1612:"distinctive North African Jewish population clusters with proximity to other Jewish populations and variable degrees of Middle Eastern, European, and North African admixture. Two major subgroups were identified by principal component, neighbor joining tree, and identity-by-descent analysis—Moroccan/Algerian and Djerban/Libyan—that varied in their degree of European admixture. These populations showed a high degree of endogamy and were part of a larger Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish group. By principal component analysis, these North African groups were orthogonal to contemporary populations from North and South Morocco, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Thus, this study is compatible with the history of North African Jews—founding during Classical Antiquity with proselytism of local populations, followed by genetic isolation with the rise of Christianity and then Islam, and admixture following the emigration of Sephardic Jews during the Inquisition."
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988:. In the recent past, however, an emergence of French-Moroccan musical liturgy and customs has been noticed even in this dominant Moroccan city. For example, the traditional Moroccan Bakashot, classical music sung by Sephardic Jews in the winter months across countries in the Middle East on Friday night, has come to life in recent productions by Magen David Congregation and Abir Ya'akob Congregation.
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with water, in order to lock in body heat and generate a richer color. Normally, the henna will dye skin orange for up to two weeks. In
Moroccan folklore, the bride is exempt of her household duties until the henna completely fades. After the bride and groom are blessed with the henna, the guests also spread henna on their palms to bring good luck.
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increasing global awareness of the customs and laws that Jews of
Morocco live with every day. Daily emails are sent in both English and French containing the customs, laws, and traditional liturgy of both the French and Spanish parts of Morocco. This daily publication is currently broadcast in both English and French.
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Genetic research shows that about 27% of
Moroccan Jews descend from one female ancestor. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of the Jewish populations of North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Libya) was the subject of further detailed study in 2008 by Doron Behar et al. The analysis concludes that Jews from this
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Le'David: Before the Arvit service after the
Sabbath, three psalms are recited in a unique tune said to be the same tune that King David's soldiers recited them in. The psalms are Chapters 144, 67 and 44 (in that order). Some congregations begin this service with Chapter 16 in a tune that leads up to
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in the palm of the bride and groom to symbolically bestow the new couple with good health, fertility, wisdom, and security. The henna is believed in
Moroccan tradition to protect the couple from demons. The grandmother covers the henna, a dough-like paste produced by mixing crushed henna plant leaves
618:
The affection and respect between Jews and the
Kingdom of Morocco is still palpable. Every year rabbis and community leaders across the world are invited for the Throne Celebration held every 30 July in Rabat. During the celebration in 2014, Rabbi Haim A. Moryoussef of Canada dedicated his book "Le
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In a 2012 study by
Campbell et al., however, the Moroccan/Algerian, Djerban/Tunisian and Libyan subgroups of North African Jewry were found to demonstrate varying levels of Middle Eastern (40-42%), European (37-39%) and North African ancestry (20-21%), with Moroccan and Algerian Jews tending to be
1274:
Many
Rabanim have passed through and sojourned in Morocco leaving behind great influence. In 2008, a project to preserve Moroccan Torah and the words of its Ḥakhamim was initiated. DarkeAbotenou.com was created by a few members of the Toronto Sephardic Community; devoting their time and effort to
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United States: In 1972 the
Moroccan Jewish Organization (MJO) was founded. Founding Members created Moroccan Services & a Synagogue in Forest Hills, NY named Shaar Hashamayim Sephardic Synagogue. Members and Participants of MJO went on to create other Moroccan Synagogues and Batei Midrashot /
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As a protectorate of France, parts of
Morocco were heavily influenced by French culture, while the same is true of the portions of the country that belonged to Spain. Traditionally, the Jews were classified as being French-Moroccan or Spanish-Moroccan depending on where in Morocco they lived, and
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The observer of a typical Moroccan Jewish prayer service will note the presence of Oriental motifs in the melodies. However, unlike the tunes of Eastern rites (Syrian, Iraqi, etc.), which were influenced by Middle Eastern sounds, Moroccan Jewish religious tunes have a uniquely Andalusian feel.
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Canada: In the 1950s Canada began extending visas to Jews from Morocco. Large communities developed in Montreal and Toronto. Moroccans were attracted to Canada because of its high quality of life and to Montreal in particular because of the French language. Toronto is known for its significant
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in 1948-1949, 1,000 served in the IDF, of which 70% wished to return home. Only 6% managed to do so, given various bureaucratic obstacles like the Israeli confiscation of their passports and Moroccan resistance to their repatriation. Moroccan Jews emigrated for a variety of reasons. Some have
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in what most see as an attempt to ostracize them and keep them from being exposed to insurgents; The sultans also, however, wanted Jews to be protected for political reasons, as an attack on minorities was seen as an attack on the Sultan's power. The Sultans thus restricted Jews to the
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Campbell, Christopher L.; Palamara, Pier F.; Dubrovsky, Maya; Botigue, Laura R.; Fellous, Marc; Atzmon, Gil; Oddoux, Carole; Pearlman, Alexander; Hao, Li; Henn, Brenna M.; Burns, Edward; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David; Friedman, Eitan; Pe'er, Itsik; Ostrer, Harry (2012).
