1011:. Mandates were assigned to the consuls, who, as the name implies, must perform them on penalty for refusal or failure of death. Similarly, only the Senate could declare the termination of a mandate, which is why Livy does not speak of three Mithridatic Wars. Sulla reached an agreement with Mithridates but it was never accepted by the Senate. Interim peace was never anything more than a gentleman's agreement. Tiring of this political game the ad hoc peace party bypassed the Senate, not only preempting the mandate but also giving to Pompey the power himself to declare it at an end. It ended automatically, however, with the death of Mithridates in 63 BC, the mission being complete.
761:, where Cotta was positioned with his navy. The Roman defenders sallied out of their defenses to fight the Pontic force, however, the Pontic army outnumbered the Roman one forcing them to withdraw into the city, with at least 3,000 soldiers killed. After this, Mithridates launched a raid on the harbor, destroying four ships and capturing the other 60, several thousand more Roman soldiers died in the fighting before Mithridates left Chalcedon. Cotta's force was reduced to a fraction of what it once was, giving Mithridates impunity to take the nearby cities of
998:, "Gaius Manilius, Tribune of the People, carried the law despite the great indignation of the nobility that the Mithridatic War be mandated to Pompey". The "nobility" are the Senate, who usually had the privilege of mandates. There is a possible pun on "great", as Pompey had received the title of "The Great" in the service of Sulla, the original recipient of the mandate. Sulla was deceased; Lucullus held the mandate in his place. This is an intervention by the tribune in the legal business of the Senate. Now it was the indignation that was great.
967:(59 BC – AD 17), which consisted of 142 books written between 27 and 9 BC, dated by internal events: he mentions Augustus, who did not receive the title until 27 BC, and the last event mentioned is the death of Drusus, 9 BC. Livy was a close friend of Augustus, to whom he read his work by parts, which means that he had access to records and writings at Rome. He worked mainly in retreat at Naples. Livy was born a few years after the last Mithridatic War, and grew up in the Late Republic. His location at
429:
916:, rebelled against him with the support of a weary populace, Mithridates killed himself. Pharnaces sent his father's body to Pompey who granted him the Crimean lands he still held, also establishing him as a Roman ally. The Anatolian and Syrian lands that were occupied would be incorporated as Roman provinces, while Armenia and Judea would become allied client kingdoms allied to Rome. Pompey's successes in the war further propelled his political career as the general, granting him a
287:
738:(66–63 BCE). Several states were drawn into the war through alliances on both Roman and Pontic sides, like the Kingdom of Armenia on Mithridates's side. The war started when the King of Bithynia, an allied client state of Rome, died in 74 BCE and granted his kingdom to Rome in his will, Mithridates launched an invasion as this would mean Rome only gained more influence in Asia Minor. Mithridates launched the invasion around the time that
556:. Mithridates did not oppose the Roman legation and by the fall of 90 BCE both Nicomedes the IV and Ariobarzanes the I were installed as kings of their respective countries without any fighting. With their goal achieved, the legation left the following winter. Before the legation left, however, Aquillius urged the kings to attack Mithridates to repay loans they had taken out previously to bride senators in supporting their claims.
25:
141:
2143:
695:
hadn't written it out. Mithridates plundered Pontic villages in 82 CE before returning to
Cappadocia. Mithridates then sent envoys to the Roman senate asking for them to recall the Roman forces that were laying waste to his territory. The senate agreed with Mithridates, ordering Murena to withdraw and end his attack on the Pontic Kingdom; Murena refused and continued the conflict.
1801:"History" here means the work of the classical historians, men who set as their targets a general history of events, rather than science, philosophy or creative literature. Some historians wrote contemporaneously with the events, but their work has not survived. Fragments of others survive. This section is for more extensive survivals.
601:, where Aristion convinced its citizens to revolt and declare him Tyrant of Athens. Mithridates also sent Archelaus, one of his generals, with a sizeable Pontic force to aid Aristion against the Romans. The city revolted against Roman rule with support from Mithridates with several other cities joining Athens. Aristion sent
671:. It stipulated that the Kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia would be restored to the Roman-supported kings, but Mithridates would maintain his own kingdom of Pontus. After ending the war, Sulla quickly withdrew back to Rome as a power struggle was developing into a civil war between factions within the senate.
872:
In the winter of 67 BCE, while still sieging
Nisibis, Lucullus faced unrest from his soldiers after continuously fighting throughout the war. Lucullus convinced his troops to stay loyal but agreed to march back to Asia Minor and only protect the Roman provinces rather than invading Pontus or Armenia.
