1064:
620:
791:
Morad staying behind in Tehran. When the army arrived in
Mazandaran, its people quickly surrendered to the Zands and the nobles defected. Agha Mohammad Khan and a few of his supporters fled to Astarabad, where he tried to fortify the city as much as possible. Meanwhile, Morteza Qoli changed his allegiance and began serving the Zand dynasty. Ali-Morad Khan then sent an army numbering 8,000 under his relative Mohammad Zahir Khan to Astarabad, and laid siege to the city. Agha Mohammad Khan had already stocked provisions in case of a siege. Every day his troops would try to lay waste to the countryside to limit the besiegers' provisions. This in the end made the besiegers' situation unsustainable, and allowed Agha Mohammad Khan to leave the city to attack them. Mohammad Zahir Khan fled towards the
1477:
possess any more of Nader Shah's riches. Agha
Mohammad Shah, ruthless and revengeful, and with a desire for treasure, did not believe him. He had Shahrokh Shah hurt severely to confess the hidden locations of the last gems that had passed down to him from his grandfather. Shahrokh, however, refused to speak. Agha Mohammad Shah was personally involved in the torture and on one occasion he had Shahrokh tied to a chair, his head shaved and a crown of thick paste built on his head. He then poured a jug of molten lead into the crown. A number of Shahrokh's servants, who were struck with misery for their previous monarch, sent an admired mullah of the city to make an emotional appeal to Agha Mohammad Shah in support of Shahrokh and Shahrokh was sent to Mazandaran with his family. Shahrokh died at
878:
860:
January 1786. He was, however, defeated by local tribal chieftains, among them
Khosrow Khan and Mohammad Hosayn Khan Qaragozlu. Jafar Khan then withdrew to Isfahan to deal with a rebellion by the chiefs of Jandaq, who marched towards the city. The chiefs were defeated and submitted to Jafar Khan. When Agha Mohammad Khan heard about the Zand invasion of Isfahan and its surroundings, he quickly moved towards the city, which made Jafar Khan retreat to Shiraz once again. Agha Mohammad Khan then appointed Jafar Qoli Khan as the city's governor. However, the governor of Zanjan revolted shortly afterward, which forced Agha Mohammad Khan to go back north, where he suppressed the latter's revolt and pardoned him.
869:
Khan and his men easily managed to enter Gilan. While he was marching towards Rasht, he was joined by a local ruler named Mehdi Beg
Khalatbari and other people. Furthermore, the Russian consul in Gilan betrayed Hedayat-Allah by providing weapons to Agha Mohammad Khan. Hedayat-Allah once again tried to flee to Shirvan, but was captured by men sent by a local ruler named Agha Ali Shafti (or another local ruler according to some sources), who killed him to avenge the slaughter of his family a few years earlier. Gilan was now completely under Qajar rule. Besides the conquest of Gilan, the second most valuable thing for Agha Mohammad Khan was Hedayat-Allah's treasure.
1603:, a prominent emir, interceded on their behalf, but was not listened to. The shah, however, ordered their execution to be postponed until Saturday, as this happened to be the evening of Friday (the Islamic holy day), and ordered them back to their duties in the royal pavilion, unfettered and unchained, awaiting their execution the next day. From experience, however, they knew that the King would keep to what he had ordered, and, having no hope, they turned to boldness. When the shah was sleeping, they were joined by the valet Abbas Mazandarani, who was in the plot with them, and the three invaded the royal pavilion and with dagger and knife murdered the shah.
1088:
1344:
1018:
898:
of
Isfahan. However, Jafar Khan easily defeated them. Ali Qoli thereafter retreated to Kashan. Jafar Khan was then able to occupy Isfahan on October 20. Agha Mohammad Khan, learning of this, marched rapidly towards Isfahan, which led Jafar Khan withdraw to Shiraz once again and reached the city on November 30. Agha Mohammad Khan returned to Tehran rather than attacking Shiraz again. Jafar Khan was murdered on 23 January 1789, which started a four-month civil war between several Zand princes who fought for succession to the throne. In May Jafar Khan's son
1036:, the popular governor of Shiraz, used Lotf Ali Khan's absence from the city to stage a coup, while his brother Mohammad-Hosayn Shirazi, who was the Zand ruler's general, mutinied along with many other troops. Lotf Ali Khan rushed to Shiraz, but when he arrived at the city, its inhabitants refused to open the gates. He went into the mountains and raised an army large enough to capture Shiraz. Hajji Ebrahim then sent an emissary to Agha Mohammad Khan, asking him to become the ruler of Fars, offering to give him 3,000
1673:
641:, where his first task was to set up his suzerainty among his Quwanlu brothers. This resulted in a clash with his brothers Reza Qoli and Morteza Qoli, whom he defeated on 2 April, conquering Mazandaran. Meanwhile, Morteza Qoli fled to Astarabad, where he fortified himself. Agha Mohammad Khan could not simply storm the city, since starting a war with Morteza Qoli would mean that his frail alliance with the Develu could fall apart—Morteza Qoli's mother was a Develu. At the same time, the Zand prince
543:
782:, which he also seized.In autumn they returned to Mazandaran. In the spring of 1783, Agha Mohammad Khan besieged Tehran, a town under Zand control which had proved troublesome. During the siege, plague started spreading in the town, and thereafter to Agha Mohammad Khan's army camp outside the city, which forced him to lift the siege. He marched back to Ali Bolagh, a summer house near Damghan. Agha Mohammad Khan then returned to Mazandaran and spent the winter there.
52:
1664:) of the army. Only one person occupied each post during Agha Mohammad Shah's reign; Hajji Ebrahim, who served as grand vizier; Mirza Ismail, who served as the chief revenue officer, and Mirza Asad-Allah Nuri, who served as muster-master. Since Agha Mohammad Shah was primarily busy with his military expeditions, his court was constantly his camp, and Hajji Ebrahim, along with other officials, usually participated in his campaigns.
889:), had recently defeated Jafar Khan and seized many riches, invaded Qajar territory, and marched towards Isfahan. Jafar Qoli Khan, who was still the governor of Isfahan, left the city before Taqi Khan could reach it and defeated the latter. Agha Mohammad Khan then went southwards once again. He met Jafar Qoli Khan at Isfahan in 1788, and after some time, made Taqi Khan accept Qajar suzerainty, and thereafter punished some
1112:. Agha Mohammad Khan set foot in Shiraz on 21 July 1792, and stayed there for a month, maintaining his retinue in the Bagh-e Vakil. Before leaving Shiraz, he appointed Hajji Ebrahim as the governor of Fars, and had the body of Karim Khan Zand exhumed and reburied in Tehran, where he went after his stay in Shiraz. Forces were sent to Kerman, Sistan, and Bam (although Qajar rule was not solidified in the last two places).
386:
1292:, eventually surrendered to Agha Mohammad Khan after discussions. He paid a regular tribute and surrendered hostages, though the Qajar forces were still denied entrance to Shusha. Since the main objective was Georgia, Agha Mohammad Khan was willing to have Karabakh secured by this agreement for now, for he and his army subsequently moved further. While at Ganja, having secured Shirvan, he was joined by
1434:
668:, where he encircled Agha Mohammad Khan's house and captured him after a fight lasting several hours. When Morteza Qoli learned of this, he marched to Babol on 1 January 1781 with an army of Turkmens and released Agha Mohammad Khan. The three brothers tried to settle their differences; Agha Mohammad Khan and Reza Qoli succeeded, while Morteza Qoli was discontented and fled to Ali-Morad Khan in
1363:, with half of the army he crossed the Aras river. Some estimate his army had 40,000 men instead of 35,000. They attacked the heavily fortified Georgian positions of Heraclius II and Solomon on the southwestern limits of the city. Abandoned by several of his nobles, Heraclius II managed to mobilize around 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 auxiliaries from the neighbouring
1749:, built several buildings, one of them being a palace for the governor. Furthermore, he also improved the overall condition of the city. He did something similar in Babol, Ashraf and Sari. Of all these constructions and reparations, his best and most lasting achievement is debatably making Tehran his capital, which to this day is the country's capital and largest city.
