1000:
965:
adopting a higher grade of steel. If a concrete filled pipe pile is corroded, most of the load carrying capacity of the pile will remain intact due to the concrete, while it will be lost in an empty pipe pile. The structural capacity of pipe piles is primarily calculated based on steel strength and concrete strength (if filled). An allowance is made for corrosion depending on the site conditions and local building codes. Steel pipe piles can either be new steel manufactured specifically for the piling industry or reclaimed steel tubular casing previously used for other purposes such as oil and gas exploration.
765:
229:
576:
steel comprising more than 40% of their cross section. They can be used as direct structural support or as ground reinforcement elements. Due to their relatively high cost and the type of equipment used to install these elements, they are often used where access restrictions and or very difficult ground conditions (cobbles and boulders, construction debris, karst, environmental sensitivity) exists or to retrofit existing structures. Occasionally, in difficult ground, they are used for new construction foundation elements. Typical applications include
610:
1921:
1774:
306:
1820:
1733:
1721:
1832:
1883:
1808:
1709:
1856:
298:
66:
1909:
1897:
1933:
190:
1844:
1957:
1873:
1796:
943:
854:. The mixing can be carried out by pumping the binder into the soil whilst mixing it with a device normally mounted on an excavator or by excavating the masses, mixing them separately with the binders and refilling them in the desired area. The technique can also be used on lightly contaminated masses as a means of binding contaminants, as opposed to excavating them and transporting to landfill or processing.
706:
1697:
178:
1945:
1745:
420:
634:
467:, or hardpan, or other dense, strong layers. Both the diameter of the pile and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the ground conditions, loading conditions, and nature of the project. Pile depths may vary substantially across a project if the bearing layer is not level. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify the pile integrity during installation.
163:
781:
bearing strata. When used in permanent works, these walls can be designed to resist vertical loads in addition lateral load from retaining soil. Construction of both methods is the same as for foundation bearing piles. Contiguous walls are constructed with small gaps between adjacent piles. The spacing of the piles can be varied to provide suitable bending stiffness.
922:
length onto the end of the leader pile. The follower pile is then simply slotted into the other end of the tube and driving continues. The steel tube is simply there to ensure that the two pieces follow each other during driving. If uplift capacity is required, the splice can incorporate bolts, coach screws, spikes or the like to give it the necessary capacity.
792:
pile walls are constructed such that space is left between alternate 'female' piles for the subsequent construction of 'male' piles. Construction of 'male' piles involves boring through the concrete in the 'female' piles hole in order to key 'male' piles between. The male pile is the one where steel
780:
Piled walls can be drivene or bored. They provide special advantages where available working space dictates and open cut excavation not feasible. Both methods offer technically effective and offer a cost efficient temporary or permanent means of retaining the sides of bulk excavations even in water
455:
is drilled into the ground, then concrete (and often some sort of reinforcing) is placed into the borehole to form the pile. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method and permit pile construction through particularly dense or hard strata. Construction methods
402:
The typical construction process for a wind turbine subsea monopile foundation in sand includes driving a large hollow steel pile, of some 4 m in diameter with approximately 50mm thick walls, some 25 m deep into the seabed, through a 0.5 m layer of larger stone and gravel to minimize
960:
Pipe piles can be driven either open end or closed end. When driven open end, soil is allowed to enter the bottom of the pipe or tube. If an empty pipe is required, a jet of water or an auger can be used to remove the soil inside following driving. Closed end pipe piles are constructed by covering
921:
Splicing timber piles is still quite common and is the easiest of all the piling materials to splice. The normal method for splicing is by driving the leader pile first, driving a steel tube (normally 60–100 cm long, with an internal diameter no smaller than the minimum toe diameter) half its
896:
level. Timber will last for a long time below the groundwater level. For timber to rot, two elements are needed: water and oxygen. Below the groundwater level, dissolved oxygen is lacking even though there is ample water. Hence, timber tends to last for a long time below the groundwater level. In
884:
Historically, timber has been a plentiful, locally available resource in many areas. Today, timber piles are still more affordable than concrete or steel. Compared to other types of piles (steel or concrete), and depending on the source/type of timber, timber piles may not be suitable for heavier
755:
Specific to marine structures, hospital piles (also known as gallow piles) are built to provide temporary support to marine structure components during refurbishment works. For example, when removing a river pontoon, the brow will be attached to hospital pile to support it. They are normal piles,
696:
The proportions of the pile (diameter to height) are dependent upon the soil type. Sand is difficult to penetrate but provides good holding capacity, so the height may be as short as half the diameter. Clays and muds are easy to penetrate but provide poor holding capacity, so the height may be as
