964:, which was a strip of 16-millimetre wide film which was only exposed down one half during shooting. The film had twice the number of perforations as film for 16 mm cameras and so the frames were half as high and half as wide as 16 mm frames. The film was removed and placed back in the camera to expose the frames on the other side once the first half had been exposed. Once the film was developed it was sliced down the middle and the ends attached, giving 50-foot (15 m) of Standard 8 film from a spool of 25-foot (7.6 m) of 16 mm film. 16 mm cameras, mechanically similar to the smaller format models, were also used in home movie making but were more usually the tools of semi professional film and news film makers.
892:
information to be seen on the film itself. Aaton cameras have a system called AatonCode that can "jam sync" with a timecode-based audio recorder and prints a digital timecode directly on the edge of the film itself. However, the most commonly used system at the moment is unique identifier numbers exposed on the edge of the film by the film stock manufacturer (KeyKode is the name for Kodak's system). These are then logged (usually by a computer editing system, but sometimes by hand) and recorded along with audio timecode during editing. In the case of no better alternative, a handclap can work if done clearly and properly, but often a quick tap on the microphone (provided it is in the frame for this gesture) is preferred.
211:
971:, coincided with the advent of battery-operated electric movie cameras. The new film, with a larger frame print on the same width of film stock, came in a cassette that simplified changeover and developing. Another advantage of the new system is that they had the capacity to record sound, albeit of indifferent quality. Camera bodies, and sometimes lenses, were increasingly made in plastic rather than the metals of the earlier types. As the costs of mass production came down, so did the price and these cameras became very popular.
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250:. The first 8 lenses would be triggered in rapid succession by an electromagnetic shutter on the sensitive film; the film would then be moved forward allowing the other 8 lenses to operate on the film. After much trial and error, he was finally able to develop a single-lens camera in 1888, which he used to shoot sequences of moving pictures on paper film, including the
392:
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viewfinder was normally a parallel sight within or on top of the camera body. In the 1950s and for much of the 1960s these cameras were powered by clockwork motors, again with variations of quality. A simple mechanism might only power the camera for some 30 seconds, while a geared drive camera might work for as long as 75 – 90 seconds (at standard speeds).
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that would later regulate the passage of light and playback the sound. For magnetic recording, that same area of the single perf 16 mm film that was prestriped with a magnetic stripe. A smaller balance stripe existed between the perforations and the edge to compensate the thickness of the recording stripe to keep the film wound evenly.
694:(common in most other countries) plays at 25 frames. These two television and video systems also have different resolutions and color encodings. Many of the technical difficulties involving film and video concern translation between the different formats. Video aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.33) for full screen and 16:9 (1.78) for widescreen.
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647:. The requirements for film tensioning, take-up, intermittent motion, loops, and rack positioning are almost identical. The camera will not have an illumination source and will maintain its film stock in a light-tight enclosure. A camera will also have exposure control via an iris aperture located on the
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While a basic model might have a single fixed aperture/focus lens, a better version might have three or four lenses of differing apertures and focal lengths on a rotating turret. A good quality camera might come with a variety of interchangeable, focusable lenses or possibly a single zoom lens. The
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Double-system cameras are generally categorized as either "sync" or "non-sync." Sync cameras use crystal-controlled motors that ensure that film is advanced through the camera at a precise speed. In addition, they're designed to be quiet enough to not hamper sound recording of the scene being shot.
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news film cameras, which had either an optical—or later—magnetic recording head inside the camera. For optical recording, the film only had a single perforation and the area where the other set of perforations would have been was exposed to a controlled bright light that would burn a waveform image
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as "the dumb side" because it usually lacks indicators or readouts and access to the film threading, as well as lens markings on many lens models. Later equipment often had done much to minimize these shortcomings, although access to the film movement block by both sides is precluded by basic motor
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stock, principally as a lower-cost alternative to 35 mm and several camera makers launched models to take advantage of the new market of amateur movie-makers. Thought initially to be of inferior quality to 35 mm, 16 mm cameras continued to be manufactured until the 2000s by the likes
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and was capable of shooting with the new sprocketed film. To govern the intermittent movement of the film in the camera, allowing the strip to stop long enough so each frame could be fully exposed and then advancing it quickly (in about 1/460 of a second) to the next frame, the sprocket wheel that
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which typically starts a take is used as a reference point for the editor to match the picture to the sound (provided the scene and take are also called out so that the editor knows which picture take goes with any given sound take). It also permits scene and take numbers and other essential
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in 1894. The camera used paper film 35 millimeters wide, but in 1895, the Lumière brothers shifted to celluloid film, which they bought from New-York's
Celluloid Manufacturing Co. This they covered with their own Etiquette-bleue emulsion, had it cut into strips and perforated.