1301:
desire at all for our subjects to perish by our own hand...It is now our great will that you, an intelligent man, abandon such things... and break relations with the
Russians. If you do not carry out this order, then we shall shortly carry out a campaign against Georgia, we will shed both Georgian and Russian blood and out of it will create rivers as big as the
1493:. He reunited the territory of contemporary Iran and the Caucasus region which had been part of the concept of Iran for centuries. He was, however, a man of extreme violence who killed almost all who could threaten his hold on power, a trait he showed in several of his campaigns. A year after Agha Mohammad Khan re-subjugated the Caucasus, he also captured
1153:
city fell on 24 October, and Lotf Ali Khan quickly fled to Bam. However, the chief of Bam gave Lotf Ali Khan to the Qajars and ordered Lotf Ali Khan to be killed. Agha
Mohammad Khan Qajar took revenge on the people of Kerman by ordering the eyes of 20,000 of the inhabitants. The city was brutally sacked and many beautiful buildings destroyed.
823:, only to be defeated by Agha Mohammad Khan. Ali-Morad Khan died on 11 February 1785. When Agha Mohammad Khan heard of his death, he went to Tehran to try to capture it. When he reached the city, the inhabitants quickly closed the gates, and told him that they would open the gate only for the king of Iran, who according to them was
1381:. In a few hours, Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital, which was then completely sacked and its population massacred. The Iranian army marched back laden with spoil and carrying off some 15,000 captives. The Georgians had lost 4,000 men in the battle, the Iranians 13,000; a third of their total force.
1719:
evaluation, which was written some years after his death, says the following: "His army was inured to fatigue, and regularly paid; he had introduced excellent arrangement into all its
Departments, and his known severity occasioned the utmost alacrity and promptness in the execution of orders, and had
1476:
However, things quickly changed. Agha
Mohammad Shah ordered the exhumation of Nader Shah's corpse, and had it sent to Tehran, where it was reburied alongside Karim Khan Zand's corpse. He then forced Shahrokh to give him any riches that originally belonged to Nader Shah. Shahrokh swore that he did not
1371:
and thus distantly related to
Heraclius II. The Georgians offered a desperate resistance and succeeded in rolling back a series of Iranian attacks on 9 and 10 September. After that, it is said that some traitors informed the Iranians that the Georgians had no more strength to fight and the Qajar army
1244:
Finding an interval of peace amid their own quarrels and with northern, western, and central Iran secure, the Iranians demanded the Georgian monarch Heraclius II renounce his treaty with Russia and re-accept Iranian suzerainty, in return for peace and the security of his kingdom. The Ottomans, Iran's
948:
acknowledged his authority. Lotf Ali Khan once again left Shiraz in order to stop Agha Mohammad Khan's advance, but the Qajar ruler withdrew to Qazvin and its surroundings, where he had to resolve some problems. Agha Mohammad Khan later quarreled with Jafar Qoli Khan, who saw himself as the best heir
897:
With Agha Mohammad Khan once again in the north, in autumn Jafar Khan began raising an army to prepare another attack against Isfahan and its surroundings. Jafar left Shiraz on September 20 and marched towards Isfahan. When Ali Qoli learned of it he sent a group of tribesmen to Qumishah, a city south
790:
The next year Ali-Morad Khan, in retaliation for Agha Mohammad Khan's attack on Tehran the previous year sent a huge army reportedly numbering 60,000 to Mazandaran in June 1784, aiming to crush the Qajars once and for all. His 15-year-old son Sheikh Veis Khan was put in command of the army, with Ali
1152:
invited Lotf Ali Khan to return and expel the Qajar yoke. With their help, Lotf Ali Khan returned to Kerman and captured the city on 30 March. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar quickly heard of this and marched towards Kerman on May 14. The siege lasted four months and took a toll on Kerman's population. The
1095:
The inhabitants of Shiraz now faced extreme hardship from the siege, and it was questionable if they would endure. Large parts of Fars were ravaged by warfare, and for three to four years a pandemic had spread around the landscape. Albeit Lotf Ali Khan's forces had gone through as much difficulty as
868:
Agha Mohammad Khan now had to focus on Gilan because Hedayat-Allah Khan had returned to the province (allegedly with Russian help) since the Qajar invasion of the province in 1782. In Agha Mohammad Khan's eyes, the whole Caspian coast was under threat by Hedayat-Allah and the Russians. Agha Mohammad
1388:
I therefore pursued my way, paved as it were, with carcases, and entered Tiflis by the gate of Tapitag: but what was my consternation on finding here the bodies of women and children slaughtered by the sword of the enemy; to say nothing about the men, of whom I saw more than a thousand, as I should
1376:
and outflanked the decimated Georgian army. Heraclius II attempted to mount a counterattack, but he had to retreat to the last available positions in the outskirts of Tbilisi. By nightfall, the Georgian forces had been exhausted and almost completely destroyed. The last surviving Georgian artillery
1321:
ruled over the province of Georgia. When in the days of the deceased king we were engaged in conquering the provinces of Iran, we did not proceed to this region. As most of the provinces of Iran have come into our possession now, you must, according to ancient law, consider Georgia (Gurjistan) part
1300:
Your Highness knows that for the past 100 generations you have been subject to Iran; now we deign to say with amazement that you have attached yourself to the Russians, who have no other business than to trade with Iran... Last year you forced me to destroy a number of Georgians, although we had no
1234:
or Gilan. It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever was necessary in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands. This included putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on
1083:
Lotf Ali Khan let the reinforcements arrive to Shiraz, expecting that as soon as the forces of Hajji Ebrahim were strengthened, they would come out of Shiraz, and could be overwhelmed in open battle. He was correct in his prediction—a battle shortly took place to the west of Shiraz, where Lotf Ali
1079:
in late October and captured it. He then marched to the countryside outside Shiraz and prepared to starve the city. Some time later, the Qajar army from the nearby garrison attacked Lotf Ali Khan's men and were winning—until Lotf Ali Khan himself decided to participate in the battle, and the Qajar
676:
in Shiraz. He died in Khorasan. His former supporters then went to Agha Mohammad Khan and began serving him. At that time, Agha Mohammad Khan had once again become involved in a conflict with his brother Reza Qoli, whom he defeated in several battles, and thereafter established peace with him once
521:
over the western part of Nader Shah's former empire. He was, however, defeated in 1759 by a Zand army. He was betrayed by his own followers and thereafter, killed by his old rival, Mohammad Khan of Savadkuh. Due to Agha Mohammad Khan's castration, his brother Hossein Qoli Khan was appointed as the
1449:
Agha Mohammad Shah first marched to Astarabad, and penalized the Turkmens who had been pillaging the city and its surroundings. He then continued to Mashhad, where the local chieftains, who knew it was hopeless to resist, swiftly acknowledged his rule. Agha Mohammad Shah also demanded these local
893:
tribes, who fled into the mountains. Agha Mohammad Khan then approached Shiraz, where he hoped to bait Jafar Khan out of the city, which was strongly fortified, making it very hard to besiege. Unfortunately for him, Jafar Khan remained in the city. Agha Mohammad Khan returned to Isfahan, where he
1731:
also says the following thing about him: "Agha Mohammad had likewise the talent of forming good and brave troops. His active and ambitious disposition kept his army constantly engaged; and they acquired a veteran hardihood and expertness, that rendered them superior to any other Asiatic troops."
590:
epic. Two of Agha Mohammad Khan's brothers who were at Qazvin were also sent to Shiraz during this period. In February 1769, Karim Khan appointed Hossein Qoli Khan as the governor of Damghan. When Hossein Qoli Khan reached Damghan, he immediately began a fierce conflict with the Develu and other
1040:
if he accepted; he immediately did. When Agha Mohammad Khan arrived at Fars, he appointed Hajji Ebrahim as the governor of the whole province, and sent one of his men to take Lotf Ali Khan's family to Tehran, and take the possessions of the Zand family. Furthermore, he also ordered Baba Khan to
935:
Now that the Zand dynasty was no longer under the rule of Jafar Khan Zand, Agha Mohammad Khan saw an opportunity to capture Shiraz once and for all. He marched towards the city, and as he neared it, was attacked by Lotf Ali Khan. A battle was fought on 25 June 1789, which ended in Lotf Ali Khan
859:
Some time later, while Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was campaigning against the Bakhtiaris, Jafar Khan quickly marched towards Isfahan and re-captured it (although the citadel of Tabrak held out for four months). He then sent troops towards Kashan and Qom, while he marched towards Hamadan in early
851:
and Turkic chieftains to submit to Qajar rule. On 12 March 1786, Agha Mohammad Khan made Tehran his capital. By then the city had a population of 15,000–30,000 people. It appears that during this period, Agha Mohammad Khan saw himself as the king of Iran, although he avoided using the title
750:. With no ships, Agha Mohammad Khan was unable to retake the island. Instead, he tricked Voinovich and some of his men into meeting him at Astarabad for a banquet on December 26, where they were held as captives until Voinovich agreed to order his men to leave Ashurada on January 13, 1782.