563:
In the summer of 89 BCE, Mithridates sent an army lead into
Cappadocia to remove the Roman-appointed Ariobarzanes the I and occupy the kingdom. This military action went against what the Aquilian Legation had enforced and was used as justification for war against Mithridates and Pontus, beginning war
559:
Nicomedes the IV began hostilities with
Mithridates in 90 BCE, almost immediately after being installed as king of Bithynia. Nicomedes launched raids into Pontic territory by the spring of 89 BCE which led to Mithridates sending delegates to Rome in response to the Roman client state's attacks. Rome
584:
In 89 BCE, Mithridates continued from occupation of
Cappadocia to and moved to Bithynia where he defeated Nicomedes the IV, also occupying the kingdom of Bithynia. Following this, Roman forces in the region marshalled an army to force Mithridates back under the direction of Manius Aquillius who was
713:
The war ended when Sulla dispatched envoys to Murena to end the conflict as
Mithridates hadn't broken the treaty they had agreed upon years earlier. Peace was established between Pontus and Rome by 81 BCE after which Murena was recalled from Anatolia back to Rome. This peace continued until 74 BCE
694:
Murena marched his forces into the
Kingdom of Pontus after his attack on Comana, his advance unopposed by Mithridates's forces. Mithridates sent an ambassador to Murena to stop the conflict because of the peace established by the treaty of Dardanos, Murena replied that there was no treaty as Sulla
624:
in 87 BCE, before marching on Athens which was the leader of the revolt in Greece. In the summer of that year he besieged Athens; the siege lasted until early 86 when Roman forces broke through the defenses to storm Athens. Aristion and some of his followers retreated into the
Acropolis where they
896:
Following the victory at the Lycus, Pompey marched into
Armenia and came to terms with Tigranes, making Armenia an allied state of Rome. By 64 BCE, Pompey had established a naval blockade of Bosporan Crimea to wear down Mithridates, before he marched south into Syria where Armenia held lands, he
510:
Subsequently, historians noticed that the conduct of the war fell into three logical subdivisions. Some of them began to term these subdivisions the "First", "Second", and "Third" in the same texts in which they used the term in the singular. As the Roman
Republic faded from general memory, the
514:
Today, anything to do with the war can be included under it. Hence, the term "First Mithridatic War" is extended to include the wars between the states of Asia Minor as well as Roman support or lack of it for the parties of these wars. The officers offering this support were acting under other
971:
kept him out of the Civil Wars. He went to the big city perhaps to work on his project. Its nature sparked the interest of the emperor immediately (he had eyes and ears everywhere), who made it a point to be Octavian, not Augustus, to the circle of his friends (he often found duty tedious and
884:
River in central Pontus by the end of the year. Pompey defeat Mithridates, inflicting at least 10,000 casualties on the Pontic side and causing Mithridates to flee to Colchis. Mithridates crossed the Black Sea in the following year, 65 BCE, to the Crimean lands that his eldest son,
683:(83–81 BCE) began when Roman forces attacked the Kingdom of Pontus, reigniting conflict between Rome and Mithridates. This ended the peace that the previous Treaty of Dardanos in 85 BCE which ended the First Mithridatic War three years earlier. The Roman forces were commanded by
804:, where it was camped, destroying or capturing 32 ships and taking Marius prisoner. After dealing with both the army and navy, Lucullus and Cotta planned out an invasion of Pontus to end Mithridates's threat, however before they could, Mithridates seized the important city of
710:. During the battle the outnumbered Pontic forces stood against superior Roman forces until Mithridates himself arrived with reinforcements, defeating the Romans. The decisive battle was the only major engagement between Roman and Pontic forces in the Second Mithridatic War.
784:
resisted Mithridates's advance, forcing him to besiege it in 73 BCE. The city held out until Lucullus's arrival with reinforcements that counter-sieged the Pontic army. Mithridates sent a detachment away with the sick and wounded but they were ambushed by the Romans at the
505:
Handed at first to the consuls, it would not end until the death of Mithridates or the declaration by the Senate that it was at an end. As there were no intermissions in the warrant until the death of Mithridates in 63 BC, there was officially only one Mithridatic
528:
The Mithridatic Wars resulted from Mithridates consolidating his neighboring kingdoms into his realm which was opposed by Rome. Mithridates incorporated the Kingdom of Cappadocia by marrying his sister to its king before killing him and installing his young nephew,
979:, of the contents of each book. Books 1–140 have them. Their survival, no doubt, can be attributed to their use as a "little Livy", as the whole work proved to be far too long for any copyist. The events of the Mithridatic Wars survive only in the Periochae.
664:. Archelaus' force outnumbered the Roman once again, but the Roman force emerged victorious. Archelaus managed to flee the battlefield, returning to Mithridates. Mithridates did not launch another invasion of Greece and withdrew his forces back to Anatolia.
545:, a Cappadocian nobleman, also made his case against Ariarathes the IX and was selected as the senate-approved king of Cappadocia. A senatorial legation was dispatched to head east to supplant the Mithridates-backed kings for Roman-favored ones.
580:
and was slow to direct forces eastward to stop Mithridates. One of the Consuls for the year, Sulla, was dispatched with 5 legions after 18 months of preparations in 87 BCE, the first major force sent by Rome since the start of the war.
823:. Mithridates's initial attack faltered, allowing the Romans to counterattack. The Pontic army broke and retreated before the Roman position. Mithridates fled eastward into Armenia to his son-in-law and ally King Tigranes the II.
585:
still in Anatolia. Mithridates defeated this force and continue his advance throughout Anatolia unchecked. In 88 BCE, Along with the occupation of Cappadocia, Mithridates fully controlled the Roman provinces of Asia and Cilicia.
632:
was dispatched to apprehend Sulla and defeat Mithridates. Flaccus chose to first deal with Mithridates before Sulla, crossing the Hellespont into Pontic-occupied territory. Flaccus was killed by a mutiny within his forces led by
808:. Cotta was tasked with retaking the city while Lucullus would march through the Galatian highlands into Pontus. Cotta began the siege of Heraclea Pontic in 73 BCE; it took two years until the city fell to the Romans in 71 BCE.