575:
Micropiles are small diameter, generally less than 300mm diameter, elements that are drilled and grouted in place. They typically get their capacity from skin friction along the sides of the element, but can be end bearing in hard rock as well. Micropiles are usually heavily reinforced with
527:
mix is then pumped down the stem of the auger. While the cement grout is pumped, the auger is slowly withdrawn, conveying the soil upward along the flights. A shaft of fluid cement grout is formed to ground level. Reinforcement can be installed. Recent innovations in addition to stringent quality
973:
value, then there is a risk of corrosion, coal-tar epoxy or cathodic protection can be applied to slow or eliminate the corrosion process. It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design by simply over dimensioning the cross-sectional area of the steel pile. In this way, the corrosion
964:
In some cases, pipe piles are filled with concrete to provide additional moment capacity or corrosion resistance. In the United
Kingdom, this is generally not done in order to reduce the cost. In these cases corrosion protection is provided by allowing for a sacrificial thickness of steel or by
600:
The use of a tripod rig to install piles is one of the more traditional ways of forming piles. Although unit costs are generally higher than with most other forms of piling, it has several advantages which have ensured its continued use through to the present day. The tripod system is easy and
552:
on which the structure sits, sometimes with heavy column loads bearing directly on the piers. In some residential construction, the piers are extended above the ground level, and wood beams bearing on the piers are used to support the structure. This type of foundation results in a crawl space
336:
to join multiple segments end-to-end when the driven depth required was too long for a single pile; today, splicing is common with steel piles, though concrete piles can be spliced with mechanical and other means. Driving piles, as opposed to drilling shafts, is advantageous because the soil
539:
Small
Sectional Flight Auger piling rigs can also be used for piled raft foundations. These produce the same type of pile as a Continuous Flight Auger rig but using smaller, more lightweight equipment. This piling method is fast, cost-effective and suitable for the majority of ground types.
1025:
Hydraulic hammer is removable working equipment of hydraulic excavators, hydroficated machines (stationary rock breakers, loaders, manipulators, pile driving hammers) used for processing strong materials (rock, soil, metal) or pile driving elements by impact of falling parts dispersed by
531:
Augercast piles cause minimal disturbance and are often used for noise-sensitive and environmentally-sensitive sites. Augercast piles are not generally suited for use in contaminated soils, because of expensive waste disposal costs. In cases such as these, a displacement pile (like
796:
Secant piled walls can either be true hard/hard, hard/intermediate (firm), or hard/soft, depending on design requirements. Hard refers to structural concrete and firm or soft is usually a weaker grout mix containing bentonite. All types of wall can be constructed as free standing
566:
In jet piling high pressure water is used to set piles. High pressure water cuts through soil with a high-pressure jet flow and allows the pile to be fitted. One advantage of Jet Piling: the water jet lubricates the pile and softens the ground. The method is in use in Norway.
475:
Under-reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that are as much as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils or rocks. The larger base diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-shaft pile.
697:
much as eight times the diameter. The open nature of gravel means that water would flow through the ground during installation, causing 'piping' flow (where water boils up through weaker paths through the soil). Therefore, suction piles cannot be used in gravel seabeds.
164:
838:
Cement, lime/quick lime, flyash, sludge and/or other binders (sometimes called stabilizer) are mixed into the soil to increase bearing capacity. The result is not as solid as concrete, but should be seen as an improvement of the bearing capacity of the original soil.
656:
Soldier piles are most suitable in conditions where well constructed walls will not result in subsidence such as over-consolidated clays, soils above the water table if they have some cohesion, and free draining soils which can be effectively dewatered, like sands.
165:
692:
Suction piles are used underwater to secure floating platforms. Tubular piles are driven into the seabed (or more commonly dropped a few metres into a soft seabed) and then a pump sucks water out at the top of the tubular, pulling the pile further down.
536:) may provide the cost efficiency of an augercast pile and minimal environmental impact. In ground containing obstructions or cobbles and boulders, augercast piles are less suitable as refusal above the design pile tip elevation may be encountered.
995:
A "composite pile" is a pile made of steel and concrete members that are fastened together, end to end, to form a single pile. It is a combination of different materials or different shaped materials such as pipe and H-beams or steel and concrete.
167:
652:
is minimized by installing the lagging immediately after excavation to avoid soil loss. Lagging can be constructed by timber, precast concrete, shotcrete and steel plates depending on spacing of the soldier piles and the type of soils.
491:
This type of soil expands when it comes in contact with water and contraction occurs when water is removed. So that cracks appear in the construction done on such clay. An under reamed pile is used in the base to remove this defect.
