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in need would then be able to come to the Monte di PietĂ and give an item of value in exchange for a monetary loan. The term of the loan would last the course of a year and would only be worth about two-thirds of the borrower's item value. A pre-determined interest rate would be applied to the loan and these profits were used to pay the expenses of operating the Monte di PietĂ .
338:
people who lived in the city and ten lire to people who lived in the rural area five miles from the city. This restriction was expected to increase as more funds were acquired from voluntary and involuntary donations. If a borrower wanted to regain his pawned item, he would have to return the receipt to the
367:
While some monetary deposits were voluntary, some people had no choice in funding the capital for the “monte”. For example, Monna
Margherita da Poppi of 1497 gave 40 lire to the Monte di PietĂ as part of her sentence in a legal matter. The Monte di PietĂ was in charge of keeping this money from her
363:
as a day for donations in the form of alms. The “monte” was supposed to be gathered from "gifts or donations in honour of a person’s love for God". Some scholars hypothesize that members of the artisan class and widows would freely give some money towards the “monte” upon hearing a sermon condemning
152:
of the lender, was viewed as a benevolent alternative to the loans provided by moneylenders. The organization of the Monte di PietĂ depended on acquiring a monte, a collection of funds from voluntary donations by financially privileged people who had no intentions of regaining their money. The people
345:
The Monte di PietĂ 's employees were responsible for keeping track of the daily operations of the organization. Strict regulation dictated both their work and personal life. For example, fines were imposed for improper or dishonest behaviour. The actual space of the "Monte di PietĂ was regarded as
250:
of silver for the establishment of a bank that should lend money on pawned objects, without interest, providing that the expenses of the institution be defrayed from its foundation capital. He had the monies deposited in a chest in the body of St Paul's and directed that if in any case at the end of
72:
originated in 15th-century Italy, where these institutions gave poor people access to loans with reasonable interest rates. It used funds from charitable donors as capital, and made loans to the poor so they could avoid going to exploitative lenders. Borrowers offered valuables as collateral, making
384:
Since the purpose of the Monte di PietĂ was to combat usury, there were clear guidelines regarding the operations of the organization. For example, the employees had to ensure that all items that were exchanged were free, and therefore the legal property of the person pawning it. Also, there were
337:
The monetary funds would then be supplied by the cashier to the borrower. This employee had the duty of keeping their own records of the money collected, loaned and the interest on each loan. During the first year of operations, the Monte di PietĂ did not grant loans more than twenty-five lire to
349:
The employees’ salaries came from the income generated by the interest payments on loans. The massaro earned 120 florins per year, the cashier was paid 80 florins, the massaro's two assistants received 30 florins each, the assessors received 40 florins each, and the two servants earned 24 florins
358:
The Monte di PietĂ accumulated capital from members of the patrician class, middle class, corporate groups, guilds, fines resulting from lawsuits and
Communed ordered resources. One of the most creative strategies that preachers used in Florentine to acquire more capital for their “monte” was to
329:
collected the pawn from the borrower. After examining and recording details about the condition of the object, it would then be passed to assessors who would evaluate the item's value. The massaro would then make three copies of a numbered receipt that identified the owner's name, the type of
380:
Before the Monte di PietĂ actually operated, a group of "eight men assembled to draw up the statutes" of the
Florentine monte di pietà on April 15, 1496. The eight who gathered were Niccolò de’ Nobili, Piero de’ Lenzi, Bernardo de’ Segni, Niccolò de’ Nero, Piero de’ Guicciardini, Giacopo de’
342:. The cashier would then calculate the interest that was earned on the item and the borrower would have to pay the interest in order to redeem their pawn. This interest collection provided one of the sources of revenue for the daily functions, operations, and salaries of the Monte di PietĂ .
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object being pawned, the condition of the object, the object's value, the amount of the loan and the date. Generally, the loan would not exceed two-thirds of the object's value. Of the three receipts, one would be given to the owner-borrower, another would be kept in the
214:
preached about the benefits of a Monte di PietĂ in combating usury. He left a set of memoirs that outlined his goal to rid the city of Jewish money lenders and to replace them with
Christian pawn shops which allowed the poor to acquire cheap credit.
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the year the sums borrowed were not repaid, then the preacher at Paul's Cross should in his sermon declare that the pledge would be sold within fourteen days, if not redeemed forthwith. The capital was eventually consumed, and the bank closed.
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guidelines regarding the kind of items that were permitted, and the amount a person could borrow, both in terms of time and quantity. For example, holy items and unfinished goods such as pieces of cloth were not accepted as pawns for loans.
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had the duty of overseeing the daily interactions between the borrowers that came to the Monte di PietĂ and the other employees. If the item was believed to be the legal property of the borrower two assistants called
381:
Salviati, Antonio di Sasso di Sasso and
Diacopo Mannucci. It was the members of the patrician class that dominated the prestigious and well paid positions of decision making concerning the Monte di PietĂ .