837:
In 69 BCE, Tigranes brought Armenia into conflict with Rome after refusing to hand over Mithridates, his father-in-law, to the Romans; Lucullus invaded Armenia the following spring. Lucullus marched on the Armenian capital at
592:
which saw the systematic killing of Roman and Latin-speaking people in these provinces to remove any Roman influences from his conquered lands. The death toll of these massacres ranged from 80,000 and above.
869:, which the Romans lost, suffering 7,000 casualties, 24 tribunes, and 150 centurions. The loss forced the Romans to withdraw from Pontus, restoring Mithridates to fully control his Kingdom once again.
456:
during the course of the wars, who initiated the hostilities with Rome. Mithridates led the Pontic forces in every war. The Romans were led by various generals and consuls throughout the wars, namely
865:, who was bringing troops to reinforce Lucullus at the siege of Nisibis, took command of Roman forces in Pontus to fight the sudden return of Mithridates. The Pontic and Roman forces engaged at the
1962:
757:, Lucullus to Cilicia, and Cotta to Bithynia. Lucullus's force would invade Pontus by land while Cotta's force would deal with the Pontic Navy. Cotta's forces engaged Mithridates's forces at
1027:
Appian of Alexandria (c. 95 – c. AD 165) also covers the Mithridatic Wars in the Foreign Wars section of his Roman History. His account offers the most in depth view of all three conflicts.
597:, an Athenian philosopher was originally sent to Mithridates as ambassador but became close friends with the King and entered into his service. In 88 BCE, Mithridates sent Aristion back to
548:
This legation, the Aquilian Legation, was sent from Rome in the summer of 90 BCE to install the Rome-supported figures onto the thrones of Bithynia and Cappadocia. The Legation was led by
656:, with reinforcements for Archelaus. The Pontic force outnumbered the Roman one, however, the Romans won the battle, capturing Taxiles and forcing Archelaus to flee with the survivors to
1001:
The "Mithridatic War" is not just a descriptive term of the historians; it is the name of a mandate. As such it began with the declaration of war by the Senate in 88 BC after the
613:, killing approximately 100,000 of its inhabitants before enslaving any left alive. Apeilicon seized the wealth kept on the island, particularly the sacred Treasury of the temple of
691:
out of fear that Mithridates was preparing a renewed invasion into Roman territory when Mithridates was raising forces to deal with a rebellion of Crimean tribes in the north.
2488:
815:
who let the Roman force pass without engaging them. Lucullus directed his army to raid the fertile Pontic heartlands, forcing Mithridates to assemble an army of 40,000 near
982:
The term "Mithridatic War" appears only once in Livy, in Periocha 100. The Third Mithridatic War was going so badly that the Senators of both parties combined to get the
861:
During the spring of 67 BCE, while Lucullus was still at Nisibis, Mithridates returned to Pontus and fought the Roman forces that were still in the region. Legate
503:, ("Mithridatic War") referred in official Roman circles to the mandate, or warrant, issued by the Roman Senate in 88 BC declaring war against Mithridates.
380:
1041:
972:
debilitating). Livy was thus only one generation away from the Mithridatic Wars writing in the most favorable environment under the best of circumstances.
541:. Rival claimants to these thrones fled to the Roman Senate to plead their cases over the inheritance disputes and influence of Pontus in their kingdoms.
46:
39:
826:
After Mithridates fled Pontus, Lucullus used the opportunity to secure the kingdom, dispatching forces to occupy it. Lucullus directed the siege of
576:(89–85 BCE) resulted from Mithridates sending an army into the Roman ally of Cappadocia to remove its senate-supported king. Rome was busy with the
552:, a prominent politician who previously served as consul in 129 BCE. The legation gained the army of Cassius, the governor of the Roman province of
2976:
1930:
945:
A brief summary of the events of the Mithridatic Wars starting with the Asiatic Vespers combined with events of the Civil Wars can be found in
2971:
1953:
1881:
1859:
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2175:
684:
742:, an old supporter of Gaius Marius's Populist faction who still opposed the senate, was in the middle of a major revolt against Rome in
687:
who had served as Sulla's legate and was stationed in the region to oversee its defense. Murena ordered an attack on the Pontic city of
2981:
834:, the main port city of Pontus, taking it after fierce resistance. Lucullus stayed in Anatolia while Cotta returned to Rome in 70 BCE.
373:
1992:
Wealth, aristocracy and royal propaganda under the Hellenistic kingdom of the Mithridatids in the central Black Sea region of Turkey.
800:, a supporter of Sertorius and advisor to Mithridates, set sail into the Aegean Sea. Lucullus would fight the navy at an island near
461:
1908:
660:. While there, Archelaus received reinforcements and returned to mainland Greece where he would engage Sulla again in 85 BCE at the
2806:
2431:
2323:
2184:
634:
281:
2786:
2750:
2478:
2192:
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271:
89:
366:
61:
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to fight Lucullus. Lucullus occupied an old fort overlooking Cabira, Mithridates attacked the Roman position, starting the
754:
2517:
667:
Later in 85 BCE, Mithridates and Archelaus met with Sulla at Dardanos to discuss a peace treaty. The war ended with the
511:
original legal meaning was not recognized. A few historians folded events prior to the declaration of war into the war.
