period, is a strophic work of salvation history from the Creation to the Crucifixion. The other poems from the first century of this period are likewise designed to present biblical material to a lay audience, and range from "biblical ballads" â short poems on individual biblical episodes â to longer retellings of complete Old Testament books. Many of these are collected in manuscript compilations, of which the most notable is the Vorau manuscript, with a dozen Biblical pieces. This includes poems by
768:
820:
808:
444:
638:(ruled 1155â1190), political stability and increasing wealth encouraged the nobility to "assert its identity in activities that enhanced its visibility and prestige", among which were the patronage of vernacular literature, sponsoring new compositions, and the performance and copying of existing works. This new, largely secular literature introduced "new ways of thinking, feeling, imagining", seen in the courtly concerns with romantic love, the challenges and obligations of
1511:
1667:
791:) requiring no patronage. For them song would have been an occasional pastime, to enhance their prestige, and their Ćuvre is correspondingly small. The large number of songs and the increasing artistry from MinnesĂ€nger such as Reinmar, Walther and Neidhart, on the other hand, suggest professional court musicians from the ranks of the unfree nobles (
963:
In the main, MHG literature was written for oral delivery and public performance. First, literacy at the noble courts was limited: while the noble ladies will have had some education as will younger sons intended for the church, most knights were unable to read. Second, the provision of public
843:
Although readers might learn to form the letters of the alphabet with a stylus on a wax tablet, only those trained to handle parchment, quills, and ink would regularly produce written documents; composition by dictation to a trained scribe was the form in which much âwritingâ was done (much as
1417:
From the 13th to 16th centuries, many heroic traditions enter writing in
Germany and enjoy great popularity. From 1230 onward, several heroic epics, of which 14 are known to us, were written concerning the hero Dietrich von Bern, forming a literary cycle comparable to that around
999:
As song genres, Minnesang and
Spruchdichtung were necessarily designed for performance before an audience, and this is particularly clear from the references to dance. But even the lyric genres may have had readers. Certainly, the poets themselves, even if illiterate like
783:, mourned by the whole army. However, even a poet as famous as Walther von der Vogelweide is mentioned in only a single official document, and we know little about the narrative poets apart from what they say about themselves in their works and remarks by later writers.
1409:
serves as the prologue to the - likely invented - story of her daughter, Kudrun. The anonymous authorship of the Middle High
Germans heroic poems forms an important distinction from other poetic genres, such as romance, but is shared with some other genres, such as
1701:
and expanded its range of subject matter to include "religion, ethical conduct, praise or lament for individuals, the conditions of the professional poetsâ life, the state of society, or political matters." Many of the melodies have been preserved, notably in the
1196:). They were probably written in the second half of the 12th century, though the manuscripts are of later date. They have in common that they are thought to have been based on oral tradition. All involve a knight meeting challenges on a journey to the fabulous
991:
could have been sung, and in all, melodies are known for eight of the thirteen different strophic forms found in heroic verse. And while there is no evidence that the rhyming couplets of the courtly romance were sung, they were probably delivered in a
786:
Given the time it would take to write such works, the epic poets would necessarily have been dependent on long-term patronage, and the many incomplete works may indicate a loss of patronage. Most MinnesÀnger were of high noble rank (including the
955:. In several of his works Konrad von WĂŒrzburg refers to patrons, and these include "members of the nobility, high-ranking cathedral clergy, and wealthy citizens who played important roles in the political and administrative life of the cities."
763:
There is little biographical evidence about the MHG poets. The epic poets generally name themselves in their works, and the MinnesÀnger are identified in the manuscript collections, but works based on oral tradition are typically anonymous.
742:
By the mid-14th century, however, with courtly culture in decline, the genres which had dominated MHG literature ceased to attract writers, and a new literature, centred on the towns and their urban patriciate, started to develop. Even in the
1571:, with effects on both form and subject matter. By 1200 the MinnesÀnger had absorbed the Romance influences and started to rework forms and themes independently, leading to a period of "classical Minnesang" represented by the songs of
913:
Patrons obtained sources from which the poets worked, they granted the poets time and freedom from other responsibilities to enable them to compose, and they made available the resources to have the poetsâ work preserved in
908:
Manuscripts were expensive, both in terms of material and labour of copying, even without the sponsorship of creative work or the costs of decoration and illumination found in the most elaborate manuscripts. For new work:
534:
material. The third literary movement of these years was a new revamping of the heroic tradition, in which the ancient
Germanic oral tradition can still be discerned, but tamed and Christianized and adapted for the court.
1501:
In the post-classical period a major development is of new short narrative forms in rhyming couplets, with few clear boundaries between genres and little connection with previous writing except in the religious sphere.
975:
identifies this as a trend which began around the start of the 13th century, with women readers as a particular constituency It is also reflected in the increasing number of manuscripts from the mid-13th century.
492:
written in German between the middle of the 11th century and the middle of the 14th. In the second half of the 12th century, there was a sudden intensification of activity, leading to a 60-year "golden age" of
1145:
also enjoyed a broad readership. These three works were all vast narrative texts with expansive illustration programmes, in the 14th century they were combined and further expanded by the scribes of the
612:, were still the product of clerical authors with a biblical subject, but now directed towards a lay audience at the noble courts, rather than the clerical audience of the Old High German compositions.
1547:
The central theme is the love of a knight for a noble and idealised lady, expressed mostly from the knight's point of view. The knight's love is unreciprocated and his service is its own reward (
1004:, kept written copies of their own works, which may have been copied for readers. In any case, the song collections of the 14th century, particularly the massive and expensively illustrated
889:, respectively. However, many manuscripts (perhaps 75%) survive only in fragments and an unknown number of works have been completely lost. Even literary fame is no guarantee of survival:
1343:
After the classical period, further developments saw an expansion in the range of themes to encompass other legendary material and stories of lovers' separation by poets such as
1336:, however, the knight's lady has a more active role in inspiring the knight to prove himself and his love is always rewarded. Only the adulterous relationship at the centre of
1551:, literally "high love"). However, there are many Minnesang sub-genres, some of which depict a reciprocated or even consummated relationship, often with a female perspective.
2274:), which combine works from a variety of different authors and genres, are a major source of MHG texts. The following are some of the most significant such manuscripts:
1686:
is the MHG genre of didactic song, written by non-noble itinerant musicians. Many worked under professional rather than personal names: Heinrich von
Meissen is known as
727:
broadened the scope of the love-lyric with peasant characters and a satirical tone, while political uncertainty prompted a rise in didactic and political songs from the
747:, however, the old stories were copied and adapted for new audiences, with the result that many MHG works survive in the 15th century and even later copies, while the
627:
introduced more worldly subject matter, though still within the religious world-view. In the same period, the love lyrics of the
Danubian poets mark the start of the
1200:
to achieve some goal: Herzog Ernst is exiled by the emperor for murdering an evil counsellor; for the other heroes the challenge is to win a bride in foreign lands.
472:
1625:), a "massive corpus of great diversity", which introduces an insistence on reciprocity of feeling. Another innovator, again with a substantial Ćuvre, is
1493:
dialect area in modern south-west
Germany and Switzerland. Most texts are anonymous, and many are written in rhyming stanzas that were meant to be sung.
967:
Nonetheless, there is extensive evidence for private reading of narrative works â for example, in manuscripts the presence of textual patterning such as
1636:), whose songs introduce the peasant girl as the object of the knight's attentions, and for which, exceptionally, a large number of melodies survive.
585:. At the same time there was a growing audience among the nobility for literature in the vernacular (as was already happening in France and England).
1434:). These texts are typically divided into "historical" and "fantastical" epics, depending on whether they concern Dietrich's battles with Ermenrich (
669:), a sixty-year period which saw the creation of works recognized by both contemporaries and later generations as classics: the courtly romances of
663:
inspired MHG adaptations, which even from the start showed great independence from their sources. The following decades were a "golden age" (German
156:
4825:
642:, and a striving for personal honour. Religious concerns were not lost, but the issue was now how to reconcile worldly and divine obligations.
1391:). The genre developed out of an oral tradition and only became a full genre with many texts in the course of the 13th century - only the
5105:
4966:
4100:
Andersen, Elizabeth A (2002). "Continuation and
Innovation in Narrative Literature of the Thirteenth Century". In Gentry, Francis (ed.).
1646:, is marked by increasingly elaborate formal developments but no great thematic progression. After 1300, Minnesang began to give way to
1108:), both of which concentrate on the legendary feats of these two heroes. These are two of the earliest German narratives to derive from
971:, which would not be apparent to listeners. The conclusion is that MHG narrative verse was intended both for readers and listeners, and
1357:, for example â but by the mid 14th century, though the most popular works continued to be copied, no new romances were being written.