638:
Basic operation: When the shutter inside the camera is opened, the film is illuminated. When the shutter is completely covering the film gate, the film strip is being moved one frame further by one or two claws which advance the film by engaging and pulling it through the
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did not have to turn the crank to advance the film, as in all cameras of that time, so he could operate the camera with both hands, holding the camera and controlling the focus. This made it possible to film with the
Aeroscope in difficult circumstances including
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One of the most common uses of non-sync cameras is the spring-wound cameras used in hazardous special effects, known as "crash cams". Scenes shot with these have to be kept short or resynchronized manually with the sound. MOS cameras are also often used for
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format or 16 mm format. The use of movie cameras had an upsurge in popularity in the immediate post-war period giving rise to the creation of home movies. Compared to the pre-war models, these cameras were small, light, fairly sophisticated and affordable.
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proposed a camera to take a series of pictures on glass plates, to be printed on a roll of paper film. In 1889, he would patent a moving picture camera in which the film moved continuously. Another film camera was designed in
England by Frenchman
415:, Dickson, Pathé frères, Prestwich, Newman & Guardia, de Bedts, Gaumont-Démény, Schneider, Schimpf, Akeley, Debrie, Bell & Howell, Leonard-Mitchell, Ertel, Ernemann, Eclair, Stachow, Universal, Institute, Wall, Lytax, and many others.
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Since the 2010s, digital movie cameras have become the dominant type of camera in the motion picture industry, being employed in film, television productions and even (to a lesser extent) video games. In response to this, movie director
446:
Beam
Splitting Three-Strip Camera of 1932. With it, three colour separation originals are obtained behind a purple, a green, and a red light filter, the latter being part of one of the three different raw materials in use.
884:" cameras do not offer these features; any attempt to match location sound to these cameras' footage will eventually result in "sync drift", and the noise they emit typically renders location sound recording useless.
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to preserve the use of film in movie making—as many filmmakers feel DSLR cameras do not convey the depth or emotion that motion-picture film does. Other major directors involved in the organisation include
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Multiple cameras may be placed side-by-side to record a single angle of a scene and repeated throughout the runtime. The film is then later projected simultaneously, either on a single three-image screen
974:
This type of format and camera was more quickly superseded for amateurs by the advent of digital video cameras in the 2000s. Since the 2010s, amateurs increasingly started preferring smartphone cameras.
866:
One of the problems in film is synchronizing a sound recording with the film. Most film cameras do not record sound internally; instead, the sound is captured separately by a precision audio device (see
226:, a French scientist and chronophotographer. It could shoot 12 images per second and was the first invention to capture moving images on the same chronomatographic plate using a metal shutter.
300:
on
February 28, 1890. He showed his cameras and film shot with them on many occasions, but never projected his films in public. He also sent details of his invention to the American inventor
207:
over a 12- or 24-hour period. Ronalds applied his cameras to trace the ongoing variations of scientific instruments and they were used in observatories around the world for over a century.
407:, Edison, and the Lumière brothers, the movie camera had become a practical reality by the mid-1890s. The first firms were soon established for the manufacture of movie camera, including
292:. In 1889, Friese-Greene took out a patent for a moving picture camera that was capable of taking up to ten photographs per second. Another model, built in 1890, used rolls of the new
674:
The standardized frame rate for commercial sound film is 24 frames per second. The standard commercial (i.e., movie-theater film) width is 35 millimeters, while many other
284:. In 1887, he began to experiment with the use of paper film, made transparent through oiling, to record motion pictures. He also said he attempted using experimental
277:). The shutters were automatically triggered when the wheel of a cart or the breast or legs of a horse tripped wires connected to an electromagnetic circuit.
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for amateur and semi-professional movies in 1921. A spring motor attachment was added in 1923 to allow flexible handheld filming. The Kinamo was used by
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With the advent of digital cameras, synchronization became a redundant term, as both visual and audio is simultaneously captured electronically.
788:) or upon multiple screens forming a complete circle, with gaps between screens through which the projectors illuminate an opposite screen. (See
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disc mechanism—the first practical system for the high-speed stop-and-go film movement that would be the foundation for the next century of
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and electronic design necessities. Advent of digital cameras reduced the above mechanism to a minimum removing much of the shortcomings.