68:
1053:
975:
Only 35 of the 142 books survived. Livy used no titles or period names. He or someone close to him wrote summaries, or
2147:
328:
108:
479:. The conflicts ended with the death of Mithridates in 63 BCE and the annexation of Pontus and Syria into Rome. The
2589:
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2168:
1974:
549:
258:
996:
C. Manilius tribunus plebis magna indignatione nobilitatis legem tulit, ut Pompeio Mithridaticum bellum mandaretur
75:
2986:
2107:
786:
323:
1942:
797:
480:
348:
1894:
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responded that Bithynia shouldn't raid Pontus but didn't allow Mithridates to attack Bithynia in retaliation.
2222:
653:
641:
where Mithridates was at the time, however, he was unable to stop Mithridates from fleeing to safety by sea.
57:
2131:
2011:
Dmitriev, Sviatoslav. 2006. “Cappadocian Dynastic Rearrangements on the Eve of the First Mithridatic War.”
959:
830:, which was holding out against the Romans, before taking the city. After taking Amisus, Lucullus besieged
542:
1363:
Appian, Mithridatic Wars, 43–45, Florus, Epitome of Roman History, 10; Mayor, The Poison King, pp. 205–208
937:
to relate a summary of the Mithridatic Wars mixed in with the Civil Wars in the fragments of Books 37–40.
2861:
2831:
2755:
2732:
2582:
2547:
2161:
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1819:. The Loeb Classical Library. Vol. I. Translated by Foster, B. O. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London:
858:, the main fort and treasury of Northern Mesopotamia. The city fell to Lucullus by the winter of 68 BCE.
645:
530:
2121:
2816:
1970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2674:
2522:
2505:
2247:
1914:
577:
533:, on the throne as a puppet ruler. Mithridates supported a rival claimant to the throne of Bithynia,
2038:
Crisis Management during the Roman Republic : The Role of Political Institutions in Emergencies
2791:
2532:
2498:
2451:
2202:
1820:
538:
292:
1865:
811:
In 72 BCE, Lucullus marched through Galatia into the Pontic Heartland without fighting the native
703:
2684:
2636:
2537:
2436:
2227:
2207:
2030:
862:
35:
2909:
2891:
2866:
2725:
2542:
2414:
2313:
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905:
before involving himself in a civil war in Judea to establish it as a client state under Rome.
877:, one of the influential generals of Rome, command of Roman forces in the east to end the war.
866:
843:
680:
488:
409:
304:
82:
2913:
2905:
2855:
2847:
2605:
2527:
2441:
2419:
2409:
2306:
2296:
2254:
2232:
727:
715:
699:
573:
553:
472:
414:
404:
276:
166:
515:
mandates from the Senate; to do anything not mandated was to risk criminal charges at home.
2851:
2843:
2778:
2631:
2399:
2301:
2291:
2217:
893:, Machares died, letting Mithridates seize control of the lands from Roman-supported rule.
661:
216:
132:
8:
2679:
2621:
946:
881:
702:, one of Mithridates' generals, later in 82 BCE. The Roman and Pontic forces met at the
2765:
2664:
2380:
2212:
2126:
851:
812:
668:
310:
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2689:
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2385:
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2281:
739:
602:
534:
445:
315:
221:
2931:
2886:
2811:
2740:
2656:
2641:
2493:
2328:
2269:
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484:
262:
2839:
2720:
2510:
2348:
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2274:
2264:
2052:
The Poison King : The Life and Legend of Mithridates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy
1957:, translation by Hubert A. Holden, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press
1002:
987:
707:
589:
2084:
A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography
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A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography
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were besieged by the Romans until late spring, after which Aristion was killed.
2821:
2709:
2704:
2613:
2457:
2360:
2333:
1776:
990:
removing command of the east from Lucullus and others and giving it instead to
688:
453:
449:
441:
428:
212:
1966:, translation by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press
2945:
2919:
2669:
2646:
2626:
2468:
2446:
2343:
2338:
917:
880:
Pompey led his forces into Pontus where he engaged Mithridates at the of the
831:
286:
2881:
2871:
2714:
2463:
2370:
2365:
2318:
2237:
1040:
Some monumental inscriptions of the times in Greece shed some light on the
909:
839:
637:
who took control of the Roman force. Flaccus besieged and took the city of
193:
2027:
The Black Sea in Antiquity: Regional and interregional economic exchanges.
1934:, translation by E. S. Forster, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press
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2826:
2801:
2796:
2745:
2426:
2355:
2242:
1007:
983:
912:
where he would try to gather forces to fight the Romans. After his son,
2773:
2694:
2259:
842:
where he engaged and destroy a larger Armenian force in the subsequent
1777:"Diodorus Siculus, Book 37 (fragments covering the period 91–88 B.C.)"
749:
The Senate responded to Mithridates's invasion by sending the consuls
491:
became allied client states of Rome after the conclusion of the wars.
2574:
2153:
1913:. Translated by Baker, George. University of Adelaide. Archived from
1586:
Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 26; Appian, Mithridatic Wars, 85 & 86
790:
770:
766:
758:
338:
333:
714:
when Mithridates invaded Roman territory in Asia Minor sparking the
644:
Archelaus escaped the city with his forces and engaged Sulla in the
24:
1938:
902:
886:
855:
847:
750:
743:
731:
638:
594:
476:
358:
343:
245:
898:
789:. Mithridates broke out in winter of that year, marching towards
781:
657:
649:
1019:
Florus writes the briefest of summaries of the Mithridatic War.