809:
460:
to the city in order to capture him. Although he failed to capture Hasan, Adel Shah managed to capture Agha Mohammad Khan, whom he planned to kill. He later chose to spare Agha Mohammad Khan's life and instead had him castrated and thereafter freed. While the common spelling of "Agha"
1103:
At first, this choice seemed to be in Lotf Ali Khan's favor—he was certain that the Qajars were routed. In his delight at this, he let his men spread out and rest for the night, only to discover at daybreak that Agha Mohammad Khan still held his ground. Lotf Ali Khan then fled to
1740:
Agha Mohammad Shah did not construct or repair much during his reign, due to the campaigns and battles which occupied his time. In Tehran, he ordered the creation of a mosque named the Masjid-e Shah (meaning "the Shah's mosque"), while in Mashhad he ordered the reparation of the
1459:
Shortly afterwards, Agha Mohammad Shah sent a force of 8,000 soldiers under Suleiman Khan Qajar, followed by Mirza Mehdi, to conquer Mashhad and affirm its citizens of the Shah's generosity. A day later, Agha Mohammad Shah, followed the customary of the famous Iranian shah
799:
allies and was brutally killed. Only a few of his men managed to survive. On 14 November Agha Mohammad marched from Astarabad into Mazandaran and defeated a Zand force at Ashraf. The Zands were unable to defend Sari and Sheikh Veis Khan fled to Tehran on November 23.
1096:
the forces of Hajji Ebrahim whose forces had begun to desert to the Zands. Agha Mohammad Khan thus raised a large army and marched into Fars. On 5 June 1792, Lotf Ali Khan, with a small force of his men, made a bold night raid on Agha Mohammad Khan's encampment near
573:
Agha Mohammad Khan was looked upon more as a respected guest in Karim Khan's court than a captive. Furthermore, Karim Khan also acknowledged Agha Mohammad Khan's political knowledge and sought his advice on interests of the state. He called Agha Mohammad Khan his
753:
A year later Agha Mohammad Khan invaded Gilan, because its ruler Hedayat-Allah had changed his allegiance to the Zand dynasty. Hedayat-Allah then sent two diplomats, Mirza Sadeq and Agha Sadeq Lahiji, to Agha Mohammad to make peace. As a precaution he went to
1626:. Regardless, he was a determined figure and attempted to hide his frailty. Due to his small stature, he could be mistaken for a young boy from a far enough distance. This seemingly annoyed him to a great extent, especially if a person kept looking at him.
1389:
suppose, lying dead in one little tower! The city was almost entirely consumed, and still continued to smoke in different places; and the stench from the putrefying, together with the heat which prevailed, was intolerable, and certainly infectious.
827:, who had succeeded Ali-Morad Khan. Thus Agha Mohammad Khan had to defeat Jafar Khan to be recognized as the king of Iran. He thereafter quickly marched towards Isfahan. Jafar Khan sent men to stop his advance towards the city, but they withdrew at
522:
new chieftain of the Quwanlu instead. Shortly thereafter Astarabad fell under the control of Karim Khan, who appointed a Develu named Hossein Khan Develu as its governor. Meanwhile, Agha Mohammad Khan and his brother Hossein Qoli Khan fled to the
416:
since the dynasty's earliest days. The tribe had several other branches, one of the most prominent ones being the Develu, which often fought against the Quwanlu. Agha Mohammad Khan was the eldest son of the chieftain of the Quwanlu clan,
566:, lived. Agha Mohammad Khan's half-brothers Morteza Qoli Khan and Mostafa Qoli Khan were granted permission to live in Astarabad, due to their mother being the sister of the governor of the city. His remaining brothers were sent to
268:
1372:
cancelled their plan of returning to Iran. Early on 11 September, Agha Mohammad Khan personally led an all-out offensive against the Georgians. Amid an artillery duel and a fierce cavalry charge, the Iranians managed to cross the
1063:
842:
chieftains under his suzerainty. He then left for Tehran on September 2, appointing a former Zand commander to govern. When he arrived at Tehran, the town finally submitted to him. At the same time, his men captured
936:
withdrawing to Shiraz while Agha Mohammad Khan followed him and besieged the city. The siege lasted until 7 September. He set up an encampment and returned to Tehran, where he stayed until the end of the ensuing
1377:
briefly held the advancing Iranians to allow Heraclius II and his retinue of some 150 men to escape through the city to the mountains. The fighting continued in the streets of Tbilisi and at the fortress of
1080:
army was defeated. When Agha Mohammad Khan learned of this, he sent 7,000 horsemen to reinforce Hajji Ebrahim's forces, and also ordered the surviving Qajar forces from the nearby garrison to do the same.
1563:, Agha Mohammad Khan successfully expanded Iranian influence into the Caucasus, reasserting Iranian sovereignty over its former dependencies in the region. He was, however, a notoriously cruel ruler, who
1120:
Lotf Ali Khan had fled to Khorasan and received help from the chief of Tabas. With this help, he returned in September and marched towards Yazd. The governor of Yazd sent an army to defeat him, but near
1260:
with a 70,000-strong army. This force was divided in three: the left wing was sent in the direction of Erivan, the right one parallel to the Caspian Sea into the Mughan across the lower Aras towards
835:. Jafar Khan then fled to Shiraz. Agha Mohammad arrived at Isfahan on May 2, where he discovered what was left of the Zand treasure and Jafar Khan's harem. The Qajar troops then looted the city.
554:
During his stay, Agha Mohammad Khan was treated kindly and honorably by Karim Khan, who made him convince his kinsmen to lay down their arms, which they did. Karim Khan then settled them in
838:
During the summer of 1785, Agha Mohammad Khan made the city his headquarters for his expeditions in Persian Iraq. He left Isfahan on July 7 on a campaign in which he managed to bring the
1715:
Agha Mohammad Shah was more of a military leader than politician, and was known for his determined sovereignty, instead of a charismatic one. His military prowess was highly noticeable—
949:
of the Qajar dynasty. Agha Mohammad had him executed, which he believed necessary having seen in the Zand family how quickly a dynasty could decline due to disputes over the throne.
1249:, pleading for at least 3,000 Russian troops, but he was not listened to, leaving Georgia to fend off the Iranian threat alone. Nevertheless, Heraclius II still rejected the Khan's
2865:
Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination.
633:. Meanwhile, in Shiraz, people were fighting among themselves. In Tehran, Agha Mohammad Khan met the main chieftains of the Develu clan, with whom he made peace. He visited the
1220:
under his rule. Like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, he viewed the territories no differently than those in mainland Iran. Georgia was a province of Iran the same way
606:
tribe with whom he had clashed. On 1 March 1779, while Agha Mohammad Khan was hunting, he was informed by Khadija Begum that Karim Khan had died after six months of illness.
1245:
neighboring rival, recognized Iran's rights over Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries. Heraclius II appealed then to his theoretical protector, Empress
1707:. Governorship of provinces went for the most part to tribal chieftains—this was later changed by Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, who appointed many of his relatives as governors.
452:
When Nader Shah died in 1747, the Afsharid rule of Iran fell apart, which gave Mohammad Hasan an opportunity to seize Astarabad for himself, leading Nader Shah's nephew
3467:
526:. One year later, Agha Mohammad Khan made an incursion against Astarabad, but was forced to flee, chased by the city's governor. Agha Mohammad Khan managed to reach
1567:
to ashes, while massacring and carrying away its Christian population, much as he had done with his Muslim subjects. He based his strength on tribal manpower like
653:'s son Mahmud Khan to Mazandaran, which Agha Mohammad Khan's brother Jafar Qoli Khan managed to repel. Agha Mohammad Khan, together with Hossein Qoli Khan's sons
1599:
servant named Sadegh Gorji and the valet Khodadad Esfahani. They raised their voices to such a pitch that the shah became angry and ordered both to be executed.
1048:
also took this opportunity to defect to the Qajars, although the reason for doing so is disputed. Sheikh Naser II managed to establish control over Dashtestan,
1410:, but after the latter's death in 1772 had become a pawn of the chieftains who had taken control of the surrounding cities and towns of the Afsharid capital of
1197:
The country of Georgia had been under Iranian vassalage for the first time in the early modern era in 1502, and under intermittent Iranian rule and suzerainty
3610:
913:
It was also during this period that Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned (however still not crowned) and named his nephew Baba Khan (who would later be known as
3605:
990:
1468:, whilst being teary eyed and kissing the ground. His pilgrimage continued for 23 days, where he seemed to be unaware of the politics of the country.