183:(number of frames per second) to show the moving picture. When projected at a high enough frame rate (24 frames per second or more), the
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442:
The first all-metal cine camera was the Bell & Howell
Standard of 1911-12. One of the most complicated models was the Mitchell-
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in 1845. A photosensitive surface was drawn slowly past the aperture diaphragm of the camera by a clockwork mechanism to enable
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Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the
Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.
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celluloid film, which he had perforated. A full report on the patented camera was published in the
British
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created sequential series of photographs with a battery of 12 cameras along the race track at
Stanford's
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1132:"The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography: Sir Francis Ronalds' Contribution"
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allows the eyes and brain of the viewer to merge the separate frames into a continuous moving picture.
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539:(DSLR) designed for consumer use have also been used for some low-budget independent productions.
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151:) is a type of photographic camera that rapidly takes a sequence of photographs, either onto
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2009:
1936:
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Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (1993). "The Myth of
Persistence of Vision Revisited".
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Buckland, Michael K. (2008). "The Kinamo movie camera, Emanuel Goldberg and Joris Ivens".
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Most of the optical and mechanical elements of a movie camera are also present in the
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and other avant-garde and documentary filmmakers in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
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to capture images, as had been the standard since the 1890s. Rather, an electronic
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Wladyslaw Jewsiewicki, Kazimierz PrĂłszynski, Interpress, Warsaw 1974, (in Polish)
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159:, in order to produce a moving image to display on a screen. In contrast to the
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1369:"ASC Museum: Bell & Howell 2709 - The American Society of Cinematographers"
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was built and patented in England in the period 1909–1911 by Polish inventor
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129:"Film camera" redirects here. For use of photographic film in cameras, see
1224:, p. 28, New York and Chichester, West Sussex, Columbia University Press,
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An interesting forerunner to the movie camera was the machine invented by
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426:. Aeroscope was the first successful hand-held operated film camera. The
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1265:"Polska. Informator", Wydawnictwo Interpress, Warszawa 1977 (in Polish)
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constructed a projector and camera in one, an invention he called the
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792:) Convex and concave mirrors are used in cameras as well as mirrors.
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video (common in North America and Japan) plays at 29.97 frame/s;
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in 1888. He had built a 16 lens camera in 1887 at his workshop in
1277:, "Dzieje nauki polskiej", Wydawnictwo Interpress, Warszawa1981,
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1312:
Alfred Liebfeld "Polacy na szlakach techniki" WKL, Warszawa 1966
1294:"Polska. Zarys encyklopedyczny", PWN, Warszawa 1974 (in Polish)
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in February 1890, which was also seen by Dickson (see below).
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1394:"Maybe the war between digital and film isn't a war at all"
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Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904)
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651:. The righthand side of the camera is often referred to by
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343:, a Scottish inventor and employee of Edison, designed the
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The chronophotographic gun invented by Étienne-Jules Marey.
1182:"Picturing Motion in Photography: When Time Stands Still"
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work or anything involving slow or fast-motion filming.
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has been used to shoot numerous feature films—including
1107:
Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph
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is employed and the images are typically recorded on
171:
of film or video. The frames are projected through a
1423:"The Surprisingly Fascinating World of Frame Rates"
1344:"Arthur Samuel Newman, British camera manufacturer"
1256:
Gosser (1977), pp. 206–207; Dickson (1907), part 3.
1222:
From Peepshow to Palace: The Birth of American Film
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1409:In 2017, 92 percent of films were shot on digital.
960:The common film used for these cameras was termed
332:Walking around a movie film camera at a museum in
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1209:, p. 190, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
1136:European Society for the History of Photography
772:Multiple cameras to take surround images (1900
280:Another early pioneer was the British inventor
363:The Lumière Domitor camera, owned by brothers
1688:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
1534:
939:An extremely compact 35 mm movie camera
347:Camera in 1891. The camera was powered by an
399:(1909) was the first hand-held movie camera.
834:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
736:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
602:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
136:Special type of camera used to shoot movies
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1527:
1497:Emanuel Goldberg and his Knowledge Machine
887:To synchronize double-system footage, the
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854:Learn how and when to remove this message
756:Learn how and when to remove this message
622:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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167:or by electronic means; each image is a
1323:"Kazimierz Proszynski, Polish inventor"
1244:The Man Who Made Movies: W.K.L. Dickson
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1683:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company
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1799:General Electric Research Laboratory
1350:from the original on 12 January 2007
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1246:. UK: John Libbey. pp. 105–111.