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is celebrated by many Moroccan Jews on the night following the last day of Passover. It has spread to be an almost national holiday in Israel where it is particularly prevalent in cities where there is a large concentration of Moroccan Jews like Ashdod, Ashkelon and Natanya.
964:(about 100 families), with small communities scattered throughout the Amazon region. 2009 marked 200 years of the first wave of immigration to the Amazon region. One distinguished descendant of Moroccan Jews in Brazil is Brazilian Senator for the Amazonian province of Amapá,
1997:
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remnants of these classifications can be felt today. These differences are reflected in language, foods, last names and even liturgy. Early photographs of Moroccan Jewish families, taken in the early 20th century by German explorer and photographer
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During the Moroccan struggle for independence in the 1950s, several promises were made to ensure equal rights to the Jewish community in a future independent Morocco, in part due to lobbying efforts of Moroccan nationalists in the United States.
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under Muslim law, meaning that they were a protected religious minority distinct from the Muslim majority, and were prevented from participating in certain activities. However, dhimmis such as Jews were tolerated, following the
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Packets of salt are distributed to congregants on the second night of Passover, marking the first counting of the 'Omer. The significance of salt includes the commemoration of the sacrifices in the Temple and other Kabbalistic
1405:" (Translation: God reigns; God has reigned; God will reign for ever and ever). This "verse" is actually a compilation of three verses taken from Psalms and Exodus. The validity of this custom has been disputed among Moroccan
665:, and the remains of a synagogue dating to the third century CE. In accordance with the norms of the Islamic legal system, Moroccan Jews had separate legal courts pertaining to "personal law" under which communities (Muslim
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1486:. In the words of Emily Gottreich, "although the welcomed everyone, it held special appeal for urban educated elite; almost all of Morocco’s prominent Jewish intellectuals joined the party at one time or another."
1604:. This study also found genetic similarities between the Ashkenazi and North African Jews of European mitochondrial DNA pools, but differences between both of these of the diaspora and Jews from the Middle East.
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Some of the Moroccan Piyutim / Jewish Prayer Melodies and Songs - are said to come from the songs of the Leviim / Levites - that were sung on the steps leading to the Beit HaMikdash / Holy Temple in Jerusalem.
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Furthermore, just as Eastern liturgical melodies are organized into Maqams, Moroccan liturgy can be classified by Noubas. The Moroccan prayer rite itself is also unique among Sephardic customs. The Moroccan
1303:(translation: Our eyes shall see) is recited after Hashkivenu in the Arvit service after the Sabbath. Many Ashkenazim say this passage on every weekday night after Hashkivenu. This custom is discussed in
1296:: One blessing (ligmor et ha'Hallel) is said when the full Hallel is recited, while the other blessing (likro et ha'Hallel) is said when the abridged Hallel is recited. Other Sephardim omit the latter.
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A small community of around 2,000–2,500 Jews live in Morocco today. However, in a rapidly increasing trend, young men from the community are emigrating to Israel and France. As of 2017, according to
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in Shaḥarit and Musaf of Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, the hymn "Hashem sham'ati shim'akha yareti" (Translation: Hashem, I have heard your speech and was awed) is sung. The origin of this verse is
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in 1948, and due to domestic strife in the 1950s, the next several decades saw waves of Jewish emigration to Israel, France and Canada. Shay Hazkani found that of the 20,000 who performed
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Behar et al. conclude that it is unlikely that North African Jews have significant Arab, or Berber admixture, "consistent with social restrictions imposed by religious restrictions," or
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Behar, Doran M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa (2008). MacAulay, Vincent (ed.).
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has many unique components but has also incorporated numerous Ashkenazic customs due to the country's proximity and exposure to Europe. Some customs of the Moroccan nusach include:
2759:]. Ben Zvi Institute for the Research of the Jewish Communities in the Middle East; Minister of Education: Division for Social and Youth Education. pp. 103–106.
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Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community with possible origins dating back to before 70 CE. Concrete evidence of Jewish presence in Morocco becomes apparent in
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1321:("Mizmor Shir Ḥanukat Habayit LeDavid") is added to the remainder of the Psalm during Shaḥarit of Hanuka. Other Sepharadim begin with "Aromimkha" even on Ḥanuka.
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820:, a Jewish man, was appointed as prime minister of France. This gave some Moroccan Jews hope that they may be able to become French citizens at some point, as
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in the 7th century, unlike the policy of intolerance that Christians practiced toward Jews in the Europe of that time. The sultans restricted Jews to the
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Houses of Study in Manhattan (Manhattan Sephardic Cong.), Brooklyn (Netivot Yisrael), Fort Lee, NJ, Cedarhurst (HaChaim veHaShalom) and Philadelphia, PA.