727:
Adfreeze pile foundations are particularly sensitive in conditions which cause the permafrost to melt. If a building is constructed improperly then it can melt the ground below, resulting in a failure of the foundation system.
1378:
660:
Unsuitable soils include soft clays and weak running soils that allow large movements such as loose sands. It is also not possible to extend the wall beyond the bottom of the excavation, and dewatering is often required.
341:. Driven piles are also considered to be "tested" for weight-bearing ability because of their method of installation; thus the motto of the Pile Driving Contractors' Association is "A Driven Pile...Is a Tested Pile!".
968:
H-Piles are structural beams that are driven in the ground for deep foundation application. They can be easily cut off or joined by welding or mechanical drive-fit splicers. If the pile is driven into a soil with low
901:
was constructed on 13,659 timber piles that still survive today since they were below groundwater level. Timber that is to be used above the water table can be protected from decay and insects by numerous forms of
1003:'Pile jackets' encasing old concrete piles in a saltwater environment to prevent corrosion and consequential weakening of the piles when cracks allow saltwater to contact the internal steel reinforcement rods
479:
These piles are suited for expansive soils which are often subjected to seasonal moisture variations, or for loose or soft strata. They are used in normal ground condition also where economics are favorable.
986:
Long piles can be difficult to handle and transport. Pile joints can be used to join two or more short piles to form one long pile. Pile joints can be used with both precast and prestressed concrete piles.
320:. Driven piles are constructed of wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees. Concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections (like
982:
Concrete piles are typically made with steel reinforcing and prestressing tendons to obtain the tensile strength required, to survive handling and driving, and to provide sufficient bending resistance.
273:; other deep foundations are typically put in place using excavation and drilling. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of
684:. Screw piles are galvanized iron pipe with helical fins that are turned into the ground by machines to the required depth. The screw distributes the load to the soil and is sized accordingly.
1558:
The Deep
Foundation web portal Italiantrivelle is the number one source of information regarding the Foundation Industry. (Link needs to be removed or updated, links to inappropriate content)
353:(a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads that are greater than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with
166:
645:
spaced about 2 to 3 m apart and are driven or drilled prior to excavation. As the excavation proceeds, horizontal timber sheeting (lagging) is inserted behind the H pile flanges.
463:
For end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient depth (socketing) into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can be a
407:, cable ducts for sub-marine cables, turbine tower flange, etc.) is attached to the driven pile, and the sand and water are removed from the centre of the pile and replaced with
1523:
617:
Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier in the ground. The main application of sheet piles is in
259:. There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to a
1724:
1215:
Handbook on Under-reamed and bored compaction pile foundation, Central building research institute
Roorkee, Prepared by Devendra Sharma, M. P. Jain, Chandra Prakash
1835:
1811:
399:
off the coast of
England went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a 4.7-metre-diameter monopile foundation in ocean depths up to 18 metres.
1562:
Fleming, W. G. K. et al., 1985, Piling
Engineering, Surrey University Press; Hunt, R. E., Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Evaluation, 1986, McGraw-Hill.
369:
utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.
1573:
1187:
1859:
1645:
1912:
357:
to tie the foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams, while heavier elements bear directly on the pile cap.
648:
The horizontal earth pressures are concentrated on the soldier piles because of their relative rigidity compared to the lagging. Soil movement and
456:
depend on the geology of the site; in particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry' ground conditions or through water-saturated strata.
411:. An additional layer of even larger stone, up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion protection.
1799:
337:
displaced by driving the piles compresses the surrounding soil, causing greater friction against the sides of the piles, thus increasing their
2610:
1170:
1151:
625:
erected to enable permanent works to proceed. Normally, vibrating hammer, t-crane and crawle drilling are used to establish sheet piles.
1605:
946:
Cutaway illustration. Deep inclined (battered) pipe piles support a precast segmented skyway where upper soil layers are weak muds.
1515:
2655:
396:
1638:
130:
102:
1072:
17:
109:
1405:
2065:
1663:
1631:
1492:
372:
A large number of monopile foundations have been utilized in recent years for economically constructing fixed-bottom
149:
1596:
403:
erosion around the pile. A transition piece (complete with pre-installed features such as boat-landing arrangement,
83:
332:. Steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section (like an H-pile). Historically, wood piles used
116:
724:
Adfreeze piles derive their strength from the bond of the frozen ground around them to the surface of the pile.
87:
2313:
2194:
1736:
1551:
1191:
642:
98:
1352:
1032:
Press-in pile driver is a machine for sinking piles into the ground by means of static force transmission.