927:Movie cameras were available before
832:adding citations to reliable sources
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734:adding citations to reliable sources
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600:adding citations to reliable sources
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547:started the non-profit organisation
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
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352:engaged the strip was driven by an
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1392:Siede, Caroline (23 August 2018).
1161:Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family
1109:. London: Imperial College Press.
871:). The exceptions to this are the
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2040:Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar
2000:Thomas Edison in popular culture
1794:Storage Battery Company Building
967:In the 1960s a new film format,
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1860:The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace
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1427:The Beat: A Blog by PremiumBeat
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776:system, for modern version see
42:needs additional citations for
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1723:Edison Storage Battery Company
1713:Edison Portland Cement Company
1421:McGregor, Lewis (2016-07-07).
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403:Due to the work of Le Prince,
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1499:. Libraries Unlimited, 2006.
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375:In 1894, the Polish inventor
1929:The Execution of Mary Stuart
1703:Edison Manufacturing Company
7:
1910:Tales from the Bully Pulpit
1693:Edison Illuminating Company
978:
10:
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1748:Oriental Telephone Company
1708:Edison Ore-Milling Company
1220:Robinson, David, (1997)
1157:"The First "Movie Camera""
682:are 1.66, 1.85, and 2.39 (
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128:
2066:Film and video technology
1992:
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1902:Edison's Conquest of Mars
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1507:. pp. 85-92 and pp. 92-95
1495:. In: Buckland, Michael:
1072:Journal of Film and Video
1045:Professional video camera
365:Auguste and Louis Lumière
1784:National Historical Park
1576:Edison's Phonograph Doll
1460:10.2979/FIL.2008.20.1.49
288:, made with the help of
222:was invented in 1882 by
2035:Statue of Thomas Edison
1642:Incandescent light bulb
869:double-system recording
1826:Theodore Miller Edison
1743:Mine Safety Appliances
1678:Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
1566:List of Edison patents
1130:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
1105:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
924:
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413:Eugene Augustin Lauste
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239:Wordsworth Donisthorpe
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220:chronophotographic gun
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165:intermittent mechanism
1205:Braun, Marta, (1992)
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796:Sound synchronization
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513:Digital movie cameras
499:The Amazing Spiderman
491:
478:Digital movie cameras
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282:William Friese-Greene
253:Roundhay Garden Scene
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185:persistence of vision
2010:Pearl Street Station
1698:Edison Machine Works
1606:Quadruplex telegraph
1346:. Victorian Cinema.
1285:, p.202, (in Polish)
1242:Spehr, Paul (2008).
1020:List of film formats
1001:Digital movie camera
828:improve this section
730:improve this section
678:exist. The standard
596:improve this section
531:—using a variety of
484:Digital movie camera
424:Kazimierz Prószyński
377:Kazimierz Prószyński
271:Palo Alto Stock Farm
205:continuous recording
51:improve this article
2020:Thomas Edison House
2005:War of the currents
1657:Thermionic emission
1652:Nickel–iron battery
1632:Edison–Lalande cell
1627:Consolidated Edison
549:The Film Foundation
537:Digital SLR cameras
533:acquisition formats
275:Stanford University
273:(now the campus of
224:Étienne-Jules Marey
2061:1876 introductions
1984:Edisonian approach
1489:Ica and the Kinamo
1325:. Victorian Cinema
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923:home movie cameras
907:Home movie cameras
790:Circle-Vision 360°
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778:Circle-Vision 360°
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515:do not use analog
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267:Eadweard Muybridge
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131:Analog photography
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1953:A Night of Terror
1571:Carbon microphone
1472:Project MUSE
1116:978-1-78326-917-4
1030:Multiplane camera
1015:History of cinema
996:Camera stabilizer
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564:Technical details
558:Christopher Nolan
554:Quentin Tarantino
437:military purposes
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298:Photographic News
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663:A spring-wound
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560:and many more.
545:Martin Scorsese
494:Red EPIC camera
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244:Louis Le Prince
201:Kew Observatory
197:Francis Ronalds
193:
177:video projector
173:movie projector
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482:Main article:
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358:cinematography
349:electric motor
265:In June 1878,
192:
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179:at a specific
135:
125:
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66:"Movie camera"
39:
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30:
9:
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889:clapper board
885:
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880:Non-sync or "
877:
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873:single-system
870:
858:
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844:November 2019
837:
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823:
822:
818:
813:This section
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746:November 2019
739:
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715:This section
713:
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695:
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689:
685:
681:
680:aspect ratios
677:
669:
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639:perforations.
