Monarchy of Canada

3420: 1925: 2401: 2069: 2760:, as justification for describing the governor general as head of state. However, the document makes no such distinction, nor does it effect an abdication of the sovereign's powers in favour of the viceroy, as it only allows the governor general to "act on the Queen's behalf". D. Michael Jackson, former Chief of Protocol of Saskatchewan, argued that Rideau Hall had been attempting to "recast" the governor general as head of state since the 1970s and doing so preempted both the Queen and all of the lieutenant governors. This caused not only "precedence wars" at provincial events (where the governor general usurped the lieutenant governor's proper spot as most senior official in attendance) and Governor General Adrienne Clarkson to accord herself precedence before the Queen at a national occasion, but also constitutional issues by "unbalancing the federalist symmetry". This has been regarded as both a natural evolution and as a dishonest effort to alter the constitution without public scrutiny. 1330: 5826: 1934: 1981:, published in 1968, and the Privy Council Office took the opposite opinion. Lagassé and Patrick Baud claimed changes could be made to regulations to allow a governor general to appoint the next governor general; Christopher McCreery, however, criticised the theory, arguing it is impractical to suggest that a governor general would remove him or herself on ministerial advice, with the consequence that, if a prolonged regency occurred, it would remove one of the checks and balances in the constitution. The intent expressed whenever the matter of regency came up among Commonwealth realm heads of government was that the relevant parliament (other than the United Kingdom's) would pass a bill if the need for a regency arose and the pertinent governor-general would already be empowered to grant royal assent to it. The governor general appointing their successor is not a power that has been utilized to date. 2741: 2001: 2049: 2956: 2972: 3431: 5300: 4832: 4639: 3602: 4102: 3263: 2453:, to continue and be vested in the monarch. Placing such power, along with legislative power, with the tangible, living Queen, rather than the abstract and inanimate Crown, was a deliberate choice by the framers of the constitution. Still, the Crown is the foundation of the country as "the very centre of constitution and democracy." Although Canada is a federation, the Canadian monarchy is unitary throughout all jurisdictions in the country, the sovereignty of the different administrations being passed on through the overreaching Crown itself as a part of the executive, legislative, and judicial operations in each of the federal and provincial spheres and the 5685: 4071: 4994: 4740: 3547: 5563: 3699: 1204: 5076: 2235: 2214: 2181: 2148: 3708: 5696: 3624:, through their attendance at charity events, visiting with members of the Canadian Forces as colonel-in-chief, or marking certain key anniversaries. The invitation and expenses associated with these undertakings are usually borne by the associated organization. In 2005, members of the royal family were present at a total of 76 Canadian engagements, as well as several more through 2006 and 2007. In the period between 2019 and 2022, they carried out 53 engagements, the number reduced, and all through the latter year and a half being virtual, because of restrictions in place during the 3022:—a committee of the Privy Council charged with advising the Crown on the exercise of the royal prerogative. The monarch is informed by his viceroy of the swearing-in and resignation of prime ministers and other members of the ministry, remains fully briefed through regular communications from his Canadian ministers, and holds audience with them whenever possible. By convention, the content of these communications and meetings remains confidential so as to protect the impartiality of the monarch and his representative. The appropriateness and viability of this tradition in an age of 2474: 5654: 5674: 5017:, the force "has a duty to protect individuals designated by the minister of public safety, including certain members of the royal family when visiting." The RCMP's provision of service is determined based on threat and risk assessment, the seniority of the individual in terms of precedence and. for members of the royal family, the nature of the royal tour—i.e. an official tour by the King or on behalf of the King or a working or private visit. The governor general receives round-the-clock security from the Governor General Protection Detail, part of the 6113: 5261: 1446: 2598: 1788: 2569: 5665: 1345: 4091: 2589: 2578: 88: 25038: 6152: 4530: 782: 5705: 3719: 2502:

representatives typically "act by 'not acting'"—holding power, but, not exercising it—both because they are unelected figures and to maintain their neutrality, "deliberately, insistently, and resolutely", in case they have to be an impartial arbiter in a constitutional crisis and ensure that normal democratic discourse can resume. Consequently, the Crown performs two functions: as a unifying symbol and a protector of democratic rights and freedoms, "tightly woven into the fabric of the Canadian constitution."

4971: 4122: 3946:, Jackson wrote that "the Canadian manifestation of the monarchy is not only historical and constitutional, it is political, cultural, and social, reflecting, and contributing to, change and evolution in Canada's governance, autonomy, and identity." Since at least the 1930s, supporters of the Crown have held the opinion that the monarch is a unifying focal point for the nation's "historic consciousness"—the country's heritage being "unquestionably linked with the history of monarchy"—and Canadian 2671: 2025: 6164: 2795: 3233:": the monarch cannot be prosecuted in his own courts—judged by himself—for criminal offences under his own laws. Canada inherited the common law version of Crown immunity from British law. However, over time, the scope of said immunity has been steadily reduced by statute law. With the passage of relevant legislation through the provincial and federal parliaments, the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the King-in-Council), in all areas of Canada, is now liable in 5052: 2364: 1752: 3411: 1129: 4416: 4666:—is the "ancestor of the modern Canadian royal family". Nonetheless, the concept of the Canadian royal family did not emerge until after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, when Canadian officials only began to overtly consider putting the principles of Canada's new status as an independent kingdom into effect. Initially, the monarch was the only member of the royal family to carry out public ceremonial duties solely on the advice of Canadian ministers; King 1526: 170: 6176: 4726: 794: 69: 25050: 5643: 2909: 3916:. Smith attributed this to the attitude the government of the day held toward Canada's past; though, it never raised the policy in public or during any of the constitutional conferences held that decade. Andrew Heard argued, however, that dispensing with such symbols was necessary to facilitate the simultaneous increasing embrace of the monarch as Queen of Canada. Emblems such as the Royal Coat of Arms remained, however, and others, such as the 5782:

iterated, "the public's attention span on the constitutional intricacies of the monarchy is clinically short". At the same time, it has been theorized the monarchy is so prevalent in Canada—by way of all manner of symbols, place names, royal tours, etcetera—that Canadians fail to take note of it; the monarchy "functions like a tasteful wallpaper pattern in Canada: enjoyable in an absent-minded way, but so ubiquitous as to be almost invisible".

4082: 5817:" to "investigate what may potentially be criminal activities which influenced Canada's last election" and "restore Canada to a free and fair democracy." The monarch's secretary instructed May, "as a constitutional sovereign, Her Majesty acts through her personal representative, the Governor-General, on the advice of her Canadian ministers and it is to them that your appeal should be directed." So many protesters involved in the 2022 2920:"signifies the power and authority of the Crown flowing from the sovereign to parliamentary government" and is applied to state documents such as royal proclamations and letters patent commissioning Cabinet ministers, senators, judges, and other senior government officials. The "lending" of royal authority to Cabinet is illustrated by the great seal being entrusted by the governor general, the official keeper of the seal, to the 3101: 3688: 3440: 3377:

Indigenous leaders have met to discuss treaty business with royal family members or viceroys in private audience and many continue to use their connection to the Crown to further their political aims; public ceremonies attended by the monarch or another member of the royal family have been employed as a platform on which to present complaints, witnessed by both national and international cameras. Following country-wide

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wording." Questions often describe the monarch or monarchy as "British", terminology at odds with the contemporary situation in Canada, wherein the monarchy is a Canadian institution, separate from that of the United Kingdom, and it, the Crown, and royal family are referred to as Canadian. Both monarchists and republicans agree the populace's general lack of understanding about the monarchy affects opinions.

4113: 6802:, the force noted, "the Sussex family's stay in Canada is of a private nature and, to date, there have been no official outings wherein the Duke and Duchess are representing the Queen. There is no indication of either the Duke or Duchess participating in any official capacity for the Crown in Canada in the next two months. Should this change, however, the RCMP will assess and provide security accordingly." 5465: 1735:, says "he Constitution of Canada includes the acts and orders referred to the schedule" and "hen you use the word 'includes' it means that if ever there is another thing related to the Canadian constitution as part of it, should have been there, or might have been there, it is covered. So we do not have to renumerate the ones that you are mentioning." In the same meeting, Deputy Attorney General 1831:, that provides that the king or queen of Canada shall be the same person as the king or queen of the United Kingdom. If the British law were to be changed and we did not change our law the person provided for in the new law would become king or queen in at least some realms of the Commonwealth; Canada would continue on with the person who would have become monarch under the previous law." 2721:

governor general and lieutenant governors are all only representatives of, and thus equally subordinate to, that figure. Some governors general, their staff, government publications, and constitutional scholars like Ted McWhinney and C.E.S. Franks have, however, referred to the position of governor general as that of Canada's head of state; though, sometimes qualifying the assertion with

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responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an order-in-council or a minister's order, which transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. The Crown does not transfer ownership to itself."

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the monarch and her representatives as purely ceremonial and symbolic figures, while also still viewing the sovereign as British, even if they understand he is King of Canada. It was argued by Alfred Neitsch that this undermined the Crown's legitimacy as a check and balance in the governmental system, a situation Helen Forsey (daughter of Canadian constitutional expert

11835: 4615:. While Canadian and foreign media often refer to them as the "British royal family", the Canadian government considers it inappropriate, as they are family members of the Canadian monarch. Further, in addition to the few Canadian citizens in the royal family, the sovereign is considered Canadian, and those among his relations who do not meet the requirements of 1873:, which requires a constitutional amendment passed with the unanimous consent of the provinces, applies only to the "office of the Queen", but not who holds that office, and that therefore "ending the principle of symmetry with the United Kingdom can be done with the general amending procedure, or even by Parliament alone under section 44 of the 1887:"quietly and without fanfare by simply failing legally to proclaim any successor to the Queen in relation to Canada". This would, he claimed, be a way of bypassing the need for a constitutional amendment that would require unanimous consent by the federal Parliament and all the provincial legislatures. However, Ian Holloway, Dean of Law at the 5802:; an increased use of royal symbols as directed by the Cabinet while headed by Stephen Harper, including three consecutive royal tours; court cases focusing on the Oath of Citizenship; and increasingly active governors. Smith and Lagassé noted in early 2016 that post-secondary students were giving more focus to the subject of the Crown. 5794:) said prime ministers take advantage of, portraying themselves as the embodiment of popular democracy and the reserve powers of the Crown as illegitimate. The issue is particularly acute in Quebec, where sovereigntist politicians consider the Canadian monarchy as British, foreign, and, consequently, as symbol of oppression. 3061:), thereby allowing the monarch to make sure "the government conducts itself in compliance with the constitution"; he and the viceroys being guarantors of the government's constitutional, as opposed to democratic, legitimacy and must ensure the continuity of such. Use of the royal prerogative in this manner was seen when 12031: 5358:. Some references to the monarch and the monarchy were removed from the public eye and moves were made by the federal government to constitutionally alter the Crown's place and role in Canada, first by explicit legal amendments and later by subtle attrition. But, provincial and federal ministers, along with loyal 5142:." Though the first French and British colonizers of Canada interpreted the hereditary nature of some indigenous North American chieftainships as a form of monarchy, it is generally accepted that Canada has been a territory of a monarch or a monarchy in its own right only since the establishment of the French 1076:, no part of what is now Canada has been a republic or part of a republic; though, there have been isolated calls for the country to become one. The Crown, however, is considered to be "entrenched" into the governmental framework. The institution that is Canada's system of constitutional monarchy is sometimes 6320:, the Canadian Cabinet advised the Queen not to grant Black such an honour. If Blair had not yielded, the Queen would have been in the situation of having to grant an honour on the advice of her British Prime Minister and to object to the same as Queen of Canada on the advice of then-Canadian Prime Minister 2470:, and the legislative assemblies of all the provinces. The Crown, being shared and balanced, provides the bedrock upon which all of Canada's different regions and peoples can live together peacefully and was said by David E. Smith, in 2017, to be the "keystone of the constitutional architecture" of Canada. 4957:, located across MacKay Street from Rideau Hall, is regularly used by governors general and their families and sometimes by the sovereign and other visiting royalty, as well as by staff, their families, and members of the Governor General's Foot Guards, for whom the church serves as a regimental chapel. 4705:

was a symbolic "localization of the royal family"; Sean Palmer agreed, stating the banners are a sign the country has taken "'ownership' not only of the Queen of Canada, but of the other members of her family as well" and that doing so was another formal affirmation of the concept of a Canadian royal

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called in 2007 for Canada to become a republic in order to "re-brand the nation". However, Michener also stated, " is our own by inheritance and choice, and contributes much to our distinctive Canadian identity and our chances of independent survival amongst the republics of North and South America."