140:
2142:
1890:
1855:
991:
890:
874:
827:
816:
801:
762:
735:
621:
614:
598:
537:, as another puppet ruler after overthrowing his half-brother,
471:
The wars began over Pontus and Rome backing differing kings of
465:
252:
609:
which was still loyal to Rome. Apeilicon sacked the island of
968:
957:
The surviving history closest to the Mithridatic Wars is the
889:, held with the support of Rome. After Mithridates landed in
610:
606:
457:
238:
2059:
The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator king of Pontos.
1979:. Translated by Shipley, Frederick W. penelope.uchicago.edu.
793:, Lucullus pursued them, further depleting the Pontic army.
2054:. Princeton ; Oxford: Princeton University Press, Cop.
1904:
1812:
1810:
An extensive introduction to Livy and his work is given in
964:
448:
and its allies between 88 and 63 BCE. They are named after
1947:. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. penelope.uchicago.edu.
1886:
translation by Horace White and Jona Lendering, Livius.org
1864:. Translated by White, Horace. Livius.org. Archived from
617:
the island was famous for before returning to Athens.
1899:. Translated by Forster, E. S. penelope.uchicago.edu.
1635:
Lucullus, the Life and Campaigns of a Roman Conqueror
1519:
Lucullus: the Life and Campaigns of a Roman Conqueror
1489:
Lucullus, the life and campaigns of a Roman conqueror
1430:
Bellum Dardanicum and the Third Mithridatic War, p. 4
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Roman foreign policy in the East 168 B.C. to A.D. 1.
1815:(1967). "Introduction". In Warmington, E. H. (ed.).
1042:
Roman command structure during First Mithridatic War
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with a force to seize the sacred treasury stored at
908:In 63 BCE, Mithridates retreated to the citadel at
873:In the following year, 66 BCE, the Senate granted
588:In spring of 88, Mithridates's forces enacted the
730:(74–63 BCE). The Roman forces were mainly led by
2943:
1035:
2025:Gabrielsen, Vincent, and John Lund, eds. 2007.
1631:Mithridates the Great, Rome's Indomitable Enemy
1549:Mithridates the Great: Rome's Indomitable Enemy
1493:Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable enemy
1472:Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable Enemy
1455:Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable Enemy
1416:Mithridates the Great, Rome's Indomitable Enemy
897:seized important cities across the region like
846:. In the summer of 68 BCE, Lucullus marched on
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2169:
2006:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic Vol. 2
1536:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II
698:Murena was met by a minor Pontic army led by
374:
2553:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
652:. Mithridates sent another of his generals,
16:Conflicts between Rome and Pontus (88–63 BC)
1211:Crisis Management During the Roman Republic
1177:Crisis Management During the Roman Republic
850:and defeated another Armenian force at the
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2091:Near Eastern royalty and Rome: 100–30 B.C.
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920:in Rome for his efforts during the war.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2040:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1969:
1937:
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2977:Battles involving the Kingdom of Pontus
2324:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
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189:Pontus and Syria become Roman provinces
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1976:Velleius Paterculus: The Roman History
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1440:Anthon, Charles & Smith, William,
45:Please improve this article by adding
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1999:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
1882:History of Rome: The Mithridatic Wars
1672:Appian, Mithridatic Wars, 90 & 91
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1335:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
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2432:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
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440:were three conflicts fought by the
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2787:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
1984:
1379:
1054:List of conflicts in the Near East
706:where they engaged in the ensuing
14:
2998:
2982:Wars involving the Roman Republic
2101:
901:. In 63 BCE, he took cities like
2565:Military history of ancient Rome
2141:
2068:and the Third Mithridatic War.”
1896:Florus: Epitome of Roman History
1403:Dictionary of battles and sieges
994:. The words of the Periocha are
285:
139:
23:
2548:Civil wars of the Third Century
2075:Sherwin-White, Adrian N. 1984.
1973:(2018). Thayer, William (ed.).
1941:(2012). Thayer, William (ed.).
1893:(2018). Thayer, William (ed.).
1858:(1995). Lendering, Jona (ed.).
1827:
1804:
1795:
1783:
1769:
1756:
1739:
1726:
1705:
1692:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1640:
1623:
1610:
1589:
1580:
1567:
1558:
1541:
1528:
1511:
1498:
1481:
1434:
1422:
1407:
1395:
1366:
1357:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1297:
1284:
1267:
1250:
1237:
1216:
1199:
854:. He then besieged the city of
628:In 86 BCE, a Roman force under
1954:Life of Lucius Cornelius Sulla
1928:Lucius Annaeus Florus (1929),
1663:Mayor, The Poison King, p. 306
1538:(1952), pp. 110, 116 & 122
1182:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1:
2008:. Oxford Oxford Univ. Press.
1036:Greek monumental inscriptions
47:secondary or tertiary sources
2132:Resources in other libraries
2064:Petković, Žarko. 2014. “The
1990:Burcu Erciyas, Deniz. 2005.
1861:Appian, The Mithridatic Wars
1848:
1564:Appian, Mithridatic Wars, 80
494:
487:ruled by Mithridates's son,
145:Map of the Kingdom of Pontus
7:
2756:Wars of Alexander the Great
2095:University of Toronto Press
2089:Sullivan, Richard D. 1990.
1997:Broughton, Robert S. 1951.
1633:, p. 139; Lee Fratantuono,
1047:
940:
10:
3003:
1843:
1491:, p. 60; Philip Matyszak,
523:
432:Mithridatic Wars 87–86 BC.