636:
626:
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612:November 2019
605:
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591:
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581:This section
579:
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457:
454:introduced a
453:
452:Eastman Kodak
448:
445:
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405:Friese-Greene
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302:Thomas Edison
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71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
18:Movie cameras
2025:Edison Hotel
1959:
1951:
1945:Frankenstein
1943:
1935:
1927:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1873:
1865:
1850:
1842:
1774:Depot Museum
1647:Movie camera
1646:
1620:Advancements
1581:Edison screw
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1454:(1): 49–58.
1451:
1448:Film History
1447:
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:
1408:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1166:27 September
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1125:
1106:
1100:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1050:Video camera
1035:Debrie Parvo
973:
966:
959:
955:
940:
938:
929:World War II
926:
902:
894:
886:
878:
865:
850:
841:
826:Please help
814:
782:
752:
743:
728:Please help
716:
676:film formats
673:
642:
618:
609:
594:Please help
582:
541:
529:flash memory
521:image sensor
511:
503:
497:
473:
449:
441:
433:from the air
417:
402:
374:
362:
339:
297:
279:
264:
259:Leeds Bridge
257:
251:
236:
217:
194:
168:
161:still camera
157:image sensor
148:
144:
141:movie camera
140:
138:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1921:Productions
1769:Black Maria
1662:Ticker tape
1637:Fluoroscopy
1591:Kinetoscope
1557:Discoveries
1493:Joris Evens
1078:(1): 3–12.
951:Joris Ivens
933:9.5 mm film
898:second unit
525:hard drives
444:Technicolor
387:Mass-market
345:Kinetograph
149:cine-camera
145:film camera
2055:Categories
1886:Literature
1789:State Park
1764:Birthplace
1601:Phonomotor
1596:Phonograph
1432:2022-05-31
1403:14 January
1378:2022-05-31
1373:theasc.com
1354:2007-01-20
1329:2007-01-20
1283:8322318766
1192:2019-11-26
1057:References
962:Standard 8
921:Standard 8
684:anamorphic
517:film stock
505:The Hobbit
409:Birt Acres
354:escapement
181:frame rate
153:film stock
77:newspapers
1979:Edisonade
1961:Kidnapped
1757:Monuments
1611:Tasimeter
1468:194951687
1092:224639484
991:Camcorder
815:does not
774:Cinéorama
717:does not
583:does not
456:16mm film
450:In 1923,
428:cameraman
420:Aeroscope
397:Aeroscope
381:Pleograph
286:celluloid
237:In 1876,
1937:The Kiss
1862:" (1998)
1671:Ventures
1348:Archived
1088:ProQuest
1084:20687993
979:See also
786:Cinerama
435:and for
315:, France
107:May 2023
1993:Related
1398:AV Club
836:removed
821:sources
738:removed
723:sources
604:removed
589:sources
294:Eastman
199:at the
191:History
91:scholar
1964:(1917)
1956:(1911)
1948:(1910)
1940:(1896)
1932:(1895)
1913:(2004)
1905:(1898)
1897:(1886)
1878:(2020)
1870:(2017)
1855:(1940)
1847:(1940)
1813:Family
1503:
1476:237691
1474:
1466:
1281:
1228:
1213:
1141:2 June
1113:
1090:
1082:
1025:Konvas
969:Super8
942:Kinamo
919:Movex
670:camera
467:, and
155:or an
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1972:Terms
1875:Tesla
1836:Films
1828:(son)
1822:(son)
1464:S2CID
1080:JSTOR
1010:Filmo
1006:Eyemo
668:16 mm
665:Bolex
469:Aaton
461:Bolex
334:Japan
248:Leeds
175:or a
169:frame
98:JSTOR
84:books
1501:ISBN
1491:and
1405:2019
1279:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1168:2018
1143:2016
1111:ISBN
1008:and
917:Agfa
819:any
817:cite
721:any
719:cite
688:NTSC
649:lens
587:any
585:cite
502:and
492:The
465:Arri
418:The
395:The
369:Lyon
256:and
218:The
147:and
70:news
1456:doi
882:MOS
830:by
732:by
692:PAL
686:).
598:by
527:or
459:of
53:by
2057::
1470:.
1462:.
1452:20
1450:.
1425:.
1407:.
1396:.
1371:.
1184:.
1159:.
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1076:45
1074:.
556:,
535:.
471:.
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411:,
383:.
360:.
262:.
139:A
1858:"
1542:e
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1478:.
1458::
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851:(
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114:(
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105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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