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1189:. Special foods are prepared for holidays, like the post-Passover Mimouna celebration, which features sweet delicacies and symbolic treats such as the
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Although most Moroccan Jews tend to dress in styles of their adopted countries, traditional Moroccan clothing is sometimes worn during celebrations (
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Lapidus, Ira M. "Emily Gottreich. The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City.(Indiana Series in Middle East Studies.)."
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Most Jews in Morocco lived in desolate areas during the late 1930s. This was in part due to increased taxation by the French protectorate. In 1936,
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Moroccan Jewry has developed as a hybrid of the many cultures that have shaped Morocco itself, namely Jewish, Arab, Amazigh, French and Spanish.
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who had been banished to Iberian colonial possessions in the Americas and the Atlantic reclaimed their Judaism and also resettled in Morocco.
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1045:(מלח); it refers to the salty, marshy area to which the Jews of Northern Morocco were originally transferred and where they gathered. The
845:, "No Arab country has gone to the lengths of Morocco to revive its Jewish heritage." The country has restored 110 synagogues and has the
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1498:—a short-lived 1970-1971 protest movement that worked against "ethnic discrimination and the 'socioeconomic gap,'" a group inspired by
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1240:, weddings, Bar Mitzvas, etc.) or even during more intimate gatherings, such as Shabbat dinner. Men usually wear a white jellaba (
1122:. The cuisine is closely tied to social and religious events, particularly Shabbat and holiday meals, and includes dishes such as
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Deshen, Shlomo. "Urban Jews in Sherifian Morocco." Middle Eastern Studies 20, no. 4 (1984): 212-23. doi:10.1080/00263208408700607
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Israel: The 1950s saw large waves of Jewish emigration from Morocco to Israel. Many Moroccan Jews were transferred to peripheral
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was not a ghetto and was not structured in a way similar to Jewish quarters in Europe. By the 1900s, most Moroccan cities had a
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797:. With every Arab-Israeli war, tensions between Arabs and Jews would rise, sparking more Jewish emigration. By the time of the
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In Spain and Morocco, Jews were ardent maintainers of Andalusian music and the zealous guardians of its old traditions ....
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emigrated for religious reasons, some faced persecution, and others left for better economic prospects than they faced in
583:, where they constitute the second-largest Jewish community, approximately half a million. Other communities are found in
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on the Sabbath eve. Other Sephardic groups tend to read it before Minḥa. Moroccan Jews chant Shir HaShirim with a unique
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times. Jews began immigrating to the region as early as 70 CE. They were later met by a second wave of migrants from the
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Morocco / editor - Haim Saadon. Jerusalem: Ministry of Education - Society and Youth Administration. 2003. Pages 301-306
1585:(in particular Moroccan Jews), who are apparently closely related, the minority non-Levantine component of their DNA is
1396:. As well, the custom is for pre-Bar Miṣva boys to read each chapter, and this is usually performed with a special tune.
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of the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (M1 and U6) that are typical of the North African Berber and Arab populations.
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In the mid 19th century, Moroccan Jews started migrating from the interior of the country to coastal cities such as
100:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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while others settled in larger, established cities. Today, Jews of Moroccan descent can be found all across Israel.
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1223:, or baby showers. During pre-wedding Henna parties, the Matriarch of the family (often the grandmother) smudges
1096:. In his book "Jews of Andalusia and the Maghreb" on the musical traditions in Jewish societies of North Africa,
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828:. Algerian Jews were granted right of passage to France, and this only furthered the desire of Moroccan Jews to
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from 1961 to 1964, this number has been reduced to approximately 2,250. The vast majority of Moroccan Jews now
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After reciting the hamotzie blessing over bread, there is a custom to dip the bread into salt while reciting "
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Traditional Henna parties usually take place within the week before a special occasion, such as a wedding,
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Bressolette, Henri; Delaroziere, Jean (1983). "Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle".
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for economic opportunity, participating in trade with Europeans and the development of those cities. The
1426:" (Translation: In haste we went out of Egypt bread of affliction, free people). It can be heard here.
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source as the vast majority of the world's Jewry, meaning that they too are descendants of the Ancient
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for their safety, as well as to protect the Sultans' rulings from being tested by insurgents. The word
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Moroccan Jewish cuisine blends local Moroccan flavors, culinary traditions from Jewish migrants, and
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and offered him a handwritten blessing on parchment wishing him a healthy, long and successful life.
3073:"The Origin of Eastern European Jews Revealed by Autosomal, Sex Chromosomal and mtDNA Polymorphisms"
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At its peak in the 1950s, Morocco's Jewish population was about 250,000-350,000, but due to the
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genetically closer to each other than to Djerban Jews and Libyan Jews. According to the study:
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was examined and studied by numerous studies, the general image of it showed that in terms of
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In the 20th century, there were a number of prominent Moroccan Jewish Communists including
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distilled from dates or figs, is traditionally associated with Morocco's Jewish community.