465:
5219:
4435:. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den AnfÀngen bis zum Beginn der Neuzeit. Vol. II, Teil 2. Königstein/Taunus: AthenÀum.
4856:. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den AnfÀngen bis zum Beginn der Neuzeit. Vol. I, Teil 2. Königstein/Taunus: AthenÀum.
1176:) â a traditional term, now agreed to be inaccurate and misleading â are a disparate group of five shorter pre-courtly narratives (
700:
rather than
Romance models. Other types of narrative with connections to oral tradition in the broader MHG period are the earlier
551:
in order to support the work of the church in recently
Christianized lands. This eventually lost its urgency under the subsequent
1729:
While prose romances started to appear in France during the 13th century, German romance remained in verse. An exception is the
6298:
6232:
5229:
1544:), which has songs by 138 named MinnesÀnger. Few melodies survive, however, particularly from the first 70 years of Minnesang.
1042:
The earliest historical poems are closely related to the biblical verse, as they view events from a Christian perspective. The
739:, which for the first time included a number of female writers, this period also saw the first developments in literary prose.
1739:, a cycle of three romances translated fairly faithfully (rather than adapted as the verse romances were) from the Old French
717:
and expanded the scope of German literature in form and subject matter. New genres included a new style of short tale (German
526:
song. The same sixty years saw the composition of the most important courtly romances. again drawing on French models such as
4842:
4809:
4641:
4622:
4603:
4517:
4151:
4071:
4025:
3999:
3841:
3456:
3389:
3358:
3339:
3317:
3259:
3204:
3185:
3130:
3108:
2973:
2942:
2851:
2700:
2281:
458:
4512:. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den AnfĂ€ngen bis zum Beginn der Neuzeit. Vol. II, Teil 1. TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer.
771:"To the singer Walther von der Vogelweide 5 solidi for a fur coat" (from an itinerary account of the bishop of Passau).
4790:
4771:
4752:
4733:
4714:
4668:
4557:
4421:
4402:
4340:
4321:
4264:
4245:
4226:
4207:
4170:
4128:
4109:
893:
was highly influential and widely quoted, but it survives only in the Ambraser Heldenbuch and a few earlier fragments.
269:
214:
5254:
4912:
4861:
4687:
4576:
4538:
4495:
4461:
4361:
4302:
4283:
932:
4907:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 2. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House. pp. 227â246.
4785:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 3. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House. pp. 161â183.
4766:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 3. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House. pp. 215â223.
4728:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 3. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House. pp. 185â200.
4651:
Murdoch, Brian (1997). "The Carolingian period and the early Middle Ages (750â1100)". In Watanabe-O'Kelly, H (ed.).
4397:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 3. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House. pp. 123â140.
711:
In the later MHG period from about 1230 (sometimes termed "post-Classical"), poets built on the achievements of the
5100:
5024:
1385:
maintain this hybrid nature. For this reason Middle High German heroic poetry is also called "late heroic poetry" (
5280:
5392:
5110:
4959:
635:
559:
emperors, and official promotion of the written vernacular lapsed. The result was a period of around 150 years,
5095:
4440:
4383:
4188:
2373:
5382:
4139:
299:
1561:) drew on native German tradition, but from around 1180, Minnesang came under the influence of the Provençal
919:
918:
This meant that only the church, the aristocracy, or, by the second half of the 13th century, the wealthiest
859:
Most manuscripts are, in fact, of significantly later date than the work they record. An extreme case is the
596:(Folio 124r). The pose refers to a song in which he asks how to reconcile worldly success and God's blessing.
1533:
genre. The lyrics are preserved mainly in 14th century manuscript song collections, such as the illuminated
90:
5305:
2035:
1697:
While there is a small amount of such verse from the 12th century, it was Walther who raised the status of
1377:(c. 1200), which updated the heroic legends about with elements of the popular literary genre of its time,
788:
775:
For the higher status MinnesÀnger there is often documentary evidence, such as the account of the death of
108:
244:
239:
229:
6247:
5310:
951:
55:
5295:
4928:
5432:
5387:
5290:
5285:
5234:
5156:
5014:
4952:
2363:
2065:
1608:
1250:
produced romances that were influential at the time and are recognized as classics. All were based on
853:
686:
582:
544:
494:
432:
427:
408:
403:
387:
382:
377:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
259:
1055:) combines salvation history, world history from the Babylonians onwards, and the life of Archbishop
85:
5336:
5275:
5085:
2368:
1485:-speaking areas of Bavaria and Austria, with several texts about Dietrich von Bern having origins in
1395:
dates to the main flourishing of courtly literature. A direct reaction to the heroic nihilism of the
1075:
successors, but judges each emperor according to Christian standards, and includes material from the
319:
180:
4697:
Palmer, Nigel F (1997). "The high and later Middle Ages (1100-1450)". In Watanabe-O'Kelly, H (ed.).
1067:
work in any European vernacular. In a purely chronological narrative it tells the story of selected
5341:
5315:
5176:
5009:
2323:
2227:
1989:
1703:
1247:
1001:
898:
674:
116:
80:
5693:
4747:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 4. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House.
4682:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 2. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House.
4416:. The Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 3. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House.
151:
146:
47:
6272:
6154:
5166:
5090:
2249:
2106:
2045:
1778:
1572:
417:
367:
121:
5798:
5633:
1147:
5487:
5161:
5131:
5004:
2070:
1998:
1904:
1378:
1366:
1322:(literally "adventure") â encounters which allow him to prove his valour and moral worth â and
1243:
1209:
1131:(unfinished at his death in 1254) was immensely popular, surviving in over 80 manuscripts. The
836:
678:
254:
6237:
6051:
5763:
5462:
5300:
2211:
2115:
1741:
1344:
5803:
5688:
5593:
5377:
5171:
2317:
2216:
2055:
1626:
1583:
744:
724:
264:
199:
21:
5643:
1288:
799:
with their didactic and political songs â wandering minstrels who had limited legal rights.
653:
527:
6262:
5828:
4505:
2278:
Vorau Manuscript, late 12th century â biblical and historical narratives, religious lyrics
2040:
2030:
1959:
1258:
942:
894:
776:
588:
279:
204:
75:
65:
36:
5136:
1899:
984:
8:
6242:
5758:
5628:
5472:
5209:
5146:
5059:
4376:
Medieval listening and reading : the primary reception of German literature 800-1300
4371:
2350:
2060:
1594:
1133:
972:
860:
839:â in fact, it is clear that many authors, even if they could read, were unable to write.
548:
328:
314:
249:
224:
219:
194:
166:
95:
60:
6126:
1267:
983:
form were or, at least, could also be sung. Sharing its strophic form with the songs of
6252:
5833:
5753:
5558:
5437:
5331:
4999:
4994:
4872:
4819:
4472:
2201:
1687:
1655:
1411:
1159:
1056:
925:
Patrons are not mentioned in love lyrics, but several are named in narrative works and
812:
701:
309:
234:
32:
1353:
Some of these works were very widely read â there are more than eighty manuscripts of
767:
573:
By the middle of the 11th century, there was an increasing preference for German over
274:
6277:
6164:
6121:
6106:
6046:
5883:
5858:
5848:
5638:
5543:
5457:
5427:
5412:
5407:
5357:
5181:
5034:
4975:
4908:
4857:
4838:
4805:
4786:
4767:
4748:
4729:
4710:
4683:
4664:
4637:
4618:
4599:
4572:
4553:
4534:
4513:
4491:
4457:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4379:
4357:
4336:
4317:
4298:
4279:
4260:
4241:
4222:
4203:
4184:
4166:
4147:
4124:
4105:
2206:
2173:
1482:
1423:
1405:(1230?), in which material also found in Old English and Old Norse about the heroine
1280:
1215:
705:
448:
304:
209:
189:
171:
161:
6056:
6016:
4854:
Wiederbeginn volksprachlicher Schriftlichkeit im hohen Mittelalter (1050/60â1160/70)
6204:
6116:
6061:
6021:
5996:
5986:
5673:
5507:
5467:
5367:
5249:
5224:
5151:
5141:
5064:
5044:
4936:
4884:
4702:
4656:
4591:
2232:
2050:
1968:
1909:
1691:
1490:
1467:
1443:
1431:
1239:
864:
831:
MHG literature is preserved in parchment and, towards the end of the period, paper
807:
670:
552:
294:
141:
136:
6189:
5971:
5813:
5728:
5623:
5573:
5492:
5372:
4706:
4660:
1119:
The 13th century was the golden age of German verse chronicles, starting with the
6149:
6081:
6011:
6001:
5961:
5908:
5868:
5853:
5568:
5397:
5362:
5029:
4989:
4903:
West, Jonathan (2004). "Late Old High German Prose". In Murdoch, Brian O. (ed.).
4528:
4451:
4351:
2353:, 1504â1516 â Arthurian romances, heroic epics, Dietrich epics, short narratives.