2928:
2764:
2675:Wars of the Delian League
2655:
2612:
2561:
2506:Roman conquest of Britain
2477:
2191:
2127:Resources in your library
2036:Golden, Gregory K. 2013.
1717:Epitome of Roman History,
1350:, 42 & 43; Plutarch,
1226:, 22 & 23; Plutarch,
1190:Epitome of Roman History,
1022:
1014:
674:
564:between Rome and Pontus.
400:
228:
206:
149:
138:
130:
125:
2700:Second Peloponnesian War
2043:Matyszak, Philip. 2009.
2018:Fratantuono, Lee. 2017.
1931:Epitome of Roman History
1823:; William Heinemann Ltd.
1821:Harvard University Press
1817:Livy in fourteen volumes
1534:T. Robert S. Broughton,
1275:Epitome of Roman History
1074:Dynastic Rearrangements,
1059:
751:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
734:(75–66 BCE) and then by
732:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
721:
567:
462:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
2685:First Peloponnesian War
2203:Roman conquest of Italy
2057:McGing, Brian C. 1986.
2050:Mayor, Adrienne. 2010.
2031:Aarhus University Press
1260:, pp. 177–179; Appian,
1209:, pp. 154–156; Golden,
1134:Dynastic Rearrangements
1100:Dynastic Rearrangements
1031:Contemporary references
952:
863:Gaius Valerius Triarius
630:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
518:
2987:Mithridates VI Eupator
2892:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
2817:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
2751:Expansion of Macedonia
2082:Smith, William. 1850.
1685:, p. 319-323; Appian,
844:Battle of Tigranocerta
685:Lucius Licinius Murena
681:Second Mithridatic War
458:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
433:
272:Lucius Licinius Murena
229:Commanders and leaders
34:relies excessively on
2533:Domitian's Dacian War
2452:Liberators' civil war
2045:Mithridates the Great
2004:Corey Brennan. 2000.
796:A Pontic navy led by
755:Marcus Aurelius Cotta
728:Third Mithridatic War
716:Third Mithridatic War
635:Gaius Flavius Fimbria
574:First Mithridatic War
431:
282:Gaius Flavius Fimbria
277:Marcus Aurelius Cotta
167:Eastern Mediterranean
2792:Seleucid–Mauryan war
2632:Second Messenian War
2538:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2223:Roman–Hernician wars
2150:at Wikimedia Commons
1474:, p. 104; Plutarch,
1457:, p. 104; Plutarch,
1128:p. 140-142; Appian,
924:Classical references
662:Battle of Orchomenus
501:bellum Mithridaticum
466:Gnaeus Pompey Magnus
224:and momentary allies
2680:Third Messenian War
2637:Lydian–Milesian War
2622:First Messenian War
2437:Roman–Parthian Wars
2228:Roman–Volscian wars
2208:Roman–Etruscan Wars
1910:The History of Rome
1523:History of Heraclea
1418:. pp. 101–102.
1005:(modern term), the
947:Velleius Paterculus
787:Battle of Rhyndacus
646:battle of Chaeronea
2867:Roman–Seleucid War
2726:Theban–Spartan War
2665:Greco-Persian Wars
2606:Ancient Greek wars
2543:Roman–Persian Wars
2442:Caesar's civil war
2314:Roman–Seleucid war
2213:Roman-Aequian wars
2185:Ancient Roman wars
2079:London: Duckworth.
1753:, p. 345 & 346
1132:, 11; Sviatoslav,
933:Enough remains of
852:Battle of Artaxata
669:Treaty of Dardanos
481:Kingdom of Armenia
434:
320:Oroeses of Albania
311:Tigranes the Great
58:"Mithridatic Wars"
2939:
2938:
2877:War against Nabis
2690:Second Sacred War
2572:
2571:
2528:Jewish–Roman wars
2400:Sulla's civil war
2394:Bellum Octavianum
2282:Illyro-Roman Wars
2255:Roman–Gallic wars
2233:Roman–Sabine wars
2146:Media related to
2108:Library resources
2066:Bellum Dardanicum
2029:Aarhus, Denmark:
1960:Plutarch (1917),
1951:Plutarch (1886),
1944:The Life of Sulla
1747:Mithridatic Wars,
1629:Philip Matyszak,
1547:Philip Matyszak,
1517:Lee Fratantuono,
1487:Lee Fratantuono,
1470:Philip Matyszak,
1453:Philip Matyszak,
1414:Matyzak, Philip.
1374:Mithridatic Wars,
1194:Mithridatic Wars,
740:Quintus Sertorius
603:Apellicon of Teos
535:Socrates Chrestus
531:Ariarathes the IX
446:Kingdom of Pontus
423:
422:
357:
356:
316:Artoces of Iberia
222:Kingdom of Pontus
202:
201:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2994:
2967:60s BC conflicts
2962:70s BC conflicts
2957:80s BC conflicts
2952:Mithridatic Wars
2932:Military history
2902:Mithridatic Wars
2887:Maccabean Revolt
2835:
2812:Chremonidean War
2741:Third Sacred War
2736:
2642:First Sacred War
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2494:Marcomannic Wars
2405:Mithridatic Wars
2329:Celtiberian Wars
2218:Roman–Latin wars
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2148:Mithridatic Wars
2145:
2113:Mithridatic Wars
2047:. Pen and Sword.
2022:. Pen and Sword.