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One of the most famous dishes of Moroccan Jewish cuisine is the traditional sabbath meal:
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Morocco: In 2012 it was estimated that 2,000–2,500 Jews still lived in Morocco, mainly in
8:
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Jewish space in the Morroccan city : a history of the mellah of Marrakech, 1550-1930
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in 2004. The World Federation of Moroccan Jewry estimated close to 1 million as of 2019.
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3224:"North African Jewish and non-Jewish populations form distinctive, orthogonal clusters"
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564:. Moroccan Jews built the first self-made neighborhood outside the walls of Jerusalem (
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780:, an old Jewish neighborhood, distinguish the homes from homes of Muslims at the time.
568:) in 1867, as well as the first modern neighborhoods in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Tiberias.
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The immigration of Moroccan Jews to Israel has occurred throughout the centuries of
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Gibraltar: The Jewish community in Gibraltar originates from Tangiers and Tetouan.
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3153:"Counting the founders: the matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora"
2182:"Revisiting Epigraphic Evidence of the Oldest Synagogue in Morocco in Volubilis"
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3354:"Genetics study of North African Jews tells migratory tale - Los Angeles Times"
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3014:"La folle histoire du lanceur d'alerte d'origine marocaine harcelé par Israël"
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Kenbib, Mohammed (2014-08-08). "Moroccan Jews and the Vichy regime, 1940–42".
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in the period which immediately preceded and followed the issuing of the 1492
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Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state
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2727:. Références Maisonneuve et Larose. Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 228.
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In Israel, many Moroccan Jews have risen to prominence in politics such as
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2607:"Blog do Amazônia Judaica: Linha do Tempo da Presença Judaica na Amazônia"
968:, who became President of the Senate in 2019. Also the local businessmen
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3328:"International genetic study traces Jewish roots to ancient Middle East"
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Jewish family during the Feast of Tabernacles on the roof of their house
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Jews and Muslims: Images of Sephardi and Eastern Jewries in Modern Times
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to Morocco, Moroccan Jews performed and developed the traditions of the
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2901:"Lutte contre la corruption: Sion Assidon refuse la main tendue du PJD"
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1336:. A common practice is for a different congregant to sing each chapter.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Jewish Society in Fez 1450-1700: Studies in Communal and Economic Life
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Jewish Society in Fez 1450-1700: Studies in Communal and Economic Life
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is raised and passed over the heads of those present while reciting "
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law-abiding) were allowed to rule themselves under their own system.
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2828:"Mahia on the Market: On the History of a Moroccan Jewish Commodity"
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in 1973, the majority of Morocco's Jewish population had emigrated.
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Jewish Morocco: A History from Pre-Islamic to Postcolonial Times
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Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
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2377:'Unsettling 1948: A Review of Shay Hazkani’s ‘Dear Palestine’,'
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Andreeva, Sofia; Fedorchuk, Artem; Nosonovsky, Michael (2019).
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who merely utilize different variations of the Yerushalmi tune.
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traditions, with an emphasis on spices, herbs, and vegetables.
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Moroccan Jewry in Israel set to commemorate 60 years of aliya
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Lubin, Alex (2014-02-01), "The Black Panthers and the PLO",
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2853:. Darkeabotenou.com (2008-11-21). Retrieved on 4 July 2011.
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722:, while the Jews already in Morocco are referred to as the
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university students—were children of Moroccan immigrants.
1402:
Adonai melekh, Adonai malakh, Adonai yimlokh le'olam va'ed
904:. Other towns are said to have smaller, aging populations.
526:. Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community dating to
1558:
1378:
are recited sitting down in the Kabbalat Shabbat service.
2972:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 111–141,
220:
472,800 (born in Morocco or with a Moroccan-born father)
1508:, a whistleblower who revealed information on Israel's
2703:
2701:
2699:
2693:
20, no. 4 (1984): 214 . doi:10.1080/00263208408700607.
2334:
1409:
since it may constitute an interruption of a blessing.
1354:
is unique to the Moroccan tradition, unlike all other
2711:
113, no. 3 (2008): 946-47. doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.946.
2586:"Morocco's little idyll of Jewish-Muslim coexistence"
1178:
1160:
2103:"Morocco film searches out Jews who left for Israel"
1423:
Bibhilu yaṣanu mi–miṣrayim, halaḥma 'anya bené ḥorin
1215:
Sweets served in a pre-wedding henna party in Israel
980:
Moroccan population originating from cities such as
853:. More than 50,000 Israelis visit Morocco annually.
513:
494:
69:
2696:
2689:Deshen, Shlomo. "Urban Jews in Sherifian Morocco."