2244:
1952:
1882:
1786:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1707:
1142:
819:
649:
284:
126:
70:
6209:
6199:
6041:
6036:
5808:
5718:
5663:
1869:
6169:
6101:
5991:
5981:
5956:
5898:
5863:
5778:
5733:
5608:
5603:
5588:
5563:
5497:
5477:
5442:
5402:
5187:
5069:
5049:
2142:
1939:
1678:
1373:
1348:
1124:
1068:
1064:
988:
927:
902:
872:
730:
697:
693:
578:
556:
100:
5951:
4888:
4837:. Sammlung Metzler. Vol. 244 (2nd ed.). Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler.
4781:
Samples, Susann (2006). "The German Heroic Narratives". In Hasty, Will (ed.).
4595:
6292:
6194:
6179:
6111:
6086:
6031:
6006:
5966:
5903:
5783:
5768:
5678:
5658:
5613:
5598:
5578:
5522:
5512:
5502:
5447:
5422:
5259:
5054:
4944:
2304:
1854:
1847:
1777:. Female religious writers also made significant contributions, particularly
1712:
1647:
1534:
1084:
1005:
792:
780:
748:
617:
593:
4567:
Kolb H (1989). "Bligger von Steinach". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.).
4297:. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. Vol. Band II. MĂŒnchen: C.H.Beck.
2222:
6267:
6257:
6214:
6071:
6066:
6026:
5976:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5888:
5878:
5873:
5823:
5818:
5743:
5738:
5703:
5698:
5668:
5583:
5548:
5517:
5239:
4278:. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. Vol. Band I. MĂŒnchen: C.H.Beck.
2184:
2161:
1874:
1666:
1462:
704:("minstrel epics") and the later epics surrounding the legendary figure of
523:
4236:
Classen, Albrecht (2002). "Courtly Love Lyric". In Gentry, Francis (ed.).
4121:
Geschichte der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters und der FrĂŒhen Neuzeit
1658:(d. 1318) can be seen as the last MinnesÀnger or the first Meistersinger.
1514:
Lyrics by Hartmann von Aue in the Weingarten Manuscript (c.1310), fol 20v.
660:
615:
By the middle of the 12th century, though, more secular works such as the
6184:
6174:
6091:
6076:
5928:
5913:
5893:
5843:
5838:
5793:
5723:
5713:
5708:
5648:
5417:
5039:
4331:
Dobozy, Maria (2002). "Vernacular Chronicles". In Gentry, Francis (ed.).
1974:
1945:
1510:
1471:
1427:
1419:
1329:
1316:
The central concern of these Arthurian romances is a knight's pursuit of
1293:
1284:
1097:
868:
849:
832:
656:
1567:
1323:
1317:
1008:, are unlikely to have been intended solely, if at all, for performers.
856:
of a noble court, and might be several generations from any "original".
6159:
5788:
5773:
5748:
5683:
5653:
5618:
5553:
5452:
5244:
5204:
1820:
1770:
1562:
1251:
1109:
1031:
993:
646:
639:
581:
was just the first of the princes, in 1144, to establish his own court
489:
4490:. Vol. 1. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 323â327.
1063:(completed after 1146, and also in the Vorau manuscript) is the first
547:
period, written in abbeys and monasteries, had been encouraged by the
5326:
5214:
5126:
4941:. An extensive online anthology with translations into Modern German.
2023:
2011:
1758:
1754:
1651:
1530:
1524:
1435:
1333:
1219:
937:
736:
682:
628:
623:
531:
514:
4802:
PalĂ€ographie und Handschriftenkunde fĂŒr Germanisten. Eine EinfĂŒhrung
4724:
Poor, Sara (2006). "Early Mystical Writings". In Hasty, Will (ed.).
4183:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas. Berkeley: University of California.
6131:
6096:
5538:
5482:
4276:
Von Karl dem GroĂen bis zum Beginn der höfischen Literatur 770-1170
2004:
1826:
1814:
1694:'s name means "quit the country", Der Kanzler is "the chancellor".
1371:
Heroic poetry begins to be composed in writing in Germany with the
1305:
1044:
1027:
968:
608:
602:
519:
3661:
1082:
A more secular approach to historical figures is presented in the
5320:
4571:. Vol. 1. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. p. 896.
3574:
3396:
1887:
980:
131:
4333:
A Companion to Middle High German Literature to the 14th Century
4314:
A Companion to Middle High German Literature to the 14th Century
4295:
Die höfische Literatur. Vorbereitung, BlĂŒte, Ausklang. 1170â1250
4238:
A Companion to Middle High German Literature to the 14th Century
4102:
A Companion to Middle High German Literature to the 14th Century
3329:
3327:
835:, However, there are no MHG literary manuscripts which show the
4393:
Harris, Nigel (2006). "Didactic Poetry". In Hasty, Will (ed.).
4163:
Hofische Kultur: Literatur und Gesellschaft im hohen Mittelater
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3896:
3817:
3377:
3346:
3211:
2301:â Arthurian romance, short narrative, Minnesang, Dietrich epics
2179:
2101:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1401:
1276:
1272:
1197:
1072:
289:
4181:
Courtly Culture Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages
4142:. In Lachmann, Karl; Cormeau, Christoph; Bein, Thomas (eds.).
3987:
2528:
1454:. Closely connected to the Dietrich epics, the combined epics
4762:
Resler, Michel (2006). "Der Stricker". In Hasty, Will (ed.).
4433:
Wandlungen u. NeuansÀtze im 13. Jahrhundert (1220/30-1280/90)
3514:
3420:
3324:
3305:
3281:
2504:
1981:
1486:
1451:
1406:
1299:
1222:
1113:
574:
4059:
4006:
3829:
3769:
3492:
3490:
3444:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2569:
2567:
1442:) or his battles with mostly supernatural opponents such as
848:
Each manuscript was written by a scribe (or several) in the
3673:
3615:
3613:
3463:
3052:
2839:
2426:
2424:
2397:
1761:
mysticism," is a key prose genre. Three fourteenth-century
518:, MHG lyric poetry, initially influenced by the French and
3247:
3235:
2453:
2451:
1670:
Jenaer Liederhandschrift, fol. 111v. Meister Boppe's song
1470:
and may be inventions of the thirteenth century, although
964:
performance served to enhance the prestige of the patron.
755:
and were still using melodies of Walther's for new songs.
4931:â Extensive collection of MHG texts, arranged by century.
4701:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40â91.
4569:
Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon
4488:
Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon
4047:
3872:
3860:
3709:
3637:
3598:
3550:
3526:
3487:
3475:
3081:
3004:
2980:
2882:
2858:
2591:
2564:
4655:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â39.
4550:
Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im frĂŒhen Mittelalter
4257:
Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im spÀten Mittelalter
4037:
4035:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3920:
3848:
3649:
3610:
3562:
3538:
3192:
3137:
3098:
3096:
2918:
2815:
2661:
2552:
2421:
4200:
Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im hohen Mittelalter
3884:
3805:
3781:
3271:
3269:
3223:
2992:
2894:
2678:
2676:
2627:
2625:
2448:
4510:
Die höfische Literatur der BlĂŒtezeit (1160/70-1220/30)
4144:
Walther von der Vogelweide. Leich, Lieder, SangsprĂŒche
3908:
3697:
3120:
3118:
3071:
3069:
3067:
2870:
2731:
2540:
2463:
827:
in the 14th century Florence manuscript (D), fol. 142r
735:
in the footsteps of Walther. With the writings of the
4078:
4032:
3975:
3956:
3932:
3793:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3625:
3586:
3365:
3173:
3093:
2961:
2930:
2688:
2637:
2436:
2385:
1150:
workshop. Later chronicles are generally in prose.
696:, which drew for form and subject matter on Germanic
3685:
3502:
3293:
3266:
3161:
3149:
3040:
3028:
2827:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2719:
2673:
2622:
2610:
2579:
2516:
2494:
2492:
2490:
1254:
sources, though heavily adapted and re-interpreted.
1034:, the earliest known female poet writing in German.
3432:
3408:
3115:
3064:
3016:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2707:
2649:
2475:
2263:
2906:
2409:
935:, for example, sponsored Wolfram von Eschenbach's
570:, when there was almost no new writing in German.
4453:EinfĂŒhrung in die mittelhochdeutsche Dietrichepik
4335:. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. pp. 379â395.
4240:. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. pp. 117â150.
4104:. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. pp. 431â474.
3944:
2487:
692:Also among these classics is the heroic epic the
6290:
4873:"Wer konnte im Mittelalter lesen und schreiben?"
4146:(15th ed.). De Gruyter. pp. XLVIâLIV.