3550:
2271:
1618:
Agha Mohammad Khan's castration at the age of six had left him permanently damaged, both physically and mentally. His body was sick and weak. He had
1528:
had expanded the town and built palaces there. One of the main reasons noted for moving the capital farther south was to remain in close reach of
1322:
of the empire, and appear before our majesty. You have to conform your obedience; then you may remain in the possession of your governorship (
1296:
and the rest of his right wing contingent. At Ganja, Mohammad Khan sent Heraclius II his last ultimatum, which he received in September 1795:
2108:
1230:
states, its permanent secession was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of
1208:
For Agha Mohammad Khan, the resubjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian Empire was part of the same process that had brought
3051:
3018:
2925:
1450:
chieftains to dispatch him hostages, who were sent to Tehran. When Agha Mohammad Shah reached Mashhad, Shahrokh, along with a prominent
831:
without putting up any resistance. Jafar Khan then sent an even larger Zand army towards Agha Mohammad Khan, who defeated the army near
3590:
3560:
3545:
1456:
named Mirza Mehdi, went to the Qajar encampment. There they were warmly received by Agha Mohammad Shah's nephew Hossein Qoli Khan.
722:, his vassal. He thereafter granted land in Semnan to his brother Ali Qoli as a reward for his help in the conquest of the cities.
619:
108:
2961:
690:
Peace did not last long. Ali-Morad Khan soon invaded Mazandaran, which led Agha Mohammad Khan to march from Babol with an army of
3555:
3344:
2330:
1284:
into an alliance. Having abandoned the siege of Shusha due to stiff resistance, which was further aided by Georgian crown prince
2888:
From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813
337:, Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned as the king of Iran in 1789, but was not officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed
2552:
819:
Meanwhile, Ali-Morad Khan had raised another group of Zand troops, which he sent to Mazandaran under the command of his cousin
3181:
2725:
2666:
2627:
1972:
1591:, three days after he had taken the city, and less than three years after he had taken power. According to Hasan-e Fasa'i's'
1084:
Khan defeated the united forces of Hajji Ebrahim and his Qajar reinforcements. This took place in late 1791, or early 1792.
1801:
Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries
965:. He appointed Baba Khan as the governor of Persian Iraq and marched into Azerbaijan in the spring of 1791. He stopped at
3570:
1384:
An eyewitness, having entered the city several days the bulk of the Iranian troops had withdrawn, described what he saw:
467:) is usually used as a title roughly translated to "Sir" or "Mister", Agha Mohammad Khan's title is differently spelled (
17:
3575:
3128:
2971:
2899:
2837:
2279:
2083:
Struggle for supremacy between the Zands and the Qajars, 1193-1209 A.H. / 1779-1794 A.D. : a society in transition
1780:
412:
tribes that emerged and spread in Asia Minor around the tenth and eleventh centuries. They later supplied power to the
360:
Agha Mohammad Khan's reign is noted for the return of a centralized and unified Iran and for relocating the capital to
267:
3229:
3061:
3028:
3004:
2935:
2472:
2340:
1808:
1343:
1075:
In the meantime, Lotf Ali Khan had defeated the men sent by Hajji Ebrahim and had advanced towards the stronghold of
762:
and seized its riches. Rejoicing in his victory, he sent his brother Jafar Qoli Khan to conquer the northern part of
3585:
3140:
885:
Some time later a local ruler named Amir Mohammad Khan, who with another local ruler named Taqi Khan (the ruler of
877:
746:. When Agha Mohammad Khan refused, Voinovich ignored his refusal and went on to establish an interim settlement on
1332:
His advisors divided, Heraclius II ignored the ultimatum but sent couriers to St.Petersburg. Gudovich, who sat in
1133:
in early October. The Qajar force sent against him wasted time besieging Abarkuh and Lotf Ali captured Stahbanat,
1032:
While Agha Mohammad Khan was conquering Azerbaijan, Lotf Ali Khan used the opportunity to attack Isfahan. However
725:
550:, the royal residence of the Zand dynasty, where Agha Mohammad Khan spent most of his time during his "captivity".
694:
and Qajars and attack Ali-Morad Khan, whom he managed to repel from the province. Agha Mohammad Khan then seized
3109:
2584:
2421:
902:
emerged the victor in this civil war. Lotf Ali Khan fled to Bushehr and managed to recruit the local chiefs of
1145:
and besieged the fortress but was soon informed of the Qajar army sent against him and fled back to Khorasan.
3540:
1689:
372:
campaigns. However, he is also viewed as a pragmatic, calculating, and shrewd military and political leader.
1583:
Agha Mohammad's successful reign was short-lived, as he was assassinated in 1797 in his tent in the city of
1398:
Agha Mohammad Shah now focused on Khorasan, which was under the rule of Nader Shah's blind and old grandson
3565:
1285:
758:. The diplomats were unable to come to favorable terms with Agha Mohammad Khan, who raided Gilan's capital
1629:
He was interested in hunting and literature. During the night when Agha Mohammad Khan was on his bed, the
3615:
3580:
3337:
1324:
1237:
1087:
364:, where it still stands today. He is noted for his cruel and rapacious behavior, particularly during his
1505:, was tortured to death because Agha Mohammad Khan thought that he knew of Nadir's legendary treasures.
3393:
3304:
1556:
1060:
from January to June 1792, but his attempt to capture it failed and he returned to Bushehr on June 27.
993:. He finally went to Qaradagh, where he brought an end to all resistance against him. He appointed the
353:
Afshar, and hence was childless. He was assassinated on 17 June 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew,
62:
1313:, Ḥasan-e Fasāʼi, a contemporary Qajar era historian, Agha Mohammad Khan had declared in the letter:
1226:
1161:
1067:
Defeat of Lotf 'Ali Khan by Agha Mohammad Khan; the city of Shiraz in the background. Folio from the
894:
appointed his brother Ali Qoli as its governor, succeeding Jafar Qoli Khan. He then left for Tehran.
742:
to the coast of Gorgan, where he arrived on August 10 and sought approval to build a trading-post at
739:
418:
234:
1336:
at the time, instructed Heraclius II to avoid "expense and fuss", while Heraclius II, together with
3595:
3504:
3101:
3014:
2464:
1276:, which he besieged between 8 July and 9 August 1795. His right and left wing forced the Khans of
3600:
3399:
3387:
3288:
2558:
2268:
The Persian Gulf: Rise of the Gulf Arabs, The Politics of Trade on the Persian Littoral 1747-1792
442:
438:
289:
2911:
2873:
2849:
1017:
925:
3330:
2098:
1246:
974:
726:
First conflict with the Russians, dispute with Gilan, and the invasion of northern Persian Iraq
634:
2827:
2656:
2411:
3492:
3486:
3443:
3437:
3198:
Kondo, Nobuaki (2019). "How to Found a New Dynasty: The Early Qajars' Quest for Legitimacy".
3095:
3067:
3034:
2994:
1337:
1033:
1025:
114:
2715:
1683:
During Agha Mohammad Shah's reign, provincial administration followed the same model of the
1516:
to Tehran. He was the first Iranian ruler to make Tehran—the successor to the great city of
3535:
3530:
2993:
Hambly, Gavin R.G (1991). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty".
2103:
1728:
738:
with Iran in order to be able to trade with regions deep into Asia, sent an emissary under
445:, Mostafa Qoli Khan, Reza Qoli Khan, Jafar Qoli Khan, Mehdi Qoli Khan, Abbas Qoli Khan and
8:
3381:
3375:
3314:
2436:
1607:
1564:
1289:
1157:
998:
914:
684:
654:
642:
638:
446:
422:
406:
365:
354:
100:
3084:
2574:
940:. On 17 May 1790, Agha Mohammad Khan once again marched towards Shiraz. When he reached
534:, ruled by Karim Khan. Hossein Qoli Khan was also soon captured and sent to Karim Khan.
3215:
2883:
2456:
1600:
1541:
1529:
1415:
1407:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1302:
715:
691:
498:
1962:
1041:
establish a garrison in nearby Shiraz to be prepared to help Hajji Ebrahim if needed.
3246:
3238:
3219:
3177:
3157:
3124:
3105:
3057:
3024:
3000:
2967:
2931:
2895:
2833:
2721:
2662:
2623:
2468:
2417:
2336:
2275:
1968:
1804:
1776:
1772:
Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia
1648:
The bureaucracy remained small during the reign of Agha Mohammad Shah—apart from the
1461:
1221:
962:
903:
547:
486:
179:
1720:
he lived a few more years, it is difficult to conjecture the progress of his arms."