2418:
Jewish couple in Morocco on the roof of their house
1446:Moroccan Jews have held important positions in the
1299:Yiru Enenu: The blessing commencing with the words
2883:Pesah פסח – Bibhilou בבהילו – Jo 'Amar ג'ו עמר z"l
2779:"حكاية طبق | الدفينة - المغرب | الجزيرة الوثائقية"
2448:, early 20th century (click on photo to enlarge);
661:-decorated lamps discovered in the Roman city of
4443:
3285:"Study completes genetic map of N. African Jews"
3070:
2207:The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle
1516:in Rome and incarcerated in Israel, was born in
1435:
1195:, a sweet pancake served with butter and honey.
3231:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3216:
3214:
3040:"Israeli Who Revealed Nuclear Secrets Is Freed"
2284:
2199:
2197:
2195:
3309:"A New Genetic Map Of Jewish Diasporas - OpEd"
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
3785:
3528:
3388:
3146:
3144:
3142:
2580:
2578:
2576:
1006:
4202:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
3211:
2978:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469612881.003.0005
2720:
2352:Dear Palestine:A Social History of the 1948,
2203:
2192:
2043:"Moroccan Jews as founders of Mahane Israel"
1785:"נתון אחד ביום: רוב יהודי מרוקו חיים בישראל"
1421:
1400:
1324:Shir HaShirim: This is usually read between
1183:"buried"). There's also a kosher version of
1040:
914:France: Large communities in France include
557:, to switch to a mostly Sephardic identity.
151:
137:
3542:
2863:"Salt of Omer" in the Kehila Centre Website
2444:, in the Mellah of Fès (click to enlarge);
1011:The Jewish quarters in Morocco were called
3799:
3792:
3778:
3535:
3521:
3395:
3381:
3139:
2573:
2539:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1865:. Visiting Jewish Morocco. 24 January 2021
619:Bon Oeil - Ben Porath Yossef" to the King
169:
3260:
3250:
3194:
3176:
3098:
3088:
2924:
2802:
2556:"Moroccan Jews study high-tech in Israel"
2393:"Morocco film searches out Jews who left"
2136:
1755:"Jews by country of origin and age, 2010"
546:. This second wave of immigrants changed
2307:
2079:"History of the Sephardi Jews in Israel"
1392:service of Shabbat between Passover and
1210:
1068:
1039:is similar to the Hebrew word for salt,
887:
875:
860:
771:
636:
3001:Conflict and Protest in Israeli Society
2750:
2504:
2188:. Vol. 8, no. 4. p. 127.
1954:
1952:
1950:
1749:
1747:
1494:All ten of the founding members of the
1263:
1134:. The cuisine reflects influences from
708:as refugees fleeing the inquisition in
14:
4444:
2632:"Portal Amazonia Judaica - Quem Somos"
2461:
2257:
2230:
1079:Paris Museum of Jewish Art and History
4187:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3773:
3516:
3376:
3351:
3115:
3064:
2967:
2961:
2746:
2744:
2676:
2674:
2553:
2511:. Stanford, California. p. 146.
2111:. Associated Press. 27 February 2013.
1633:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
1244:) cloak while women wear more ornate
3325:
3037:
2554:Abebe, Danny Adeno (17 March 2013).
2464:The Journal of North African Studies
2076:
2040:
1947:
1863:"Moroccan Jews in the United States"
1744:
1638:Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel
1365:
1179:
1161:
856:
832:to the extent of the Algerian Jews.
573:migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel
200:Regions with significant populations
29:
4386:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
3311:. December 12, 2013. Archived from
3071:Zoossmann-Diskin, Avshalom (2010).
2993:
2811:
2655:Moroccan Jewish Organization (MJO)
2604:
1759:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
1557:Over the years, the Moroccan Jews'
1489:
1170:
824:gained French citizenship with the
503:
484:
152:
138:
24:
4337:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
3123:"Genetics and the Jewish identity"
2872:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-07-04.
2741:
2671:
2328:
2314:. University of Washington Press.
2204:Taieb-Carlen, Sarah (2010-02-23).
2016:"Les Juifs marocains en Argentine"
2002:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk
1911:"Les Juifs marocains au Vénézuela"
1710:"اليهود المغاربة وازدواجية الولاء"
1458:currently serves as an advisor to
1017:. Jews in Morocco were considered
991:Venezuela: Concentrated mainly in
25:
4483:
2805:Zahav: A World of Israeli Cuisine
2121:
2020:Les Juifs marocains Dans Le Monde
1976:"Les Juifs marocains à Gibraltar"
1933:Les Juifs marocains Dans Le Monde
1915:Les Juifs marocains Dans Le Monde
1889:Les Juifs marocains Dans Le Monde
1841:Les Juifs marocains Dans Le Monde
1815:Les Juifs marocains Dans Le Monde
728:. Many Sephardic Jews settled in
3404:
3003:. Haifa University. pp. 133–137.