2626:
373:
2226:
1671:
907:
553:
underneath the building in which wiring and duct work can be laid during construction or re-modelling.
516:
2776:
2529:
1924:
911:
898:
221:
is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the
206:
1253:
2605:
2595:
2467:
2457:
2287:
2025:
1823:
1654:
1268:
43:
999:
2445:
2420:
2360:
2040:
1981:
801:, or may be propped if space and sub-structure design permit. Where party wall agreements allow,
460:
is often used when the sides of the borehole are likely to slough off before concrete is poured.
76:
47:
1167:
395:
utilizes 80 large monopiles of 4 metres diameter sunk 25 meters deep into the seabed, while the
2708:
2519:
2333:
2169:
2144:
1995:
1974:
1866:
1148:
1133:
769:
764:
338:
793:
reinforcement cages are installed, though in some cases the female piles are also reinforced.
228:
2395:
2204:
1712:
1240:
1229:
740:
681:
528:
control allows reinforcing cages to be placed up to the full length of a pile when required.
264:
244:
123:
54:
2748:
2600:
2557:
2450:
2375:
1758:
1103:
329:
321:
286:
519:(CFA) pile, is formed by drilling into the ground with a hollow stemmed continuous flight
8:
2524:
2514:
2070:
2055:
2015:
1988:
1763:
1753:
1093:
821:
in the surrounding soil does not collapse as the slurry balances the hydraulic pressure.
589:
404:
282:
953:
piles are a type of steel driven pile foundation and are a good candidate for inclined (
2475:
2184:
1967:
1886:
1158:
Horns Rev project, Elsam monopile foundation construction process, accessed 2010-04-12]
1019:
818:
736:
585:
210:
1294:
817:
and water to prevent the flow of groundwater. A trench that would collapse due to the
506:
4. Under reamed piles are used, Where lifting forces appear at the base of foundation.
2572:
2318:
2209:
2179:
2030:
1488:
903:
773:
609:
601:
inexpensive to bring to site, making it ideal for jobs with a small number of piles.
457:
835:
reinforcements in the form of piles (as mentioned above), blocks or larger volumes.
2622:
2509:
2400:
2365:
2340:
2199:
2020:
1325:
233:
182:
171:
Drilling of deep piles of diameter 150 cm in bridge 423 near Nes Ziona, Israel
1847:
1456:
888:
A main consideration regarding timber piles is that they should be protected from
496:
2. Under reamed piles are used in low bearing capacity
Outdated soil (filled soil)
2738:
2562:
2415:
2410:
2308:
2174:
2045:
1900:
1600:
1555:
1482:
1174:
1155:
950:
1406:"A Numerical Model for Load Transfer and Settlement of Bored Cast In-Situ Piles"
209:
that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a
2685:
2577:
2494:
2298:
2060:
2050:
1936:
1090:, also known as a lake house; an ancient, historic house type built on pilings.
1077:
1029:
Vibratory pile driver is a machine for driving piles into sandy and clay soils.
954:
868:
618:
613:
Sheet piles are used to restrain soft soil above the bedrock in this excavation
523:
to the required depth or degree of resistance. No casing is required. A cement
2615:
1317:
349:
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a
2770:
2713:
2552:
2430:
2425:
2380:
2149:
889:
520:
313:
305:
256:
222:
1920:
1773:
641:
Soldier piles, also known as king piles or Berlin walls, are constructed of
2733:
2728:
2718:
2698:
2385:
2328:
2159:
1876:
1819:
1732:
1623:
1413:
1007:
931:
802:
789:
577:
533:
247:
would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, such as for a
1785:
1720:
710:
2743:
2440:
2323:
2262:
1831:
1593:
1098:
1087:
893:
669:
333:
317:
1882:
1807:
1708:
2567:
2547:
2435:
2247:
2242:
2164:
2154:
2035:
1780:
1700:
1330:
798:
721:, adfreeze piles are used as the primary structural foundation method.
718:
649:
549:
464:
354:
248:
2723:
2703:
2589:
2405:
2390:
2006:
1948:
1748:
1016:
Pile driver is a device for placing piles in their designed position.
814:
501:
3.Under reamed piles are used in sandy soil when water table is high.
424:
388:
384:
381:
39:
1230:"Implementation of Micropiles by the Federal Highway Administration"
622:
297:
65:
2753:
2640:
2370:
2345:
2272:
2189:
1855:
1081:
1064:
915:
744:
452:
408:
350:
1908:
1896:
1122:
30:"Piling" redirects here. For the medieval Chinese city of Piling (
2693:
2665:
2350:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2252:
1960:
1932:
1548:
1067:
831:
392:
309:
Illustration of a hand-operated pile driver in
Germany after 1480
269:
251:. Some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor
189:
1843:
942:
637:
A soldier pile wall using reclaimed railway sleepers as lagging.