285:
in the years between 1618 and 1633, financed by the provision of annuities in return for direct capital investment. Prior to this date the provision of consumer credit was largely in the hands of
420:, and government-controlled institution established by craftsmen or lesser standing professionals to care for members' needs when disabled or rehabilitating. They operated under a
659:
289:
whose loans were at high rates of interest. Criticism of the Monts de Piété as themselves usurious institutions that both borrowed and lent at interest were countered by the
211:
393:
The Monte di PietĂ was developed on the principle of charity. It was designed to aid less fortunate people by providing an alternative to the socially unaccepted
1346:
269:
in 1787, becoming known as the Monte di PietĂ e
Redenzione. The Monte di PietĂ is still in operation today as part of the Inland Revenue Department.
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1469:
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fund which became popular during the mid-sixteenth century. More revenues for the “monte” were acquired from the state through ordered fines.
1607:
1387:
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Over succeeding centuries such organizations spread throughout the continent of
Western Europe, a credit to the preaching of
266:
193:
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1353:
1612:
397:. However, Jewish banks continued to exist with the Monte di PietĂ and they each catered to a distinctive clientele.
1434:
1419:
1370:
197:
1055:
Menning, Carol
Bresnahan (1989). "Loans and Favors, Kin and Clients: Cosimo de' Medici and the Monte di Pieta".
1627:
1424:
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Malta's Monte di PietĂ was set up in 1598, initially under the name Monte di Sant'Anna. It was merged with the
97:
The concept of Mount of Piety was first developed in 15th-century
Italian cities as an early form of organized
1376:
1341:
394:
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a pious and religious house" and therefore stage plays, dances, games and other festivities were forbidden.
59:
times until today. Similar institutions were established in the colonies of
Catholic countries; the Mexican
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and in a church or monastery but without any religious obligation (and many had an ephemeral life).
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The Brussels Mont de Piété, first founded in 1618, is still an active institution. The founder was
60:
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De Bergen van Barmhartigheid in de Spaanse, de Oostenrijkse en de Franse Nederlanden, 1618-1795
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to those in need. The organizing principle, based on the benefit of the borrower and not the
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8:
1622:
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282:
278:
1126:
Pullan, Brian S. (2005). "Catholics, Protestants, and the Poor in Early Modern Europe".
740:
Tussen woeker en weldadigheid: Leonardus Lessius over de Bergen van Barmhartigheid, 1621
436:
for Pope Benedict XVI's reference to this early practice of pawnbroking in paragraph 65.
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until she was married. In this case, the organization of the Monte di PietĂ was a
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210:. Between 1462 and 1470, an estimated forty more were developed. The Franciscan
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412:, which appeared during the second half of the 18th century. The MontepĂo was a
1521:
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1506:
1454:
281:, who went on to establish fifteen such institutions in different towns in the
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Obligation of the Monte di PietĂ della Citta di Firenze, issued 21 October 1719
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The Mounts of Piety in the Spanish, Austrian and French Netherlands, 1618-1795
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1526:
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87:
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Charity and state in late Renaissance Italy: the monte di pieta of Florence
727:] (in Dutch). Brussels: Dissertatie Leuven, Historische Uitgaven LXVII.
421:
1002:
The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
1536:
1439:
1276:
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Between usury and charity: Leonardus Lessius on the Mounts of Piety, 1621
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The Mount of Piety is a different organisational form from the so-called
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118:
56:
1086:"The Monte's 'Monte': The Early Supporters of Florence's Monte di Pieta"
489:
1109:
157:
44:
1178:"Jews, Franciscans, and the First monti di Pieta in Italy (1462–1500)"
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1004:. Vol. 15. London: Charles Knight and Co. p. 351.
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882:
870:
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222:(1585–90) founded in 1585 the local Monte di Pietà in
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the mount of piety more like a pawn shop than a bank.
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s record book and one would be attached to the item.
1155:
McMichael, Steven J.; Myers, Susan E., eds. (2004).
519:
136:
The public office was organized and operated by the
1180:. In McMichael, Steven J.; Myers, Susan E. (eds.).
1183:Friars and Jews in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
1158:Friars and Jews in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
1032:Livingstone, David, ed. (2008). "Mount of Piety".
1009:Livingstone, David, ed. (2008). "Monte di pietĂ ".
1038:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
1015:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
980:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company
364:usury and proclaiming the need to help the poor.
238:The first institution was started in 1361 by the
230:to the piazza bearing its name, it still exists.
1589:
1470:Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis
624:. Vol. 1. London: Henry G Bohn. p. 38.
1186:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 239–254.
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299:in an appendix to the 1621 edition of his
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16:Institutional pawnbroker run as a charity
1388:Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism
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172:intellectuals of the fifteenth century.
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18:
1618:Non-profit organisations based in Italy
1215:. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
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692:"Mont-de-Piété Berg van Barmhartigeld"
660:"Houses in Merchants Street, Valletta"
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1287:Organisations founded or inspired by
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1121:. New York: Cornell University Press.
591:
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1128:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
647:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
500:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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267:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi
190:Palazzo del Monte di PietĂ (Messina)
1430:Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate
1354:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
35:, which is still in operation today
13:
958:
14:
1639:
1241:
1117:Menning, Carol Bresnahan (1993).
1084:Menning, Carol Bresnahan (1992).
635:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
488:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
194:Palazzo of Monte di PietĂ , Naples
85:Monte di PietĂ building in Rome,
1608:Economic history of the Holy See
1570:
1556:
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1435:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal
1420:Order of Friars Minor Conventual
1396:
600:Guide rionali di Roma, Ponte, II
1371:Franciscan missions to the Maya
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746:] (in Dutch). Leuven: Acco.
731:
710:
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628:
610:
606:] (in Italian). p. 14.
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198:Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
117:. It was primarily promoted by
101:, intended as a reform against
1425:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
504:
481:
1:
1377:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
1161:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
1057:The Journal of Modern History
738:Van Houdt, Toon, ed. (1992).
457:
164:, with later support by both
1465:Third Order of Saint Francis
949:McMichael & Myers (2004)
673:(3): 161–164. Archived from
574:McMichael & Myers (2004)
550:McMichael & Myers (2004)
311:
202:In 1462, the first recorded
7:
598:Pietrangeli, Carlo (1981).
427:
395:Jewish money lending system
10:
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1335:Custodian of the Holy Land
658:Denaro, Victor F. (1958).
272:
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160:and their condemnation of
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1613:Medieval economic history
1550:
1490:
1405:
1394:
1383:Franciscans International
1300:
1285:
1090:Sixteenth Century Journal
1035:Oxford English Dictionary
1012:Oxford English Dictionary
978:The Catholic Encyclopedia
491:"Barnabas of Terni"
1460:Secular Franciscan Order
1212:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
1140:10.1162/0022195052564315
513:Le Moyen Ă‚ge et l'argent
511:Jacques Le Goff (2010).
254:
175:
66:The institutions called
61:Nacional Monte de Piedad
988:– via New Advent.
638:"Montes Pietatis"
212:Marco di Matteo Strozzi
105:and the related sin of
63:is still in operation.
1577:Catholicism portal
445:History of pawnbroking
261:Monte di PietĂ (Malta)
185:
140:and offered financial
94:
36:
1628:15th century in Italy
1450:Colettine Poor Clares
1415:Order of Friars Minor
1308:Rule of Saint Francis
1176:Toaff, Ariel (2004).
717:Soetaert, P. (1986).
698:(in Dutch and French)
644:Catholic Encyclopedia
497:Catholic Encyclopedia
376:Rules and regulations
354:Borrowers and lenders
183:
84:
22:
1445:Capuchin Poor Clares
1042:on February 12, 2009
1019:on February 12, 2009
604:Local guides of Rome
127:Bernardine of Feltre
43:is an institutional
1482:Militia Immaculatae
1313:Rule of Saint Clare
974:Herbermann, Charles
434:Caritas in Veritate
301:De justitia et jure
283:Spanish Netherlands
279:Wenceslas Cobergher
226:. Moved later near
1603:History of banking
244:Michael Northburgh
186:
95:
37:
1585:
1584:
1228:Missing or empty
1221:cite encyclopedia
970:"Montes Pietatis"
807:, pp. 675–6.
440:Christian finance
389:Impact on society
297:Leonardus Lessius
246:, who left 1,000
123:Barnabas of Terni
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401:Difference from
294:moral theologian
240:Bishop of London
224:via dei Coronari
109:associated with
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1096:(4): 661–676.
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1069:10.1086/468290
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937:Menning (1993)
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586:Menning (1989)
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562:Menning (1992)
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1532:Clement XIV
1512:Nicholas IV
1440:Poor Clares
1295:(1181–1226)
1278:Franciscans
1207:Wood, James
361:Palm Sunday
158:Franciscans
119:Franciscans
57:Renaissance
1623:Pawn shops
1592:Categories
1542:John XXIII
1502:Gregory IX
1408:and groups
1193:9004113983
1168:9004113983
458:References
188:See also:
45:pawnbroker
1522:Julius II
1517:Sixtus IV
1507:Gregory X
1318:Tau Cross
1148:143777306
1077:144862965
312:Employees
166:Dominican
111:Cahorsins
47:run as a
1563:Category
1527:Sixtus V
1046:July 13,
1023:July 13,
984:July 12,
968:(1911).
702:20 April
620:(1851).
428:See also
418:agnostic
410:montepĂo
403:montepĂo
359:declare
332:massaro'
327:scrivani
287:Lombards
220:Sixtus V
170:humanist
146:interest
121:such as
115:Lombards
29:Valletta
1301:General
1204::
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976:(ed.).
340:massaro
322:massaio
318:massaro
273:Belgium
234:England
208:Perugia
99:charity
77:History
49:charity
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1406:Orders
1359:Assisi
1330:Custos
1190:
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622:London
414:mutual
350:each.
291:Jesuit
196:; and
150:profit
129:, and
92:Regola
53:Europe
1493:Popes
1144:S2CID
1106:JSTOR
1073:S2CID
972:. In
742:[
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370:dowry
255:Malta
248:marks
176:Italy
162:usury
142:loans
107:usury
88:rione
55:from
33:Malta
1347:list
1234:help
1188:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1048:2008
1025:2008
986:2008
704:2018
133:.
113:and
23:The
1136:doi
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320:or
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