2724:Juifs d'Andalousie et du Maghreb
1885:"Les Juifs marocains en Espagne"
1412:Before the Magid section of the
880:Netivot Yisrael congregation in
388:
370:
352:
334:
316:
298:
280:
262:
244:
226:
206:
34:
4403:Institute for Sephardic Studies
3345:
3319:
3301:
3277:
3031:
3006:
2918:
2893:
2875:
2856:
2844:
2820:
2796:
2785:from the original on 2017-10-18
2771:
2714:
2683:
2649:
2624:
2598:
2547:
2498:
2455:
2411:
2385:
2369:
2343:
2301:
2278:
2251:
2224:
2210:. University Press of America.
2173:
2143:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 22–23.
2130:
2115:
2095:
2070:
2034:
2008:
1990:
1968:
1929:"Les Juifs marocains au Brésil"
1921:
1903:
1877:
784:After the establishment of the
538:, when Jews were expelled from
4192:Antisemitism in the Arab world
3289:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
3127:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
2709:The American Historical Review
2442:The Ibn (Aben) Danan Synagogue
1855:
1829:
1803:
1777:
1728:
1702:
1688:
1675:
1628:History of the Jews in Morocco
763:Alliance Israélite Universelle
736:. In the following centuries,
716:. They are referred to as the
633:History of the Jews in Morocco
104:You may also add the template
13:
1:
1668:
1623:History of the Jews in Africa
1436:Relationship with the Makhzen
1339:Before the repetition of the
1092:and introduced it into their
811:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
688:, and particularly after the
575:and other nations, including
550:, which largely embraced the
179:
106:{{Translated|he|יהדות מרוקו}}
4353:American Sephardi Federation
4346:Major communal organizations
3178:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062
2907:(in French). 27 January 2019
2476:10.1080/13629387.2014.950523
2149:10.5040/9781838603601.ch-001
1565:it was mainly from the same
1465:
7:
4457:Jews and Judaism in Morocco
4068:Western Europe and overseas
3326:Even, Dan (8 August 2012).
2999:Bernstein, Deborah (1984).
2890:. Retrieved on 4 July 2011.
2851:Darké Abotenou » About
2803:Solomonov, Michael (2016).
2751:Saadoun, Haim, ed. (2003).
2438:Jewish family in their home
2126:. Congregation Yossef Haim.
1998:"UK Government Web Archive"
1653:The Jewish Community of Fez
1616:
1546:
1430:
1422:
1401:
1231:
1165:, a literal translation of
1084:Even before the arrival of
1073:Jewish Festival in Tetuan,
1041:
765:opened its first school in
657:, with Hebrew epitaphs and
542:, and soon afterward, from
514:
495:
10:
4488:
4358:Sephardi Community Council
3352:Brown, Eryn (2008-04-13).
2832:www.international.ucla.edu
2077:Gaon, Moshe David (1927).
1550:
1512:and was later abducted by
1439:
1278:
1267:
1251:
1111:
1107:
1090:Andalusian classical music
1056:
1007:Jewish quarters in Morocco
641:Etching of Jewish home in
630:
626:
68:Machine translation, like
4411:
4378:
4363:World Sephardi Federation
4345:
4317:
4277:
4210:
4179:
3904:
3808:
3751:
3677:
3602:
3550:
3417:
3038:Myre, Greg (2004-04-21).
2970:Geographies of Liberation
2925:Gottreich, Emily (2020).
2781:(in Arabic). 2017-10-18.
2356:Stanford University Press
2137:Gottreich, Emily (2020).
960:(about 250 families) and
458:
453:
446:
441:
409:
404:
386:
368:
350:
332:
314:
296:
278:
260:
242:
224:
204:
199:
194:
189:
168:
49:the corresponding article
4462:Ethnic groups in Morocco
3726:Standard Moroccan Berber
2658:"The History of the MJO"
2446:Jewish family in Morocco
2434:The Saba Synagogue, 1905
2428:, by Hermann Burchardt;
2258:Gerber, Jane S. (1980).
2231:Gerber, Jane S. (1980).
1593:region do not share the
1307:of Tractate Berakhot 4a.
1206:
1064:
522:who live in or are from
3847:Expulsion from Portugal
3544:Demographics of Morocco
3252:10.1073/pnas.1204840109
3020:(in French). 2016-05-12
2636:www.AmazoniaJudaica.org
2505:Stenner, David (2019).
2308:Rodrigue, Aron (2003).
1963:World Jewish population
1643:Moroccan Jews in Israel
1553:Genetic studies on Jews
1510:nuclear weapons program
1317:: The opening verse of
1311:the other three psalms.
1114:Moroccan Jewish cuisine
461:Jewish ethnic divisions
115:For more guidance, see
3697:Modern Standard Arabic
3090:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57
2691:Middle Eastern Studies
2122:M, Nat (20 May 2015).