2675:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2582:
2355:
2303:
2113:
1956:
1872:
1795:
1039:
874:
705:
581:
484:
Under reamed piles foundation is used for the following soils:-
377:
274:
260:
1696:
1435:
1084:
construction; a historic method of building wooden structures.
961:
the bottom of the pile with a steel plate or cast steel shoe.
680:, have been used as foundations since the mid 19th century in
177:
2128:
1410:
Proceedings of the 35th Annual
Conference on Deep Foundations
813:
A slurry wall is a barrier built under ground using a mix of
548:
In drilled pier foundations, the piers can be connected with
524:
325:
278:
237:
194:
1944:
1744:
1044:
Construction machinery used to construct replacement piles:
1012:
Construction machinery used to drive piles into the ground:
824:
419:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2083:
878:
851:
847:
843:
739:
are a ground improvement technique where columns of coarse
633:
252:
1177:, Modern Power Systems, 2002-10-05, accessed 2010-04-14.
1008:
Construction machinery for driving piles into the ground
768:
Sheet piling, by a bridge, was used to block a canal in
1516:"General description of the press-in pile driving unit"
970:
1618:
1318:"Field Study on the Waterstop of the Rodin Jet Pile"
489:
1. Under reamed piles are used in black cotton soil:
213:does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1048:Sectional Flight Auger or Continuous Flight Auger
543:
2768:
1576:U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1986.
1022:is a device for hammering piles into the ground.
1574:NAVFAC DM 7.02 Foundations and Earth Structures
1484:An Encyclopaedia of the history of technolology
1316:Guan, Chengli; Yang, Yuyou (21 February 2019).
930:Cast iron may be used for piling. These may be
181:A deep foundation installation for a bridge in
1639:
1144:
1142:
977:
267:. Piles are generally driven into the ground
32:
1653:
1040:Construction machinery for replacement piles
1568:Foundation Design: Principles and Practices
255:at shallow depth, or site constraints like
1646:
1632:
1161:
1139:
1127:
747:or bearing capacity to improve the soils.
344:
1329:
974:process can be prolonged up to 50 years.
825:Deep mixing/mass stabilization techniques
756:usually with a chain or hook attachment.
731:
316:piles are driven into the ground using a
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1371:
1315:
1266:
1227:
998:
941:
763:
709:Adfreeze piles supporting a building in
704:
632:
608:
418:
304:
296:
227:
188:
176:
161:
1309:
842:The technique is most often applied on
445:cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles)
301:Pipe piles being driven into the ground
193:Pile driving operations in the Port of
14:
2769:
1480:
1436:"International Society for Micropiles"
1287:
1235:. Federal Highway Administration (US).
1080:construction also called earthfast or
717:In high latitudes where the ground is
360:
1627:
1588:Pile Design and Construction Practice
1526:from the original on 25 December 2022
1476:
1474:
1345:
784:
470:
292:
1403:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1188:"Lynn and Inner Dowsing description"
1073:International Society for Micropiles
829:These are essentially variations of
515:An augercast pile, often known as a
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
1549:Italiantrivelle Foundation Industry
1228:Siel, Barry D.; Anderson, Scott A.
556:
24:
1581:Pile Design and Construction Guide
1570:2nd ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., 2001.
1471:
1136:, 2009-09-09, accessed 2010-04-12.
990:
25:
2788:
1664:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1612:
1218:
1206:
1149:Constructing a turbine foundation
1134:Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations
750:
700:
510:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1881:
1871:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1772:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
687:
628:
414:
397:Lynn and Inner Dowsing Wind Farm
64:
1508:
1449:
1428:
1397:
808:
595:
75:needs additional citations for
1594:Stabilization of Organic Soils
1269:"How House Construction Works"
1267:Marshall, Brain (April 2000).
1260:
1180:
1116:
759:
743:are placed in soils with poor
664:
604:
544:Pier and grade beam foundation
243:There are many reasons that a
53:For other uses of "pile", see
13:
1:
2314:Mechanically stabilized earth
1542:
1504:– via Internet Archive.
1353:"Press-in with Water Jetting"
570:
2066:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1054:Ring bit concentric drilling
1051:Reverse circulation drilling
857:
561:
380:locations. For example, the
324:). They are reinforced with
42:. For the style of art, see
7:
2627:Stress distribution in soil
1058:
1035:Universal drilling machine.