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in New Zealand, generally view the affiliation as being not between them and the ever-changing Cabinet, but instead with the continuous Crown of Canada, as embodied in the reigning sovereign, meaning the link between monarch and Indigenous peoples in Canada will theoretically last for "as long as the

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that, "as a matter of capacity, no doubt, has power to do whatever a private person can do. But, as an organ of government, it can only exercise those powers for the public benefit, and for identifiably 'governmental' purposes within limits set by the law." Similarly, use of the royal prerogative is

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concluded "that the prohibition on the Canadian Monarch being Catholic, while discriminatory, is perfectly-if not fundamentally-constitutional" and that if the prohibition is "to be changed or removed it will have to be accomplished politically and legislatively through another multilateral agreement

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may advise the sovereign on any and all matters of the Canadian state, of which the sovereign, when not in Canada, is kept abreast by weekly communications with the federal viceroy. The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and, in Canada, became a Canadian, or "domesticated",

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Canada has been described as "one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world" of today. Parts of what is now Canada have been under a monarchy since as early as the 15th century as a result of colonial settlement and often competing claims made on territory in the name of the English (and later

6798:, as they were planning their future as members of the royal family, the RCMP provided the couple's security. However, when the Sussexes decided to step down as senior members of the royal family, the RCMP reassessed its provision of service. In a briefing note to the then-Minister of Public Safety, 6459:

as the "symbolic embodiment of the people—not a particular group or interest or party, but the people, the whole people"; his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown, "for him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a

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exacerbated the matter. The position of prime minister has simultaneously undergone, with encouragement from its occupants, what has been described as a "presidentialization", to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state. David S. Donovan felt Canadians mostly consider

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Still, beginning in the later decades of the 20th century, commentators stated that contemporary Canadians had and have a poor understanding of the Canadian monarchy; something the Monarchist League of Canada (MLC) claims opponents of the monarchy exacerbate by spreading disinformation and then take

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I have greatly appreciated the opportunity to discuss the vital process of reconciliation in this country—not a one-off act, of course, but an ongoing commitment to healing, respect and understanding with indigenous and non-indigenous peoples across Canada committing to reflect honestly and openly

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keeps a regularly updated plan for a "broadcast of national importance", announcing the demise of a sovereign and covering the aftermath, during which all regular programming and advertising is cancelled and on-call commentators contribute to a 24-hour news mode. As funerals for Canada's sovereigns,

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and is only entrusted by the sovereign to the government on behalf of the people. This underlines the Crown's role in safeguarding the rights, freedoms, and democratic system of government of Canadians, reinforcing the fact that "governments are the servants of the people and not the reverse". Thus,

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On education, teacher and author Nathan Tidridge asserted that, beginning in the 1960s, the role of the Crown disappeared from provincial education curricula, as the general subject of civics came to receive less attention. He said Canadians are being "educated to be illiterate, ambivalent, or even

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postulated that the role of hereditary chiefs mirrored that of Canada's constitutional monarch, being the representative of "sober second thought and wisdom, not the next political cycle; but, rather, enduring truths and the evolution of our nation through generations." For these reasons, the Crown

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The link between the Crown and Indigenous peoples will sometimes be symbolically expressed through ceremony. Gifts have been frequently exchanged and aboriginal titles have been bestowed upon royal and viceregal figures since the early days of indigenous contact with the Crown. As far back as 1710,

1607:, refused to accept the idea and stressed that the laws of succession were part of Canadian law and, as the Statute of Westminster 1931 disallowed the UK from legislating for Canada, including in relation to succession, altering them required Canada's request and consent to the British legislation ( 5781:

also pointed to the fact that "the Crown's role in the machinery of Canada's constitutional monarchy rarely sees daylight. Only a handful of times in our history has it been subjected to glaring sunshine, unfortunately resulting in a black hole of public understanding as to how it works." He later

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Apart from Canada, the King and other members of the royal family regularly perform public duties in the other 14 Commonwealth realms in which the King is head of state. This situation, however, can mean the monarch and/or members of the royal family will be promoting one nation and not another; a

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The "welfare and service" function of the monarchy is regarded as an important part of the modern monarchy's role and demonstrates a significant change to the institution in recent generations, from a heavily ceremonialized, imperial crown to a "more demotic and visible" head of state "interacting

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Members of the royal family have been present in Canada since the late 18th century, their reasons including participating in military manoeuvres, serving as the federal viceroy, or undertaking official royal tours, which "reinforce country's collective heritage". At least one royal tour has been

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commented on a situation wherein Elizabeth II was in Latin America to promote British goods at the same time a Canadian ministerial trip to the same area was underway to promote Canadian products. Sharp stated: "We couldn't ask Her Majesty to perform the function she was performing for Britain on

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stated, "I am deeply aware of this great inheritance and of the duties and heavy responsibilities of sovereignty, which have now passed to me. In taking up these responsibilities, I shall strive to follow the inspiring example I have been set in upholding constitutional government and to seek the

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Beginning slightly earlier, a "growing interest in the Crown and its prerogatives" was observed, as evidenced by "a burst of articles, books and conferences"; the monarchy attracted increased attention from academics, as well as those involved with the law, government, and public policy. This was

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in France. Over the decades, however, the monarch's children, grandchildren, cousins, and their respective spouses began to also perform functions at the direction of the Canadian Crown-in-Council, representing the monarch within Canada or abroad, in a role specifically as members of the Canadian

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participating in government organized ceremonies either in Canada or elsewhere; sometimes these individuals are employed in asserting Canada's sovereignty over its territories. The advice of the Canadian Cabinet is the impetus for royal participation in any Canadian event, though, at present, the

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and those of the other members of the royal family—and is typically flown from buildings, vessels, and vehicles in which the sovereign is present (although exceptions have been made for its use when the monarch is not in attendance). The royal standard is never flown at half-mast because there is

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arising in it through the late 2010s into the 2020s, when there were some assertions by activists and in the media that the monarchy and the Queen herself represented colonialism and racism and she did not do enough to either prevent or rectify supposed offences. Those who made such claims also,

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called and emailed the office of Governor General Mary Simon to pressure her into dismissing her Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, or dissolving Parliament that Simon made a rare public statement on the role of the governor general. Lagassé pointed to that as "evidence of a recent trend in protest

5554:, Elizabeth made a public statement, saying she "joins with all Canadians to reflect on the painful history that Indigenous peoples endured in residential schools in Canada and on the work that remains to heal and to continue to build an inclusive society." In the same year, the Queen appointed 3874:

are likewise issued in the name of previous or present members of the royal family. Further, organizations will give commemorative gifts to members of the royal family to mark a visit or other important occasion. All Canadian coins bear the image of the monarch reigning at the time of the coin's

3014:, referring to the governor general as the King's stand-in, though, a few tasks must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent from, the King. One of the main duties of the Crown is to "ensure that a democratically elected government is always in place," which means appointing a 2634:

The person of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies). The Crown and the monarch are "conceptually divisible but legally

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stated: "Clause 52(2) is not an exhaustive definition of the Constitution of Canada so that while we have certain things listed in the schedule which are clearly part of the constitution, that does not mean that there are not other things which are part of the constitution is not an exhaustive

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The sovereign similarly only draws from Canadian funds for support in the performance of his duties when in Canada or acting as King of Canada abroad; Canadians do not pay any money to the King or any other member of the royal family, either towards personal income or to support royal residences

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have been regularly conducted since the 1990s. An analysis of these polls in 2008 highlighted an increased disaffection with the monarchy, albeit with internal contradictions in specific polling results, with some criticizing the polling questions for using "inconsistent and sometimes ambiguous

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At the same time, a number of freedoms granted by the constitution to all other Canadians are denied to, or limited for, the monarch and the other senior members of the royal family: freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom to travel, freedom to choose a career, freedom to marry, and

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Prior to the 1970s, Canadians' view of the monarchy was more focused on the person of the monarch than the institution's place in the country's framework. Smith, in 2017, and Jackson, in 2018, observed the shift continuing, especially as "the process of 'Canadianization' of the Crown picked up

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as the first Indigenous governor general in Canadian history. During Charles's tour for his mother's Platinum Jubilee, the BBC's royal correspondent observed that "there no shying away from acknowledging and highlighting the scandalous way many indigenous peoples have been treated in Canada."

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is a republican one inapplicable in a constitutional monarchy such as Canada, where the monarch is the embodiment of the state and thus cannot be head of it, the sovereign is regarded by official government sources, judges, constitutional scholars, and pollsters as the head of state, while the

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immediately upon the previous monarch's death. Since the adoption of the Statute of Westminster it has been considered "constitutionally inappropriate" for Canada's accession proclamations to be approved by a British order-in-council, as the monarch has, since then, assumed the Canadian throne

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But, Canadians were, through the late 1960s to the 2000s, encouraged by federal and provincial governments to "neglect, ignore, forget, reject, debase, suppress, even hate, and certainly treat as foreign what their parents and grandparents, whether spiritual or blood, regarded as the basis of

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wrote in 2003, "the Crown has become irrelevant to most Canadians' understanding of our system of government", which he attributed to the "fault of successive generations of politicians, of an educational system that has never given the institution due study, and of past viceregal incumbents

1973:, issued by King George VI permit the governor general of Canada to exercise almost all of the monarch's powers in respect of Canada, the viceroy is expected to continue to act as the personal representative of the monarch, and not any regent, even if the monarch is a child or incapacitated. 11825: 11763: 4015:

Aside from official artworks, such as monuments and portraits commissioned by government bodies, Canadian painters have, by their own volition or for private organizations, created more expressive, informal depictions of Canada's monarchs and other members of the royal family, ranging from

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The Crown is located beyond politics, existing to give authority to and protect the constitution and system of governance. Power, therefore, rests with an institution that "functions to safeguard it on behalf of all its citizens", rather than any singular individual. The sovereign and his

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Illustrative of this arrangement is property transfers; of this, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources states: "When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the

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Within Quebec, too, the Canadian Crown is frequently misrepresented as the British Crown and that false foreignness used in political, particularly sovereigntist, discourse as an argument in favour of extracting the Crown from Quebec or Quebec from Canada. For instance, in the televised

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at its opening, Queen Elizabeth II stated: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian royal family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory." Princess Anne used it again when speaking at Rideau Hall in 2014, as did the now King Charles in Halifax the same year. Also in 2014,

17007: 4635:. Beyond formalities, members of the royal family have, on occasion, been said by the media and non-governmental organizations to be Canadian, have declared themselves to be Canadian, and some past members have lived in Canada for extended periods as viceroy or for other reasons. 12677:"Media > News Releases and Messages > For the First Time, a Head of State is Officially Welcomed at the Governor General's Residence at the Citadelle: One of the Highlights of the Governor General's Program During Her Stay in Quebec City from September 18 to 24, 2006" 12039: 5326:

undertook her first tour of Canada in 1951, when Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. She would go on to officiate at various moments of importance in the nation's history: She opened Parliament in 1957—on the same tour, delivering, from Rideau Hall, her first-ever

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movements", saying, "it has become routine in Canadian politics to write a letter to the Queen, Governor General, or a lieutenant governor asking them to exercise their powers in some way, contrary to constitutional conventions. This is political theatre, no more."

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It has been held since 1918 that the federal Crown is immune from provincial law. Constitutional convention has also held that the Crown in right of each province is outside the jurisdiction of the courts in other provinces. This view, however, has been questioned.

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on 4 December 2008, it was found that 42 per cent of the sample group thought the prime minister was head of state, while 33 per cent felt it was the governor general. Only 24 per cent named the Queen as head of state, a number up from 2002, when the results of an

3182:. The consent of the Crown must, however, be obtained before either of the houses of Parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign's prerogatives or interests and no act of Parliament binds the King or his rights unless the act states that it does. 1684:"is an imperial statute which ultimately became part of the law of Canada." Upon dismissing appeal of that case, the Court of Appeal of Ontario stated "he rules of succession are a part of the fabric of the constitution of Canada and incorporated into it". 18690: 2905:. The monarchy has thus been described as the underlying principle of Canada's institutional unity and the monarch as a "guardian of constitutional freedoms" whose "job is to ensure that the political process remains intact and is allowed to function." 11829: 11767: 4706:

family "as distinct as the Queen of Canada is from the Queen of the United Kingdom". Jai Patel and Sally Raudon also noted, in 2019, that the purpose of these heraldic banners was to recognize the owners' roles as members of the Canadian royal family.

5515:, the Queen expressed her support for all Canadians and thanks to those who were caring for the vulnerable and providing essential services. As the pandemic waned into 2022, celebrations were mounted around the country and throughout the year to mark 2733:; Franks has hence recommended that the governor general be named officially as the head of state. Still others view the role of head of state as being shared by both the sovereign and his viceroys. Since 1927, governors general have been received on 1173:

in each province) represent the sovereign in Canada and are able to carry out most of the royal governmental duties, even when the monarch is in the country Nevertheless, the monarch can carry out Canadian constitutional and ceremonial duties abroad.

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being a part of all equally. The Crown thus links the various governments into a federal state, while it is simultaneously also "divided" into 11 legal jurisdictions, or 11 "crowns"—one federal and 10 provincial—with the monarch taking on a distinct

5965:. There are also other organizations that support and advocate the monarchy, such as the Institute for the Study of the Crown in Canada, the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, the Friends of the Canadian Crown, Canadian Friends of the Royal Family, the 4495:, featuring caricatures of Queen Elizabeth II; Prince William, Prince of Wales; and Catherine, Princess of Wales. Specific mention is made of "the Queen of Canada" and "the Canadian royal family". The show subsequently, in the second episode of the 1194:

in 1931. Since then, the Crown has had both a shared and a separate character: the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada has been distinct from his or her position as monarch of any other realm, including the United Kingdom. Only Canadian federal

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The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, described as "the personal expression of the Crown in Canada," and his image is thus used to signify Canadian sovereignty and government authority—his image, for instance, appearing on

5932:—which mandates that any major constitutional amendment, such as any change to the monarchy, must receive unanimous consent of the Senate, the House of Commons, and all 10 provincial legislative assemblies—and treaties between the Crown and 3991:

contended in 2009 that the Crown's nature permitted non-conformity amongst its subjects, thereby opening the door to multiculturalism and pluralism. Johnston described the Crown as providing "space for our values and beliefs as Canadians."

10009: 12332:"The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June 1953" 1177:

The evolution of the role of the governor general from being both a representative of the sovereign and an "agent of the British government" who " in matters deemed to be of 'imperial' concern... acted on the instructions of the British

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ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of

1850:, at that time proceeding in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In dismissing a challenge to the law on the basis that a change to the succession in Canada would require unanimous consent of all provinces under section 41(a) of the 6482:

Gary Toffoli opined, "the Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels She is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the

4828:, which was given to her by British Columbia in 1958. She offered it back to the province on permanent loan in 1961, which was accepted in 1966, and the island and surrounding waters eventually became Princess Margaret Marine Park. 14848: 6445:

Robert E. Hawkins called this "inefficient efficiency", which can "be placed alongside the other oxymorons that convention embeds in our constitution, oxymorons like loyal opposition, liberal democracy, and constitutional monarchy

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are conducted by the federal and provincial governments across Canada. Such ceremonies may also be held for other recently deceased members of the royal family. The day of the sovereign's funeral is likely to be a federal holiday.