1536:
territories in the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, at that time not yet ceded to
1268:, while the Shah headed the centre force himself, advancing towards the fortress of
1125:
they fled back to Yazd before an engagement even took place. Lotf Ali then captured
3431:
3405:
3207:
3145:
2891:
2871:
Bakhash, S. (1983). "Administration in Iran vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar periods".
1742:
1588:
1494:
1465:
1438:
1414:. The most prominent of these chieftains was most likely Eshaq Khan, who preserved
1273:
1202:
907:
839:
820:
665:
650:
558:. In 1763, Agha Mohammad Khan and Hossein Qoli Khan were sent to the Zand capital,
506:
434:
280:
3234:
3053:
Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896
3461:
2977:
2941:
2617:
1770:
1684:
1537:
1498:
1352:
1198:
986:
958:
824:
813:
673:
161:
930:
3169:
3149:
2957:
2619:
The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)
1766:
1560:
1403:
1281:
1169:
1165:
970:
890:
792:
731:
502:
490:
3211:
2996:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
542:
3524:
3455:
3353:
3297:
3266:
3250:
3161:
1672:
1657:
1595:, during Agha Mohammad's stay in Shusha, one night a quarrel arose between a
1399:
1277:
1231:
978:
941:
926:
War with Lotf Ali Khan, family disputes, and the first invasion of Azerbaijan
899:
707:
623:
402:
401:
around 1742. He belonged to the Quwanlu (also spelled Qawanlu) branch of the
338:
334:
322:
244:
224:
172:
134:
90:
1652:, the leading figures of the administration were the chief revenue officer (
1201:, but had been de facto independent after the disintegration of the Iranian
2570:
1716:
1676:
1649:
1568:
1525:
1340:
and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians.
1181:
1049:
1022:
966:
779:
763:
699:
510:
489:
suffered heavily from war among rival chieftains and from invasions by the
413:
342:
3498:
3449:
2921:
2081:
1799:
Fukasawa, Katsumi; Kaplan, Benjamin J.; Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).
735:
695:
629:
Agha Mohammad Khan took with him a group of loyal followers and left for
575:
433:
after usurping the throne of Iran in 1736, marking the foundation of the
300:
203:
3174:
Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan
2927:
Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power
2717:
Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power
562:, where their paternal aunt Khadija Begum, who was part of Karim Khan's
1513:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1333:
1328:) of Georgia. If you do not do this, you will be treated as the others.
1293:
1257:
1097:
1053:
518:
514:
430:
426:
326:
150:
77:
41:
3121:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
2829:
Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day
1631:
1596:
1517:
1250:
1192:
1149:
767:
747:
599:
587:
453:
409:
350:
130:
51:
2576:
The History of Persia from the Most Early Period to the Present Time
785:
609:
1724:
1693:
were appointed to govern provinces. A city was under the rule of a
1619:
1533:
1521:
1452:
1378:
1318:
1261:
973:
acknowledge Qajar authority. Agha Mohammad Khan thereafter went to
945:
872:
743:
679:
583:
527:
494:
437:). Agha Mohammad Khan had several half-brothers and full-brothers:
1745:. In Astarabad, he repaired (or fortified) the walls, emptied the
1699:
1548:
1544:. He was formally crowned in 1796 and founded the Qajar dynasty.
1489:
Agha Mohammad Khan restored Iran to a unity it had not had since
1478:
1442:
1423:
1411:
1360:
1348:
1265:
1213:
1126:
1122:
1076:
1045:
994:
982:
844:
755:
703:
669:
646:
555:
457:
385:
254:
219:
3322:
808:
664:
In Autumn 1780 Reza Qoli invaded Babol with an army of men from
2580:
2444:
2003:
2001:
1623:
1584:
1427:
1419:
1269:
1217:
1209:
1138:
1130:
1109:
1057:
1006:
937:
832:
775:
711:
630:
567:
559:
531:
523:
474:
429:(possibly compelled by Nader Qoli Beg, who came to be known as
398:
390:
369:
361:
346:
261:
146:
2545:
1351:
by Agha Mohammad Khan. A Qajar-era Persian miniature from the
917:) as his heir. Thus 1789 is marked as the start of his reign.
637:, where his father's skull was kept. He then travelled to the
2863:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129.
2754:
2752:
1746:
1572:
1433:
1142:
1105:
931:
First attack on Shiraz and dispute with Jafar Qoli Khan Qajar
848:
796:
771:
759:
719:
658:
603:
591:
tribes to avenge his father's death. He was, however, killed
579:
563:
2658:
Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond
1998:
1464:, and entered Mashhad on May 14 by foot as a pilgrim to the
1422:, Kurdish chieftains ruled over several fortresses, such as
2999:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–144.
1902:
1900:
1898:
1840:
1552:
1037:
1002:
886:
853:
330:
2749:
2375:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
969:, and sent his relative Suleiman Khan Quwanlu to make the
683:
ruler of Astarabad and several districts in the region of
349:
Monarch, being castrated as a toddler upon his capture by
2013:
1967:. Internet Archive. New York, Columbia University Press.
1798:
1418:
as his center of operations. In the eastern parts of the
1359:
At the same time, Agha Mohammad Khan marched directly on
1134:
828:
578:", referring to an intelligent counselor of the mythical
2769:
2767:
2680:
2678:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2497:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2172:
2159:
2157:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1895:
1883:
1622:
and fell unconscious for three days in 1790/91 due to a
1481:
due to the injuries he had suffered during his torture.
1184:, just as Nader Shah had done some sixty years earlier.
501:. During this period, Mohammad Hasan fought against the
425:, a prominent aristocrat executed by the orders of Shah
2739:
2737:
2636:
2312:
2310:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1817:
1172:
back within the Iranian domains, he proclaimed himself
2201:
2142:
333:. Originally a chieftain of the Quwanlu branch of the
2803:
2791:
2779:
2764:
2690:
2675:
2590:
2524:
2509:
2494:
2477:
2387:
2356:
2288:
2244:
2213:
2184:
2169:
2154:
2123:
2037:
2025:
1981:
314:
294:
2734:
2542:Ḥasan-e Fasāʼi, Fārsnāma-ye Nāṣeri, tr. Busse, p. 66
2307:
1924:
1850:
1367:
under its King Solomon II, a member of the Georgian
1508:In 1786, Agha Mohammad Khan moved his capital from
614:
345:in 1794. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the
299:; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his
3228:
3139:
3056:. University of California Press. pp. 1–536.
2847:Amanat, Abbas (1997a). "Ebrāhīm Kalāntar Šīrāzī".
2648:
1193:Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus
530:, but was at last seized and sent as a hostage to
1871:
803:
786:Mazandaran's brief submission to the Zand dynasty
610:Rise to power and unification of Iran (1779–1789)
485:During the following ten years, Afsharid rule in
3522:
2909:Perry, J. R. (1984). "Āgā Mohammad Khan Qājār".
2564:
1547:Although the Russians briefly took and occupied
961:, Agha Mohammad Khan could thus freely focus on
906:to his side. Lotf Ali was able to march against
873:Second war with Jafar Khan Zand and enthronement
1703:, while its quarters was under the rule of the
1471:
1256:In August 1795, Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the
1187:
1091:Agha Mohammad Khan's capture and sack of Kerman
1021:Painting of Agha Mohammad Khan (right) and his
657:and Hosayn Qoli, was now in a firm position in
2654:
3338:
2615:
1613:
957:While Lotf Ali Khan was having problems with
468:
462:
308:
3611:Politicians assassinated in the 18th century
2709:
2707:
2705:
1667:
3606:Prisoners and detainees of the Zand dynasty
3118:
2966:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
2882:
2713:
2381:
2007:
1803:. Oxon: Taylor & Francis. p. 280.
1164:and the other principal territories in the
881:Painting of Agha Mohammad Khan with his men
863:
795:, but was captured by Agha Mohammad Khan's
56:Portrait of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, 1820.
3345:
3331:
3083:Perry, John R. (2011). "Karim Khan Zand".
480:
50:
2702:
2655:Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2017).
2079:
952:
375:
3551:18th-century monarchs in the Middle East
3137:
3013:
2825:
2743:
2642:
2328:
2316:
1671:
1432:
1342:
1086:
1062:
1016:
876:
807:
618:
541:
384:
3049:
2956:
2870:
2846:
2758:
2696:
2432:
2430:
2238:
2207:
2148:
2096:
1765:
1679:during the reign of Agha Mohammad Shah.
1393:
910:on April 22 and enter Shiraz on May 8.
393:, the birthplace of Agha Mohammad Khan.
14:
3523:
3168:
3086:Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6
2992:
2963:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
2858:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2684:
2622:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
2603:
2530:
2518:
2503:
2488:
2369:
2301:
2250:
2226:
2195:
2178:
2163:
2136:
2050:
2031:
2019:
1992:
1960:
1935:
1906:
1889:
1865:
1402:. He had earlier been a vassal of the
677:more: Morteza Qoli was allowed as the
405:. The Qajars were one of the original
3326:
3226:
3197:
3082:
2920:
2908:
2826:Axworthy, Michael (6 November 2008).
2413:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
2332:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
2329:Rayfield, Donald (15 February 2013).
2265:
2261:
2259:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1918:
1877:
1844:
1115:
734:, which was interested in building a
570:, where they were treated honorably.
3093:
3020:Historic Cities of the Islamic World
2450:
2427:
1794:
1792:
1501:, ruler of Khorasan and grandson of
920:
2609:
2097:Walcher, Heidi (15 December 2006).
1012:
469:
463:
380:
309:
284:
24:
3191:
2256:
2111:from the original on 29 April 2011
2056:
1964:History of Persia under Qajar rule
1941:
1643:
1071:of Fath 'Ali Khan Saba, dated 1810
25:
3627:
3352:
3097:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2616:Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014).
2461:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1789:
981:into submission. He then went to
3591:People of the Russo-Persian Wars
3561:Assassinated Iranian politicians
3237:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1961:Fasāʹī, Ḥasan ibn Ḥasan (1972).
1578:
1520:—his capital, although both the
1484:
615:Conquest of Mazandaran and Gilan
537:
266:
3546:18th-century monarchs of Persia
3119:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
2930:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–434.
2536:
2322:
2090:
2086:(PhD). University of Edinburgh.
1775:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 24–25.
1735:
1309:According to the author of the
473:), which is a common one among
397:Agha Mohammad Khan was born in
3556:18th-century murdered monarchs
3245:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
3176:. Cambridge University Press.
2859:Fisher, William Bayne (1991).
2554:History of the Georgian nation
1759:
804:First war with Jafar Khan Zand
329:, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as
27:Shah of Iran from 1789 to 1797
13:
1:
3200:Journal of Persianate Studies
3154:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
2861:The Cambridge History of Iran
1752:
1638:
766:. He defeated a Zand army in
661:, the capital of Mazandaran.
592:
3094:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994).
2099:"ISFAHAN viii. QAJAR PERIOD"
1635:would be read aloud to him.
1472:The torture of Shahrokh Shah
1188:Final conquest of Azerbaijan
1056:. He also attempted to take
714:. Furthermore, he also made
7:
2441:A Modern History of Georgia
2080:Shahnavaz, Parinaz (1982).
1710:
1559:under the command of count
315:
295:
10:
3632:
3571:Deaths by stabbing in Iran
3141:"Āghā Muḥammad Khān Qājār"
2819:
2720:. I.B. Tauris. p. 9.
2447:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1614:Personality and appearance
1542:course of the 19th century
635:shrine of Shah Abd al-Azim
321:), was the founder of the
3576:Murdered Persian monarchs
3477:
3468:Soltan Mohammad Ali Mirza
3422:
3415:
3362:
3311:
3302:
3294:
3287:
3262:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
3260:
3212:10.1163/18747167-12341336
3138:Negahban, Farzin (2008).
3123:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.
3023:. Brill. pp. 1–615.
3015:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
2661:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1668:Provincial administration
1227:Cambridge History of Iran
774:), and thereafter seized
740:Marko Ivanovich Voinovich
645:sent an army of Zand and
477:who served at the court.
419:Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar
260:
250:
240:
235:Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar
230:
218:
209:
202:
197:
192:
188:
178:
168:
156:
140:
124:
120:
106:
96:
86:
76:
68:
61:
49:
39:
34:
3505:Mohammad Hassan Mirza II
3102:Indiana University Press
2465:Indiana University Press
1512:in his home province of
1288:, the Khan of Karabakh,
1156:A year later, after the
864:Second invasion of Gilan
296:Âqâ Mohammad Xân-e Qâjâr
277:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
198:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
35:Agha Mohammad Shah Qajar
3586:People murdered in Iran
3432:Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar
3227:Perry, John R. (2012).
3050:Amanat, Abbas (1997b).
2559:University of Wisconsin
2410:Donald Rayfield (2013).
1606:His nephew, crowned as
989:and visited the city's
985:, where he subdued the
602:by some Turks from the
481:Death of Mohammad Hasan
3243:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2266:Floor, Willem (2007).
1680:
1446:
1391:
1356:
1330:
1307:
1247:Catherine II of Russia
1092:
1072:
1029:
977:, where he forced the
953:Invasion of Azerbaijan
882:
816:
626:
551:
421:, and the grandson of
394:
376:Early life (1742–1779)
144:17 June 1797 (aged 55)
3493:Fereydoun Mirza Qajar
3487:Mohammad Hassan Mirza
3438:Mohammad Hassan Mirza
3230:"Āghā Muḥammad Qājār"
1675:
1587:, the capital of the
1436:
1386:
1346:
1315:
1298:
1148:The Afghan chiefs of
1090:
1066:
1034:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi
1026:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi
1020:
880:
811:
778:. He then marched to
622:
545:
388:
115:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi
3541:1797 murders in Asia
3394:Mozaffar al-Din Shah
2912:Encyclopædia Iranica
2874:Encyclopædia Iranica
2850:Encyclopædia Iranica
2714:Cyrus Ghani (2001).
2437:Lang, David Marshall
2274:. pp. 308–309.
2104:Encyclopedia Iranica
1729:James Baillie Fraser
1540:, their fate in the
1532:and Iran's integral
1394:Conquest of Khorasan
1129:and marched towards
3566:Battle of Krtsanisi
3456:Soltan Mahmud Mirza
3315:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
3089:. pp. 561–564.
2916:. pp. 602–605.
2884:Bournoutian, George
2878:. pp. 462–466.
2852:, Vol. III, Fasc. 1
2761:, pp. 462–466.
2457:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2022:, pp. 115–116.
1921:, pp. 561–564.
1909:, pp. 112–113.
1892:, pp. 110–111.
1847:, pp. 602–605.
1608:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
1158:Battle of Krtsanisi
1001:as the governor of
999:Hosayn Qoli Donboli
915:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
643:Ali-Morad Khan Zand
639:Mazandaran Province
423:Fath-Ali Khan Qajar
355:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
101:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
72:1789 – 17 June 1797
18:Mohammad Khan Qajar
3616:Deaths by stabbing
3581:People from Gorgan
3499:Soltan Hamid Mirza
3450:Soltan Hamid Mirza
3370:Agha Mohammad Khan
3298:Lotf Ali Khan Zand
3233:. In Fleet, Kate;
2944:on 9 February 2018
2335:. Reaktion Books.
1681:
1601:Sadeq Khan Shaqaqi
1593:Farsnama-ye Naseri
1557:expedition of 1796
1447:
1416:Torbat-e Heydarieh
1369:Bagrationi dynasty
1357:
1311:Fārsnāma-ye Nāṣeri
1116:Conquest of Kerman
1093:
1073:
1030:
944:, the governor of
883:
817:
716:Hedayat-Allah Khan
627:
552:
499:Ahmad Shah Durrani
395:
305:Agha Mohammad Shah
255:Twelver Shia Islam
210:Agha Mohammad Shah
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3400:Mohammad Ali Shah
3388:Naser al-Din Shah
3321:
3320:
3312:Succeeded by
3183:978-0-52158-336-7
3146:Madelung, Wilferd
2980:on 1 January 2019
2914:, Vol. I, Fasc. 6
2876:, Vol. I, Fasc. 5
2854:. pp. 66–71.
2727:978-1-86064-629-4
2668:978-1-63557-077-9
2629:978-3-7001-7202-4
2571:Malcolm, Sir John
2551:Kalistrat Salia.
2416:Reaktion Books,
2241:, pp. 66–71.
2010:, pp. 14–15.
1974:978-0-231-03197-4
1610:, succeeded him.
1462:Abbas I the Great
921:Reign (1789–1797)
548:Arg of Karim Khan
443:Morteza Qoli Khan
439:Hossein Qoli Khan
389:The landscape of
317:Âghâ Mohammad Šâh
293:
274:
273:
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
3623:
3480:
3462:Soltan Ali Mirza
3425:
3420:
3419:
3356:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3295:Preceded by
3283:
3276:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3232:
3223:
3187:
3165:
3156:. Brill Online.
3143:
3134:
3115:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3070:on 19 April 2017
3066:. Archived from
3046:
3044:
3042:
3037:on 16 March 2017
3033:. Archived from
3010:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2976:. Archived from
2953:
2951:
2949:
2940:. Archived from
2917:
2905:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2711:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2568:
2562:
2561:- Madison p. 351
2557:N. Salia, 1983.
2549:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2475:
2454:
2448:
2434:
2425:
2408:
2385:
2382:Mikaberidze 2011
2379:
2373:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2008:Bournoutian 2021
2005:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1763:
1743:Imam Reza shrine
1589:Karabakh Khanate
1575:and Nader Shah.
1466:Imam Reza shrine
1439:Imam Reza shrine
1294:Javad Khan Qajar
1274:Karabakh Khanate
1235:the part of the
1203:Afsharid dynasty
1141:. He marched on
1013:Conquest of Fars
908:Sayed Morad Khan
847:and forced many
821:Rustam Khan Zand
651:Azad Khan Afghan
597:
594:
507:Azad Khan Afghan
505:military leader
472:
471:
466:
465:
435:Afsharid dynasty
381:Family and youth
320:
312:
311:
298:
288:
286:
285:آغامحمدخان قاجار
270:
190:
189:
111:
54:
32:
31:
21:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3596:Iranian eunuchs
3521:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3478:
3473:
3444:Fereydoun Mirza
3423:
3411:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3317:
3308:
3300:
3289:Iranian royalty
3277:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3239:Rowson, Everett
3194:
3192:Further reading
3184:
3170:Tapper, Richard
3150:Daftary, Farhad
3131:
3112:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3007:
2983:
2981:
2974:
2958:Daryaee, Touraj
2947:
2945:
2938:
2902:
2840:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2712:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2591:
2579:, pp. 189–191.
2569:
2565:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2478:
2455:
2451:
2435:
2428:
2409:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2289:
2282:
2272:Mage Publishers
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2078:
2057:
2049:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1959:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1851:
1843:
1818:
1811:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1767:Behrooz, Maziar
1764:
1760:
1755:
1738:
1713:
1670:
1646:
1644:The bureaucracy
1641:
1616:
1581:
1565:reduced Tbilisi
1538:Imperial Russia
1487:
1474:
1396:
1353:British Library
1347:The capture of
1319:Ismail I Safavi
1195:
1190:
1162:eastern Georgia
1118:
1069:Shahanshahnameh
1015:
987:Ardabil Khanate
955:
933:
928:
923:
875:
866:
825:Jafar Khan Zand
814:Jafar Khan Zand
806:
788:
748:Ashurada island
728:
718:, the ruler of
674:Sadeq Khan Zand
617:
612:
595:
546:Picture of the
540:
483:
383:
378:
164:
162:Imam Ali Mosque
145:
129:
107:
57:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Qajar monarchs
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:(1988–present)
3502:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:(2011–present)
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3235:Krämer, Gudrun
3224:
3206:(2): 261–287.
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3166:
3135:
3130:978-1598843361
3129:
3116:
3110:
3104:. p. 55.
3091:
3080:
3062:
3047:
3029:
3011:
3005:
2990:
2973:978-0199875757
2972:
2954:
2936:
2918:
2906:
2901:978-9004445154
2900:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2839:978-0141903415
2838:
2832:. Penguin UK.
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:, p. 142.
2802:
2800:, p. 135.
2790:
2788:, p. 140.
2778:
2776:, p. 139.
2763:
2748:
2733:
2726:
2701:
2689:
2687:, p. 329.
2674:
2667:
2647:
2645:, p. 144.
2635:
2628:
2608:
2606:, p. 130.
2589:
2563:
2544:
2535:
2533:, p. 127.
2523:
2521:, p. 126.
2508:
2506:, p. 122.
2493:
2491:, p. 128.
2476:
2449:
2426:
2386:
2384:, p. 409.
2374:
2372:, p. 328.
2355:
2341:
2321:
2306:
2304:, p. 124.
2287:
2281:978-1933823188
2280:
2255:
2253:, p. 123.
2243:
2231:
2229:, p. 122.
2212:
2210:, p. 397.
2200:
2198:, p. 121.
2183:
2181:, p. 120.
2168:
2166:, p. 119.
2153:
2151:, p. 320.
2141:
2139:, p. 118.
2122:
2089:
2055:
2053:, p. 117.
2036:
2034:, p. 116.
2024:
2012:
1997:
1995:, p. 115.
1980:
1973:
1940:
1938:, p. 114.
1923:
1911:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1868:, p. 112.
1849:
1816:
1809:
1788:
1782:978-0755637379
1781:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1737:
1734:
1712:
1709:
1669:
1666:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1615:
1612:
1580:
1577:
1561:Valerian Zubov
1486:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1395:
1392:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1170:South Caucasus
1166:North Caucasus
1117:
1114:
1044:The Sheikh of
1014:
1011:
971:Talysh Khanate
954:
951:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
874:
871:
865:
862:
805:
802:
793:Karakum Desert
787:
784:
732:Russian Empire
727:
724:
672:, and then to
616:
613:
611:
608:
539:
536:
482:
479:
456:to march from
382:
379:
377:
374:
272:
271:
264:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
206:
200:
199:
195:
194:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
158:
154:
153:
142:
138:
137:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3628:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3382:Mohammad Shah
3380:
3377:
3376:Fath-Ali Shah
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3355:Qajar dynasty
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3275:14 March 1742
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:Qajar dynasty
3259:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3063:9780520083219
3059:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3036:
3032:
3030:9789004153882
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3006:9780521200950
3002:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2937:9781860646294
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:Negahban 2008
2740:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2699:, p. 12.
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2643:Axworthy 2008
2639:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2473:0-253-20915-3
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2344:
2342:9781780230702
2338:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2317:Axworthy 2008
2313:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1810:9781138743205
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:muster-master
1655:
1651:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:Assassination
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:Rest of reign
1482:
1480:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Shahrokh Shah
1390:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:King of Kings
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Sarab Khanate
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
950:
947:
943:
939:
918:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:Lotf Ali Khan
895:
892:
888:
879:
870:
861:
857:
855:
850:
846:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
810:
801:
798:
794:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:In 1781, the
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
681:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
655:Fath-Ali Qoli
652:
649:troops under
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
624:Northern Iran
621:
607:
605:
601:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Piran-e Viseh
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
544:
538:Life at court
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
478:
476:
459:
455:
450:
448:
447:Ali Qoli Khan
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
408:
404:
400:
392:
387:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Lotf Ali Khan
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Qajar dynasty
319:
318:
306:
302:
297:
291:
282:
278:
269:
265:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
246:
245:Jeeran Khanum
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
225:Qajar dynasty
223:
221:
217:
208:
205:
201:
196:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
174:
173:Maryam Khanom
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
139:
136:
135:Afsharid Iran
132:
128:14 March 1742
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
110:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:Lotf Ali Khan
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
53:
48:
45:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3369:
3305:Shah of Iran
3303:
3282:17 June 1797
3279:
3272:
3265:
3242:
3203:
3199:
3173:
3153:
3120:
3096:
3085:
3072:. Retrieved
3068:the original
3052:
3039:. Retrieved
3035:the original
3019:
2995:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2962:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2926:
2922:Ghani, Cyrus
2910:
2887:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2828:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2759:Bakhash 1983
2716:
2697:Amanat 1997b
2692:
2657:
2650:
2638:
2618:
2611:
2575:
2566:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2526:
2460:
2452:
2440:
2412:
2377:
2346:. Retrieved
2331:
2324:
2267:
2246:
2239:Amanat 1997a
2234:
2208:Daryaee 2012
2203:
2149:Daryaee 2012
2144:
2113:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2082:
2027:
2015:
1963:
1914:
1885:
1880:, p. 1.
1873:
1800:
1771:
1761:
1739:
1736:Construction
1722:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1677:Flag of Iran
1662:lashkarnevīs
1661:
1653:
1650:grand vizier
1647:
1630:
1628:
1617:
1605:
1592:
1582:
1569:Genghis Khan
1546:
1507:
1488:
1475:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1358:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1290:Ibrahim Khan
1255:
1243:
1241:of Georgia.