10:
2793:
1777:Pore pressure measurement
1619:Deep Foundations Institute
1520:Concrete Pumping Melbourne
978:Prestressed concrete piles
908:alkaline copper quaternary
906:using pressure treatment (
866:
805:can be used as tie backs.
517:continuous flight augering
52:
29:
2684:
2639:
2538:
2530:Preconsolidation pressure
2502:
2493:
2466:
2286:
2235:
2222:
2137:
2091:
2082:
2005:
1925:Standard penetration test
1683:
1670:
1661:
912:chromated copper arsenate
899:Royal Palace of Amsterdam
862:
33:
2026:California bearing ratio
1824:Rotary-pressure sounding
1655:Geotechnical engineering
1599:22 February 2012 at the
1404:Omer, Joshua R. (2010).
1109:
937:
44:Chinese Piling paintings
2446:Geosynthetic clay liner
2421:Expanded clay aggregate
2041:Proctor compaction test
1982:Crosshole sonic logging
1968:Nuclear densometer test
1725:Geo-electrical sounding
925:
345:Pile foundation systems
263:), drilled shafts, and
48:Piling (disambiguation)
2709:Earthquake engineering
2520:Lateral earth pressure
2145:Hydraulic conductivity
1996:Wave equation analysis
1975:Exploration geophysics
1867:Deformation monitoring
1836:Rotary weight sounding
1379:"City Lade, Trondheim"
1248:Cite journal requires
1004:
947:
777:
737:Vibrated stone columns
732:Vibrated stone columns
714:
682:screw-pile lighthouses
638:
614:
428:
310:
302:
240:
198:
186:
172:
46:. For other uses, see
1887:Settlement recordings
1812:Rock control drilling
1713:Cone penetration test
1606:Sheet piling handbook
1002:
945:
873:As the name implies,
767:
708:
636:
612:
422:
339:load-bearing capacity
308:
300:
245:geotechnical engineer
231:
192:
180:
170:
55:Pile (disambiguation)
2749:Agricultural science
2451:Cellular confinement
1554:25 June 2014 at the
1481:McNeil, Ian (1990).
1275:. HowStuffWorks, Inc
1173:14 July 2011 at the
1104:Larssen sheet piling
1026:high-pressure fluid.
287:prestressed concrete
232:Deep foundations of
84:improve this article
2641:Numerical analysis
2525:Overburden pressure
2515:Pore water pressure
2295:Shoring structures
2170:Reynolds' dilatancy
2071:Water content tests
2056:Triaxial shear test
2016:Soil classification
1989:Pile integrity test
1579:Rajapakse, Ruwan.,
1522:. 13 October 2021.
1154:21 May 2011 at the
1094:Shallow foundations
719:continuously frozen
590:slope stabilization
405:cathodic protection
374:offshore wind farms
367:monopile foundation
361:Monopile foundation
283:reinforced concrete
18:Monopile foundation
2616:Slab stabilisation
2596:Stability analysis
1566:Coduto, Donald P.
1331:10.3390/app9081709
1020:Diesel pile hammer
1005:
948:
877:piles are made of
819:hydraulic pressure
785:Secant piled walls
778:
715:
639:
615:
586:transmission tower
471:Under-reamed piles
429:
423:A pile machine in
311:
303:
293:Driven foundations
241:
236:, a skyscraper in
211:shallow foundation
199:
187:
173:
27:Type of foundation
2764:
2763:
2635:
2634:
2611:Sliding criterion
2573:Response spectrum
2489:
2488:
2319:Pressure grouting
2218:
2217:
2078:
2077:
2031:Direct shear test
1737:Permeability test
1586:Tomlinson, P.J.,
1297:. Merriam-Webster
904:wood preservation
774:Hurricane Katrina
678:screw foundations
376:in shallow-water
168:
160:
159:
152:
134:
99:"Deep foundation"
16:(Redirected from
2784:
2777:Deep foundations
2623:Bearing capacity
2510:Effective stress
2500:
2499:
2401:Land reclamation
2341:Land development
2236:Natural features
2233:
2232:
2200:Specific storage
2089:
2088:
2021:Atterberg limits
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1885:
1875:
1860:Screw plate test
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1776:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1681:
1680:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1416:on 14 April 2021
1412:. Archived from
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1322:Applied Sciences
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1190:. Archived from
1184:
1178:
1168:Horns Revolution
1165:
1159:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1120:
643:steel H sections
557:Speciality piles
234:The Marina Torch
185:, United States.