1298:, requiring the sovereign to be Anglican, and the monarch encouraging people "to tolerate, accept, and understand cultures, beliefs, and faiths different from our own"), and the welfare and service monarchy (seen in members of the 8469: 938:

and, in this capacity, he and other members of the royal family undertake public and private functions domestically and abroad as representatives of Canada. However, the monarch is the only member of the royal family with any

5369:, which attempted to bring Quebec governmental support to the patriated constitution. The accord failed, prompting Elizabeth to deliver a nationally-broadcast speech in Ottawa supporting Canadian unity. In the lead-up to the 1536:

The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the rules of succession to their respective crowns requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes, such as the

3858:, established by Charles III when Prince of Wales, some other charities and volunteer organizations have also been founded as gifts to, or in honour of, some of Canada's monarchs or members of the royal family, such as the 3065:

in 1926 and when, in 2008, the Governor General took some hours to decide whether or not to accept her Prime Minister's advice to prorogue Parliament to avoid a vote of non-confidence. The prerogative powers have also been

2517:

ruled in 1997 that "the Crown has the capacities and powers of a natural person" and its actions as a natural person are, as with the actions of any natural person, subject to judicial review. Further, it was determined in

20566: 6712:, that Canada felt like a "home away from home"; in the same year, she remarked, "I have always felt not only welcome but at home in Canada." Similarly, the Queen said in 2010, in Nova Scotia, "it is very good to be home". 1329: 18831: 1680:, is "part of the laws of Canada" and the rules of succession are "by necessity incorporated into the Constitution of Canada". Another ruling of the Ontario Superior Court, in 2014, echoed the 2003 case, stating that the 9652: 3347:

of the Crown, the aboriginal bands were autonomous political units in a "nation-to-nation" association with non-native governments, with the monarch as the intermediary. The agreements with the Crown are administered by

15928:"Canada Remembers > Memorials to Canadians' Achievements and Sacrifices > First World War Memorials in Europe > Vimy Memorial > The Battle of Vimy Ridge > The Canadian National Vimy Memorial – Fast Facts" 10532:"Canada Remembers > Memorials to Canadians' Achievements and Sacrifices > First World War Memorials in Europe > Vimy Memorial > The Battle of Vimy Ridge > The Canadian National Vimy Memorial - Fast Facts" 2740: 1976:

This has led to the question of whether the governor general has the ability to remove themselves and appoint their viceregal successor in the monarch's name. While Lagassé argued that appears to be the case, both the

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role. The monarch lives in the United Kingdom and, while several powers are the sovereign's alone, most of the royal governmental and ceremonial duties in Canada are carried out by the monarch's representative, the

13158:

Canada Symbols of Sovereignty: An investigation of the arms and seals borne from the earliest times to the present in connection with public authority in and over Canada. along with consideration of some connected

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Just as in 1957, when I last visited the UN, I shall be travelling from this Northern Realm as Queen of Canada, a country whose whole-hearted commitment to the United Nations throughout its history is without

6641:. The latter couple has two children, 19th and 20th in line to the throne as of 2024, who each hold dual Canadian and British citizenship, as do the three children of George Windsor, though only the youngest, 2526:

The governor general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of his federal prime minister and the lieutenant governors are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the federal prime minister. The

2897:—acting under the sovereign's authority, which is entrusted for exercise by the politicians (the elected and appointed parliamentarians and the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them) and the 1838:, which proposed changes to the rules governing succession to remove male preference and removal of disqualification arising from marriage to a Roman Catholic. As a result, the Canadian Parliament passed the 10469:

McCreery, Christopher (2012), "Myth and Misunderstanding: The Origins and Meaning of the Letters Patent Constituting the Office of the Governor General, 1947", in Smith, Jennifer; Jackson, D Michael (eds.),

6583:

that Latin American trip because the Queen is never recognized as Queen of Canada, except when she is in Canada." The Queen's participation in Canadian events overseas contradicts Sharp's statement, however.

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in Canadian law. In 1947, the King in his Canadian Council gave the same consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, again separate from the approval he gave in his British Council.

18762: 13013: 11581: 19412: 6900: 16148: 15927: 10531: 3496:, the Crown holds sovereignty over the whole of Canada, including reservation and traditional lands. However, by some interpretations of case law from the same court, the chiefs have jurisdiction over 21536: 13239: 7581: 1595:

at the time, wishing for speed so as to avoid embarrassing debate in Dominion parliaments, suggested that the governments of the Dominions of the British Commonwealth—then Australia, New Zealand, the

3497: 15052: 6701:, said in 1951 that, when in Canada, she was "amongst fellow countrymen" and, after acceding to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, she, when departing the United States for Canada in 1983, stated to 3962:

articulated in 1967 that the monarchy "stands for qualities and institutions which mean Canada to every one of us and which, for all our differences and all our variety, have kept Canada Canadian."

3784:

and the orders, decorations, and medals form "an integral element of the Crown." Hence, the insignia and medallions for these awards bear a crown, cypher, and/or portrait of the monarch. Similarly,

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hostile toward our constitutional monarchy". The MLC agreed, stating Canada has "an educational system which unfortunately often fails to provide comprehensive knowledge of Canada's constitution."

10017: 3465:

who represent different houses or clans and whose chieftaincies are passed down intergenerationally; most First Nations have a hereditary system. The positions are rooted in traditional models of

26663: 11919: 6658:

As early as 1959, it was recognized that the then-reigning Queen, Eliabeth II, was "equally at home in all her realms"; By the 1960s, loyal societies in Canada recognized the Elizabeth's cousin,

2551:

Lieutenant governors do not enjoy the same immunity as the sovereign in matters not relating to the powers of the viceregal office, as decided in the case of former Lieutenant Governor of Quebec

1603:, and Canada—regard whoever was monarch of the UK to automatically be monarch of their respective Dominion. As with the other Dominion governments, the Canadian Cabinet, headed by Prime Minister 1505:

again. In some provinces, though, those holding Crown offices must swear the Oath to the new sovereign. All references in federal legislation to previous monarchs, whether in the masculine (e.g.

14932:"Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > Royal Visit of the Prince of Wales > Are You an "Ace" at Kings and Queens?: A children's quiz on monarchy in Canada" 14884: 1891:, criticized McWhinney's proposal for its ignorance of provincial input and opined that its implementation "would be contrary to the plain purpose of those who framed our system of government." 22705: 5966: 3138:, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. Either figure or a delegate may perform this task and the constitution allows the viceroy the option of deferring assent to the sovereign. 23260: 18336: 14061: 6837:

Lagassé said, "you would need to have Indigenous peoples involved and consulted properly as well, in particular, since their treaty rights are understood to flow from treaties with the Crown."

1854:, Quebec Superior Court Justice Claude Bouchard ruled that Canada "did not have to change its laws nor its constitution for the British royal succession rules to be amended and effective" and 5492:

proved popular with Canadians across the country, though Canada's first republican organization since the 1830s was also founded that year. Celebrations took place across the country to mark

4211:. Despite great controversy when it was first exhibited, it "has become a Canadian cultural image; the people's image". Pachter, subsequently made numerous variations on the theme, including 2631:

and is meant to represent all Canadians, regardless of political affiliation. As such, he, along with his or her viceregal representatives, must "remain strictly neutral in political terms".

10997: 19173:

Rideau Hall, the official residence in Ottawa of both the Canadian monarch and the Governor General of Canada—Buchan's last home and where he suffered the stroke that resulted in his death.

3419: 2826:, with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version, which was employed in Canada before the granting of the Canadian arms in 1921. 1924: 10097: 5785:

John Pepall argued in 1990 that, among all this, a "Liberal-inspired republican misconception of the role" of governor general had taken root, though the Conservative government headed by

3831:

through participation in events both at home and abroad. The monarch also serves as the Commissioner-in-Chief, and Prince Edward and Princess Anne as Honorary Deputy Commissioners, of the

20351: 5589:, stating she "mourn with all Canadians at this tragic time." Elizabeth reigned for almost half of Canada's history since Confederation, being only the sixth Canadian monarch since 1867. 3982:

said in 1970 that anti-monarchists claimed the Canadian Crown is foreign and incompatible with Canada's multicultural society, which the government promoted as a Canadian identifier, and

11227:

Chief Myles Venne and all of the Councllors of the Lac La Ronge Indian Band v. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of the Province of Saskatchewan

10040: 2539:, which may seek input from the relevant premier and provincial or territorial community, proposes candidates for appointment as governor general, lieutenant governor, and commissioner. 8341: 6246:

granted royal assent to four bills on 19 May 2005, while Queen Elizabeth II was touring Saskatchewan and Alberta to mark the 100th anniversary of those provinces joining Confederation.

5496:

in 2012, the first such event in Canada since that for Victoria in 1897. On 9 September 2015, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in Canadian history (preceded only by King

3950:, traditions, and shared values, "around which coheres the nation's sense of a continuing personality". This infusion of monarchy into Canadian governance and society helps strengthen 9384: 1231:

and, when he and other members of the royal family are acting in public specifically as representatives of Canada, they use, where possible, Canadian symbols, including the country's

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The one federal and 10 provincial viceroys, along with the three territorial commissioners, at their annual meeting in 2016, accompanied by their respective partners and secretaries

1243:, and the like, as well as Canadian Forces aircraft or other Canadian-owned vehicles for travel. Once in Canadian airspace, or arrived at a Canadian event taking place abroad, the 20556: 19156: 18822: 16086: 12842: 8216: 6492:

As Peter Boyce put it: "The Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch; but, standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person."

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though, mistook the independent Canadian Crown as the British Crown in Canada and demonstrated a misunderstanding of the Crown-Indigenous peoples relationship and the workings of

5380:

Members of the royal family continued to be present at important national events through the decades: the Queen in 1970, 1971, and 1973, respectively, marked the anniversaries of

4219:(1988). The artist said, "there was an amazing symmetry of putting the sovereign of her northern realm (Canada) on an animal who is the 'monarch of the north, awkward but majestic 18716: 13208: 25371: 16705: 16471:"Subjects > Citizenship and Identity > Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Reinforcement of constitutional links with the institutions of the Canadian Monarchy" 10259: 9836: 9658: 4890:

for the Queen, the King's honorary physician, the King's honorary dental surgeon, and the King's honorary nursing officer—the latter three being drawn from the Canadian Forces.

3161:

specifies that it does not curtail the Crown's powers. The new parliamentary session is marked by either the monarch, governor general, or some other representative reading the

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While the government houses are the King's official residences in Canada, they are almost exclusively occupied by the sovereign's representative in each of those jurisdictions.

5988:

are officially in favour of abolishing the monarchy (the Conservative Party cite support for constitutional monarchy as a founding principle in its policy declaration) and the

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called Prince Edward a member of the Canadian royal family. By 2011, both Canadian and British media were referring to "Canada's royal family" or the "Canadian royal family".

1476:

is responsible for convening Parliament, tabling a resolution of loyalty and condolence from Parliament to the new monarch, and arranging for the motion to be seconded by the

1251:(RCMP), and other Canadian officials will take over from whichever of their other realms' counterparts were previously escorting the King or other member of the royal family. 20374: 14630:"Aboriginal Peoples & Communities > Royal Commission Report on Aboriginal Peoples > Volume 2 – Restructuring the Relationship: Part One: 2.6.1 A Royal Proclamation" 9728: 5629:, he found it difficult to "find anyone who could talk knowledgeably about the subject". Former Governors General Clarkson and Johnston made similar observations and Senator 5343:, in 1982. That act is said to have entrenched the monarchy in Canada, due to the stringent amending formula that must be followed in order to alter the monarchy in any way. 5177:

inspired the country's leaders to push for greater independence from the King in his British Council, resulting in the creation of the uniquely Canadian monarchy through the

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idea of monarchy. Indeed, early European explorers often considered territories belonging to different aboriginal groups to be kingdoms—such as along the north shore of the

9219: 26656: 21964: 20253: 3679:

regimental and maritime badges and rank insignia, is also used to illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, the latter without referring to any specific monarch.

3053:. However, the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers and the royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional 657: 436: 14328: 7724: 4557:

and owe their allegiance specifically to the reigning king or queen of Canada. There is no legal definition of who is or is not a member of the royal family; though, the

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Canadian nationhood, autonomy, and history", including the monarchy. resulting in a disconnect between the Canadian populace and their monarch. Former Governor General

3967:

I want the Crown in Canada to represent everything that is best and most admired in the Canadian ideal. I will continue to do my best to make it so during my lifetime.

3924:, foundation of the Canadian Heraldic Authority, royal standards for other members of the royal family, and the like, Canada, along with New Zealand, is one of the two 3175:, illustrating that, while its members are opposed to the incumbent government, they remain loyal to the sovereign (as personification of the state and its authority). 1020:

and represent the "power of the people above government and political parties". Put another way, the Crown functions as the guarantor of Canada's continuous and stable

996:

the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is normally limited, with the sovereign typically exercising executive authority only with the

28797: 24985: 24722: 13799: 8440: 5874:, claimed in 2022, "we cannot overlook that she represented an institution, the British Crown, that has caused significant harm to Quebecers and Indigenous nations." 16435: 13021: 9815: 1823:, these were not part of the Canadian constitution, which "does not contain rules for succession to the throne." Richard Toporoski, writing three years later for the 24863: 23726: 23065: 21595: 21561: 6242:

on 17 October 1977, while Queen Elizabeth II was in Ottawa to deliver the Speech from the Throne at the opening of the third session on 18 October. Governor General

3598:

are, as part of the State Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Program, responsible for orchestrating any official events in or for Canada that involve the royal family.

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using all his paintings that include members of the royal family, which he called "my branded images for Canada." Some were featured on accessory items sold at the

3800:

in Canada. Use of the royal crown in such symbols is a gift from the monarch showing royal support and/or association and requires his approval before being added.

10798: 8395: 8348: 8319: 2400: 3325:

are those in Canada, which date to the beginning of the 18th century. Today, the main guide for relations between the monarchy and Canadian First Nations is King

28479: 26649: 25761: 24050: 23860: 21328: 17259: 14833: 4339:, and so on. Hoey had previously painted Elizabeth, in formal attire and tiara, holding a hockey stick in front of a Hudson's Bay point blanket; the work titled 3257: 1111: 19935: 11609: 11587: 8572: 3518:), band chiefs do not hold the cultural authority of hereditary chiefs, who often serve as knowledge-keepers, responsible for the upholding of a First Nation's 2692:

and, as the embodiment of the state, is also the focus of oaths of allegiance, required of many of the aforementioned employees of the Crown, as well as by new

2462:

in each. As such, the constitution instructs that any change to the position of the monarch or his or her representatives in Canada requires the consent of the

2068: 25453: 19421: 9051: 2865:, wherein the role of the King is both legal and practical, but not political. The sovereign is vested with all the powers of state, collectively known as the 21229: 20472: 16152: 8733: 7299: 3574:

when she was in Ottawa and broke from the royal party to speak directly to gathered veterans. Usually important milestones, anniversaries, or celebrations of

16499: 15503: 15310: 14332: 14152: 7590: 3570:

with the general population far beyond confined court circles." As such, a prominent feature of tours are royal walkabouts; a tradition initiated in 1939 by

11698: 26628: 26121: 23714: 22112: 17982: 15058: 14712: 12534: 8937: 1646: 1618: 22969: 20225: 10128: 7849: 6969: 25486: 25378: 24940: 23783: 22607: 21184: 13255: 11408: 11375: 11124: 6348: 4659: 2842:

always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly. Elements of the royal arms have also been incorporated into the

2412:

lie in the early 17th century, during which time the monarch in England fought with parliament there over who had ultimate authority, culminating in the

1967:

had no applicability to Canada, as the Canadian Cabinet had not requested otherwise when the act was passed that year and again in 1943 and 1953. As the

1609: 1303: 670: 309: 21353: 15931: 14931: 10535: 9078: 25756: 22711: 18278: 13894: 8611:

R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998)

6540:

Though the royal family represents other countries abroad, as directed by their respective cabinets, and typically the governor general will undertake

5377:

into revealing her desire to see the "no" side win, offering to help however she could. Elizabeth followed the results closely on the day of the vote.