1614:
1496:Israeli Black Panthers
1460:Muhammad VI of Morocco
1350:The Moroccan tune for
1216:
1081:
956:(about 450 families),
896:
885:
873:
830:embrace French culture
809:, are now held at the
781:
650:
4197:Antisemitism in Islam
3915:Eastern Mediterranean
2937:10.5040/9781838603601
2721:Haïm Zafrani (2002).
2611:aj200.Blogspot.com.br
2426:Moroccan Jews in 1905
1610:
1214:
1072:
937:Argentina: Mainly in
891:
879:
864:
795:post-colonial Morocco
775:
640:
496:al-Yahūd al-Maghāriba
454:Related ethnic groups
415:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
117:Knowledge:Translation
88:copyright attribution
4472:Sephardi Jews topics
4467:Jewish ethnic groups
4302:Sephardi chief rabbi
4279:Religion and culture
3835:Expulsion from Spain
2285:Gottreich, Emily R.
1264:Religious observance
1173:"hot"), also called
3243:2012PNAS..10913865C
3169:2008PLoSO...3.2062B
2605:Judaica, Amazonia.
2430:Jewish family, 1905
2041:Kark, Ruth (1987).
1959:Sergio DellaPergola
1388:is read during the
1120:kosher dietary laws
970:Isaac Benayon Sabba
165:
27:Jewish ethnic group
3044:The New York Times
2868:2008-07-04 at the
2594:. 2 November 2017.
1741:(August 25, 2019).
1739:The Jerusalem Post
1716:. 21 December 2005
1217:
1082:
897:
886:
874:
851:only Jewish museum
782:
651:
133:
96:interlanguage link
4439:
4438:
4235:Judaeo-Portuguese
3767:
3766:
3752:Foreign nationals
3510:
3509:
3411:Moroccan diaspora
3358:Los Angeles Times
2946:978-1-78076-849-6
2734:978-2-7068-1629-1
2518:978-1-5036-0900-6
2364:978-1-503-61465-9
2321:978-0-295-98314-1
2271:978-90-04-05820-0
2244:978-90-04-05820-0
2217:978-0-7618-5044-1
2158:978-1-78076-849-6
1587:southern European
1577:. In the case of
1366:Religious customs
1292:Two blessing for
909:development towns
892:Jewish cemetery,
866:Beth-El Synagogue
857:Communities today
807:Hermann Burchardt
776:Balconies in the
690:expulsion of Jews
555:Sephardic liturgy
532:Iberian Peninsula
515:Yehudim Maroka'im
512:
493:
474:
473:
128:
127:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
4479:
4427:
4394:
4371:
4297:Rite and customs
4270:
4153:Crypto-Sephardim
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3702:Hassaniya Arabic
3625:Arabised Berbers
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3237:(34): 13865–70.
3228:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3180:
3148:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2530:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2459:
2453:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2052:. Archived from
2047:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1751:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1648:Operation Yachin
1506:Mordechai Vanunu
1490:Israeli politics
1442:Tujjar as-Sultan
1425:
1404:
1330:Kabbalat Shabbat
1182:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1094:Liturgical music
1075:Alfred Dehodencq
1044:
974:Samuel Benchimol
692:mandated by the
686:Late Middle Ages
577:Operation Yachin
517:
507:
505:
498:
488:
486:
394:
392:
391:
376:
374:
373:
358:
356:
355:
340:
338:
337:
322:
320:
319:
304:
302:
301:
286:
284:
283:
268:
266:
265:
250:
248:
247:
232:
230:
229:
212:
210:
209:
190:Total population
184:
181:
173:
166:
164:
163:
155:
154:
149:
141:
140:
132:
107:
101:
74:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4421:
4419:Philosephardism
4407:
4388:
4374:
4365:
4341:
4313:
4273:
4264:
4225:Sephardi Hebrew
4206:
4175:
3900:
3840:Alhambra Decree
3804:
3801:Sephardi Jewish
3798:
3768:
3763:
3747:
3692:Moroccan Arabic
3673:
3598:
3546:
3541:
3511:
3506:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3324:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2966:
2962:
2947:
2931:. I.B. Tauris.
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:Wayback Machine
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2584:
2583:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2548:
2532:
2531:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2460:
2456:
2450:Family portrait
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2348:
2344:
2337:Hespéris-Tamuda
2333:
2329:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2193:
2178:
2174:
2159:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1619:
1555:
1549:
1492:
1480:Abraham Serfaty
1468:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1368:
1315:Pesukei Dezimra
1281:
1272:
1266:
1254:
1234:
1209:
1116:
1110:
1067:
1059:
1009:
966:Davi Alcolumbre
859:
826:Crémieux Decree
786:State of Israel
694:Alhambra Decree
635:
629:
536:Alhambra Decree
485:اليهود المغاربة
463:, particularly
419:Moroccan Arabic
389:
387:
371:
369:
353:
351:
335:
333:
317:
315:
299:
297:
281:
279:
263:
261:
245:
243:
227:
225:
219:
207:
205:
185:
182:
157:
153:اليهود المغاربة
150:
143:
136:
135:
131:
124:
123:
122:
105:
99:
62:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4431:Sephardization
4428:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4327:Black Panthers
4323:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4250:Tetuani Ladino
4247:
4240:Judaeo-Spanish
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4180:Modern history
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3502:Western Sahara
3499:
3494:
3492:United Kingdom
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3370:
3369:
3344:
3318:
3315:on 2013-12-12.