183:Napa, California
169:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
36:
35:
21:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2739:Earth materials
2680:
2642:
2631:
2540:
2534:
2485:
2462:
2416:Earth structure
2411:Erosion control
2309:Ground freezing
2299:Retaining walls
2282:
2224:
2214:
2175:Angle of repose
2133:
2074:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1961:Visible bedrock
1913:Simple sounding
1901:Shear vane test
1677:instrumentation
1676:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1615:
1601:Wayback Machine
1556:Wayback Machine
1545:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1479:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1459:. Geo-Institute
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1273:How Stuff Works
1265:
1261:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1194:on 26 July 2011
1186:
1185:
1181:
1175:Wayback Machine
1166:
1162:
1156:Wayback Machine
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1061:
1042:
1010:
993:
991:Composite piles
980:
940:
928:
871:
865:
860:
827:
811:
787:
762:
753:
734:
703:
690:
667:
631:
619:retaining walls
607:
598:
573:
564:
559:
546:
513:
473:
417:
363:
347:
295:
203:deep foundation
162:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
58:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2686:Related fields
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Classification
2603:
2598:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:Seismic hazard
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2205:Shear strength
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:Friction angle
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Oedometer test
2058:
2053:
2051:Sieve analysis
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1937:Total sounding
1928:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1613:External links
1611:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1507:
1493:
1470:
1457:"GeoTechTools"
1448:
1427:
1396:
1370:
1344:
1308:
1286:
1259:
1250:|journal=
1217:
1205:
1179:
1160:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1078:Post in ground
1075:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1006:
992:
989:
979:
976:
939:
936:
927:
924:
869:Timber pilings
867:Main article:
864:
861:
859:
856:
826:
823:
810:
807:
803:ground anchors
786:
783:
761:
758:
752:
751:Hospital piles
749:
733:
730:
702:
701:Adfreeze piles
699:
689:
686:
672:, also called
666:
663:
630:
627:
606:
603:
597:
594:
572:
569:
563:
560:
558:
555:
545:
542:
512:
511:Augercast pile
509:
472:
469:
437:drilled shafts
416:
413:
362:
359:
346:
343:
328:and are often
294:
291:
257:property lines
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2789:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Geomorphology
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Consolidation
2556:
2554:
2553:Frost heaving
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:Geosynthetics
2429:
2427:
2426:Crushed stone
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Cut-and-cover
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Water content
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:Sample series
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1672:Investigation
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1496:
1494:9780415147927
1490:
1487:. Routledge.
1486:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1458:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1385:. Jetgrunn AS
1384:
1380:
1374:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1296:
1290:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1242:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1001:
997:
988:
984:
975:
972:
966:
962:
958:
956:
952:
944:
935:
933:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
886:
882:
880:
876:
870:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
834:
833:
822:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
794:
791:
782:
775:
771:
766:
757:
748:
746:
742:
738:
729:
725:
722:
720:
712:
707:
698:
694:
688:Suction piles
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:helical piers
671:
662:
658:
654:
651:
646:
644:
635:
629:Soldier piles
626:
624:
620:
611:
602:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
568:
554:
551:
541:
537:
535:
534:Olivier piles
529:
526:
522:
518:
508:
507:
503:
502:
498:
497:
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:
477:
468:
466:
461:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:drilled piers
438:
434:
426:
421:
415:Drilled piles
412:
410:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
358:
356:
352:
342:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Prefabricated
307:
299:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
239:
235:
230:
226:
224:
223:building site
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:is a type of
204:
196:
191:
184:
179:
175:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
19:
2734:Biogeography
2729:Hydrogeology
2719:Soil science
2699:Geochemistry
2480:
2458:Infiltration
2386:Cut and fill
2329:Soil nailing
2195:Permeability
2160:Bulk density
1877:Inclinometer
1800:Ram sounding
1685:
1587:
1580:
1567:
1561:
1528:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1483:
1461:. Retrieved
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:the original
1409:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1356:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1321:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1272:
1262:
1241:cite journal
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1182:
1163:
1129:
1118:
1043:
1011:
994:
985:
981:
967:
963:
959:
949:
929:
920:
887:
883:
872:
841:
837:
830:
828:
812:
809:Slurry walls
795:
788:
779:
754:
735:
726:
723:
716:
695:
691:
677:
673:
668:
659:
655:
647:
640:
616:
599:
596:Tripod piles
578:underpinning
574:
565:
547:
538:
530:
514:
505:
504:
500:
499:
495:
494:
488:
487:
483:
482:
478:
474:
462:
449:cast-in-situ
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Also called
430:
401:
371:
366:
364:
348:
322:Franki piles
312:
268:
242:
218:
214:
202:
200:
174:
146:
140:October 2022
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
31:
2744:Archaeology
2468:Foundations
2441:Geomembrane
2324:Slurry wall
2263:Water table
2227:Interaction
2223:Structures
2210:Sensitivity
2007:Laboratory
1383:Jetgrunn.no
1359:. Giken Ltd
1099:Pile bridge
1088:Stilt house
894:groundwater
846:or organic
799:cantilevers
776:damaged it.