3908:

Throughout the 1970s, symbols of the monarch and monarchy were slowly removed from the public eye. For instance, the Queen's portrait was seen less in

1787: 1200:

establishment, though it is still often denoted as "British" in both legal and common language, for reasons historical, political, and of convenience.

23128:

Munro, Kenneth (1977). Coates, Colin (ed.). "The Crown and French Canada: The role of the Governors-General in Making the Crown relevant, 1867–1917".

18344: 17684: 13631: 20644: 14065: 9523: 5902:

proposing that the "House express its desire to sever ties between the Canadian state and the British monarchy." This motion was defeated 266 to 44.

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Journalist Christina Blizzard emphasized in 2009 that the monarchy "made a haven of peace and justice for immigrants from around the world", while

26922: 25599: 25366: 24717: 23778: 23721: 23618: 22358: 20596: 12973: 11407:

McCreery, Christopher (2013), "Confidante and Chief of Staff: The Governor General's Secretary", in Jackson, D. Michael; Lagassé, Philippe (eds.),

11001: 10868: 4162: 3843: 3645: 1963:

or debilitated; none have been passed by the Canadian Parliament and it was made clear by successive cabinets since 1937 that the United Kingdom's

960:. As territories fall under the federal jurisdiction, they each have a commissioner, rather than a lieutenant governor, who represents the federal 14686: 12488: 10233: 4285:

on 20.3 by 25.4 centimetre (eight by 10 inch) boards. Among them are numerous depictions of Queen Elizabeth II with other Canadian icons, such as

25237: 22855: 22508: 22308: 19746: 16530: 13172:

Hicks, Bruce M. (2010). "Use of Non-Traditional Evidence: A case study using heraldry to examine competing theories for Canada's Confederation".

11930: 11186: 10071: 6745: 6367:

Gary Toffoli of the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust stated that the approval given by the Queen in her Canadian Council in 1981 to the marriage of

6144: 5926:

Outside of academic circles, there has been little national debate on the monarchy. The position of monarch in Canada is highly protected by the

5296:(the King's uncle) supported the war effort in Canada. The men were occasionally assisted in their efforts by other members of the royal family. 5213: 5009:

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is tasked with providing security to the sovereign, the governor general (starting from when he or she is made

4835: 461: 385: 23422: 18487:

Waite, P. B. (2000). "Campbell, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland, Marquess of Lorne and 9th Duke of Argyll". In English, John (ed.).

13573: 5825: 2932:. Upon a change of government, the seal is temporarily returned to the governor general and then "lent" to the next incoming registrar general. 2420:, which, as mentioned elsewhere in this article, is today part of Canadian constitutional law. This brought to Canada the British notion of the 26937: 19382: 18854: 17844: 16353: 15625: 15372: 15232: 11374:

Hawkins, Robert E. (2013), ""Inefficient efficiency": The Use of Vice-Regal Reserve Powers", in Jackson, D. Michael; Lagassé, Philippe (eds.),

10048: 6659: 5181:, which was granted royal assent in 1931. Only five years later, Canada had three successive kings in the space of one year, with the death of 4278: 380: 20720: 14777: 12850: 12705: 10392: 9936:

Minutes of the Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and of the House of Commons on the Constitution of Canada

7952: 7749: 7537: 6464:

said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians," a concept akin to that expressed by King

28587: 26217: 23740: 23690: 20169: 20117: 19468: 18279:"Loyal Societies Dinner in Honor of Princess Alexandra. Remarks by Douglas M. Gowdy. The Loyal Societies Toast to Canada by Col. B.J. Legge." 16007: 12445:"In the Wake of Constitutional Crisis: New Survey Demonstrates that Canadians Lack Basic Understanding of Our Country's Parliamentary System" 10699: 5887: 5531: 4954: 4512: 3867: 3382: 3219: 3077:, the accreditation of Canadian high commissioners and ambassadors and receipt of similar diplomats from foreign states, and the issuance of 2536: 1883:, another constitutional scholar, argued that a then-future government of Canada could begin a process of phasing out the monarchy after the 18402: 16740: 15900: 15873: 13278: 12593: 10673: 4553:

The Canadian royal family is the group of people who are comparatively closely related to the country's monarch and, as such, belong to the

28653: 27527: 27355: 27270: 27009: 26793: 26370: 25841: 25502: 25182: 24010: 23865: 23642: 21905: 17536:

Atherton, Tony (11 October 2002), "Rooting for Rideau Hall: Bette MacDonald stars as a spaced-out boogie mama appointed as head of state",

15142: 13214: 7673: 3073:

The royal prerogative further extends to foreign affairs, including the ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and

1855: 834: 531: 187: 18546:"Governor General > Former Governors General > Field Marshal His Royal Highness the Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn" 17416: 17330: 14100: 12444: 11494:, Royal Treatment: The Crown's Special Status in Administrative Law, vol. 22, Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies, p. 87 10454:

Lagassé, Philippe; Baud, Patrick (2015), "The Crown and Constitutional Amendment in Canada", in Bédard, Michel; Lagassé, Philippe (eds.),

5597: 4259: 2048: 1933: 25384: 23990: 23709: 23702: 23453: 20143: 19330: 14629: 14202: 10152:

Yaffe, Barbara; "Ditching royals is easy, expert says When Queen ends her reign, Canada can just fail to proclaim Charles as the king";

8224: 7906: 5229: 5153:

After the Canadian colonies of France were, via war and treaties, ceded to the British Crown, and the population was greatly expanded by

3586: 3229:

is instead performed in trust and in the King's name by officers of His Majesty's court. Common law holds the notion that the sovereign "

2847: 2610: 1990: 1804: 427: 22253: 20964: 20422: 19304:"Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > Royal Visit 2001 > Getting to Know the Prince(s) of Wales" 16090: 13044: 9109: 8013:

landed somewhere along the North American coast (most likely Nova Scotia or Newfoundland) claiming an undefined extent of land for King

5890:, asked the panel, with "incredulous chuckles", "should we still, in Quebec, swear allegiance to the British Crown, thus Charles III ?" 2885:, with the monarch being the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government—the 26129: 25604: 22085: 21484: 19779: 18518: 17732: 17052: 16714: 7358: 6721: 6544:

and other foreign duties on behalf of the Queen of Canada, members of the royal family will also take part in Canadian events overseas.

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in 1887 that the federal Cabinet did not advise the Crown to create an associated medal. In response, six provinces produced their own

5018: 3828: 3353: 3006: 2971: 2955: 2532: 2089:

to foreign countries have been made by the monarch as the sovereign of Canada (sometimes representing other realms on the same visit):

1477: 1464:

also follows, during which portraits of the recently deceased monarch are draped with black fabric and staff at government houses wear

541: 477: 422: 9840: 9140: 8634: 4627:

when they are in need of protection or aid outside of the Commonwealth realms, as well as, since 2013, substantive appointment to the

3578:

will warrant the presence of the monarch, while other members of the royal family will be asked to participate in lesser occasions. A

3124:

All laws in Canada are the monarch's and the sovereign is one of the three components of the Parliament of Canada—formally called the

2776:

survey showed only 5 per cent of those polled knew the Queen was head of state (69 per cent answered that it was the prime minister).

1625:

was a part of the law in each Dominion. Thus, Order-in-Council P.C. 3144 was issued, expressing the Cabinet's request and consent for

1501:, officials who hold a federal office under the Crown are not affected by the death of the monarch, nor are they required to take the 28921: 25870: 25227: 25207: 24100: 24070: 24005: 21383: 19303: 17112: 17083: 15112: 14400: 5992:

has no official position on the role of the Crown. Only some members of Parliament belonging to these parties and the leaders of the

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and distinguish it from American identity, a difference that has existed since at least 1864, when it was a factor in the Fathers of

3781: 3310: 3089: 2940: 1012:. There are, though, cases where the sovereign or their representative would have a duty to act directly and independently under the 23137:

Munro, Kenneth (March 2001). "Canada as Reflected in her Participation in the Coronation of her Monarchs in the Twentieth Century".

20013: 19569: 18545: 17761: 17513: 16313: 12105:

Twomey, Anne (17 September 2020), "Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms", in Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (eds.),

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came under the hegemony of the British monarchy which ultimately evolved into the Canadian monarchy of today. With the exception of

910: 27424: 25418: 23654: 21054: 19815: 18656:

Palmer, Sean (2018), "The Path to Nationalization: How the Realms Have Made the Monarchy Their Own", in Jackson, D. Michael (ed.),

18120: 17900: 16197: 16112: 15576: 13854: 11231: 10954: 10267: 10171: 9737: 9609: 9165: 8065: 6761: 5445: 5293: 2823: 2449:

Canada's monarchy was established at Confederation, when its executive government and authority were declared, in section 9 of the

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read the royal proclamation aloud. If Parliament is in session, the Prime Minister will announce the demise of the Crown there and

402: 19253: 18572: 17137: 16470: 14957: 14363: 13384: 3248:

offences against the Crown. Since 1878, the prerogative of pardon has always been exercised upon the recommendation of ministers.

27742: 26094: 25961: 25354: 23946: 23666: 23630: 23613: 20842: 20327: 20002:(Special Commemorative Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years ed.), Rogers Communications, p. 72 19543: 19408: 18934: 18886: 18657: 18240: 18079: 16647: 6614: 6134: 5578: 4697:

While Heard observed in 2018 that no direct legal action has, so far, created a Canadian royal family, he also asserted that the

4258:

had it removed to construct more seating, stating, "if people want to see pictures of the Queen, they can go to an art gallery."

4144: 4030: 3067: 2635:

indivisible The office cannot exist without the office-holder", so, even in private, the monarch is always "on duty". The terms

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committed Canada to having a line of succession symmetrical to those of other Commonwealth realms. The ruling was upheld by the

27014: 26927: 26882: 25940: 25932: 25751: 25476: 25242: 23872: 23678: 20498: 18160: 17026: 14340: 13600: 6278: 5734: 5299: 5281: 4918: 4821: 3921: 2843: 2535:, but, as the territories are not sovereign entities, the commissioners are not personal representatives of the sovereign. The 1394:

Upon the death of the monarch, there is an immediate and automatic succession by the late sovereign's heir; hence the phrase, "

23160:"Lipset's "Continental Divide" and the Ideological Basis for Differences in Higher Education between Canada and United States" 18008: 16884:"Lipset's "Continental Divide" and the Ideological Basis for Differences in Higher Education between Canada and United States" 14578: 14021:

Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (17 September 2020), "If the Queen Has No Reserve Powers Left, What Is the Modern Monarchy For?",

13948: 13081: 10741: 9710:

Order-in-Council regarding Canadian Request and Consent for Enactment of United Kingdom Legislation altering Succession (1936)

7122: 5625:, that this is part of a wider ignorance about Canadian civics and Hugo Cyr agreed, while Smith researched for his 1995 book, 807: 27794: 27349: 26832: 26481: 25428: 25088: 23528: 23249: 23230: 23112: 22917: 22842: 22688: 22662: 22642: 22617: 22590: 22570: 22467: 22444: 21460: 21194: 21101: 20878: 20450: 19357: 19166: 19083: 19043: 18944: 18896: 18667: 18471: 18250: 17819: 16619: 15826: 15685: 15451: 15156: 15003: 14807: 13807: 13666: 13249: 12720: 11996: 11866: 11808: 11743: 11418: 11385: 11332: 11134: 10586: 9466: 9439: 8795: 8680: 8448: 7718: 7512: 6963: 6646: 6085: 5605: 4899: 4005: 1395: 1208: 1037: 616: 612: 28936: 27759: 21537:"NDP MP Angus working with Minister Bennett to convince Pope to apologize for Catholic Church's role in residential schools" 19516: 18052: 15284: 15023: 13210:

Public Register of Arms, Flags, and Badges > Registration of the Flag of Her Majesty the Queen for personal use in Canada

12950: 12752: 3527:

maintains formal relations with Canada's hereditary chiefs, including on matters relating to treaty rights and obligations.

1016:

to prevent genuinely unconstitutional acts. In these respects, the sovereign and his viceroys are custodians of the Crown's

26979: 25491: 24025: 23685: 22851: 20695: 19223: 17885:

Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, Privy Council, and Order of Preference

16447: 13494: 11656: 10839: 9821: 6618: 1486: 682: 598: 363: 23394: 21567: 18313: 16713:. The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options. Kingston: Queen's University Press. p. 1. Archived from 13546: 13130: 12900: 12873: 12623: 8119: 6862: 5516: 3400: 147: 28247: 26872: 26733: 26536: 26137: 25495: 25359: 24499: 24129: 23637: 23601: 22029: 14534: 12221: 12036:

Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly - 1996-Apr-10 - Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995

11613: 8977: 6757: 6708:, "I'm going home to Canada tomorrow". In 2005, Elizabeth said she agreed with the statement earlier made by her mother, 5999: 5830: 5539: 5370: 3838:

A number of Canadian civilian organizations have association with the monarchy, either through their being founded via a

3760: 2960: 2514: 1902:, Catholics are barred from succeeding to the throne; this prohibition has been upheld twice by Canadian courts, once in 755: 652: 314: 227: 22477:

Buckner, Phillip (2005), "The Last Great Royal Tour: Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Tour to Canada", in Buckner, Phillip (ed.),

17228: 14746: 10802: 8580: 8403: 7145: 6346:

The only Canadian monarch to abdicate, Edward VIII, did so with the authorization of the Canadian government granted in

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The governor general is further responsible for summoning the House of Commons, while either the viceroy or monarch can

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Jakson, D. Michael (8 February 2020), "Introduction: The Crown in a Time of Transition", in Jackson, D. Michael (ed.),

14803: 14625: 13993: 12812: 12650: 11979: 10737: 7325: 6737: 6697:) asserted, "I want Canada to look upon me as a Canadian, if not actually by birth, yet certainly in mind and spirit." 6622: 6354: 6006:

The idea of a uniquely Canadian monarch, either one descended from the House of Windsor or coming from a First Nations

5814: 5593: 5221: 5150:, the Canadian Crown is one of the few that have survived through uninterrupted succession since before its inception. 4825: 4250:

Portraits of Elizabeth II hung in several hockey arenas across Canada after her accession in 1952. One was in place in

3314: 2996: 2395: 1840: 1631: 1580: 1513:), continue to mean the reigning sovereign of Canada, regardless of his or her gender. This is because, in common law, 1418: 1319: 953: 647: 272: 238: 17: 22807: 19943: 19490: 16973: 14662: 14022: 13693: 12106: 11486: 11249: 10777: 10486: 9979: 9342: 6596:, inspections of the troops, and anniversaries of key battles; whenever the sovereign or a member of his family is in 5489: 4638: 932:, each country's monarchy is separate and legally distinct. As a result, the current monarch is officially titled the 28977: 28643: 28580: 27517: 26847: 26783: 26350: 26210: 25886: 25433: 25267: 25172: 24438: 24095: 24020: 24015: 24000: 23270: 23206: 23075: 23054: 23029: 22897: 22760: 22738: 22521: 22488: 22453: 22426: 22371: 22285: 21682: 20059: 20017: 19224:"Media > Fact Sheets > Collection of Art and Furniture at Rideau Hall > The Crown Collection at Rideau Hall" 19186: 17774: 17164: 15412: 14461: 14235: 14110: 14035: 12266: 12119: 10930: 10619: 9960: 9781: 8785: 6675: 6663: 5846: 5543: 5217: 4914: 4798: 4393: 4367: 3909: 2745: 1894:

Certain aspects of the succession rules have been challenged in the courts. For example, under the provisions of the

1673: 1494: 1481: 504: 282: 20668: 19113: 18030: 14598:

Hall, Anthony J., "Native Peoples > Native Peoples, General > Indian Treaties", in Marsh, James Harley (ed.),

13655:

Russell, Peter (1983). "Bold Statecraft, Questionable Jurisprudence". In Banting, Keith G.; Simeon, Richard (eds.).