3455:sfn error: no target: CITEREFVollman-Profe1986 (
2949:
2320:, first quarter of the 14th Century â Minnesang
1218:, written in rhyming couplets, was the dominant
844:business letters were once dictated to typists).
4070:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2006 (
4024:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2006 (
3998:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2006 (
3840:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2000 (
3388:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2000 (
3357:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2000 (
3338:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2000 (
3316:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2000 (
3258:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibbsJohnson2000 (
1466:(both c. 1230) have unclear connections to the
949:, and the completion of Heinrich von Veldeke's
815:dictates to a scribe (Codex Manesse, fol. 323r)
600:The earliest works of this period, such as the
4974:
4851:
3426:
3402:
3287:
3217:
2403:
1489:; a few others seem to have originated in the
863:, compiled 1504â1516, which includes texts of
4960:
4350:Gibbs, Marion; Johnson, Sidney, eds. (2002).
3450:
3203:sfn error: no target: CITEREFVollmann-Profe (
2850:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWendehorst2014 (
1153:
466:
4349:
4065:
4019:
3993:
3835:
3823:
3469:
3383:
3352:
3333:
3311:
3253:
3241:
3058:
2269:
2147:
1386:
1297:(the first Arthurian romance in German) and
1171:
1165:
728:
718:
712:
664:
512:). This was the period of the blossoming of
5106:Category:Translators of William Shakespeare
4219:Der Erec Hartmanns von Aue: Eine Einfuhrung
795:). Much lower on the social scale were the
4967:
4953:
4905:German Literature of the Early Middle Ages
4870:
4824:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4699:The Cambridge History of German Literature
4680:German Literature of the Early Middle Ages
4653:The Cambridge History of German Literature
4547:
4526:
3902:
3715:
3532:
3520:
3496:
3481:
3198:
3184:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurdoch1007 (
3010:
2986:
2900:
2888:
2864:
2845:
2699:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrunner2013 (
2667:
2604:
2573:
2558:
2534:
2510:
2457:
2430:
1923:
958:
802:
473:
459:
5220:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen
4937:"Anthology of Medieval German Literature"
4832:
4799:
4783:German Literature of the High Middle Ages
4764:German Literature of the High Middle Ages
4726:German Literature of the High Middle Ages
4634:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter
4414:German Literature of the High Middle Ages
4395:German Literature of the High Middle Ages
4378:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3878:
3866:
3775:
3107:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJonesJones (
2972:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJonesJones (
2924:
2821:
1481:Almost all of the texts originate in the
4745:Early Modern German Literature 1350-1700
4742:
4486:". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.).
4137:
4118:
4099:
3926:
3129:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKlein1999 (
2941:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBumke2008 (
2876:
2307:(GroĂe Heidelberger Liederhandschrift),
1792:
1665:
1509:
922:had the means to sponsor literary work.
818:
806:
766:
587:
4780:
4677:
4650:
4612:
4504:
4470:
4449:
4430:
4353:Medieval German Literature: A Companion
4292:
4273:
4235:
3890:
3787:
3703:
3679:
3655:
3619:
3592:
3568:
3179:
3167:
3034:
2737:
2694:
2546:
2442:
2391:
1716:is the later development of the genre.
1607:The largest surviving Ćuvre is that of
1287:. These drew mainly on the romances of
1279:, but the main subject matter was the
1037:
6291:
5230:Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau
4761:
4696:
4631:
4530:The Oxford Guide to Middle High German
4481:
4392:
4330:
4311:
4254:
3938:
3914:
3854:
3763:
3751:
3727:
3667:
3643:
3631:
3604:
3556:
3544:
3508:
3371:
3299:
3275:
3229:
3102:
2998:
2967:
2912:
2682:
2643:
2631:
2616:
2585:
2481:
2469:
1797:
1748:
1021:
538:
4948:
4585:
4527:Jones, Howard; Jones, Martin (2019).
4411:
4370:
4216:
4197:
4178:
4160:
4084:
4053:
4041:
3981:
3969:
3811:
3799:
3739:
3691:
3580:
3438:
3414:
3155:
3143:
3124:
3087:
3075:
3046:
3022:
2936:
2833:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2725:
2713:
2522:
2498:
2415:
2333:mainly Spruchdichtung, with melodies
2282:Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschrift
2084:
1496:
1283:, tales centered around the court of
823:The first page of Hartmann von Aue's
751:continued to develop the work of the
4902:
4723:
4566:
3950:
2955:
2655:
2089:
1928:
1802:
1773:(also known as Heinrich Seuse), and
1765:authors are particularly important:
592:Walther von der Vogelweide from the
4533:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4474:AusgewÀhlte Melodien des Minnesangs
1672:O hoer vnde starker almechtiger got
1639:The prolific later Minnesang, from
1438:) and exile at the court of Etzel (
621:("The Imperial Chronicle") and the
13:
4934:
1016:
14:
6310:
5255:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick
4922:
4588:Mittelalter: Lehrbuch Germanistik
1661:
933:Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia
897:'s narrative verse is praised by
543:The vernacular literature of the
5025:Early New High German literature
4804:(3rd ed.). Berlin, Boston.
4636:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
4456:. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.
4221:. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.
2268:Collective manuscripts (German,
2264:Important collective manuscripts
2202:Heinrich von Meissen (Frauenlob)
1783:The Flowing Light of the Godhead
1724:
1164:The so-called "Minstrel epics" (
442:
4852:Vollmann-Profe, Gisela (1986).
4678:Murdoch, Brian O., ed. (2004).
4356:. New York, London: Routledge.
4316:. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill.
1505:
1474:origins are also suggested for
1257:The earliest German romance is
4552:(3rd ed.). MĂŒnchen: dtv.
4259:(3rd ed.). MĂŒnchen: dtv.
4202:(4th ed.). MĂŒnchen: dtv.
2374:History of the German language
2347:â short narratives. Minnesang
2196:Minnesang & Spruchdichtung
1381:. The epics written after the
1360:
1214:From the mid 12th century the
1137:(likewise unfinished) and the
979:However, narrative works with
577:in writing in the courts, and
1:
6299:Middle High German literature
5020:Middle High German literature
4707:10.1017/CHOL9780521434171.003
4661:10.1017/CHOL9780521434171.002
4615:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik
4312:Gentry, Francis, ed. (2002).
4165:(11 ed.). MĂŒnchen: dtv.
2379:
2341:
2327:
2308:
2295:
2285:
1733:
1640:
1630:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1555:
1538:
1328:("love"). In contrast to the
1233:
1226:
1102:
1089:
1049:
883:
876:
560:
502:
486:Middle High German literature
5306:Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock
3670:, pp. 382â383, 393â394.
3583:, pp. 195â196, 260â261.
2036:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1710:for over 90 didactic songs.
1518:
789:Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI
499:mittelhochdeutsche BlĂŒtezeit
7:
6248:Adelbert von Chamisso Prize
5383:Annette von Droste-HĂŒlshoff
5311:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
4871:Wendehorst, Alfred (1986).
4833:Schweikle, GĂŒnther (1995).
4743:Reinhart, Max, ed. (2007).
4613:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015).
4548:Kartschoke, Dieter (2000).
2357:
1265:, based on the anonymous
1225:in MHG literature. Between
905:, but none of it survives.
837:hand of the original author
10:
6315:
5433:Christian Friedrich Hebbel
5388:Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
5323:(Friedrich von Hardenberg)
5291:Johann Christoph Gottsched
5286:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
5235:Johann Michael Moscherosch
5157:Walther von der Vogelweide
5111:Reformation era literature
5015:Old High German literature
4976:German-language literature
4590:(2nd ed.). Springer.
4093:
2364:Old High German literature
2066:Walther von der Vogelweide
1676:
1609:Walther von der Vogelweide
1522:
1364:
1271:, itself an adaptation of
1207:
1203:
1157:
687:Walther von der Vogelweide
685:, most notable among them
495:medieval German literature
6223:
6140:
5942:
5531:
5350:
5337:Johann Gottfried Schnabel
5276:Barthold Heinrich Brockes
5268:
5197:
5119:
5078:
4982:
4889:10.11588/vuf.1986.0.15806
4800:Schneider, Karin (2014).
4617:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
4596:10.1007/978-3-476-05413-5
4450:Heinzle, Joachim (1999).
4431:Heinzle, Joachim (1984).
4412:Hasty, Will, ed. (2006).
4177:Published in English as:
2369:Baroque German literature
1554:The earliest songs (from
1340:challenges this pattern.
1121:Gandersheimer Reimchronik
1011:
5929:Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)
5342:Christoph Martin Wieland
5316:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
5296:Johann Christian GĂŒnther
5177:Gottfried von Strassburg
5010:History of Liechtenstein
4877:VortrÀge und Forschungen
4586:Klein, Dorothea (2015).
4293:de Boor, Helmut (1974).