770:New Orleans
760:Piled walls
670:Screw piles
665:Screw piles
605:Sheet piles
550:grade beams
355:grade beams
330:prestressed
318:pile driver
2601:Mitigation
2583:Shear wave
2568:Earthquake
2563:Compaction
2548:Permafrost
2539:Phenomena/
2436:Geotextile
2361:Embankment
2351:Excavation
2288:Earthworks
2248:Vegetation
2243:Topography
2165:Thixotropy
2155:Void ratio
2138:Properties
2036:Hydrometer
1781:Piezometer
1701:Core drill
1543:References
1441:2 February
1295:"jet-pile"
897:1648, the
650:subsidence
623:cofferdams
592:projects.
571:Micropiles
465:rock layer
249:skyscraper
207:foundation
197:, Florida.
110:newspapers
2724:Hydrology
2704:Petrology
2592:analysis
2590:Landslide
2495:Mechanics
2406:Track bed
2391:Fill dirt
2376:Terracing
1949:Trial pit
1764:Statnamic
1749:Load test
1357:Giken.com
957:) piles.
918:, etc.).
858:Materials
815:bentonite
741:aggregate
711:Utqiaġvik
562:Jet-piles
451:piles, a
425:Amsterdam
389:North Sea
385:wind farm
382:Horns Rev
40:Changzhou
2771:Category
2754:Agrology
2643:software
2541:problems
2371:Causeway
2346:Landfill
2273:Subgrade
2190:Porosity
2185:Cohesion
1597:Archived
1552:Archived
1524:Archived
1463:15 April
1389:2 August
1363:2 August
1337:2 August
1301:2 August
1171:Archived
1152:Archived
1082:posthole
1065:Eurocode
1059:See also
955:battered
916:creosote
745:drainage
713:, Alaska
453:borehole
433:caissons
409:concrete
391:west of
351:pile cap
265:caissons
2694:Geology
2666:SVSlope
2476:Shallow
2396:Grading
2334:Tieback
2278:Subsoil
2268:Bedrock
2258:Topsoil
2253:Terrain
2046:R-value
2009:testing
1759:Dynamic
1686:in situ
1684:Field (
1530:20 July
1500:20 July
1420:20 July
1279:4 April
1198:23 July
1068:EN 1997
932:ductile
914:(CCA),
910:(ACQ),
890:rotting
885:loads.
832:in situ
393:Denmark
387:in the
334:splices
270:in situ
124:scholar
38:), see
2676:Plaxis
2671:UTEXAS
2661:SVFlux
2651:SEEP2D
2503:Forces
2356:Trench
2304:Gabion
2114:Gravel
1754:Static
1608:, 2010
1590:, 1984
1583:, 2003
1491:
892:above
875:timber
863:Timber
790:Secant
772:after
582:bridge
458:Casing
378:subsea
275:timber
261:column
219:piling
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2656:STABL
2129:Loess
2092:Types
1233:(PDF)
1110:Notes
938:Steel
850:like
848:soils
844:clays
525:grout
521:auger
326:rebar
279:steel
238:Dubai
195:Tampa
131:JSTOR
117:books
2481:Deep
2124:Loam
2119:Peat
2109:Sand
2104:Silt
2099:Clay
2084:Soil
1786:Well
1532:2022
1502:2022
1489:ISBN
1465:2022
1443:2007
1422:2011
1391:2020
1365:2020
1339:2020
1303:2020
1281:2013
1254:help
1200:2010
1123:PDCA
951:Pipe
926:Iron
879:wood
852:peat
676:and
621:and
588:and
253:soil
215:pile
103:news
2366:Cut
1675:and
1326:doi
447:or
285:or
217:or
86:by
2773::
2625:*
1518:.
1473:^
1408:.
1381:.
1355:.
1324:.
1320:.
1271:.
1245::
1243:}}
1239:{{
1220:^
1208:^
1141:^
971:pH
934:.
881:.
584:,
580:,
443:,
439:,
435:,
365:A
289:.
281:,
277:,
225:.
201:A
34:毗陵
2229:)
2225:(
1688:)
1647:e
1640:t
1633:v
1534:.
1467:.
1445:.
1424:.
1393:.
1367:.
1341:.
1328::
1305:.
1283:.
1256:)
1252:(
1202:.
427:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
57:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