9055: 5805:

Some Canadians have taken the opposite extreme view of the Crown's powers, such as when, in 2013, the leader of the

4805:

and decommissioned in 1994, included a residential apartment for the sovereign or governor general in the case of a

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Conversely, unofficial duties are performed by royal family members for Canadian organizations of which they may be

2523:

justiciable, though, only when the "subject matter affects the rights or legitimate expectations of an individual".

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Culture, history, and sport > Canadian identity and society > Monarchy and the Crown > The Crown in Canada

8759: 8737: 7985: 7420: 7303: 6765: 6709: 6562: 6071: 5962: 5957:

Canada has two special-interest groups representing the debate, who occasionally argue the issue in the media: the

5911: 5520: 5477: 5355: 5312: 5277: 5249: 4891: 4632: 4546: 4442: 4059: 3605: 3601: 3571: 3109: 1846: 1692: 1592: 1435: 1315: 827: 21277: 16512: 15178: 14748:

Presentation to the Members of the Committee to Examine Matters Relating to the Accession of Quebec to Sovereignty

12926:

Jackson, Michael (2002). "Political Paradox: The Lieutenant Governor in Saskatchewan". In Leeson, Howard A (ed.).

10576: 8342:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 7781: 6010:, has been proffered as an alternative. However, there has been no popular or official support for such a change. 2708:

Oath, wherein he or she promises to govern the people of Canada "according to their respective laws and customs".

1123: 28613: 27460: 27004: 26693: 26248: 26169: 25955: 25631: 25127: 24888: 24110: 23877: 23649: 23446: 21160: 20221: 20113: 14927: 14298: 13495:"Dinner in Honour of His Excellency, the Right Honourable Roland Michener C.C., C.D., Governor General of Canada" 13325:"Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence" 11565: 7853: 6949: 6667: 6461: 5730: 5493: 5409: 5308: 4683: 4671: 4651: 4236: 3655:, and his portrait in government buildings. The sovereign is further both mentioned in and the subject of songs, 3595: 1240: 375: 22948: 22927: 22116: 20398: 17986: 16283: 14062:"Parliament > Officers and Officials of Parliament > Procedural Officers and Senior Officials > Senate" 11046: 9276: 8941: 5845:

The relationship between Canada's Indigenous peoples and the monarch remains unchanged, aside from the issue of

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and he and any of his descendants were removed from the line of succession by Order-in-Council PC 3144 and the

1244: 573: 487: 21753: 20935: 20165: 19386: 17306: 17187: 16651: 15135:"Prince Charles and Camilla's tour ends in the Northwest Territories today. Latest updates on the royal visit" 12416: 7096: 6953: 4101: 482: 28972: 28967: 28962: 27876: 26837: 25993: 25846: 25619: 24536: 24339: 24090: 23908: 23673: 20618: 16234: 16175: 16046: 14935: 14478: 13235: 9086: 7812: 5943: 5834: 5798:

attributed to the coincidental occurrence of publicly prominent events over a number of years, including the

5186: 5030: 4977: 4922: 4620: 4317: 3832: 3489:—and the leaders of these communities were referred to as kings, particularly those chosen through heredity. 3482: 3202:

The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all his subjects and is thus traditionally deemed the

1888: 1588: 1497:

in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual but one not necessary for a sovereign to reign. Under the federal

1248: 319: 23399: 20787: 20090: 19839: 18290: 14834:"A speech by HRH The Prince Of Wales during a Welcome Ceremony at Confederation Building, St John's, Canada" 13903: 13411: 9882: 8292: 5173:

to form Canada as a kingdom in its own right. By the end of the First World War, the increased fortitude of

4223:". Pachter made similar pieces showing Elizabeth's son, Prince Charles (now King Charles III) and his wife, 3237:, as any normal person would be. In international cases, as a sovereign and under established principles of 2869:, leading the populace to be considered subjects of the Crown. However, as the sovereign's power stems from 1767:(left) and throne for the royal consort (right)—both commissioned in 1878—behind the speaker's chair in the 28987: 28896: 28573: 28530: 27512: 27500: 27019: 26598: 26564: 26340: 26319: 26203: 25301: 25167: 24612: 24587: 24519: 23980: 23804: 23608: 23483: 17003: 8511: 8009:

The date of the first establishment of monarchy in Canada varies: some sources give the year as 1497, when

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For example, if a lawsuit is filed against the federal government, the respondent is formally described as

6375:

separately to the same approval given by the Queen in her British Council illustrated the existence of the

6022: 5985: 5933: 5883: 5464: 4895: 4504: 4232: 3983: 3628:. The various viceroys took part in 4,023 engagements through 2019 and 2020, both in-person and virtually. 3466: 3453: 3262: 3166: 3082: 3074: 2697: 2689: 2682: 2490: 1705: 1216: 1170: 957: 697: 417: 243: 19592: 18885:

Heard, Andrew (2018), "The Crown in Canada: Is There a Canadian Monarchy?", in Jackson, D. Michael (ed.),

13089:

Trust and the Monarchy: an examination of the shifting public attitudes toward government and institutions

11542:, Civilian 148, Paragraphs 47-48, Note 36 (Court of Appeal (England and Wales) 2008). 6553:

In 1970, Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Charles, and Princess Anne undertook a tour of

4515:, go on national television and a world tour demanding people and the media not pay attention to them and 3855: 3178:

The monarch does not have the prerogative to impose and collect new taxes without the authorization of an

2943:, though the governor general carries out the duties attached to the position and also bears the title of 2497:

surrounded by the shields of each of the sovereign's 10 provincial and then-two territorial coats of arms.

2478: 28957: 28815: 28670: 28393: 28307: 28202: 28117: 28034: 27532: 27404: 27259: 26380: 26104: 25554: 25524: 25325: 25257: 25187: 25011: 24592: 24467: 24325: 23939: 15850: 15842: 10294: 10167: 9918: 8025:. Historian Carolyn Harris places the beginning of Canada's monarchical government at the appointment of 7073: 6741: 6479: 5958: 5947: 5863: 5586: 5505: 5449: 5245: 5205: 5178: 5101: 4715: 4698: 4542: 4270: 4139: 4039: 4025: 3788:

was created by Queen Elizabeth II and, operating under the authority of the governor general, grants new

3785: 3625: 3394: 3165:. Members of Parliament must recite the Oath of Allegiance before they may take their seat. Further, the 2929: 2424:—of which the monarch is a part—and it was carried into each of the provinces upon the implementation of 1824: 1604: 1563: 1502: 1427: 1191: 1095: 820: 750: 730: 586: 298: 22984: 22377: 21408: 20588: 20557:"In last public statement, Queen Elizabeth extended condolences following Saskatchewan stabbing rampage" 16349: 14266: 13701:, On the Formation of Government, vol. 22, Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies, p. 117 12984: 12706:"The Governor General's Decision to Prorogue Parliament: Parliamentary Democracy Defended or Endangered" 10879: 8143: 5684: 4203:

in 1972, which shows Queen Elizabeth II, in her Guards Regiment uniform and saluting, as she did during

4070: 4001: 1278:

ceremonies), international (the monarch being head of state in other Commonwealth realms, and being the

1094:

Though not part of the Canadian monarchy, either past or present, Canada has an even older tradition of

983:

to become law. While the power for these acts stems from the Canadian people through the constitutional

28997: 28992: 28596: 28540: 28455: 28044: 27942: 26867: 26842: 26584: 26442: 25796: 25106: 24955: 24909: 24747: 24602: 24526: 24427: 24411: 24115: 24085: 24055: 24036: 23596: 23439: 19035:

The Queen at the Council Fire: The Treaty of Niagara, Reconciliation, and the Dignified Crown in Canada

18936:

The Shapeshifting Crown: Locating the State in Post-Colonial New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the UK

18763:"Royal tour: Prince William and Kate Middleton fly to Canada for first overseas tour as married couple" 15553: 14773: 14690: 14574: 13828: 12808: 12619: 12589: 12563: 8198: 7232: 6202: 6199: 6129: 5742: 5237: 4938: 4500: 4363: 4035: 3554: 3331: 2531:

of Canada's territories are appointed by the federal governor-in-council, at the recommendation of the

2467: 1166: 945: 566: 499: 397: 331: 222: 73: 28232: 25119: 22870: 22780: 22319: 21301: 19750: 18933:

Patel, Jai; Raudon, Sally (2019), "Localising the Crown", in Shore, Chris; Williams, David V. (eds.),

16539: 11201: 6515: 5500:); events were organized to celebrate her as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era." 4588: 3928:

that have "paid the greatest attention to the nationalization of the visual symbols of the monarchy."

28510: 28197: 28132: 28122: 28107: 27442: 27389: 27299: 26902: 26517: 25569: 25559: 25400: 25081: 24853: 24805: 24771: 24509: 24344: 24241: 24166: 23540: 23513: 23419: 14526: 13577: 12213: 10715: 10181:, vol. Spring 2005, no. 23, Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada, p. 2, archived from 9900: 9708: 9637: 9595: 6791: 6519: 6064: 5899: 5273: 5105: 5036: 4759:

Buildings across Canada reserved by the Crown for the use of the monarch and his viceroys are called

4702: 4508: 4433: 4281:

created a "Canada 150" version of his decade-long "O Canada" project, painting 150 Canadian icons in

3917: 3870:

in 1935; and the Queen Elizabeth II Fund to Aid in Research on the Diseases of Children. A number of

3859: 3732: 3546: 3385:

in 2015, focus turned toward rapprochement between the nations in the nation-to-nation relationship.

3146: 2830: 2799: 2789: 1575: 1220: 1049: 760: 536: 390: 211: 28332: 21779: 16808: 15376: 15260: 14599: 12359: 8371: 5895: 5519:; the first-ever such event in Canadian history. It was also, though, the first time since at least 4993: 3321:

were established concerning the monarch and indigenous nations. The only treaties that survived the

28820: 27952: 27932: 27897: 27850: 27804: 27156: 26972: 26877: 26852: 26738: 26578: 26527: 26164: 26113: 25594: 25517: 25512: 25471: 25295: 25289: 25232: 25217: 25006: 24634: 24433: 24364: 24354: 24349: 24334: 23493: 23323: 20521: 20353:

Celebrations and community projects across the country for Her Majesty The Queen's Platinum Jubilee

14781: 13077: 12726: 11661: 11539:

Shrewsbury & Atcham Borough Council v Secretary of State for Communities & Local Government

10396: 9878:

O'Donohue v. Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada and Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Ontario

9242: 9008:

Mallory, J.R. (August 1956). "Seals and Symbols: From Substance to Form in Commonwealth Equality".

7956: 7753: 6372: 6368: 6239: 6036: 5871: 5501: 5429: 5316: 4616: 4456:. Thompson also voiced a portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II in Canada in the animated television show 4228: 3368: 2773: 1641: 1473: 1403: 1373: 1350: 1279: 1212: 745: 624: 324: 277: 136: 26497: 16023: 15349: 7174: 6478:

stated in 1994, "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada", and past Ontario chairman of the

5124:

said of the Crown that it "links us all together with the majestic past that takes us back to the

3698: 3294: 2902: 1800: 1764: 1645:, into Canadian law. The latter was deemed by the Cabinet in 1947 to be part of Canadian law. The 1591:

in 1936 and any possible future descendants of his were excluded from the line of succession. The

1009: 28810: 28648: 28618: 27830: 27522: 27505: 27495: 27470: 27314: 27040: 26892: 26857: 26788: 26718: 26698: 26641: 26360: 26329: 26324: 26268: 26060: 26001: 25766: 25624: 25177: 25162: 25137: 24597: 24563: 24450: 24065: 23973: 23518: 23242:

The Canadian Monarchy: Exploring the role of Canada's Crown in the day-to-day life of our country

21916: 20282:"Message from the Governor General of Canada Marking the Historic Reign of Her Majesty The Queen" 18406: 17467: 16744: 15904: 15753: 14717:"Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Volume 2 – Restructuring the Relationship" 14423: 13764: 13286: 13206: 11642: 11516:, 4 Dominion Law Reports 613, 149 (Court of Appeal of British Columbia 1997). 10677: 9761: 7003: 6799: 6393:

peace, harmony, and prosperity of the Commonwealth realms and territories throughout the world."