4274:de Boor, Helmut (1971).
4138:Brunner, Horst (2013b).
4119:Brunner, Horst (2013a).
4066:Gibbs & Johnson 2006
4020:Gibbs & Johnson 2006
3994:Gibbs & Johnson 2006
3836:Gibbs & Johnson 2000
3824:Gibbs & Johnson 2002
3470:Gibbs & Johnson 2002
3384:Gibbs & Johnson 2000
3353:Gibbs & Johnson 2000
3334:Gibbs & Johnson 2000
3312:Gibbs & Johnson 2000
3254:Gibbs & Johnson 2000
3242:Gibbs & Johnson 2002
3059:Gibbs & Johnson 2002
2324:Jenaer Liederhandschrift
2228:Ulrich von Liechtenstein
1990:Gottfried von Strassburg
1719:
1248:Gottfried von Strassburg
1002:Ulrich von Liechtenstein
899:Gottfried von Strassburg
758:
675:Gottfried von Strassburg
530:, many of them relating
6273:Leipzig Book Fair Prize
6233:Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
6155:Rudolf Christoph Eucken
5167:Albrecht von Johansdorf
5101:Swiss writers in German
4632:Millet, Victor (2008).
4471:Jammers, Ewald (1963).
4255:Cramer, Thomas (2000).
4217:Bumke, Joachim (2006).
4198:Bumke, Joachim (2000).
4179:Bumke, Joachim (1991).
4161:Bumke, Joachim (2005).
4140:"Die Melodien Walthers"
2250:Mechthild von Magdeburg
2166:Wernher der GartenĂŠre,
2107:Ulrich von Lichtenstein
2046:Albrecht von Johansdorf
1924:Classical MHG 1170â1230
1832:Die altdeutsche Genesis
1779:Mechthild von Magdeburg
1573:Albrecht von Johansdorf
1324:
1318:
959:Audience and readership
803:Manuscripts and patrons
681:, and the songs of the
5488:Conrad Ferdinand Meyer
5393:Joseph von Eichendorff
5162:Wolfram von Eschenbach
5005:History of Switzerland
3903:Jones & Jones 2019
3716:Jones & Jones 2019
3533:Jones & Jones 2019
3521:Jones & Jones 2019
3497:Jones & Jones 2019
3482:Jones & Jones 2019
3011:Jones & Jones 2019
2987:Jones & Jones 2019
2901:Jones & Jones 2019
2889:Jones & Jones 2019
2865:Jones & Jones 2019
2668:Jones & Jones 2019
2605:Jones & Jones 2019
2574:Jones & Jones 2019
2559:Jones & Jones 2019
2535:Jones & Jones 2019
2511:Jones & Jones 2019
2458:Jones & Jones 2019
2431:Jones & Jones 2019
2270:
2148:
2071:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1999:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1905:Meinloh von Sevelingen
1835:Die altdeutsche Exodus
1674:
1515:
1387:
1379:German courtly romance
1367:Germanic heroic legend
1244:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1210:German courtly romance
1172:
1166:
916:
852:of a monastery or the
846:
828:
816:
772:
729:
719:
713:
679:Wolfram von Eschenbach
665:
597:
5804:Christian Morgenstern
5689:Hugo von Hofmannsthal
5594:Rolf Dieter Brinkmann
5378:Adelbert von Chamisso
5172:Heinrich von Morungen
5096:Liechtenstein writers
4929:Bibliotheca Augustana
4477:. TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer.
4123:. Stuttgart: Reclam.
2318:Weingarten Manuscript
2056:Heinrich von Morungen
1793:Key authors and works
1690:("praise of women"),
1669:
1584:Heinrich von Morungen
1529:Minnesang is the MHG
1513:
1088:of Pfaffe Lamprecht (
911:
841:
822:
810:
770:
652:and the songs of the
591:
449:Literature portal
22:History of literature
6263:Heinrich Heine Prize
5829:Erich Maria Remarque
5799:Friederike Mayröcker
5634:Friedrich DĂŒrrenmatt
3905:, pp. 310, 473.
3682:, pp. 150, 154.
3090:, pp. 213, 290.
2537:, pp. 307, 426.
2294:Riedegg Manuscript,
2041:Heinrich von Veldeke
2031:Friedrich von Hausen
1960:Heinrich von Veldeke
1840:Historical narrative
1692:Rumelant von Sachsen
1388:spÀte Heldendichtung
1259:Heinrich von Veldeke
1148:Heinrich von MĂŒnchen
1038:Historical narrative
943:Herbort von Fritzlar
895:Bligger von Steinach
777:Friedrich von Hausen
636:Frederick Barbarossa
6243:Sigmund Freud Prize
6238:Georg BĂŒchner Prize
6052:Emine Sevgi Ăzdamar
5764:Else Lasker-SchĂŒler
5629:Heimito von Doderer
5473:Heinrich von Kleist
5463:Friedrich Hölderlin
5301:Friedrich Hölderlin
5147:Reinmar von Hagenau
5060:Austrian literature
4484:Ambraser Heldenbuch
3646:, pp. 328â329.
3607:, pp. 242â251.
3559:, pp. 178â179.
3427:Vollmann-Profe 1986
3405:, pp. 213â214.
3403:Vollmann-Profe 1986
3288:Vollmann-Profe 1986
3218:Vollmann-Profe 1986
3146:, pp. 769â775.
2513:, pp. 306â307.
2404:Vollmann-Profe 1986
2351:Ambraser Heldenbuch
2271:Sammelhandschriften
2212:Konrad von WĂŒrzburg
2116:Konrad von WĂŒrzburg
2061:Reinmar von Hagenau
1808:Religious narrative
1798:Early MHG 1050â1170
1753:Middle High German
1749:Mystical literature
1595:Reinmar von Hagenau
1345:Konrad von WĂŒrzburg
1134:Christherre-Chronik
1022:Religious narrative
861:Ambraser Heldenbuch
549:Carolingian dynasty
539:Historical overview
497:referred to as the
250:Old Church Slavonic
240:Maharashtri Prakrit
6253:Hans Fallada Prize
5834:Rainer Maria Rilke
5754:Siegfried Kracauer
5644:Marieluise FleiĂer
5559:Johannes R. Becher
5438:Johann Peter Hebel
5332:Friedrich Schiller
5079:Related categories
5000:History of Austria
4995:History of Germany
4482:Janota J (1989). "
4056:, p. 121â122.
3826:, pp. 247ff..
3778:, pp. 121ff..
3547:, pp. 27, 69.
3523:, p. 309â310.
3451:Vollman-Profe 1986
3386:, p. 419â420.
3355:, p. 340â341.
2336:Michael de Leone,
2097:in various genres
2085:Late MHG 1230â1350
1845:Pfaffe Lamprecht,
1675:
1516:
1497:Shorter narratives
1412:Spielmannsdichtung
1309:, and Gottfried's
1289:Chrétien de Troyes
1173:Spielmannsdichtung
1160:Spielmannsdichtung
1101:of Pfaffe Konrad,(
1057:Anno II of Cologne
1048:("Song of Anno") (
829:
817:
813:Reinmar von Zweter
773:
598:
528:Chrétien de Troyes
245:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
6286:
6285:
6278:Nelly Sachs Prize
6165:Gerhart Hauptmann
6122:Wolf Wondratschek
6047:Sharon Dodua Otoo
5884:Berta von Suttner
5859:Arthur Schnitzler
5849:Ernst von Salomon
5639:Lion Feuchtwanger
5544:Ingeborg Bachmann
5458:E. T. A. Hoffmann
5428:Gerhart Hauptmann
5413:Franz Grillparzer
5408:Jeremias Gotthelf
5358:Bettina von Arnim
5281:Christian Gellert
5182:Dietrich von Bern
5137:Der von KĂŒrenberg
5035:Weimar Classicism
4844:978-3-476-12244-5
4811:978-3-11-033704-4
4643:978-3-11-020102-4
4624:978-3-503-15573-6
4605:978-3-476-02596-8
4519:978-3-484-10703-8
4153:978-3-11-017657-5
3996:, pp. 75â78.
3857:, pp. 70â71.
3814:, pp. 97â98.
3658:, pp. 32â33.
3622:, pp. 16â17.
3232:, pp. 88â90.
3220:, pp. 83â86.
3103:Jones & Jones
3001:, pp. 45â47.
2968:Jones & Jones
2848:, pp. 25â26.
2472:, pp. 43â45.