3300:
3276:
3210:
3138:
3114:
3063:
3030:
3005:
2992:
2986:
2960:
2945:
2928:Jewish Morocco
2917:
2892:
2874:
2855:
2843:
2819:
2810:
2795:
2770:
2740:
2733:
2713:
2695:
2682:
2670:
2648:
2623:
2597:
2572:
2546:
2517:
2497:
2470:(4): 540–553.
2454:
2410:
2399:. 3 March 2013
2384:
2375:Josh Ruebner,
2368:
2342:
2327:
2320:
2300:
2289:. p. 54.
2277:
2270:
2250:
2243:
2223:
2216:
2191:
2172:
2157:
2129:
2114:
2094:
2069:
2033:
2007:
1989:
1967:
1965:, 2012, p. 62.
1946:
1920:
1902:
1876:
1854:
1828:
1802:
1776:
1743:
1727:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1658:Amazonian Jews
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1575:Biblical times
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1491:
1488:
1467:
1464:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1414:Passover Seder
1410:
1397:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:Sephardic Jews
1348:
1337:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1280:
1277:
1270:Minhag Morocco
1268:Main article:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1233:
1230:
1208:
1205:
1112:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
989:
977:
962:Rio de Janeiro
950:Amazonian Jews
946:
935:
912:
905:
858:
855:
799:Yom Kippur War
700:migrated from
655:late antiquity
631:Main article:
628:
625:
581:live in Israel
562:Jewish history
548:Moroccan Jewry
504:יהודים מרוקאים
472:
471:
456:
455:
451:
450:
444:
443:
439:
438:
407:
406:
402:
401:
398:
384:
383:
380:
378:United Kingdom
366:
365:
362:
348:
347:
344:
330:
329:
326:
312:
311:
308:
294:
293:
290:
276:
275:
272:
258:
257:
254:
240:
239:
236:
222:
221:
216:
202:
201:
197:
196:
195:> 1,000,000
192:
191:
187:
186:
174:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
102:
80:
77:
66:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4484:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Moroccan Jews
4450:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:Belmonte Jews
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:Paradesi Jews
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4104:New Amsterdam
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3895:New Christian
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:Maghrebi Jews
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:Ethnic groups
3601:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3587:Protestantism
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:United States
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2987:9781469612881
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2659:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2591:The Economist
2587:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:Shay Hazkani,
2346:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2124:"Le Bon Oeil"
2118:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2059:on 2022-01-09
2055:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1765:on 2011-11-13
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1684:
1681:According to
1678:
1674:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:Sephardi Jews
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:André Azoulay
1453:
1452:their history
1449:
1443:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:Torah Reading
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1276:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Sephardi Jews
1080:
1076:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
940:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
890:
883:
878:
871:
867:
863:
854:
852:
848:
844:
843:
842:The Economist
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
822:Algerian Jews
819:
814:
812:
808:
802:
800:
796:
791:
787:
779:
778:Mellah of Fes
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
740:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:Sephardi Jews
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
679:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
648:
644:
639:
634:
624:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:South America
598:
597:United States
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
566:Mahane Israel
563:
558:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
510:
501:
497:
491:
482:
478:
477:Moroccan Jews
470:
469:Sephardi Jews
466:
465:Maghrebi Jews
462:
457:
452:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
397:
385:
381:
379:
367:
363:
361:
349:
345:
343:
331:
327:
325:
313:
309:
307:
295:
291:
289:
277:
273:
271:
270:United States
259:
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1982:12 December
1939:12 December
1895:12 December
1847:12 December
1821:12 December
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1595:haplogroups
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1472:Léon Sultan
1450:throughout
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675:and Jewish
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621:Mohammed VI
183: 1900
139:יהדות מרוקו
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3958:Alexandria
3906:Dispersion
3881:Megorashim
3860:Degredados
3830:Golden Age
3662:Portuguese
3630:Afro-Arabs
3363:2013-04-12
3337:2 December
3294:2017-05-28
3132:2017-05-28
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3024:2023-03-26
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2837:2019-10-29
2789:2020-04-22
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2380:Mondoweiss
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2088:2021-12-12
2063:2021-12-12
1869:10 October
1837:"Montréal"
1795:6 December
1769:6 December
1720:6 December
1714:BBC Arabic
1683:BBC Arabic
1669:References
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