1980:
1963:Plutarch's Lives
1948:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1900:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1792:, Chapters 17–58
1787:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1764:Mithridatic Wars
1760:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1734:Mithridatic wars
1730:
1724:
1713:Mithridatic Wars
1709:
1703:
1700:Mithridatic Wars
1696:
1690:
1687:Mithridatic Wars
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1648:Mithridatic Wars
1644:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1618:Life of Lucullus
1614:
1608:
1601:Mithridatic Wars
1597:Life of Lucullus
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:Life of Lucullus
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:Life of Lucullus
1545:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1521:p. 159; Memnon,
1515:
1509:
1506:Mithridatic Wars
1502:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1476:Life of Lucullus
1468:
1462:
1459:Life of Lucullus
1451:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1390:Mithridatic Wars
1386:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1348:Mithridatic Wars
1344:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:Mithridatic Wars
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1279:Mithridatic Wars
1271:
1265:
1262:Mithridatic wars
1254:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1224:Mithridatic Wars
1220:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1173:Mithridatic wars
1169:
1163:
1160:Mithridatic Wars
1156:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1130:Mithridatic Wars
1126:The Poison King,
1122:
1116:
1113:Mithridatic Wars
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1087:Mithridatic Wars
1083:
1077:
1070:
935:Diodorus Siculus
929:Diodorus Siculus
821:Battle of Cabira
806:Heraclea Pontica
620:Sulla landed in
550:Manius Aquillius
539:Nicomedes the IV
507:
485:Bosporan Kingdom
438:Mithridatic Wars
395:
393:
392:Mithridatic Wars
383:
376:
369:
360:
359:
289:
267:
259:Manius Aquillius
192:Judea becomes a
151:
150:
143:
133:Roman–Greek wars
126:Mithridatic Wars
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2924:
2840:Macedonian Wars
2833:
2760:
2734:
2721:Theban hegemony
2651:
2608:
2603:
2573:
2568:
2557:
2523:Civil war of 69
2511:Boudican revolt
2480:
2473:
2349:Cantabrian Wars
2287:Macedonian Wars
2194:
2187:
2182:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2104:
1987:
1985:Further reading
1920:
1918:
1879:Appian (2005),
1871:
1869:
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1846:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1809:
1805:
1800:
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1788:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1751:The Poison King
1744:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1721:The Poison King
1715:, 104; Florus,
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1683:The Poison King
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:, 310 & 311
1652:The Poison King
1645:
1641:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1605:The Poison King
1594:
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1585:
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1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1309:The Poison King
1302:
1298:
1292:The Poison King
1289:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1258:The Poison King
1255:
1251:
1245:The Poison King
1242:
1238:
1232:The Poison King
1221:
1217:
1207:The Poison King
1204:
1200:
1187:
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1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1147:The Poison King
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1093:
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1080:
1071:
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1062:
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1038:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1003:Asiatic Vespers
988:Tribal Assembly
960:History of Rome
955:
943:
931:
926:
724:
708:battle of Halys
677:
590:Asiatic Vespers
570:
526:
521:
504:
497:
426:
425:
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396:
391:
389:
387:
353:
297:
263:
183:
169:
144:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
44:
40:primary sources
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2894:
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2829:
2824:
2822:Cleomenean War
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2762:
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2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2717:
2712:
2710:Corinthian War
2707:
2705:Phyle Campaign
2702:
2697:
2692:
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2474:
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2466:
2461:
2458:Bellum Siculum
2454:
2449:
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2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
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2361:Jugurthine War
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2353:
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2341:
2336:
2334:Lusitanian War
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2197:
2195:Roman Republic
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2105:
2103:
2102:External links
2100:
2099:
2098:
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2080:
2073:
2072:63 (2): 187–93
2062:
2061:Leiden: Brill.
2055:
2048:
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2023:
2016:
2015:55 (3): 285–97
2009:
2002:
1995:
1994:Leiden: Brill.
1986:
1983:
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1639:
1637:, pp. 104–105;
1622:
1609:
1599:, 31; Appian,
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1266:
1249:
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1228:Life of Sulla,
1215:
1198:
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1175:, 15; Golden,
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986:passed by the
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867:Battle of Zela
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454:King of Pontus
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2670:Aeginetan War
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2647:Sicilian Wars
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2627:Lelantine War
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2469:War of Actium
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1917:on 2019-04-19
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1911:
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1868:on 2015-11-16
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1790:Velleius 2018
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1352:Life of Sulla
1349:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1322:Life of Sulla
1317:
1310:
1307:, 28; Mayor,
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1281:, 28 & 29
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1149:, pp. 142–144
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875:Gnaeus Pompey
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841:
835:
833:
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798:Marcus Marius
794:
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177:Roman victory
176:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2930:
2901:
2882:Galatian War
2872:Aetolian War
2834:(220–217 BC)
2780:
2779:Wars of the
2735:(357–355 BC)
2719:Wars of the
2715:Boeotian War
2563:
2518:Armenian War
2481:Roman Empire
2464:Perusine War
2456:
2404:
2392:
2371:Servile Wars
2366:Cimbrian War
2319:Galatian War
2238:Samnite Wars
2122:Online books
2112:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1975:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1929:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1909:
1895:
1880:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1860:
1829:
1816:
1806:
1797:
1785:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1749:111; Mayor,
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1686:
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1600:
1596:
1591:
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1574:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1551:; Plutarch,
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1206:
1201:
1193:
1192:40; Appian,
1189:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1098:Sviatoslav,
1094:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1072:Sviatoslav,
1068:
1039:
1026:
1018:
1006:
1000:
995:
981:
976:
974:
958:
956:
944:
932:
914:Pharnaces II
910:Panticapaeum
907:
895:
879:
871:
860:
840:Tigranocerta
836:
825:
810:
795:
780:The city of
779:
748:
725:
712:
697:
693:
678:
666:
643:
627:
619:
587:
583:
571:
562:
558:
547:
543:Ariobarzanes
527:
513:
509:
500:
498:
489:Pharnaces II
470:
444:against the
437:
435:
390:
303:
293:Nicomedes IV
264:
251:
244:
237:
207:Belligerents
194:client state
131:Part of the
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
2897:Achaean War
2832:Social War
2827:Lyttian War
2802:Syrian Wars
2797:Pyrrhic War
2766:Hellenistic
2746:Foreign War
2733:Social War
2479:Wars of the
2427:Gallic Wars
2356:Achaean War
2243:Pyrrhic War
2193:Wars of the
1834:Florus 2018
1719:40; Mayor,
1230:24; Mayor,
1008:casus belli
984:Lex Manilia
949:, Book II.