2260:
2259:
2239:Religious writing
2207:Hugo von Montfort
2174:Dietrich von Bern
2149:Der guote GĂȘrhart
2081:
2080:
1920:
1919:
1900:Der von KĂŒrenberg
1864:Popular narrative
1742:Lancelot en prose
1424:Matter of Britain
1281:Matter of Britain
1194:Salman und Morolf
985:Der von KĂŒrenberg
753:Sangspruchdichter
706:Dietrich von Bern
645:From around 1170
483:
482:
396:Modern by century
137:Classical Chinese
6306:
6205:Elfriede Jelinek
6127:Feridun ZaimoÄlu
6117:Peter Wawerzinek
6062:Julya Rabinowich
6022:Christian Kracht
5997:Wladimir Kaminer
5987:Elfriede Jelinek
5749:Egon Erwin Kisch
5694:Ădön von HorvĂĄth
5674:Marlen Haushofer
5508:Adalbert Stifter
5468:Gottfried Keller
5368:Clemens Brentano
5250:Angelus Silesius
5225:Andreas Gryphius
5152:Hartmann von Aue
5142:Dietmar von Aist
5086:Austrian writers
5065:Swiss literature
5045:Literary realism
4983:Related articles
4969:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:Wimmer, Albert.
4918:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4867:
4848:
4829:
4823:
4815:
4796:
4777:
4758:
4739:
4720:
4693:
4674:
4647:
4628:
4609:
4582:
4563:
4544:
4523:
4506:Johnson, L Peter
4501:
4478:
4467:
4446:
4427:
4408:
4389:
4367:
4346:
4327:
4308:
4289:
4270:
4251:
4232:
4213:
4194:
4176:
4157:
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4088:
4082:
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4063:
4057:
4051:
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4030:
4029:
4017:
4004:
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3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3571:, p. 13-14.
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3336:, p. 93â94.
3331:
3322:
3321:
3314:, p. 92â93.
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2939:, pp. 9â10.
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2346:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2313:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2273:
2233:Johannes Hadlaub
2168:Meier Helmbrecht
2151:
2090:
2051:Hartmann von Aue
1969:Hartmann von Aue
1929:
1910:Dietmar von Aist
1803:
1757:, often called "
1738:
1735:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1560:
1557:
1543:
1540:
1468:Migration Period
1432:Matter of France
1399:is found in the
1390:
1327:
1321:
1240:Hartmann von Aue
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1175:
1169:
1154:"Minstrel epics"
1107:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1054:
1051:
920:urban patriciate
888:
885:
881:
878:
865:Hartmann von Aue
811:The MinnesÀnger
745:following period
734:
722:
716:
671:Hartmann von Aue
668:
569:
565:
562:
511:
507:
504:
475:
468:
461:
447:
446:
445:
215:Gandhari Prakrit
56:Ancient Egyptian
27:
18:
17:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6226:literary awards
6225:
6224:German-language
6219:
6150:Theodor Mommsen
6143:Nobel laureates
6142:
6141:German-language
6136:
6082:Clemens J. Setz
6012:Alexander Kluge
6002:Daniel Kehlmann
5962:Jenny Erpenbeck
5944:
5938:
5909:Josef Weinheber
5869:Kurt Schwitters
5854:Paul Scheerbart
5569:Thomas Bernhard
5527:
5398:Theodor Fontane
5363:Achim von Arnim
5346:
5264:
5193:
5132:Courtly romance
5115:
5074:
5030:Sturm und Drang
4990:German language
4978:
4973:
4925:
4915:
4893:
4891:
4864:
4845:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4793:
4774:
4755:
4736:
4717:
4690:
4671:
4644:
4625:
4606:
4579:
4560:
4541:
4520:
4498:
4464:
4443:
4424:
4405:
4386:
4364:
4343:
4324:
4305:
4286:
4267:
4248:
4229:
4210:
4191:
4173:
4154:
4131:
4112:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4068:, pp. 343.
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4033:
4023:
4022:, pp. 225.
4018:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:, pp. 215.
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2846:Wendehorst 2014
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2525:, pp. 3â6.
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2445:, pp. 8â9.
2441:
2437:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2360:
2344:
2330:
2311:
2298:
2288:
2266:
2261:
2245:Meister Eckhart
2190:
2095:Narrative verse
2087:
2082:
1953:Courtly romance
1944:Pfaffe Konrad,
1926:
1921:
1800:
1795:
1787:Margareta Ebner
1775:Johannes Tauler
1767:Meister Eckhart
1751:
1736:
1727:
1722:
1704:Jena Manuscript
1681:
1664:
1643:
1633:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1590:
1579:
1565:and the French
1558:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1508:
1499:
1369:
1363:
1236:
1229:
1216:courtly romance
1212:
1206:
1162:
1156:
1143:Jans der Enikel
1105:
1092:
1065:historiographic
1052:
1040:
1024:
1019:
1017:Verse narrative
1014:
961:
886:
879:
805:
761:
567:
563:
545:Old High German
541:
509:
505:
479:
443:
441:
205:Byzantine Greek
142:Classical Latin
127:Ancient Prakrit
25:
24:
12:
11:
5:
6312:
6302:
6301:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6170:Carl Spitteler
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6102:Ilija Trojanow
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:Teresa PrÀauer
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6017:Barbara Köhler
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5992:Reinhard Jirgl
5989:
5984:
5982:Judith Hermann
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5957:Thomas Brussig
5954:
5948:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5899:Kurt Tucholsky
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Helga Schubert
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5779:Siegfried Lenz
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5734:Hermann Kesten
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Hermann Burger
5606:
5604:Arnolt Bronnen
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:Bertolt Brecht
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5564:Gottfried Benn
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5498:Johann Nestroy
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:Nikolaus Lenau
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Heinrich Heine
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:Gustav Freytag
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5188:Nibelungenlied
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5091:German writers
5088:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5070:German studies
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Weimar culture
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4924:
4923:External links
4921:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4900:
4868:
4862:
4849:
4843:
4830:
4810:
4797:
4792:978-1571131737
4791:
4778:
4773:978-1571131737
4772:
4759:
4754:978-1571132475
4753:
4740:
4735:978-1571131737
4734:
4721:
4716:978-0521785730
4715:
4694:
4688:
4675:
4670:978-0521785730
4669:
4648:
4642:
4629:
4623:
4610:
4604:
4583:
4577:
4564:
4559:978-3423307772
4558:
4545:
4539:
4524:
4518:
4502:
4496:
4479:
4468:
4462:
4447:
4441:
4428:
4423:978-1571131737
4422:
4409:
4404:978-1571131737
4403:
4390:
4384:
4368:
4362:
4347:
4342:978-9004120945
4341:
4328:
4323:978-9004120945
4322:
4309:
4303:
4290:
4284:
4271:
4266:978-3423307796
4265:
4252:
4247:978-9004120945
4246:
4233:
4228:978-3110189797
4227:
4214:
4209:978-3423307789
4208:
4195:
4189:
4172:978-3423301701
4171:
4158:
4152:
4135:
4130:978-3150176801
4129:
4116:
4111:978-9004120945
4110:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4087:, p. 177.
4077:
4058:
4046:
4044:, p. 121.
4031:
4005:
3986:
3984:, p. 118.
3974:
3972:, p. 122.
3955:
3943:
3931:
3929:, p. 471.
3919:
3917:, p. 124.
3907:
3895:
3893:, p. 126.
3883:
3881:, p. 100.
3879:Schweikle 1995
3871:
3869:, p. 212.
3867:Schweikle 1995
3859:
3847:
3838:, p. 267.
3828:
3816:
3804:
3802:, p. 142.
3792:
3790:, p. 127.
3780:
3776:Schweikle 1995
3768:
3756:
3744:
3742:, p. 152.
3732:
3720:
3718:, p. 312.
3708:
3706:, p. 174.
3696:
3694:, p. 262.
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3634:, p. 328.
3624:
3609:
3597:
3595:, pp. 81.
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3535:, p. 376.
3525:
3513:
3501:
3499:, p. 309.
3486:
3484:, p. 308.
3474:
3472:, p. 135.
3462:
3453:, p. 217.
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3376:
3374:, p. 384.
3364:
3345:
3323:
3304:
3292:
3290:, p. 109.
3280:
3265:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3199:Vollmann-Profe
3191:
3172:
3160:
3158:, p. 236.
3148:
3136:
3114:
3105:, p. 246.
3092:
3080:
3063:
3061:, p. 102.
3051:
3049:, p. 213.
3039:
3027:
3015:
3013:, p. 325.
3003:
2991:
2989:, p. 304.
2979:
2970:, p. 303.
2960:
2948:
2929:
2927:, p. 186.
2925:Schneider 2014
2917:
2905:
2893:
2891:, p. 297.
2881:
2869:
2867:, p. 267.
2857:
2838:
2836:, p. 720.
2826:
2824:, p. 110.
2822:Schneider 2014
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2776:, p. 680.
2766:
2764:, p. 638.
2754:
2752:, p. 124.
2742:
2740:, p. 256.
2730:
2728:, p. 678.
2718:
2706:
2687:
2672:
2660:
2658:, p. 185.