6291: 6139: 6078: 5981: 5921: 5851: 5722: 5504:

represented his mother, the Queen, two years later, at the main events in Ottawa recognizing the

5421: 5244:; Prince Albert (later King George VI); Prince Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII); 5166: 5154: 4851: 4688: 4534: 4384: 4244: 4138:, 2014; wax figure of Prince Charles (now Charles III) at the Royal London Wax Museum, Victoria; 3871: 3609: 3493: 3462: 3349: 3286: 3195: 3001: 2874: 2421: 1653: 1545: 1426:

according to Canadian law. For the accession of Charles III, the first since the creation of the

1294: 1271: 1158: 1099: 1073: 993: 929: 765: 692: 677: 468: 456: 412: 23735: 23222:

Canada's Queen: Elizabeth II: A Celebration of Her Majestys Friendship with the People of Canada

22538: 19075: 18971:

Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939

16659:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, pp. 404, 449–450, A-AD-200-000/AG-000, archived from 16611: 16605: 14849:"Performance, Politics, and Representation: Aboriginal People and the 1860 Royal Tour of Canada" 11020: 10640:

Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939

8672: 5400:'s bicentennials in 1984 and the 125th anniversary of Confederation in 1992; and she opened the 4739: 1004:, and the sovereign's legislative and judicial responsibilities largely carried out through the 984: 28931: 28874: 28740: 28720: 28550: 28465: 28312: 28024: 27957: 27825: 27774: 27706: 27606: 27596: 27394: 27329: 27136: 27065: 26912: 26887: 26862: 26773: 26748: 26604: 26462: 26052: 26025: 25969: 25924: 25816: 25574: 25481: 25001: 24945: 24933: 24923: 24828: 24798: 24649: 24619: 24607: 24568: 24504: 24445: 24401: 23932: 23850: 23768: 23750: 21597:

How Would We Amend or Abolish the Oath of Allegiance to the King in the Constitution Act, 1867?

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the winnipeg arena's royal quandary: if the queen herself walked in, would she know who it was?

15600: 14116: 12451: 9773: 9687: 8030: 7669: 7500: 6811:

Indigenous persons had already been appointed as lieutenant governors during Elizabeth's reign.

6222: 5974: 5970: 5928: 5855: 5714: 5086: 4903: 4600: 4496: 4478: 4371: 3955: 3816: 3668: 3641: 3470: 3207: 3162: 3042: 3030: 2976: 2898: 2886: 2858: 2425: 1859: 1723: 1668: 1517:. After an individual accedes to the throne, he or she usually continues to reign until death. 1439: 1431: 1377: 1267: 1203: 1103: 1061: 1041: 1021: 902: 882: 725: 494: 472: 449: 304: 265: 23409: 22772:

In loco Regis: The Contemporary Role of the Governor General and Lieutenant Governor in Canada

22389: 22179: 19790: 19334: 18106: 14225: 11881: 5713:

Examples of the prevalence of royal references and images around Canada (clockwise from top):

5562: 4910: 3958:

choosing to keep constitutional monarchy for the new country in 1866. Former Governor General

2276: 967:

All executive authority is vested in the sovereign, so the monarch's consent is necessary for

28889: 28864: 28535: 28515: 28495: 28358: 28322: 28277: 28222: 28014: 28009: 27784: 27731: 27556: 27465: 27434: 27374: 27324: 27106: 27096: 26897: 26758: 26703: 26574: 26568: 26532: 26487: 26346: 26258: 26159: 26076: 26017: 25985: 25222: 25132: 24676: 24558: 24514: 24472: 24457: 24207: 23855: 22263: 22257: 22249: 20972: 20645:"Six royal funerals, one changing Canada: What the deaths of monarchs have revealed about us" 20561: 18282: 17659: 16113:"Royal Respect for Canada's Vimy Heroes, Queen of Canada Rededicates Memorial on French Soil" 14449: 14369: 14057: 10955:"Royal Respect for Canada's Vimy Heroes, Queen of Canada Rededicates Memorial on French Soil" 9524:"Six royal funerals, one changing Canada: What the deaths of monarchs have revealed about us" 9117: 6756:, and then as governor general from 1911 until 1916. Later, for six years beginning in 1940, 6725: 6099: 5859: 5818: 5806: 5762: 5604:. On 4 May 2023, the King held audience with Simon and Indigenous leaders, who also attended 5453: 5162: 4765:, but may be customarily known by some specific name. The sovereign's and governor general's 3756: 3752: 3748: 3541: 3519: 3142: 3054: 2936: 2351: 2168: 1903: 1884: 1803:(left) and royal consort's throne (right) behind the speaker's chair—all made in 2017—in the 1600: 1514: 1196: 1069: 1065: 1013: 949: 639: 593: 27686: 22652: 22089: 18522: 6274: 3707: 3041:, the Cabinet ruling "in trust" for the monarch. This has been the case in Canada since the 2674:

A photo portrait of Queen Elizabeth II stands at the front of a citizenship ceremony led by

252: 28884: 28846: 28784: 28520: 28439: 28403: 28353: 28212: 28137: 27922: 27799: 27591: 27366: 27344: 27339: 27304: 27246: 26546: 26542: 26421: 26314: 25614: 25319: 25262: 25074: 24781: 24764: 24754: 24696: 24691: 24418: 24388: 24181: 23498: 22216: 18627:"Speech Given by The Queen at the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut on Friday 4 October 2002" 17935: 16950: 16279: 9408:

Thomson Irvine, "Demise of the Crown: An Historical Review of the Law in Canada" (2018) 12

8638: 8014: 7948: 6825: 6043: 5989: 5917: 5867: 5746: 5401: 5389: 5359: 5174: 5109: 4875: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4558: 4321: 3515: 3278: 3244:

Within the royal prerogative is also the granting of immunity from prosecution, mercy, and

3241:, the King of Canada is not subject to suit in foreign courts without his express consent. 3218:

are traditionally displayed in Canadian courtrooms, as is a portrait of the sovereign. The

3062: 2991: 2917: 2819: 2701: 2678: 2409: 2201: 1969: 1907: 1658: 1183: 1005: 906: 875: 864: 740: 358: 182: 23404: 22026:"The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government" 21256:

What many convoy protesters get wrong about constitutional rights and the Governor General

19307: 16284:"2010 Royal Tour > Frequently Asked Questions > Who pays for Royal Tours of Canada?" 15877: 15649: 12597: 8615: 8167: 3285:

Included in Canada's constitution are the various treaties between the Crown and Canada's

1768: 8: 28665: 28638: 28633: 28545: 28490: 28327: 28317: 28302: 28292: 28257: 28187: 28102: 28072: 28019: 27736: 27490: 27485: 27384: 27379: 27146: 27101: 27060: 26965: 26907: 26768: 26763: 26743: 26631:

in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.

26594: 26588: 26446: 26308: 26298: 26244: 25977: 25862: 25710: 25564: 25507: 25337: 25157: 25152: 24868: 24786: 24742: 24681: 24494: 24374: 24231: 23503: 23488: 20021: 17780: 16324: 12679:. Office of the Governor General of Canada. Queen's Printer for Canada. 18 September 2006 12331: 12154: 11288: 11235: 8026: 8022: 8018: 7816: 6642: 6593: 6465: 6050: 6029: 5993: 5891: 5497: 5336: 5332: 5158: 5143: 5113: 5091: 5066: 5058: 4778: 4745: 4592: 4312: 4204: 3890: 3322: 2984: 2413: 1551: 1539: 1389: 1361: 1284: 1258:

There are five aspects to the monarchy of Canada: constitutional (such as the use of the

961: 868: 735: 524: 23799: 21162:

For Quebecers, the Queen's death raises questions about future of the monarchy in Canada

21065: 20899:'Which Criticisms are Founded?' Protecting Canadian Democracy: The Senate You Never Knew 18289:. Toronto: The Empire Club Foundation (published 1968). pp. 107–113. Archived from 18131: 16377:"The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh pay a centenary visit to Canada, 17 – May 24, 2005" 16208: 16123: 13865: 13324: 10965: 10182: 9176: 8076: 7168: 6649:

of Leiningen, great-great-great grandsons of Queen Victoria, are also Canadian citizens.

5695: 5673: 5653: 5585:. The Queen's final public statement was issued on 7 September, in the aftermath of the 4564:

Unlike in the United Kingdom, the monarch is the only member of the royal family with a

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The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand

20995: 20868: 20304: 20281: 19261: 19068: 18573:"Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone" 18460: 17143: 16474: 15717:"What we know about the deal governments agreed to with Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs" 14961: 14876: 14584: 13388: 12559: 11798: 11680: 10369: 9766: 9033: 8835: 8827: 8665: 6680: 6124: 6057: 5441: 5347: 5260: 5075: 4934: 4766: 4596: 4333: 4329: 4251: 3925: 3808: 3486: 3478: 3302: 3230: 3126: 3050: 2862: 2749: 1945:(left), Canada's last regent, serving as such from 1811 until the death of his father, 1445: 1154: 997: 925: 894: 872: 852: 160: 21622: 19749:. Heritage Resources of Saint John and New Brunswick Community College. Archived from 19616: 11123:

Johnston, David (2013), "Foreword", in Jackson, D. Michael; Lagassé, Philippe (eds.),

9341:

Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),

8734:"The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada" 7200: 4878:

to assist him in carrying out his official duties on behalf of Canada. Along with the

4403:

artist being appointed governor general on the advice of a republican prime minister.

3130:—but, the monarch and viceroy do not participate in the legislative process, save for 2597: 1687:

In a meeting of the Special Joint Committee on the Constitution during the process of

28825: 28779: 28769: 28730: 28470: 28460: 28423: 28297: 28282: 28157: 28127: 28097: 28092: 28067: 28004: 27999: 27989: 27860: 27809: 27696: 27691: 27414: 27050: 27035: 26723: 26558: 26472: 26452: 25716: 25692: 25636: 25448: 24980: 24950: 24898: 24858: 24848: 24820: 24793: 24629: 24575: 24550: 24269: 24259: 23963: 23882: 23814: 23809: 23266: 23245: 23226: 23202: 23181: 23108: 23090: 23071: 23050: 23025: 22913: 22893: 22838: 22756: 22734: 22684: 22658: 22638: 22613: 22586: 22566: 22517: 22484: 22463: 22440: 22422: 22367: 22224: 22187: 21190: 21097: 21003: 20874: 20499:"The Queen's message to mark Canada's first National Day of Truth and Reconciliation" 20424:

Some provinces to offer medals to mark Queen's Platinum Jubilee after Ottawa opts out

20400:

Monarchists criticize Canada's 'lacklustre' and 'embarrassing' Platinum Jubilee plans

19703: 19162: 19079: 19039: 18940: 18892: 18663: 18467: 18371: 18246: 17770: 17756: 17308:

Plans underway to display massive painting of Queen Elizabeth from old Winnipeg Arena

16905: 16615: 16015: 15822: 15691: 15681: 15447: 15408: 15318: 14999: 14880: 14868: 14570: 14480:

The Evolution of the New Zealand monarchy: The Recognition of an Autochthonous Polity

14457: 14231: 14144: 14106: 14031: 13662: 13608: 13245: 13189: 13128: 13052: 12760: 12716: 12627: 12262: 12115: 11992: 11804: 11739: 11684: 11414: 11381: 11328: 11130: 10926: 10707: 10615: 10582: 10361: 9956: 9777: 9462: 9435: 9319: 9250: 9025: 8839: 8791: 8676: 7714: 7559: 7518: 7508: 6959: 6523: 6317: 6243: 5534:

came to the forefront of the public consciousness in 2021, particularly in regard to

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From 1786 through to the 1930s, members of the royal family toured Canada, including

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Jouneau, André (2013), "Preface", in Jackson, D. Michael; Lagassé, Philippe (eds.),

19669: 15480: 15285:"Band councils, hereditary chiefs — here's what to know about Indigenous governance" 15113:"Prince Charles, Camilla depart St. John's as Day 1 of Canadian Royal Tour wraps up" 14716: 14711: 14633: 12555: 12184: 11983: 7613: 7579: 3839: 3343:", as it affirmed native title to their lands and made clear that, though under the 1819:, that, though the succession to Canada's throne was outlined by common law and the 1227:

This division is illustrated in a number of ways: The sovereign, for example, holds

1017: 975:

to have legal effect. As well, the monarch is part of the Parliament of Canada, so

29:"Queen of Canada" redirects here. For the most recent female monarch of Canada, see 28869: 28851: 28752: 28486: 28450: 28368: 28192: 27962: 27907: 27870: 27845: 27835: 27769: 27721: 27651: 27646: 27641: 27636: 27631: 27621: 27616: 27309: 27055: 26477: 26436: 26432: 26336: 25252: 25016: 24893: 24843: 24838: 24422: 24151: 24105: 23845: 23171: 23146: 22671: 22318:. Spring-Summer 2010 (31). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 11. Archived from 20696:"King Charles III proclaimed Canada's new head of state in ceremony at Rideau Hall" 20329:

Message from Her Majesty The Queen to the people of Canada on the COVID-19 pandemic

16895: 15982: 14860: 13412:"Governor General > Role and Responsibilities > Commander-in-Chief of Canada" 13181: 13156:

Swann, Conrad. "Chapter I, Arms of dominion and sovereignty and public authority".

13092: 11794: 11670: 11234: (Court of Queen's Bench for Saskatchewan 14 July 1987), archived from 10353: 9933: 9730:

Is There a Canadian Law of Succession and Is There a Canadian Process of Amendment?

9385:"What happens to Canada should Queen Elizabeth II die: The behind-the-scenes plans" 9017: 8898: 8819: 7701: 7549: 7279: 6795: 6749: 6475: 5664: 5385: 4817: 4793:

in British Columbia was purchased in 1940 by the federal government for the use of

4786: 4761: 4753:

Official residences of the sovereign and their representative, the governor general

4554: 4274: 3824: 3820: 3804: 3613: 3171: 3150: 3117: 3046: 2882: 2811: 2588: 2577: 2463: 2439: 2249: 2035: 1596: 1344: 370: 336: 21118: 20913: 20669:"Ceremony to proclaim the Accession of the Sovereign to take place at Rideau Hall" 20192:"PM announces the appointment of Kevin MacLeod as Canadian Secretary to the Queen" 19383:"A Celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II > Behind the Scenes" 18626: 18549: 17490: 15953:

Foot, Richard (4 April 2007). "Vimy memorial had a turbulent history of its own".

14811: 14624: 14580:

Address at the University of Toronto Faculty Association's C.B. Macpherson Lecture

13902:, 4.4, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 28 June 2006), archived from 12081:"Even if no longer defender of the faith, the Crown still defends Canadian values" 10557:

Foot, Richard (4 April 2007), "Vimy memorial had a turbulent history of its own",

10098:"Lagassé: Who cares about the monarchy? Certainly not the Supreme Court of Canada" 8854: 7583:

Executive Government Processes and Procedures in Saskatchewan: A Procedures Manual

6321: 4703:

uniquely Canadian standards for members of the royal family other than the monarch

3222:

also bears a St. Edward's Crown to symbolize the source of the court's authority.