704:Halys River
648:in central
329:Neoptolemus
305:Mithridates
182:Territorial
2946:Categories
2862:Cretan War
2774:Lamian War
2695:Samian War
2499:Gothic War
2260:Punic Wars
2248:Social War
1921:2018-02-02
1872:2020-03-26
1779:. Attalus.
1616:Plutarch,
1595:Plutarch,
1573:Plutarch,
1320:Plutarch,
578:Social War
473:Cappadocia
99:March 2024
69:newspapers
36:references
2657:Classical
2093:Toronto:
1849:Classical
1836:, Book 40
1607:, 304–306
1495:, p. 112.
1333:Brennan,
1102:, pp. 2–4
977:Periochae
813:Galatians
791:Lampsacus
771:Nicomedia
767:Lampsacus
759:Chalcedon
495:Etymology
339:Dorylaeus
334:Arcathius
324:Archelaus
217:civil war
2781:Diadochi
2070:Historia
2020:Lucullus
2013:Historia
1971:Velleius
1939:Plutarch
1907:(2014).
1762:Appian,
1745:Appian,
1732:Appian,
1723:, p. 330
1711:Appian,
1698:Appian,
1646:Appian,
1504:Appian,
1444:, p. 226
1388:Appian,
1372:Appian,
1346:Appian,
1337:, p. 557
1311:, p. 190
1303:Appian,
1294:, p. 190
1273:Florus,
1247:, p. 174
1234:, p. 171
1222:Appian,
1213:, p. 185
1188:Florus,
1179:, p. 183
1171:Appian,
1158:Appian,
1111:Appian,
1085:Appian,
1048:See also
941:Velleius
903:Damascus
887:Machares
848:Artaxata
744:Hispania
639:Pergamon
595:Aristion
483:and the
477:Bithynia
344:Aristion
253:Pompeius
246:Lucullus
162:Location
157:88–63 BC
2904: (
2842: (
2614:Archaic
1844:Sources
1681:Mayor,
1428:Zarko,
1290:Mayor,
1256:Mayor,
1243:Mayor,
1205:Mayor,
1145:Mayor,
1124:Mayor,
918:triumph
899:Antioch
856:Nisibis
782:Cyzicus
775:Apameia
700:Gordius
658:Chalcis
654:Taxiles
650:Boeotia
524:Prelude
265:†
196:of Rome
184:changes
83:scholar
2910:Second
2856:Fourth
2848:Second
2415:Second
2381:Second
2307:Fourth
2297:Second
2270:Second
2110:about
1891:Florus
1856:Appian
1401:Tony,
1136:, p.13
1023:Appian
1015:Florus
992:Pompey
891:Crimea
832:Sinope
828:Amisus
817:Cabira
802:Lemnos
773:, and
763:Nicaea
736:Pompey
689:Comana
675:Second
622:Epirus
615:Apollo
599:Athens
464:, and
452:, the
410:Second
284:
261:
174:Result
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2914:Third
2906:First
2852:Third
2844:First
2420:Third
2410:First
2386:Third
2376:First
2302:Third
2292:First
2275:Third
2265:First
1766:, 113
1736:, 106
1702:, 102
1689:, 100
1555:, 14.
1525:, 29.
1196:17–18
1060:Notes
969:Padua
882:Lycus
722:Third
611:Delos
607:Delos
568:First
415:Third
405:First
239:Sulla
215:amid
90:JSTOR
76:books
1905:Livy
1813:Livy
1620:, 31
1577:, 13
1508:, 77
1478:, 8.
1461:, 8.
1392:, 65
1354:, 15
1324:, 14
1264:, 28
1162:, 14
1115:, 11
1089:, 10
1076:p. 1
965:Livy
953:Livy
753:and
726:The
679:The
572:The
554:Asia
519:Wars
506:War.
499:The
475:and
436:The
154:Date
62:news
963:by
38:to
2948::
2912:,
2908:,
2854:,
2850:,
2846:,
1381:^
1376:64
1044:.
777:.
769:,
765:,
746:.
718:.
468:.
460:,
49:.
2916:)
2858:)
2598:e
2591:t
2584:v
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
2097:.
2086:.
2033:.
2001:.
1924:.
1884:,
1875:.
382:e
375:t
368:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
43:.
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