2648:
2646:, p. 130.
2636:
2621:
2609:
2607:, p. 428.
2590:
2578:
2576:, p. 306.
2563:
2551:
2549:, p. 345.
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2447:
2435:
2433:, p. 282.
2420:
2408:
2396:
2394:, p. 133.
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2334:
2321:
2315:
2302:
2292:
2279:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2143:Rudolf von Ems
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2104:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1966:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1940:Nibelungenlied
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1894:Danubian lyric
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:Reinhart Fuchs
1880:
1877:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1750:
1747:
1731:Prosa-Lancelot
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1699:Spruchdichtung
1684:Spruchdichtung
1679:Spruchdichtung
1677:Main article:
1663:
1662:Spruchdichtung
1660:
1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1397:Nibelungenlied
1393:Nibelungenlied
1383:Nibelungenlied
1374:Nibelungenlied
1365:Main article:
1362:
1359:
1349:Rudolf von Ems
1208:Main article:
1205:
1202:
1167:Spielmannsepik
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1125:Rudolf von Ems
1069:Roman emperors
1039:
1036:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
989:Nibelungenlied
960:
957:
947:Liet von Troje
928:Spruchdichtung
903:Rudolf von Ems
875:, composed in
873:Nibelungenlied
804:
801:
760:
757:
702:Spielmannsepen
698:oral tradition
694:Nibelungenlied
579:Henry the Lion
540:
537:
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
452:
451:
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
422:
421:
414:
413:
412:
411:
406:
398:
397:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
372:
371:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
333:
332:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
184:
183:
181:Early medieval
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
122:Ancient Hebrew
119:
113:
112:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
81:Hurro-Urartian
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
51:
41:
40:
29:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6311:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6195:Elias Canetti
6193:
6191:
6190:Heinrich Böll
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:Hermann Hesse
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Martin Walser
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6087:Botho Strauss
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:Clemens Meyer
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:Esther Kinsky
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5972:Durs GrĂŒnbein
5970:
5968:
5967:Rainald Goetz
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:Robert Walser
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:Heiner MĂŒller
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:Heinrich Mann
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Erich KĂ€stner
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:Hermann Hesse
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Stefan George
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Alfred Döblin
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:Elias Canetti
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Hermann Broch
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:Thomas Brasch
5577:
5575:
5574:Heinrich Böll
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5523:Ludwig Uhland
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Theodor Storm
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Wilhelm Raabe
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Eduard Mörike
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:Georg Herwegh
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Wilhelm Grimm
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Georg BĂŒchner
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5260:Georg Wickram
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:Exilliteratur
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4914:1-57113-240-6
4910:
4906:
4901:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4863:3-7610-8301-7
4859:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4689:1-57113-240-6
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4578:3-11-008778-2
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4540:9780199654611
4536:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4497:3-11-008778-2
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4463:3-11-015094-8
4459:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4363:0-203-90660-8
4359:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4304:3-406-00703-1
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4285:3-406-00709-0
4281:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4001:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3941:, p. 58.
3940:
3935:
3928:
3927:Andersen 2002
3923:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3766:, p. 69.
3765:
3760:
3754:, p. 67.
3753:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3730:, p. 64.
3729:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3511:, p. 54.
3510:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3447:
3441:, p. 76.
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3417:, p. 74.
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3308:
3302:, p. 45.
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3278:, p. 43.
3277:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3256:, p. 92.
3255:
3250:
3244:, p. 75.
3243:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:, p. 33.
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:, p. 38.
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:, p. 20.
3126:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3078:, p. 20.
3077:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3025:, p. 15.
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2879:, p. 19.
2878:
2877:Brunner 2013a
2873:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2812:, p. 46.
2811:
2806:
2800:, p. 13.
2799:
2794:
2788:, p. 44.
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2716:, p. 12.
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:, p. LI.
2696:
2691:
2685:, p. 84.
2684:
2679:
2677:
2670:, p. 12.
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2634:, p. 71.
2633:
2628:
2626:
2619:, p. 77.
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2588:, p. 81.
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2561:, p. 16.
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2484:, p. 65.
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2460:, p. 11.
2459:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2418:, p. 40.
2417:
2412:
2406:, p. 15.
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2349:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2306:
2305:Codex Manesse
2303:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:Trojanerkrieg
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Der Welt Lohn
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1855:Kaiserchronik
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1725:Prose romance
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1637:
1628:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1535:Codex Manesse
1532:
1526:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1291:: Hartmann's
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:Roman d'Enéas
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1085:Alexanderlied
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Kaiserchronik
1058:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1009:
1007:
1006:Manesse Codex
1003:
997:
995:
990:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
956:
954:
953:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
930:
929:
923:
921:
915:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
845:
840:
838:
834:
826:
821:
814:
809:
800:
798:
797:Spruchdichter
794:
793:ministeriales
790:
784:
782:
781:Third crusade
778:
769:
765:
756:
754:
750:
749:Meistersinger
746:
740:
738:
733:
732:
731:Spruchdichter
726:
721:
715:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
625:
624:Alexanderlied
620:
619:
618:Kaiserchronik
613:
611:
610:
605:
604:
595:
594:Codex Manesse
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
533:
529:
525:
522:tradition of
521:
517:
516:
500:
496:
491:
487:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
454:
453:
450:
440:
439:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
395:
394:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
369:
366:
365:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
327:
326:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
117:Ancient Greek
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
43:
42:
38:
34:
31:
30:
23:
20:
19:
16:
6268:Kleist Prize
6258:Goethe Prize
6215:Peter Handke
6210:Herta MĂŒller
6200:GĂŒnter Grass
6072:Ingo Schulze
6067:Rafik Schami
6042:Herta MĂŒller
6037:Terézia Mora
6027:Monika Maron
5977:Peter Handke
5943:Contemporary
5934:Stefan Zweig
5924:Christa Wolf
5919:Franz Werfel
5889:Ernst Toller
5879:Anna Seghers
5874:W. G. Sebald
5824:Robert Musil
5819:Adolf Muschg
5809:Erich MĂŒhsam
5769:Kurd LaĂwitz
5744:Sarah Kirsch
5739:Irmgard Keun
5719:Ernst JĂŒnger
5704:Peter Huchel
5699:Ricarda Huch
5669:Peter Handke
5664:GĂŒnter Grass
5584:Volker Braun
5549:Hermann Bahr
5532:20th century
5518:Ludwig Tieck
5351:19th century
5269:18th century
5240:Martin Opitz
5210:Paul Fleming
5198:Early modern
5186:
5019:
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4880:
4876:
4853:
4834:
4801:
4782:
4763:
4744:
4725:
4698:
4679:
4652:
4633:
4614:
4587:
4568:
4549:
4529:
4509:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4452:
4432:
4413:
4394:
4375:
4352:
4332:
4313:
4294:
4275:
4256:
4237:
4218:
4199:
4180:
4162:
4143:
4120:
4101:
4080:
4061:
4049:
3989:
3977:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3891:Heinzle 1984
3886:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3788:Classen 2002
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3704:Heinzle 1984
3699:
3687:
3680:Lienert 2015
3675:
3663:
3656:Heinzle 1999
3651:
3639:
3627:
3620:Lienert 2015
3600:
3593:Lienert 2015
3588:
3576:
3569:Lienert 2015
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3477:
3465:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3379:
3367:
3348:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3194:
3180:Murdoch 1007
3175:
3170:, p. 1.
3168:Jammers 1963
3163:
3151:
3139:
3083:
3054:
3042:
3037:, p. 7.
3035:Johnson 1999
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2963:
2951:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2903:, p. 8.
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2738:de Boor 1974
2733:
2721:
2709:
2695:Brunner 2013
2690:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2612:
2581:
2554:
2547:Johnson 1999
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2501:, p. 4.
2477:
2465:
2443:Johnson 1999
2438:
2411:
2399:
2392:de Boor 1971
2387:
2337:
2314:â Minnesang
2267:
2254:
2238:
2237:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2185:Wolfdietrich
2167:
2162:Der Stricker
2154:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2111:Frauendienst
2110:
2094:
2093:
2075:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2003:
1993:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1893:
1892:
1875:Herzog Ernst
1870:König Rother
1863:
1862:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1825:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1782:
1752:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1711:
1706:, which has
1698:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1638:
1606:
1566:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1528:
1506:Lyric Poetry
1500:
1480:
1476:Wolfdietrich
1475:
1463:Wolfdietrich
1461:
1455:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1303:, Wolfram's
1298:
1292:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1213:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:König Rother
1181:
1178:Herzog Ernst
1177:
1163:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1112:rather than
1096:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1060:
1043:
1041:
1025:
998:
978:
973:Dennis Green
966:
962:
950:
946:
936:
926:
924:
917:
912:
907:
890:
858:
847:
842:
830:
824:
796:
785:
774:
762:
752:
741:
710:
691:
644:
633:
622:
616:
614:
607:
601:
599:
572:
542:
524:courtly love
513:
498:
485:
484:
418:Contemporary
368:Early modern
107:
46:
15:
6185:Nelly Sachs
6175:Thomas Mann
6092:Yoko Tawada
6077:Lutz Seiler
5952:Zsuzsa BĂĄnk
5914:Peter Weiss
5894:Georg Trakl
5844:Nelly Sachs
5839:Joseph Roth
5794:Thomas Mann
5724:Franz Kafka
5714:Uwe Johnson
5709:Ernst Jandl
5649:Erich Fried
5418:Jacob Grimm
5040:Romanticism
4372:Green, D.H.
3939:Palmer 1997
3915:Harris 2006
3855:Palmer 1997
3764:Palmer 1997
3752:Palmer 1997
3728:Palmer 1997
3668:Millet 2008
3644:Millet 2008
3632:Millet 2008
3605:Millet 2008
3557:Millet 2008
3545:Cramer 2000
3509:Palmer 1997
3372:Dobozy 2002
3300:Palmer 1997
3276:Palmer 1997
3230:Gentry 2002
2999:Palmer 1997
2913:Janota 1989
2683:Palmer 1997
2644:Harris 2006
2632:Palmer 1997
2617:Palmer 1997
2586:Palmer 1997
2482:Palmer 1997
2470:Palmer 1997
2345: 1350
2331: 1330
2312: 1300
2299: 1300
2291:â Minnesang
2289: 1275
2155:Weltchronik
1946:Rolandslied
1934:Heroic epic
1879:Graf Rudolf
1737: 1250
1713:Meistersang
1648:Meistersang
1644: 1230
1634: 1240
1623: 1230
1616: 1170
1602: 1208
1591: 1200
1580: 1200
1563:troubadours
1559: 1160
1542: 1300
1472:Merovingian
1428:Charlemagne
1420:King Arthur
1361:Heroic Epic
1330:heroic epic
1285:King Arthur
1237: 1210
1230: 1185
1139:Weltchronik
1129:Weltchronik
1106: 1170
1098:Rolandslied
1093: 1150
1053: 1077
887: 1200
880: 1185
850:scriptorium
833:manuscripts
683:MinnesÀnger
659:and French
657:troubadours
631:tradition.
568: 1050
510: 1230
506: 1170
255:Old English
157:Old Persian
6160:Paul Heyse
6107:Jan Wagner
5789:Klaus Mann
5774:Gert Ledig
5759:Karl Kraus
5684:Georg Heym
5654:Max Frisch
5619:Paul Celan
5554:Vicki Baum
5453:Paul Heyse
5245:Hans Sachs
5205:Simon Dach
4894:12 January
4442:3761083084
4385:0521444934
4190:0520066340
4085:Klein 2015
4054:Klein 2015
4042:Klein 2015
3982:Klein 2015
3970:Klein 2015
3812:Bumke 1991
3800:Hasty 2006
3740:Hasty 2006
3692:Bumke 2000
3581:Bumke 2000
3439:Bumke 2000
3415:Bumke 2000
3156:Hasty 2006
3144:Bumke 2005
3125:Klein 1999
3088:Green 1994
3076:Klein 2015
3047:Green 1994
3023:Klein 2015
2937:Bumke 2008
2834:Bumke 2005
2810:Bumke 2000
2798:Hasty 2006
2786:Bumke 2000
2774:Bumke 2005
2762:Bumke 2005
2750:Bumke 2000
2726:Bumke 2005
2714:Hasty 2006
2523:Hasty 2006
2499:Hasty 2006
2416:Bumke 2000
2380:References
2223:TannhÀuser
1771:Henry Suso
1549:hohe minne
1252:Old French
1095:) and the
1071:and their
994:recitative
647:Old French
640:knighthood
566: â c.
564: 900
508: â c.
490:literature
488:refers to
420:by century
370:by century
331:by century
275:Old Turkic
260:Old German
48:Bronze Age
5327:Jean Paul
5215:Hans Folz
5127:Minnesang
4835:Minnesang
4820:cite book
3951:Poor 2006
2956:Kolb 1989
2656:Poor 2006
2126:Engelhard
2024:Minnesang
2012:Willehalm
1848:Alexander
1763:Dominican
1759:Rhineland
1755:mysticism
1688:Frauenlob
1656:Frauenlob
1652:folk-song
1568:trouvĂšres
1531:love song
1525:Minnesang
1519:Minnesang
1491:Alemannic
1436:Ermanaric
1334:Minnesang
1319:aventiure
1220:narrative
1116:sources.
969:acrostics
938:Willehalm
714:BlĂŒtezeit
666:BlĂŒtezeit
661:trouvĂšres
654:Provençal
629:Minnesang
532:Arthurian
520:Provençal
515:Minnesang
315:Tocharian
270:Old Malay
265:Old Khmer
162:Old Tamil
109:Classical
6293:Category
6132:Juli Zeh
6097:Uwe Timm
5539:May Ayim
5483:Karl May
5120:Medieval
4883:: 1â33.
4508:(1999).
4374:(1994).
2358:See also
2338:Hausbuch
2217:Neidhart
2131:HerzmÀre
2005:Parzival
1827:Ezzolied
1815:Annolied
1708:notation
1627:Neidhart
1483:Bavarian
1355:Parzival
1306:Parzival
1123:(1216).
1077:Annolied
1073:Frankish
1045:Annolied
1028:Ezzolied
981:strophic
914:writing.
871:and the
854:chancery
725:Neidhart
650:romances
609:Annolied
603:Ezzolied
583:chancery
553:Ottonian
329:Medieval
230:Japanese
225:Georgian
200:Bactrian
195:Armenian
167:Sanskrit
152:Phrygian
147:Parthian
96:Sumerian
61:Akkadian
5945:writers
5321:Novalis
4094:Sources
1994:Tristan
1888:Orendel
1593:), and
1448:dragons
1338:Tristan
1311:Tristan
1204:Romance
1186:Orendel
996:style.
779:on the
737:mystics
310:Tibetan
300:Sogdian
235:Kannada
132:Aramaic
76:Hittite
66:Elamite
37:corpora
33:Ancient
4911:
4860:
4841:
4808:
4789:
4770:
4751:
4732:
4713:
4686:
4667:
4640:
4621:
4602:
4575:
4556:
4537:
4516:
4494:
4460:
4439:
4420:
4401:
4382:
4360:
4339:
4320:
4301:
4282:
4263:
4244:
4225:
4206:
4187:
4169:
4150:
4127:
4108:
2255:
2180:Ortnit
2102:Kudrun
2076:
1915:
1785:) and
1457:Ortnit
1452:giants
1450:, and
1444:dwarfs
1440:Attila
1402:Kudrun
1277:Aeneid
1273:Virgil
1192:, and
1190:Oswald
1110:French
1059:. The
1012:Genres
987:, the
634:Under
557:Salian
305:Telugu
290:Sabaic
210:Coptic
190:Arabic
172:Syriac
101:Ugarit
91:Lydian
86:Luwian
71:Hattic
26:by era
2176:cycle
1982:Iwein
1964:Eneit
1720:Prose
1575:(fl.
1487:Tirol
1430:(the
1426:) or
1422:(the
1407:Hildr
1325:minne
1300:Iwein
1263:Eneas
1223:genre
1114:Latin
952:Eneas
825:Iwein
759:Poets
575:Latin
320:Welsh
280:Norse
220:GeÊœez
4909:ISBN
4896:2021
4858:ISBN
4839:ISBN
4826:link
4806:ISBN
4787:ISBN
4768:ISBN
4749:ISBN
4730:ISBN
4711:ISBN
4684:ISBN
4665:ISBN
4638:ISBN
4619:ISBN
4600:ISBN
4573:ISBN
4554:ISBN
4535:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4492:ISBN
4458:ISBN
4437:ISBN
4418:ISBN
4399:ISBN
4380:ISBN
4358:ISBN
4337:ISBN
4318:ISBN
4299:ISBN
4280:ISBN
4261:ISBN
4242:ISBN
4223:ISBN
4204:ISBN
4185:ISBN
4167:ISBN
4148:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4072:help
4026:help
4000:help
3842:help
3457:help
3390:help
3359:help
3340:help
3318:help
3260:help
3205:help
3186:help
3131:help
3109:help
2974:help
2943:help
2852:help
2701:help
2221:Der
2172:The
1975:Erec
1650:and
1629:(d.
1597:(d.
1586:(d.
1460:and
1347:and
1332:and
1294:Erec
1246:and
1232:and
1198:East
1026:The
901:and
891:Erec
882:and
869:Erec
720:MĂ€re
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