1696: 1036:

British) and French crowns. Monarchical government has developed as the result of

28856: 28725: 28693: 28363: 28112: 28082: 28077: 27937: 27927: 27892: 27882: 27865: 27701: 27656: 27571: 27289: 27264: 27111: 26608: 26501: 26466: 26376: 26068: 25786: 25728: 25722: 25704: 25665: 25054: 24873: 24810: 24776: 24580: 24305: 24283: 24278: 23758: 23426: 23102: 22907: 22580: 22478: 22416: 22354: 21091: 19520: 19249: 19033: 18966: 17883: 17867: 17443: 16207:. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 4. 2007. Archived from 16122:. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 3. 2007. Archived from 15816: 15441: 15402: 15031: 14993: 14752: 14502: 13864:. Spring 2005 (23). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 2. 2005. Archived from 13656: 13502: 13490: 13279:"We are Australian: The Constitution and Deportation of Australian-born Children" 12450:(Press release). Toronto: Ipsos Reid. 15 December 2008. p. 1. Archived from 11513:

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Assn of Canada v British Columbia (Attorney General)

10964:. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 3. 2007. Archived from 10635: 10609: 9950: 9456: 9429: 9175:. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 4. 2007. Archived from 8790:(5 ed.), Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, p. 67, 7505:

The veiled sceptre : reserve powers of heads of state in Westminster systems

6733: 6630: 6554: 6180: 6168: 5473: 5452:

at ceremonies across the country, and visited many regiments and branches of the

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was first used publicly and officially by one of its members: in a speech to the

4628: 4624: 4458: 4389: 4208: 4192: 3979: 3812: 3777: 3676: 3652: 3501: 3270: 2652: 2624: 1835: 1187: 1179: 1107: 1057: 886: 798: 687: 23355: 23344: 23311: 19780:"Republicanism in Canada in the reign of Elizabeth II: the dog that didn't bark" 18576: 16235:"Past events (Court Circular) > Search the Court Circular > 7–8 June 2008" 16176:"Past events (Court Circular) > Search the Court Circular > 14 April 2007" 15519:

Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia (Project Assessment Director)

13832: 12877: 11255:(Report). 3.2.B. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. p. 2. Archived from 7538:"The Crown and Government Formation: Conventions, Practices, Customs, and Norms" 7382: 6337:

was never crowned, yet was undoubtedly king during his short time on the throne.

4812:

British royalty have also owned homes and land in Canada in a private capacity:

3514:. Although recognized by, and accountable to, the federal Crown-in-Council (the 3298: 602: 28774: 28762: 28505: 28287: 28272: 28237: 27977: 27972: 27855: 27789: 27661: 27319: 27294: 27199: 27116: 27070: 26511: 26507: 26491: 26456: 26396: 26033: 25951: 25791: 25698: 25659: 25584: 25579: 24928: 24878: 24300: 24288: 24254: 24060: 23548: 23176: 23042: 22817:, Some Observations on the Queen, the Crown, the Constitution, and the Courts, 21436:"Abolishing monarchy in Canada will complete colonization of Indigenous people" 19638: 19331:"Golden Jubilee > Welcoming the Royals: The Archival Legacy > The Legacy" 17960: 16900: 16601: 16564: 15627:

Elected vs. hereditary chiefs: What's the difference in Indigenous communities?

13134: 12904: 9885:, paragraphs 3 and 24 (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 26 June 2003). 9817:

In Committee from the Senate: Legal and Constitutional Affairs - March 20, 2013

7383:"The Westminster Approach to Prorogation, Dissolution and Fixed Date Elections" 6999: 6866: 6863:"Crown in Canada > Royal Family > His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales" 6645:, is in line to the throne, 43rd as of 2023. More distantly, Princes Boris and 6638: 6579: 5786: 5766: 5704: 5170: 5121: 5117: 5081: 4946: 4867: 4806: 4663: 4581: 4577: 4529: 4423: 4397: 4263: 4255: 4185: 4170: 4135: 4090: 3959: 3878: 3797: 3523: 3505: 3340: 3215: 3086: 3063:

the Governor General refused his prime minister's advice to dissolve Parliament

3015: 2838: 2834: 2807: 2785: 2628: 2494: 2378: 2324: 1232: 1150: 1045: 1029: 1025: 968: 921: 707: 288: 87: 23377: 21329:"Quiet opposition or colonial complicity? Queen Elizabeth's legacy as monarch" 21120:

The Governor General and Lieutenant Governors: Canada's Misunderstood Viceroys

16047:"Past events (Court Circular) > Search the Court Circular > 13 May 1998" 14543: 12232: 8856:

The Governor General and Lieutenant Governors: Canada's Misunderstood Viceroys

8667:

Getting it wrong: how Canadians forgot their past and imperilled Confederation

7522: 6277:

in 1965. King George VI was in the United Kingdom when, as king of Canada, he

6273:

For example, Queen Elizabeth II was in the United Kingdom when she signed the

6235: 4874:, and others at Rideau Hall, the King appoints various people to his Canadian 4611:

and, given the shared nature of the Canadian monarch, are also members of the

3718: 1649:

included all succession-related laws in its list of acts within Canadian law.

28951: 28715: 28698: 28565: 28152: 27917: 27912: 27334: 27192: 27151: 27131: 26678: 25283: 25042: 24396: 24310: 24161: 23185: 22726: 22504: 22228: 22191: 22156: 21708: 21355:

Indigenous leaders call on King Charles III to renounce Doctrine of Discovery

21007: 20894: 19707: 19691: 18823:"Royal tour: Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's 14,000-mile first official trip" 16909: 16068: 16019: 15695: 15322: 15306: 15019: 14872: 14658: 14148: 13193: 13056: 12764: 10711: 10365: 9352:, If the Queen Has No Reserve Powers Left, What Is the Modern Monarchy For?, 9254: 9029: 8294:'This great country': An inside look at Charles's 50-year romance with Canada 7894: 7563: 6705: 6671: 6456: 6156: 5810: 5791: 5778: 5754: 5630: 5397: 5147: 5134: 5000: 4970: 4930: 4926: 4839: 4790: 4573: 4470: 4437: 4436:

regularly played a parody of Queen Elizabeth II in a Canadian context on the

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The monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases; this function of the

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Newman, Warren J. (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),

21279:

Monarchy and Queen Elizabeth II a symbol of colonialism for some Windsorites

21064:. Autumn 2009 (30). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 10. Archived from 19789:, Summer 2004 (22), Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 19, archived from 19646: 18691:"Princess Anne to take part in Remembrance Day and rededication of memorial" 16774: 16409: 15847:"Politics and Government > By Executive Decree > The Governor General" 14339:. Documents on Canadian External Relations. Vol. 18–867. Archived from 13833:"The Governor General – the evolution of Canada's oldest public institution" 12624:"The Office > Annual Reports > 2003–2004 > Annual Report 2003–2004" 11699:"Lise Thibault, ex-Quebec lieutenant-governor, testifies at her fraud trial" 11675: 10314: 7329: 7284: 7267: 6760:(a great-grandchild of the Duke of Kent), lived in Canada with her husband, 5280:. Only weeks later, the King, on the advice of his Canadian Prime Minister, 3033:, the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding, meaning the monarch 2024: 28747: 28710: 28242: 27764: 27726: 27626: 27209: 26183: 26009: 25676: 25307: 25247: 24833: 24264: 24191: 23573: 23262:

Canadian Federalist Experiment: From Defiant Monarchy to Reluctant Republic

22909:

Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government

22212: 22081: 20589:"A message from The Queen to the Governor General and the people of Canada" 20217: 20194:(Press release). Office of the Prime Minister. 1 April 2009. Archived from 18622: 18130:. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 9. Archived from 17983:"About OPS > Protocol Office > Royal Visits > Royal Family Titles" 16981: 16376: 16323:. Summer 2004 (24). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 8. Archived from 15968: 14530: 13890: 12983:. Summer 2004 (22). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 2. Archived from 12715:. Discussion Paper No. 7. Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 12. 12217: 12180: 11284: 11256: 10878:. Summer 2004 (22). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 2. Archived from 9987: 8935: 8075:. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 8. Archived from 7845: 6753: 6698: 6558: 6415: 6313: 6218: 5879: 5718: 5323: 5304: 5285: 5233: 5051: 4981: 4843: 4533:

Members of the royal family standing in convertibles during the opening of

4166: 4131: 3660: 3378: 3274: 3135: 3113: 3023: 2964: 2815: 2794: 2606: 2528: 2486: 2459: 2195: 2086: 2075: 2055: 1964: 1911:

similar to the Perth Agreement rather than judicially through the courts."

1454: 1414: 1263: 1182:" to being solely a representative of the monarch developed with a rise in 1077: 976: 940: 30: 21686: 20067: 19494: 19446: 19194: 18216: 18192: 15874:"The Office > Annual Reports > 2004–2005 > Report on Performance" 15675: 12676: 12185:"Memorandum for Understanding of Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change" 10315:"Succession to the Throne and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" 10260:"The boy who won't be king: uOttawa law grad challenging succession rules" 10072:"Quebec Court of Appeal hearing case about who can inherit Canada's Crown" 6163: 4511:

as a prince of Canada and "the wife", who, after hostile treatment at the

4491:, which first aired on 11 May 2011. The opening focuses on a spoof of the 3410: 3081:, which remain the sovereign's property. It also includes the creation of 1666:, is "undoubtedly in force as part of the law of Canada". Furthermore, in 1465: 28757: 28474: 27983: 27779: 27671: 27666: 27586: 27177: 27161: 26356: 26264: 25097: 24359: 24171: 23773: 23578: 23563: 23300: 21384:"Abolishing the British Monarchy: A Step Towards Ending Racism in Canada" 20255:

Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on the occasion of Victoria Day

19931: 19672:. The Courtly Lives of Kings, Peerage, Saints, Knights, and the Commoners 19227: 19121: 19109: 18080:"The current Royal Family > Succession and precedence > Succession" 16431: 16287: 15578:

Wet'suwet'en Hereditary Chiefs - elected Band Council - it is complicated

14324: 13241:

Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State—2008

11759: 11583:

Harper creates new panel to ensure 'non-partisan' vice regal appointments

10010:"Deux profs de l'Université Laval déboutés dans la cause du "bébé royal"" 9307: 8938:"About OPS > Protocol Office > Protocol in Practice > The Crown" 6694: 6541: 6409: 6389: 6334: 6007: 5601: 5582: 5567: 5425: 5413: 5339:; and proclaimed the country to be fully independent, via constitutional 5190: 5129: 4813: 4782: 4770: 4731: 4667: 4643: 4306: 4298: 4121: 3913: 3656: 3344: 3336: 3092:, though only the latter are established on official ministerial advice. 2890: 2734: 2693: 2670: 2482: 2443: 2129: 2007: 1960: 1567: 1525: 1422: 1128: 1114:

in upholding treaty rights and obligations developed over the centuries.

914: 890: 351: 217: 97: 68: 21876: 20447:"Winnipeg police investigating toppling of queen statues at legislature" 20372: 20325: 20302: 20279: 20220:(23 April 2007), "Lieutenant Governors Meeting", written at Regina, in 20195: 19444: 18161:"Will and Kate on way, but royal influence everywhere in Canada already" 17635: 17612: 17589: 13550: 13358: 13185: 13129:

Department of Canadian Heritage, Government of Canada (2 October 2014).

7507:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–15. 7424: 6175: 4883: 3485:, and the neighbouring "kingdom of Canada", which stretched west to the 1862:. The Supreme Court of Canada declined to hear an appeal in April 2020. 1635:, gave parliamentary ratification to that action, together bringing the 793: 28029: 27967: 27886: 27126: 27091: 23995: 23553: 23333: 23289: 23094: 19643:"Prime Minister Harper introduces Australian counterpart to Parliament" 15200: 15089: 14864: 13415: 13207:

Office of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority,

11638: 10485:

Twomey, Anne (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),

9934:

Parliament of Canada; 32nd Parliament (1st Session) (5 February 1981),

8831: 8034: 8010: 6662:, as a "Canadian princess"; and, at the time of the 2011 royal tour of 6557:, in part to demonstrate to an unconvinced American government and the 6305: 6210: 5838: 5571: 5555: 5340: 5209: 5201: 5139: 4725: 4662:—due to his having lived in Canada between 1791 and 1800 and fathering 4487: 4359: 4348: 4179: 3947: 3866:

in 1897; the Canadian Cancer Fund, set up in honour of King George V's

3728: 3550: 3510: 3326: 2980: 2908: 2764: 2705: 1946: 1688: 1302:

founding charities and supporting others, fundraising for charity, and

1091:, Canada having developed a "recognizably Canadian brand of monarchy". 1082: 1053: 980: 233: 169: 28735: 22781:"A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta" 21965:"Royal rumble: Queen not welcome at Quebec celebrations, Duceppe says" 20251: 15508:, 3 Haida Nation, 73 (Supreme Court of Canada 2004)511 14448:

Mallory, James (2011). Russell, Peter H; Leuprecht, Christian (eds.).

14024:

The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared

13045:"If you do all the head-of-state stuff, aren't you the head of state?" 12108:

The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared

11826:"Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1620" 11764:"Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1720" 11639:

court of canada/doc/1918/1918canlii85/1918canlii85.html 1918 CanLII 85

11607: 11293:, V.41.a, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 17 April 1982) 10373: 9037: 7813:"Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy" 7589:, Regina: Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan, p. 10, archived from 7268:"Canada's Evolving Crown: From a British Crown to a "Crown of Maples"" 6262:

carried out foreign relations as the representative uniquely of Canada

5448:, conferences, hospitals, community centres, and the like; handed out 5272:

King George VI became in 1939 the first reigning monarch of Canada to

5232:; Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York (later King George V), and 4870:, aides-de-camp (drawn from the junior officers of the armed forces), 3245: 28388: 28378: 27947: 27254: 27141: 26254: 25811: 25806: 25801: 24664: 23568: 23470: 23431: 21566:, The Centre for Constitutional Studies, January 2017, archived from 21485:"The key role of The Queen and her representatives in Reconciliation" 21230:"Elizabeth May writes to the Queen and gets a civics lesson in reply" 20523:

Inuk leader Mary Simon named Canada's 1st Indigenous governor general

15054:

First Nations Meet With Prince Charles, Ask to See Queen Elizabeth II

14525: 12816: 12654: 12212: 11831:

Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly

11769:

Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly

11485:

Daly, Paul (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),

10129:"Monarchy's rights, privileges, and symbols in Canada can be changed" 9431:

Māori property rights and the foreshore and seabed: the last frontier

9284: 8201:(1 September 1905) . "Grey to Edward VII". In Doig, Ronald P. (ed.). 7554: 7247: 6729: 6418:

and the federal government, the respondents would be formally called

6309: 5642: 5437: 5194: 4942: 4871: 4794: 4691: 4482: 4343:. In 2021, he depicted the Queen in a decorative hat, uniform of the 4055: 3851: 3773: 3740: 3621: 3198:

courtroom displaying on the focal wall a rendition of the Royal Arms.