1236:
1225:
1224:was. As the
1207:
1196:
1182:Mughan plain
1177:
1173:
1155:
1147:
1119:
1102:
1094:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1043:
1031:
1023:grand vizier
956:
934:
912:
896:
884:
867:
858:
837:
818:
812:Portrait of
789:
764:Persian Iraq
752:
729:
692:Mazandaranis
689:
678:
663:
628:
572:
553:
484:
451:
396:
359:
343:Zand dynasty
316:
310:آغا محمد شاه
304:
276:
275:
63:Shah of Iran
40:
29:
3536:1797 deaths
3531:1742 births
3501:(1975–1988)
3495:(1943–1975)
3489:(1930–1943)
3464:(1988–2011)
3452:(1975–1988)
3446:(1930–1975)
3440:(1930–1943)
3434:(1925–1930)
3408:(1909–1925)
3402:(1907–1909)
3396:(1896–1907)
3390:(1848–1896)
3384:(1834–1848)
3378:(1797–1834)
3372:(1789–1797)
2810:Hambly 1991
2798:Hambly 1991
2786:Hambly 1991
2774:Hambly 1991
2685:Fisher 1991
2604:Hambly 1991
2585:John Murray
2531:Fisher 1991
2519:Fisher 1991
2504:Tapper 1997
2489:Fisher 1991
2370:Fisher 1991
2302:Hambly 1991
2251:Hambly 1991
2227:Hambly 1991
2196:Hambly 1991
2179:Hambly 1991
2164:Hambly 1991
2137:Hambly 1991
2051:Hambly 1991
2032:Hambly 1991
2020:Hambly 1991
1993:Hambly 1991
1936:Hambly 1991
1907:Hambly 1991
1890:Hambly 1991
1866:Hambly 1991
1690:beglerbegis
1555:during the
736:trade route
685:Hezar Jarib
596: 1777
403:Qajar tribe
335:Qajar tribe
301:regnal name
204:Regnal name
87:Predecessor
3525:Categories
3416:Pretenders
3406:Ahmad Shah
3309:1789–1797
3111:0253209153
2422:1780230702
1919:Perry 2011
1878:Ghani 2001
1845:Perry 1984
1753:References
1727:traveller
1656:) and the
1639:Government
1530:Azarbaijan
1514:Mazandaran
1503:Nader Shah
1491:Karim Khan
1408:Ahmad Shah
1374:Kura River
1338:Solomon II
1334:Georgievsk
1286:Aleksandre
1258:Aras river
1199:since 1555
1174:Shahanshah
1098:Persepolis
1054:Bandar Rig
963:Azerbaijan
519:suzerainty
515:Karim Khan
431:Nader Shah
427:Tahmasp II
151:Qajar Iran
82:March 1796
78:Coronation
42:Shahanshah
3251:1873-9830
3220:214128812
3162:1875-9831
2463:, p. 59.
2443:, p. 38.
1717:Malcolm's
1632:Shahnameh
1534:Caucasian
1499:Shah Rukh
1251:ultimatum
1180:) on the
904:Dashestan
840:Bakhtiari
600:Findarisk
588:Shahnameh
493:ruler of
454:Adel Shah
410:Qizilbash
399:Astarabad
391:Astarabad
351:Adel Shah
290:romanized
131:Astarabad
97:Successor
3241:(eds.).
3172:(1997).
3152:(eds.).
3017:(2007).
2960:(2012).
2924:(2001).
2886:(2021).
2573:(1829),
2459:(1994),
2439:(1962),
2109:Archived
1769:(2023).
1725:Scottish
1711:Military
1705:kadkhuda
1695:kalantar
1654:mustaufī
1620:epilepsy
1597:Georgian
1524:and the
1522:Safavids
1495:Khorasan
1453:mujtahid
1379:Narikala
1262:Dagestan
1222:Khorasan
1160:brought
1108:through
946:Bihbahan
680:de facto
584:Afrasiab
580:Turanian
509:and the
495:Qandahar
487:Khorasan
414:Safavids
407:Turkoman
251:Religion
2820:Sources
1700:darugha
1685:Safavid
1549:Derbent
1479:Damghan
1443:Mashhad
1424:Bojnord
1412:Mashhad
1406:ruler,
1404:Durrani
1365:Imereti
1361:Tbilisi
1349:Tbilisi
1272:in the
1266:Shirvan
1214:Isfahan
1131:Bavanat
1127:Abarkuh
1123:Ardakan
1077:Kazerun
1046:Bushehr
995:Donboli
983:Ardabil
891:Qashqai
849:Kurdish
845:Hamadan
756:Shirvan
708:Shahrud
704:Damghan
670:Isfahan
666:Larijan
586:in the
556:Damghan
503:Pashtun
491:Durrani
475:eunuchs
458:Mashhad
366:Georgia
341:of the
292::
281:Persian
220:Dynasty
3458:(1988)
3278:
3249:
3218:
3180:
3160:
3127:
3108:
3074:8 June
3060:
3041:7 June
3027:
3003:
2984:7 June
2970:
2948:3 June
2934:
2898:
2836:
2724:
2665:
2626:
2581:London
2471:
2445:London
2424:p. 255
2420:
2348:15 May
2339:
2278:
2115:18 May
1971:
1807:
1779:
1624:stroke
1585:Shusha
1428:Quchan
1420:Alborz
1282:Erivan
1270:Shusha
1218:Tabriz
1216:, and
1210:Shiraz
1139:Neyriz
1137:, and
1110:Neyriz
1058:Khesht
1028:(left)
1007:Tabriz
997:noble
991:shrine
959:Kerman
938:Nowruz
833:Kashan
780:Zanjan
776:Qazvin
744:Ashraf
712:Bastam
700:Semnan
647:Afghan
631:Tehran
568:Qazvin
560:Shiraz
532:Tehran
528:Ashraf
524:steppe
513:ruler
370:Kerman
362:Tehran
347:eunuch
262:Tughra
241:Mother
231:Father
169:Spouse
157:Burial
147:Shusha
109:Vizier
3479:Heirs
3424:Heads
3363:Kings
3280:Died:
3273:Born:
3216:S2CID
3144:. In
2892:Brill
1747:ditch
1687:one;
1573:Timur
1526:Zands
1317:Shah
1278:Ganja
1143:Darab
1106:Tabas
1050:Kharg
1038:mares
975:Sarab
967:Tarum
797:Yomut
772:Karaj
760:Rasht
720:Gilan
696:Qumis
659:Babol
604:Yamut
598:near
582:king
564:harem
193:Names
180:Issue
69:Reign
3247:ISSN
3178:ISBN
3158:ISSN
3125:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3076:2015
3058:ISBN
3043:2015
3025:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2986:2015
2968:ISBN
2950:2015
2932:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2350:2015
2337:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2117:2021
1969:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1723:The
1697:and
1553:Baku
1551:and
1510:Sari
1437:The
1426:and
1325:wali
1305:....
1303:Kura
1280:and
1264:and
1238:wali
1232:Fars
1168:and
1052:and
1005:and
1003:Khoy
942:Fars
887:Yazd
854:shah
770:(or
710:and
517:for
511:Zand
368:and
331:Shah
327:Iran
184:None
141:Died
125:Born
3208:doi
1518:Ray
1441:in
1430:.
1150:Bam
1135:Qir
856:".
829:Qom
768:Ray
470:آغا
464:آقا
325:of
303:of
3527::
3214:.
3204:12
3202:.
3148:;
3100:.
2894:.
2890:.
2766:^
2751:^
2736:^
2704:^
2677:^
2592:^
2583::
2511:^
2496:^
2479:^
2467:,
2429:^
2389:^
2358:^
2309:^
2290:^
2270:.
2258:^
2215:^
2186:^
2171:^
2156:^
2125:^
2107:.
2101:.
2058:^
2039:^
2000:^
1983:^
1943:^
1926:^
1897:^
1852:^
1819:^
1791:^
1571:,
1497:.
1253:.
1212:,
1205:.
1100:.
1009:.
706:,
702:,
698:,
687:.
593:c.
497:,
449:.
441:,
357:.
313:,
287:,
283::
149:,
133:,
3346:e
3339:t
3332:v
3253:.
3222:.
3210::
3186:.
3164:.
3133:.
3114:.
3078:.
3045:.
3009:.
2988:.
2952:.
2904:.
2842:.
2746:.
2730:.
2671:.
2632:.
2587:.
2352:.
2319:.
2284:.
2119:.
1977:.
1813:.
1785:.
1660:(
1445:.
1355:.
1176:(
852:"
574:"
461:(
307:(
279:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.