3153:. This element of the royal prerogative is unaffected by legislation 3105: 2894: 2870: 2620: 2162: 2031: 1942: 1865:

Constitutional scholar Philippe Lagassé argues that, in light of the

1827:, stated, "there is no existing provision in our law, other than the 988: 878: 856: 199: 23366: 21730: 20722:

Canadian Indigenous leaders, Governor General meet with King Charles

19221: 18570: 18543: 16198:"Another Member of the Canadian Royal Family Performs Duties Abroad" 15976: 15871: 15522:, 3 Taku River, 74 (Supreme Court of Canada 2004)550 14361: 13827: 13692:

Cyr, Hugo (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),

13544: 13409: 13356: 12807: 12648: 12618: 12588: 12481:"Governor General calling herself 'head of state' riles monarchists" 12038:. Toronto: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario. Archived from 10748: 9654:

Legislative Summary of Bill C-53: Succession to the Throne Act, 2013

8823: 8635:"Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada" 7170:

Inquiry into the rise and growth of the royal prerogative in England

4081: 2912:

The Great Seal of Canada used during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II

2837:. It takes precedence above all other flags in Canada—including the 1106:

and today exists in parallel with the Canadian Crown and individual

28525: 28408: 28398: 28217: 27716: 26988: 26553: 26417: 26230: 25671: 24918: 24156: 23558: 23159: 22983:(2), Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, archived from 22869:(1), Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, archived from 21835:, The Crown Society of Canada / La Société de la Couronne du Canada 21757: 19193:(Spring 1995). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from 19120:(Spring 1996). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from 16980:(Spring 1996). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from 16883: 16660: 13658:

And no one cheered: federalism, democracy, and the Constitution Act

10611:

Royal Spring: The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada

10357: 9312:"The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $ 1.10 per Canadian" 9021: 8470:"1. PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS" 7580:

Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council (April 2004),

6634: 6626: 6566: 6206: 5980:

Out of Canada's four most prominent political parties, neither the

5547: 5417: 5405: 5381: 5182: 4802: 4538: 4358:

of Queen Elizabeth II in private museums, such as the Royal London

4294: 4290: 4021: 4017: 3558: 3100: 2724: 1461: 898: 26671: 23047:

Queen Elizabeth II and the Royal Family in Canada (Golden Jubilee)

21853: 21789:(31). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 10. Spring–Summer 2010 21093:

Vive Quebec!: new thinking and new approaches to the Quebec nation

17084:"Canada Post's Diamond Jubilee stamp strikes all the right chords" 16314:"The "Working" Princess: Saskatchewan Welcomes the Princess Royal" 16087:"Remembering Vimy – 90th Anniversary Celebrations on CTV, April 9" 15533:

Mikasew Cree First Nation v Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage)

14751:, Quebec City: Center for World Indigenous Studies, archived from 14726:. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. pp. 16–19 12288: 11978: 9693:

Professor Anne Twomey – Succession to the Crown: foiled by Canada?

8510:

McIntosh, Andrew; Hillmer, Norman; Foot, Richard (29 April 2020),

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The Canadian monarchy can trace its ancestral lineage back to the

1834:

Canada, with the other Commonwealth realms, committed to the 2011

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before the national commemoration ceremony for the death of Queen

1274:, distributing honours, decorations, and medals, and partaking in 702: 28418: 28373: 28348: 27902: 27611: 27229: 27182: 27121: 27045: 26999: 26304: 26294: 24212: 24176: 24146: 23588: 21830: 20867:

Clarkson, Adrienne (2009). Russell, Peter; Sossin, Lorne (eds.).

19260:. Royal Roads University, Hatley Castle, Victoria. Archived from 17360: 17332:

Iconic portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on display at Winnipeg mall

16741:"Honours and Recognition Programs > Canadian National Honours" 16507: 14542:, 1, Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations, p. 3, archived from 14197: 13767:. Institute for the Study of the Crown in Canada. 4 February 2022 12261:(4 ed.). Toronto: The Carswell Company Limited. p. 14. 8315: 6414:. Likewise, in a case in which a party sues both the province of 6214: 6106: 5951: 5758: 5433: 5393: 5354:

created an atmosphere where the purpose and role of the monarchy

4985: 4950: 4859: 4474: 4196: 4149: 3850:, or because at least one member of the royal family serves as a 3736: 3687: 3582:

to assist and tend to the monarch forms part of the royal party.

3492:

Today, the hereditary chiefs are not sovereign; according to the

3439: 2059: 1956: 1558: 1485:

as well as for their consorts, take place in the United Kingdom,

1398:". No confirmation or further ceremony is necessary. The federal 1376:, who is followed in the line of succession by his eldest child, 1162: 1145:

The 15 realms of which King Charles III is the reigning sovereign

124: 21303:

Reflecting on the Monarchy's role in Canada and around the world

20912:

Valpy, Michael (2009), Russell, Peter H.; Sossin, Lorne (eds.),

16653:

The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces

13601:"Politicians, scholars say Governor General must dispel secrecy" 13574:"Off the record: what GG told Harper not for public consumption" 13091:. Montreal: EKOS Research Associates. p. 47. Archived from 11610:"PM announces new Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments" 10234:"Markham law graduate fighting Catholic ban on royal succession" 7008:, III.15, Westminster: Queen's Printer (published 29 March 1867) 5866:

of his or her ministers and parliamentarians. The leader of the

5485: 4266:, on display there from the building's opening in 1955 to 1999. 2833:

is the monarch's official flag, which depicts the royal arms in

28703: 28500: 28413: 27676: 27576: 27219: 27075: 26386: 26284: 26274: 24186: 23955: 20996:"Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt?" 18493:. Vol. XIV. Ottawa: University of Toronto/Université Laval 17284:

Queen portrait that hung in old Winnipeg Jets arena coming home

16686: 14230:. Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. pp. 219–20. 14201:. Senate. 17 February 2000. col. 1500–1510. Archived from 14153:"Michael Ignatieff's timely warning on the politics of fascism" 13547:"Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing-In of a New Ministry" 12898: 12871: 12029: 11728: 7713:(2 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. vii, 7266:

Romaniuk, Scott Nicholas; Wasylciw, Joshua K. (February 2015).

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that, "allegiance to the King means allegiance to the country."

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have made any statements suggesting abolition of the monarchy.

5738: 5289: 5125: 5062: 5010: 4863: 4774: 4466: 4286: 4174: 3672: 3335:; while not a treaty, it is regarded by First Nations as their 3318: 2939:, with the constitution placing the monarch in the position of 2342: 2315: 2294: 2267: 2120: 2015: 1571: 1480:. The prime minister will then move to adjourn Parliament. The 1450: 25066: 22110: 19445:

Office of the Governor General of Canada (10 September 2012).

19254:"Speech to Retired Heads of Mission Association's Gala Dinner" 18852: 17980: 17211:

Highnesses-in-Training Greet Monarch of the North; "Hat Check"

16646: 15818:

Royal Transport: An Inside Look at the History of Royal Travel

15677:

Our Chiefs and Elders: Words and Photographs of Native Leaders

15179:"The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit Canada" 15157:"Prince Charles and Camilla wrap up whirlwind visit to N.W.T." 14802: 10801:. The Monarchist League of Canada. 8 July 2021. Archived from 10428:, vol. 2, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 565 9772:(5th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 9691: 9212:"Behind the royal tour, a businesslike Usher of the Black Rod" 6613:

Two Canadian citizens married into the royal family: In 1988,

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whole, as opposed to those of any particular government." The

4419: 4235:, with Canadian wildlife, such as a moose and a squirrel. For 4156:, 1939; irreverent graffiti in Montreal depicting Elizabeth II 4112: 1064:, claims by French monarchs were extinguished and what became 26957: 24217: 22115:. Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan. p. 2. Archived from 20280:

Office of the Governor General of Canada (9 September 2015).

19614: 19567: 19544:"Frequently asked questions — The Governor General Designate" 18462:

Royal Canada: A History of Royal Visits for Canada since 1786

13571: 11247: 10423: 9736:, Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, pp. 3–4, archived from 9110:"Prince Charles joins in national Remembrance Day ceremonies" 6958:(2 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 3, 6092: 5939: 5013:), and other members of the royal family; as outlined in the 4670:

became the first to do so when in July 1936 he dedicated the

4325: 3290: 1869:, and court rulings upholding that law, section 41(a) of the 1048:

competing for territory in North America and a corresponding

22856:"Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times" 21941: 21462:

Passing of Queen leaves complicated legacy for First Nations

19998:

Geddes, John (2012), "The day she descended into the fray",

19447:"Working Visit to Canada by The Earl and Countess of Wessex" 19420:, Queen's Printer for Canada, pp. 3–7–3, archived from 19358:"The Queen and I: Rideau Hall staff recall royal encounters" 19283:

Boutros, Magdaline (August–September 2008). "Deep History".

18102:

Aralt Mac Giolla Chainnigh v. the Attorney-General of Canada

17869:

The Constitutional Law of Great Britain and the Commonwealth

14368:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. 35.4.3. Archived from 14333:

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada

13572:

Panetta (with Canadian Press), Alexander (5 December 2008).

11570:, 54 215, 3d (Ontario Court of Appeal 2001). 11250:

Disposition of Public Land to Other Governments and Agencies

11200:(3). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 6. Archived from 10474:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, pp. 31, 52 4541:; Elizabeth II (front, left), Prince Philip (front, right), 3362:

on the past and to forge a new relationship for the future.

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and European colonialists and, over centuries of interface,

2850:

employ the shields of the relevant provincial coat of arms.

2513:, it also enjoys inherent powers not granted by either. The 1906:

and again in 2014. Legal scholar Christopher Cornell of the

1110:. All three entities are components of the nation-to-nation 28383: 27224: 27214: 27204: 27187: 19469:"How Prince Edward and Sophie forged deep ties with Canada" 19301: 18630: 18053:"The Queen becomes a great grandmother for the second time" 16588: 16562: 16468: 16410:"Princess Anne's Ottawa tour will honour 'everyday heroes'" 14926: 14808:"Acts, Agreements & Land Claims > Historic Treaties" 13855:"Martin Government Removes Queen From Diplomatic Documents" 13382: 12594:"The Office > Annual Reports > Report on Performance" 10496:, Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms, 9921:, S.6 (Court of Appeal for Ontario 28 August 2014). 9903: (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 9 August 2013). 9570:"Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends" 9548:"Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends" 9141:"Royals arrive in Ottawa in final leg of cross-Canada tour" 8810:

Scott, F. R. (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status".

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and aired for one season in 2002. Its premise was a brash,

3793: 3579: 3522:. When serving as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, 3234: 3190: 2011: 1410:

in carrying out various formalities around the transition.

23104:

The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constittuional Monarchy

22635:

The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constittuional Monarchy

22259:

Clarke calls on grads to help achieve the ideals of Canada

20303:

Office of the Governor General of Canada (18 April 2017).

19594:

Protecting Prince Harry cost Canadians more than $ 334,000

19407: 18888:

The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constitutional Monarchy

18659:

The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constitutional Monarchy

17189:

Charles Pachter "Queen on a Moose" Acrylic on Canvas, 1988

16565:"Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: Good Value, Small Cost" 16511:. Senate. 27 May 2008. col. 1373–1374. Archived from 15404:

Royal Progress: Canada's Monarchy in the Age of Disruption

12903:. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Archived from 12876:. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Archived from 11608:

Office of the Prime Minister of Canada (4 November 2012).

11413:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 201, 11380:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 103, 9611:

175th Anniversary of Responsible Government in Nova Scotia

6748:, resided in Canada first through 1870 as a member of the 6112: 5365:

The Queen publicly expressed her personal support for the

4999:

The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge with an RCMP escort, in

3944:

The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constitutional Monarchy

3520:

traditional customs, legal systems, and cultural practices

3149:

the legislature, after which the governor general usually

3000:—is defined by the constitution as the King acting on the 2967:, in the State Dining Room of Rideau Hall, 14 October 1957 1731:, was not exhaustive, outlining that section 52(2) of the 1727:. In response, Chrétien asserted that the schedule to the 1304:

giving royal patronage to civil and military organizations

23924: 21511:"Long Live the Queen? Statue of Queen Victoria Torn Down" 21189:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. xv, 20843:"The Crown is everywhere. So why don't we understand it?" 20326:

Office of the Governor General of Canada (5 April 2020),

18855:"Royal Agricultural Winter Fair prepares for Royal visit" 18109:, 14.4 (Federal Court of Canada 21 January 2008). 17733:"Prince Harry and Meghan Markle Are Not Suing South Park" 17550:"Comic's parody of Rideau Hall debuts as CBC-TV series", 17166:

Charles Pachter "Queen & Moose" Painted Collage, 1973

16738: 16538:(4 ed.), Monarchist League of Canada, archived from 16014:. Vol. IXX, no. 17. New York. 21 October 1957. 15898: 14689:. Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations. Archived from 14306:(Fourth ed.), Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 11 12753:"How the term "head of state" is actually used in Canada" 11129:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. xi, 10706:. Vol. IXX, no. 17. New York. 21 October 1957. 10671: 9938:, vol. 54 (106 ed.), Queen's Printer for Canada 7614:

Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council 2004

5440:. Between them, the Queen and her family opened numerous 4709: 4169:

at Rideau Hall in 1951 and a portrait of Elizabeth II by

2922:

minister of innovation, science, and economic development

2555:, who had been accused of misappropriating public funds. 23414: 21854:"Purpose Statement > What the Association Stands For" 20901:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 136 17685:"'South Park' spoofs royal wedding with 'Royal Pudding'" 15755:"At Home in Canada": Royalty at Canada's Historic Places 14429:(Report). Parliamentary Information and Research Service 10575:

Bell, Lynne; Bousfield, Arthur; Bousfield, Gary (2007).

10426:

Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada

10172:"Liberal Stalking Horse for Stealth Ending of Monarchy?" 9506:

Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada

8349:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

8320:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

5362:, ensured that the system remained the same in essence. 5157:

fleeing north from persecution during and following the

4580:, styled and titled as they are in the UK, according to 4561:'s website lists "working members of the royal family". 2814:

of the Canadian monarch and, thus, equally the official

2558: 1470:

Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada

1408:

Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada

25762:

Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership

23201:. Toronto-Buffalo-London: University of Toronto Press. 22609: