3645:
1451:
3103:
3598:, mainly expressed in painted miniatures, as well as small luxury objects, was eclectic, borrowing from Iranian, Indian, Chinese and Renaissance European stylistic and thematic elements. Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. Miniatures commissioned by the Mughal emperors initially focused on large projects illustrating books with eventful historical scenes and court life, but later included more single images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings displaying a profound appreciation for the serenity and beauty of the natural world. For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as
1288:
1243:, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community. From the imperial perspective, conversion to Islam integrated local elites into the king's vision of network of shared identity that would join disparate groups throughout the empire in obedience to the Mughal emperor. His campaign to conquer South and Western India nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire but had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. This campaign also had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury, and Emperor's absence led to a severe decline in Governance in Northern India. Marathas started expanding northwards shortly after the death of Aurangzeb, defeated the Mughals in Delhi and
1556:
1373:
940:
3891:
1303:
4033:
3587:
3749:
2813:
1145:
5944:
The emperors' will was frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their own account: continual pacification was required of the rulers."
2932:
1963:
5115:
1688:. The hierarchy of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geography – the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority to undertake detailed land surveys, and hence the geographical limits of these divisions were not formalised and maps were not created. The Mughals instead recorded detailed statistics about each division, to assess the territory's capacity for revenue, based on simpler land surveys.
2395:
1712:. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. Sometimes this was necessitated by political and military demands, but shifts also occurred for ideological reasons (for example, Akbar's establishment of Fatehpur Sikri), or even simply because the cost of establishing a new capital was marginal. Situations where there were two simultaneous capitals happened multiple times in Mughal history. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to
4534:
4936:
4488:
1070:
14005:
1748:
5273:
4781:
5027:
4637:
4586:
4395:
4204:
5218:
4881:
4831:
4683:
1779:(censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. This was due to Persianate influences on Mughal ideology, and that the Mughal Empire governed a non-Muslim majority. Scholar Mouez Khalfaoui notes that legal institutions in the Mughal Empire systemically suffered from the corruption of local judges.
2295:
2789:
4727:
69:
2287:
5163:
5067:
4984:
2373:, others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. But Birbal said, "The cotton boll". There was a scornful laughter and Akbar asked for an explanation. Birbal said, "Your Majesty, from the cotton boll, comes the fine fabric prized by merchants across the seas that has made your empire famous throughout the world. The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower.
2781:
1107:. He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. He increased trade with European trading companies. India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion,
4345:
4302:
4442:
3641:) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings.
1511:, whose financial support was increasingly needed; the bankers then helped the Maratha and the British. In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty. Finally, other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court.
1991:
brass utensils. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. The dam's value was later worth 30 to a rupee towards the end of
Jahangir's reign, and then 16 to a rupee by the 1660s. The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without
4219:, which functioned as workshops for craftsmen. These Karkhanas were producing arms, ammunition, and also various items for the court and emperor's need such as clothes, shawls, turbans, jewelry, gold and silverware, perfumes, medicines, carpets, beddings, tents, and for the imperial stable-harnesses for the horses in irons, copper and other metals.
1314:, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. "However, after he died in 1712, the Mughal dynasty began to sink into chaos and violent feuds. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne", as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to the
2685:
exceed 13% of its total population, while
British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.
731:
standardized rule. The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.
1227:), seized the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed. Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until he died in 1666. Aurangzeb oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the
2268:, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India to pay for South Asian imports. Indian goods, especially those from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Japan.
6222:
Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well regulated
5576:
We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India's population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew
2676:
According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than
2031:
estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18th century Bengal and South India were comparable to
Britain. Similarly, Sivramkrishna analyzed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan during 1800–1801, arrived at estimates using a "subsistence basket" that aggregated
1926:
The economy in the Indian
Subcontinent during the Mughal era performed just as it did in ancient times, though now it would face the stress of extensive regional tensions. The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. India's
1401:
took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of
British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control.
5943:
Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war, and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of
Rajasthan and the Deccan.
3694:
in the Indian subcontinent, and by the end of the 16th-century Turki (Chagatai) was understood by relatively few at court. Accompanied by literary patronage was the institutionalisation of
Persian as an official and courtly language; this led to Persian reaching nearly the status of a first language
2364:
across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the
2359:
handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi
Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion
2511:
Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. Economic historian
Indrajit Ray estimates the shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in
2414:
wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. Domestically, much of India depended on
Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports
2030:
According to Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta, grain wages in India were comparable to England in the 16th and 17th centuries, but diverged in the 18th century when they fell to 20-40% of England's wages. This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. Parthasarathi cites his
1990:
during his brief rule. The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar's reign, before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s, with the dam's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper, such as in bronze cannons and
5983:
Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to
2776:
argued instead that although it was true that the Mughal has their origin as nomadic civilization, they became more sendentarized as the time passed, as exemplified by their military tradition. The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its
2684:
Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not
2131:
among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops, the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity. Indian peasants were also quick to
2039:
According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century. This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. Compared to food
1953:
The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger
1731:
The imperial camp, used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. All
1475:
In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their deals with local men of influence. The imperial
1388:
was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761, in which the Afghans were victorious, the emperor had ignominiously taken temporary refuge with the British to the east. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the
1129:. He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. One way he did this was by bestowing many more
5835:
Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb's later
2730:
Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. However, several cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce
2322:
was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century. Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to
1567:
The Mughal Empire had a highly centralised, bureaucratic government, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor Akbar. The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. The finance/revenue ministry, headed by an
1357:
shattering the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, and taking off all the accumulated Mughal treasury. The Mughals could no longer finance the huge armies with which they had formerly enforced their rule. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their affairs and broke away to form
1213:. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in. His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty and forcing the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute.
734:
The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and an increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court. There was more
730:
Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices, and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and
1463:
Historians have offered numerous accounts of the several factors involved in the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. A succession of short-lived incompetent and weak rulers, and civil wars over the succession, created political
2415:
from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan.
1495:
Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. The psychological interpretations emphasise depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external
2550:
India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60% to 253% in 200 years during 1500–1700. The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in
3976:
The Indian war rockets ... were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket body lashed to the rod and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. The use of mines and
2323:
Japan. By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of
2022:
The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century
2339:
for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century.
5714:
Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some 750,000 square miles , ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the
1358:
independent kingdoms. But lip service continued to be paid to the Mughal Emperor as the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.
2079:, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. The civil administration was organised hierarchically based on merit, with promotions based on performance. The Mughal government funded the building of
1025:
After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India. The instability of the empire became evident under his son,
9000:
5749:
Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use
2118:
cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation. The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665
6610:
5792:
Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600, when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur's grandson
2035:
income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income was three times that much. That could be comparable to advance part of Europe. Due to the scarcity of data, however, more research is needed before drawing any conclusion.
2418:
Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. As soon as he conquered the region, he brought tools and men to clear jungles to expand cultivation and brought
3840:, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battles throughout the empire's history. In India, guns made of
1877:(local tax collector) was another kind of official approach, especially for high-stakes cases. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local
1220:, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar. With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (
2191:. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets.
2443:
festivals. The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments. After Akbar, there are notable contributive factor during the era of Aurangzeb, as Siddiqui M. Azizuddin Hussein from
1042:
and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year.
1021:
which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries.
6525:
1574:, was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled
1945:
The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a
1250:
Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king, with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society, while other historians question this, noting that he built
5836:
years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed."
6265:
Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money
2027:, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. In terms of the urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively.
6614:
2699:(1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people, with larger cities including
2040:
per capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 1901–1910. However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for
13355:
6982:
From Babur's memoirs we learn that Sanga's successes against the Mughal advance guard commanded by Abdul Aziz, and other forces at Bayana, ... severely demoralised the fighting spirit of Babur's troops encamped near
1133:(tax-free personal land revenue grants given to religiously learned or spiritually worthy individuals) than Akbar had. In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the
10953:
10851:
10716:
9962:
9912:
9402:
5917:
Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century, when warfare destroyed
2123:
edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people."
2330:
Bengal accounted for more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia, Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan, and
1422:
and some of the remaining members of the family accompanied him. At 4 am on 7 October 1858, Zafar along with his wives, and two remaining sons began his journey towards Rangoon in bullock carts escorted by
2256:, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the
12336:
10123:
1103:, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the
7849:
Even more disturbing was the fact that the assertion of independence had spread to other part of the empire too, and the governors of Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh soon established independent kingdoms as
3644:
2355:
era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century, and is still used in India through to the present day. Another innovation, the incorporation of the
13803:
11852:
11350:
6509:
1361:
Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the
6422:
Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewelry, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes."
2229:, and foods such as sugar, oils and butter. The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th–18th centuries has been referred to as a form of
1111:, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge.
2746:
1807:
was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context.
719:, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the
3954:
while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting, Bidar was captured by the Mughals.
3059:
considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage", attracting 7–8 million unique visitors a year. The palaces, tombs,
2044:. In Mughal India, there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers, with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour. While
2183:, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than early 20th-century
7742:
12489:
8932:
7954:
3102:
2264:
from Asia. In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some
10666:
6344:
Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts."
8446:
1672:
Mughal administrative divisions were not static. Territories were often rearranged and reconstituted for better administrative control, and to extend cultivation. For example, a
2410:
The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757. Historian
1487:
Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to underscore the need for a British-led rejuvenation.
1450:
13352:
2947:
The procession of marriage among the royals of the Mughal empire was recorded with many reports of extravagant gifts. One occasion was during the marriage of a son of emperor
10446:
8142:
How an unfortunate circumcision event by Mughals on Baniya's and failure of protection from Shivaji Loot forces after capturing the mainland lead to decline of Mughal empire
10940:
10838:
10703:
9949:
9899:
9389:
7819:
The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk..... Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat.....Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army...
7671:
13448:
12039:
10877:
890:
was applied to them in India by association with the Mongols and to distinguish them from the Afghan elite which ruled the Delhi Sultanate. The term remains disputed by
9271:
609:
584:
570:
11328:
Wrestling in modern India is a synthesis of two different traditions: the Persian form of the art brought into South Asia by the Moguls, and an indigenous Hindu form.
7790:
I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own.....I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them.
6508:
Hardy, P. (1979). "Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion to Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature". In Levtzion, Nehemia (ed.).
12000:
2527:
design. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in
1810:
The Mughal Empire also drew on Persian notions of kingship. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs.
12344:
8467:
Burton-Page, J.; Islam, Riazul; Athar Ali, M.; Moosvi, Shireen; Moreland, W. H.; Bosworth, C. E.; Schimmel, Annemarie; Koch, Ebba; Hall, Margaret (24 April 2012),
2132:
adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650.
1529:
later causing further deindustrialization. According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up
9723:"Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence"
9673:"Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence"
9638:"Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence"
1791:
system of jurisprudence. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. These included the
8860:
7530:
8484:
2499:
community dominated banking and shipping in major cities and towns. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. By the late 18th century, the
2102:
at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo,
16880:
6305:
Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion."
1950:
department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct.
9195:
7765:
7713:
became virtual rulers and 'de facto' sovereigns when they began to make and unmake emperors. They had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves
997:
in 1526. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. However, by this time
7424:
7700:
1906:
Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. For example, it is unclear how
1472:, played no real part in the initial decline; they were still racing to get permission from the Mughal rulers to establish trades and factories in India.
2002:, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of
16875:
13787:
The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language by Jouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty
11340:
11213:
8301:
6547:
2369:
Once, the Mughal emperor Akbar asked his courtiers, which was the most beautiful flower. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious
1732:
administration and governance were carried out within them. The Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps.
1263:. Despite these allegations, it has been acknowledged that Emperor Aurangzeb enacted repressive policies towards non-Muslims, which also resulted to a
12621:
3707:, developed in the imperial capital of Delhi in the late Mughal era. It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of
7328:
2558:
The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of South Asia including the regions of modern
6969:
11804:
4194:
1826:
was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. The
7400:
3703:
political culture, to unite their diverse empire. Persian had a profound impact on the languages of South Asia; one such language, today known as
2760:
Generally, classical historiographies depicted the Mughal empire's origin was a sedentarized agrarian society. However, modern historians such as
2156:
for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may also date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Geared sugar
1590:
who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works, headed by the
16870:
6383:
Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods, and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times."
10629:
10415:
2056:
Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and
1899:(provincial governor). In some cases, the emperor dispensed justice directly. Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the
15399:
12095:
11155:
9581:
10511:
7726:
68:
16885:
14354:
8916:
7938:
1755:
The Mughal Empire's legal system was context-specific and evolved throughout the empire's rule. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed
12809:
12692:
10663:
10205:
9244:
9167:
9120:
6410:
6371:
6332:
6293:
6253:
6210:
6177:
Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land-mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture."
6165:
6123:
6079:
6011:
5905:
5823:
5780:
5702:
3665:
1998:
Despite India having its stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own but mostly minted coins from imported
11620:
11175:
10385:
10302:
10273:
10079:
10040:
9999:
9865:
9551:
9493:
9454:
8353:
7150:
6684:
6645:
6486:
5971:
5863:
12842:
10323:
8420:
2435:. The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the
2240:, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers,
2199:
South Asia during the Mughal's rule was a very fertile ground for manufacturing technologies which coveted by the Europeans before the
8885:
4130:. The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.
14339:
2253:
1537:
wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior
1504:) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime.
977:
origin. Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. He established himself in
779:, which is described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."
11699:
7832:
3820:, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation—artillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the
1480:, and lost its fighting spirit. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. After the execution of
10658:
7629:
2006:
into India. Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver, with major sources of imported bullion including the
10888:
10438:
16900:
16542:
13994:
7655:
4081:
4023:
13428:
9347:
8389:
2127:
Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the
16890:
14944:
14294:
14289:
14162:
13046:
1954:
markets. In circa 1595, Modern historians estimated the state's annual revenues of Mughal empire were around 99,000,000 Rupee.
12023:
2523:
that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped
16352:
15734:
13442:
13407:
13365:
Parodi, Laura E. (2021). "Kabul, a Forgotten Mughal Capital: Gardens, City, and Court at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century".
13313:
13290:
13260:
13182:
13150:
13106:
13006:
12936:
12836:
12778:
12750:
12686:
12658:
12525:
12431:
12398:
12225:
12167:
12130:
12074:
12033:
11994:
11928:
11911:(2003). "A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture". In Pollock, Sheldon (ed.).
11846:
11790:
11613:
11569:
11321:
11012:
10810:
10776:
10555:
10482:
10379:
10236:
10181:
10073:
10034:
9859:
9825:
9545:
9487:
9448:
9238:
9161:
9114:
9068:
9033:
8808:
8582:
8549:
8516:
8440:
8347:
8265:
8238:
8150:
7984:
7916:
7889:
7783:
7736:
7665:
7605:
7580:
7524:
7497:
7472:
7394:
7359:
7264:
7239:
7214:
7185:
7144:
7113:
6963:
6894:
6846:
6819:
6792:
6728:
6678:
6639:
6586:
6519:
6480:
6404:
6365:
6326:
6287:
6247:
6204:
6159:
6117:
6073:
6041:
6005:
5965:
5937:
5899:
5857:
5817:
5774:
5736:
5696:
5666:
5610:
5569:
4271:
4139:
2449:
1534:
13319:
13188:
13156:
13112:
12784:
10488:
10242:
2072:. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators began to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco.
16895:
14498:
3902:
By the 17th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in
16258:
12446:
Teltscher, Kate (2000). "The Shampooing Surgeon and the Persian Prince: Two Indians in Early Nineteenth-century Britain".
11984:
12678:
Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity : Questions, Methods and Resources in a Multicultural Perspective
3863:), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi-gun shot. As opposed to the
1468:
became clear, and the situation could not be recovered. The seemingly innocuous European trading companies, such as the
1424:
11961:
7029:
2335:
textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as "Dhaka textiles". Indian textiles dominated the
1038:(reigned 1540–1545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule. Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the
16404:
15404:
13530:
13079:
12719:
12423:
11729:
11597:
11509:
11386:
11129:
10525:
8203:
7842:
5538:
3765:
2106:, tree crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand. Under the
8844:
7514:
2555:
before the Mughal era. By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.
1541:. Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century.
16576:
15048:
13721:
13693:
13056:
12354:
11884:
11589:
11479:
11452:
11421:
11087:
9301:
8468:
8014:
7439:
7293:
7004:
6936:
6735:
In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian
1600:
1464:
instability at the centre. The Mughals appeared virtually unassailable during the 17th century but, once gone, their
1342:
442:
13777:(1907) v. 9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic, oriental, and occidental, by A.V.W. Jackson
10120:
7572:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
5875:
Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair."
14990:
14671:
8775:
8724:
8681:
8630:
5433:
4182:
3025:, carefully-composed and polished façades, and the use of hard red sandstone and marble as construction materials.
2963:, where the gift presented by Bhagwant Das consisted of many horses, 100 elephants, many male and female slaves of
1903:
that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials.
1649:
9280:, p. "...Mughal rulers pursued a more laissez-faire economic approach, benefiting from the prosperity of...".
9192:
2512:
nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.
1938:
Modern historians and researchers generally agreed that The Mughal empire economic policy character is resembling
16030:
14533:
14344:
14309:
14167:
12333:
Khan, Nasir Raza. Art and Architectural Traditions of India and Iran: Commonality and Diversity. Routledge, 2022.
11742:
10745:
Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13
10578:
8140:
7421:
6631:
From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China
5505:
4178:
2475:
in 1717. The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, including firms from
1550:
15192:
13972:
7694:
6444:
1287:
14919:
14836:
14508:
14284:
13016:
Faruqui, Munis D. (2005), "The Forgotten Prince: Mirza Hakim and the Formation of the Mughal Empire in India",
12318:
10213:
6914:
2457:
11205:
9734:
9684:
9649:
9283:
7806:
16468:
14929:
8290:
2872:
and in turn, the development of later Rajput and Sikh palatial architecture. A famous Mughal landmark is the
947:
The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the
6558:
4246:
and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern
1209:. During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the
16463:
16347:
14873:
14152:
13808:
12613:
7320:
5368:
3002:
1921:
1428:
1282:
319:
2692:, who consider them exaggerations. According to Dyson urbanization of the Mughal empire was less than 9%.
1333:(reigned 1719–1748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to
16535:
16473:
15510:
14646:
14543:
13987:
13930:
13919:
13905:
13891:
13859:
13841:
13816:
13785:
13749:
8378:
Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600–1850
6953:
4259:
3433:
2496:
1525:
in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with
1469:
748:
9575:"The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 1500–1800"
8097:
Habib, Irfan (March 1969). "Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India".
2209:
and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. Key industries included textiles,
1838:
did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. For example, the most basic kind was the
1696:
The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established throughout their rule. These were the cities of
14743:
14725:
14513:
14004:
13887:
13873:
13434:
13142:
12928:
11444:
10949:
10847:
10712:
9958:
9908:
9851:
9398:
9203:
7384:
5329:
3056:
2920:
2476:
2187:. The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices. In turn, this benefited the Indian
1761:(Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the
1394:
711:. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson,
277:
7764:
Richard M. Eaton (2013). Eaton, Richard M.; Faruqui, Munis D.; Gilmartin, David; Kumar, Sunil (eds.).
1555:
1372:
939:
715:. This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor,
16431:
15579:
15143:
14763:
14462:
14457:
14304:
14172:
14157:
13830:
10978:
Rob, Md. Abdur; Asaduzzaman, Md. (December 1997). "Historical Growth of Urbanization in Dhaka City".
7464:
4478:
3943:
3730:
3686:
words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child. Though the Mughals were of
3369:
2994:
2836:, jewellery and fashion, utilizing richly decorated fabrics such as muslin, silk, brocade and velvet.
2540:
2480:
1518:
1501:
1338:
11161:
10616:
10407:
5577:
over the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707.
3890:
3748:
1302:
1141:, whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal empire and the Sikh community.
16708:
16389:
16364:
16214:
15873:
15868:
14857:
14452:
14427:
14367:
14334:
14279:
12091:
10572:"Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution"
4077:
3962:
3409:
3273:
3158:
2993:
with the development of their distinctive architectural style. This style was derived from earlier
2681:
in the 19th century; the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century.
2261:
1403:
1390:
772:
724:
403:
13638:
10342:(November 2011). "Where is Bengal? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy".
9574:
7085:
2967:, Caucasian, and native Indian origins, who brought with them various gold and silver utensils as
16688:
16456:
16337:
15878:
15831:
15774:
15473:
15417:
15165:
14791:
14735:
14564:
14432:
14422:
14314:
13826:
13523:
Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order
12284:
11825:
Abidi, S. A. H.; Gargesh, Ravinder (2008), Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N (eds.),
10674:
7136:
7055:
5339:
4059:
3825:
3717:(prose romances) and replaced Persian as the informal language of the Muslim elite. According to
3586:
3206:
3068:
2230:
1928:
1631:
1385:
994:
948:
704:
429:
377:
171:
43:
4032:
16865:
16528:
16478:
16379:
16374:
16062:
16010:
15930:
15863:
15767:
15752:
15645:
15412:
15366:
15207:
15094:
14768:
14720:
14372:
13980:
12490:"A CELESTIAL GLOBE, MADE BY MUGHAL ASTROLABIST MUHAMMAD SALIH OF THATTA, DATED 1074 AH/1663 AD"
12234:
10116:
4208:
3379:
2749:
2389:
2332:
2277:
1893:(an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the
951:
416:
214:
12801:
12676:
12217:
12211:
12159:
12153:
11438:
10796:
10545:
10374:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.1. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
10199:
9222:
9151:
9104:
8255:
8081:
7103:
6836:
6394:
6355:
6316:
6277:
6237:
6194:
6149:
6107:
6063:
5995:
5889:
5807:
5764:
5686:
5656:
2777:
legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as:
1435:
assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new
16409:
16369:
16182:
16057:
15121:
15111:
15070:
15041:
14867:
14821:
14783:
11908:
11636:
Soucek, Priscilla (1987). "Persian Artists in Mughal India: Influences and Transformations".
11617:
11313:
11183:
11071:
10369:
10296:
10267:
10063:
10020:
9993:
9845:
9531:
9477:
9438:
9188:
8333:
8329:
8286:
7881:
7802:
7570:
7130:
6809:
6782:
6668:
6629:
6470:
5955:
5847:
5726:
5596:
5334:
4115:
4096:
4051:
2303:
2200:
1932:
1538:
1514:
1398:
1185:
17:
16297:
12826:
12560:"An Eighteenth Century Survey of Jaipur "Chhapakhana" Based on Jaipur "Karkhanajat" Records"
11305:
10766:
7993:
7906:
5592:
4076:, Jahangir and Shah Jahan intended to build observatories too but were unable to do so. The
1144:
16502:
16332:
16302:
16177:
16108:
16079:
15998:
15332:
15170:
15160:
14904:
14397:
13540:
Heesterman, J.C. (2004), "The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction",
12596:
10517:
8893:
8432:
7051:
4557:
3605:
The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the
3511:
3463:
3345:
3037:
3006:
2998:
2931:
2812:
2740:
2445:
2168:
2065:
1465:
338:
16282:
8508:
A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day
3977:
counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and
3040:
structure existed in Delhi. Emperor Shah Jahan has recorded to establish an ice-houses in
2772:, Thomas J. Barfield, and others, argued the Mughals was originated from nomadic culture.
1259:
in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and
8:
16194:
16074:
16040:
15942:
15762:
15757:
15569:
15288:
15224:
15099:
15084:
14685:
14584:
14442:
14417:
14145:
14114:
13811: – Other Persian Texts in Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List)
12952:
Blake, Stephen P. (November 1979), "The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals",
12390:
11707:
9537:
9153:
Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics
7767:
Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards
7075:
5344:
5129:
4326:
3704:
3673:
3650:
3457:
3445:
3391:
3339:
3014:
2990:
2980:
2912:
2869:
2865:
2844:
2237:
2111:
1803:
1522:
1235:
1206:
1181:
826:
740:
630:
537:
156:
15910:
15900:
13768:
ed. by W.M. Thackston Jr. (2002); this was the first autobiography in Islamic literature
13745:
13633:....contrast between the Oriental despotic state and the occidental laissez faire state.
7622:
1639:, and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the
1586:
system. The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the
16307:
16287:
16270:
16221:
16086:
15895:
15846:
15779:
15697:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15584:
15554:
15446:
15344:
15212:
15187:
14748:
14538:
14477:
14447:
14382:
14274:
14124:
14094:
14059:
13959:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge & Chandrika Kaul (
13869:
13778:
13585:
13557:
13496:
13488:
13416:
13382:
13240:
13232:
13033:
12977:
12969:
12911:
12903:
12579:
12471:
12119:
12063:
11934:
11796:
11680:
11653:
11244:
11115:
11053:
10936:
10884:
10834:
10699:
9945:
9895:
9385:
9230:
8992:
8767:
8716:
8673:
8622:
8297:
8195:
8187:
8122:
8114:
8062:
8054:
5530:
5425:
5242:
4950:
4369:
4089:
4080:
and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from
4014:. The new curriculum produced a series of eminent scholars, engineers and architects.
3911:
3868:
3493:
3321:
3170:
3010:
2899:
2773:
2336:
2206:
1411:
1407:
818:
308:
13855:
13640:
12242:
8928:
7950:
7553:
6720:
1005:
Confederacy which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of
886:. The Mughal dynasty's early followers were Chagatai Turks, and not Mongols. The term
16416:
16312:
16248:
16243:
16172:
16069:
15784:
15712:
15707:
15549:
15478:
15461:
15456:
15451:
15251:
15202:
15010:
14831:
14826:
14806:
14773:
14651:
14579:
14518:
14472:
14467:
14437:
14392:
13875:
History of India: From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire (Vol. 4)
13717:
13689:
13617:
13526:
13500:
13438:
13403:
13396:
13386:
13309:
13286:
13256:
13244:
13215:
Richards, J.F. (April 1981), "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy",
13178:
13146:
13132:
13102:
13052:
13002:
12981:
12932:
12915:
12832:
12774:
12746:
12715:
12682:
12654:
12571:
12521:
12517:
Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development
12475:
12463:
12427:
12420:
The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India
12394:
12350:
12314:
12254:
12221:
12192:
12163:
12126:
12070:
12029:
11990:
11938:
11924:
11890:
11880:
11842:
11800:
11786:
11725:
11609:
11593:
11565:
11505:
11495:
11475:
11448:
11417:
11382:
11317:
11306:
11283:
11176:"Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)"
11125:
11083:
11057:
11045:
11028:
Chaudhuri, K. N. (2008). "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India".
11008:
10806:
10772:
10551:
10521:
10478:
10375:
10365:
10310:
10281:
10232:
10177:
10069:
10030:
10007:
9855:
9821:
9541:
9483:
9444:
9355:
9297:
9234:
9225:. In Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (eds.).
9157:
9110:
9064:
9039:
9029:
8996:
8984:
8814:
8804:
8759:
8665:
8614:
8578:
8545:
8512:
8480:
8436:
8376:
8343:
8261:
8234:
8227:
8146:
8066:
8010:
7980:
7912:
7885:
7874:
7838:
7779:
7732:
7661:
7601:
7576:
7520:
7493:
7468:
7435:
7390:
7365:
7355:
7299:
7289:
7260:
7235:
7210:
7206:
7181:
7177:
7140:
7109:
7081:
7000:
6959:
6932:
6890:
6842:
6815:
6788:
6724:
6710:
6674:
6635:
6592:
6582:
6515:
6476:
6400:
6361:
6322:
6283:
6243:
6200:
6155:
6113:
6069:
6037:
6001:
5961:
5933:
5895:
5853:
5813:
5770:
5732:
5692:
5662:
5606:
5565:
5522:
5478:
5417:
5114:
4758:
4174:
4144:
3853:
3829:
3771:
3761:
3683:
3403:
3315:
3309:
3291:
3164:
3029:
2892:
2765:
2756:" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.
2520:
2492:
2356:
2298:
Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century
1979:
1962:
1818:
Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal Empire. One such court was that of the
1240:
1239:, a collection of Islamic law. Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru
1092:
797:. Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "dominion of Hindustan" (
764:
541:
13471:
Chaudhuri, K.N. (1978), "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India",
10325:
Fashion And Designing Under The Mughals Akbar To Aurangzeb. A Historical Perspective
8856:
8199:
8126:
2850:
The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through
1341:
in the Deccan, he encouraged the Marathas to invade central and northern India. The
16265:
16052:
16047:
16003:
15990:
15920:
15888:
15883:
15747:
15742:
15724:
15685:
15618:
15601:
15542:
15532:
15527:
15468:
15424:
15394:
15354:
15337:
15320:
15283:
15034:
14811:
14801:
14636:
14548:
14523:
14493:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14387:
14177:
13915:
13901:
13883:
13851:
13609:
13577:
13549:
13480:
13374:
13224:
13025:
12961:
12895:
12650:
The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605
12455:
12149:
11916:
11834:
11778:
11645:
11275:
11037:
10987:
10802:
10347:
10135:
10026:
9796:
9434:
8974:
8966:
8924:
8852:
8570:
8537:
8476:
8428:
8179:
8106:
8046:
7946:
7771:
6778:
5652:
5514:
5468:
5324:
5310:
5008:
4673:
4661:
4512:
4223:
4198:
4027:
3966:
3791:
3738:
3699:
argues that the Mughals used Persian purposefully as the vehicle of an overarching
3691:
3669:
3631:
3557:
3499:
3451:
3439:
3397:
3363:
3303:
3297:
3047:
Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially
3041:
2884:
2769:
2696:
2571:
2436:
2432:
2319:
2188:
1801:(religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). During the Mughal Empire's peak, the
1625:
The structure of the central government was mirrored at the provincial level; each
1444:
1244:
1118:
1018:
1014:
1010:
895:
151:
12368:... Shirazi and others revised the syllabi of the madrasas. In the new syllabi ...
11826:
11279:
10878:"Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain"
2087:
and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production.
735:
conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of
16667:
16632:
16483:
16451:
16324:
16292:
16275:
16231:
16226:
16204:
16199:
16157:
16150:
16125:
15985:
15980:
15821:
15702:
15596:
15591:
15559:
15384:
15374:
15268:
15261:
15256:
15241:
15197:
15079:
15065:
15000:
14924:
14909:
14899:
14862:
14796:
14758:
14641:
14616:
14377:
14249:
14234:
14140:
14079:
14016:
14002:
13711:
13680:
13359:
13303:
13280:
13205:
13172:
13136:
13128:
13096:
13062:
12996:
12768:
12737:
12709:
12648:
12542:
12515:
11838:
11624:
11536:
11499:
11469:
11376:
11119:
11075:
11002:
10670:
10472:
10306:
10277:
10226:
10209:
10127:
10003:
9479:
The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750
9291:
9199:
9058:
8574:
8541:
8506:
8001:
7458:
7428:
5287:
4905:
4855:
4805:
4795:
4751:
4227:
4170:
and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire.
4120:
4085:
4044:
3837:
3813:
3595:
3581:
3577:
3427:
3415:
3267:
3248:
3200:
3152:
3099:, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh, such as:
2964:
2833:
2826:
2472:
2428:
2394:
2352:
2281:
2076:
2010:
and Japan, which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the
1323:
1296:
1264:
1039:
998:
838:
736:
696:
677:
575:
266:
235:
15905:
14299:
7834:
A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
4533:
1559:
India in 1605 and the end of emperor Akbar's reign; the map shows the different
1389:
protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until the
16839:
16637:
16612:
16426:
16421:
16384:
16359:
16342:
16253:
16238:
16209:
16167:
16015:
15975:
15970:
15925:
15851:
15811:
15801:
15791:
15606:
15485:
15379:
15246:
15128:
15005:
14995:
14970:
14939:
14852:
14606:
14528:
14503:
14362:
14319:
14104:
14064:
14044:
13951:
13639:
Masanori Sato (佐藤正哲); Nariaki Nakazato (中里成章); Tsukasa Mizushima (水島司) (1998).
13029:
12711:
The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household
11770:
11372:
10792:
10653:
10339:
10151:
9527:
9218:
9147:
8167:
8037:
Richards, J.F. (1981). "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy".
7071:
6466:
5500:
5496:
5187:
5041:
4651:
4567:
4160:
4073:
3947:
3872:
3821:
3817:
3779:
3775:
3734:
3547:
3517:
3505:
3487:
3469:
3236:
3182:
3146:
3080:
3033:
2935:
2851:
2817:
2797:
Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia.
2552:
2500:
2361:
2176:
2133:
2099:
2090:
A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called
2003:
1987:
1725:
1709:
1477:
1440:
1334:
1315:
1311:
1104:
1096:
1035:
959:
919:
756:
692:
662:
468:
455:
128:
13613:
13484:
13378:
13228:
12899:
12459:
12280:
11920:
11782:
11041:
10915:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
9801:
9784:
9043:
8183:
8110:
8050:
7369:
6741:, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.
5562:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
4935:
4487:
2306:, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of
16859:
16748:
16551:
16507:
16394:
16189:
16162:
16135:
16091:
15858:
15841:
15826:
15670:
15623:
15611:
15537:
15429:
15303:
15298:
15273:
15155:
14914:
14324:
14224:
14089:
14084:
14069:
13621:
13553:
12575:
12467:
12258:
12196:
11894:
11287:
11049:
10762:
10625:
10612:
8988:
8818:
8763:
8669:
8618:
7775:
7021:
6596:
5526:
5482:
5421:
4895:
4845:
4697:
4247:
4126:
4104:
4084:. In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic and
4036:
3696:
3535:
3529:
3475:
3218:
3060:
2678:
2528:
2218:
2203:. Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output.
2184:
2041:
2024:
1942:
system in dealing with tradings and bullions, to achieve the economic ends.
1939:
1736:
1526:
1508:
1432:
1397:
became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. The British East India
1384:(1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline. But when the
1362:
1354:
1330:
1319:
1126:
1069:
967:
350:
32:
15935:
15915:
13966:
13956:
13597:
12346:
Art and Architectural Traditions of India and Iran Commonality and Diversity
12183:
Bag, A.K. (2005). "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu".
10174:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
10065:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
9708:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
9623:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
9608:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
8955:"Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law"
7303:
5518:
2829:, an amalgamation of South Asian, Iranian and Central Asian culinary styles.
2761:
1353:
over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the
16803:
16798:
16723:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16399:
16140:
16130:
16096:
16025:
16020:
15947:
15737:
15719:
15680:
15675:
15655:
15650:
15522:
15515:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15389:
15327:
15308:
15293:
15229:
14934:
14753:
14710:
14596:
14589:
14574:
14239:
14214:
14109:
14074:
13676:
13299:
13276:
11301:
10932:
10830:
10695:
10351:
9941:
9891:
9381:
8385:
7869:
6576:
6190:
6103:
5885:
5803:
5760:
5682:
5272:
5177:
5081:
4780:
4741:
4254:. A 17th-century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in
4235:
4163:
3939:
3798:
3783:
3718:
3700:
3687:
3599:
3421:
3385:
3327:
3285:
3242:
3106:
3022:
2960:
2888:
2858:
2720:
2712:
2488:
2484:
2383:
2257:
2233:, similar to 18th-century Western Europe before the Industrial Revolution.
2210:
2152:
appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. Evidence for the use of a
2145:
2011:
1947:
1735:
After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of
1481:
1419:
1381:
1292:
1260:
1252:
1202:
1088:
1077:
990:
963:
794:
700:
688:
680:
364:
13947:
13804:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
11953:
8285:
5501:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
5473:
5456:
5026:
4636:
4394:
2160:
first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as
1507:
Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu
1484:
in 1719, local Mughal successor states took power in region after region.
16813:
16743:
16657:
16118:
16103:
15952:
15665:
15574:
15564:
15490:
15138:
15133:
14985:
14894:
14705:
14656:
14621:
14244:
14229:
14219:
14209:
14204:
13850:
10928:
10927:
10826:
10825:
10691:
10690:
10292:
10263:
10022:
Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy
9989:
9937:
9936:
9887:
9886:
9533:
Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan Since the Moghuls
9440:
The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World
9377:
9376:
8954:
7865:
7516:
The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi
7354:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 59.
7283:
5372:
5217:
4880:
4871:
4830:
4821:
4682:
4524:
4466:
4432:
4335:
4203:
4103:. In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called
4069:
4055:
4011:
3915:
3880:
3613:
3541:
3481:
3357:
3333:
3279:
3212:
3194:
3188:
3096:
2801:
2745:
2724:
2524:
2411:
2307:
2180:
2172:
2157:
2141:
1747:
1580:, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the
1576:
1530:
1497:
1436:
1217:
1108:
1100:
986:
982:
891:
768:
720:
708:
684:
672:
The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by
666:
642:
638:
602:
589:
296:
195:
36:
13561:
13037:
12583:
12559:
11248:
8970:
8771:
8747:
8720:
8704:
8677:
8653:
8626:
8602:
7623:"Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India"
5429:
5405:
4726:
4250:
to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any
3602:
to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire.
2984:
2294:
1618:(provinces), each of which was headed by a provincial governor called a
1030:(reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by rebels. The
16788:
16520:
16145:
15962:
15836:
15796:
15729:
15015:
14980:
14960:
14666:
14601:
14329:
14254:
14199:
14099:
14049:
13589:
12973:
12880:
Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh & the Punjab, 1707–48
11657:
11601:
8979:
8118:
5534:
4998:
4502:
4007:
3884:
3876:
3849:
3708:
3679:
3523:
3351:
3224:
3048:
3018:
2805:
2704:
2567:
2516:
2399:
2348:
2149:
2128:
2103:
2084:
2080:
1992:
1983:
1908:
1793:
1713:
1582:
1366:
1350:
1346:
1198:
1169:
1161:
1138:
1060:
1031:
1006:
865:
744:
658:
634:
390:
13568:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1976), "The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire",
13492:
13236:
12907:
12858:
Seyller, John (2011). "A Mughal Manuscript of the "Diwan" of Nawa'i".
11684:
10571:
9023:
8191:
8058:
6436:
5162:
5066:
4983:
4585:
2290:
Miniature painting – Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin
2286:
16844:
16834:
16818:
16728:
16713:
16672:
16647:
16617:
16035:
15806:
15690:
15660:
15441:
15315:
15106:
14975:
14816:
14700:
14661:
14054:
11874:
11345:
10798:
Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries)
9293:
The Oxford World History of Empire Volume Two: The History of Empires
8798:
8386:
The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets
8339:
6714:
5602:
5249:
4610:
4600:
4167:
4148:
4112:
4108:
4100:
3969:
3895:
3864:
3845:
3816:, and a method for deploying them. Babur had employed Ottoman expert
3806:
3753:
3721:, "Urdu was the language of Hindustan by the authority of the King."
3625:
3619:
3254:
3140:
3134:
3052:
2873:
2840:
2689:
2344:
2249:
2245:
2226:
2161:
2061:
2007:
1900:
1210:
1153:
1064:
841:" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.
814:
789:
776:
752:
716:
81:
13581:
12965:
11649:
4251:
2788:
2780:
2531:
and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution.
1852:(judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the
16808:
16793:
16783:
16768:
16753:
16738:
16733:
16718:
16627:
16622:
16592:
15436:
15219:
15177:
15116:
14715:
14569:
14119:
14039:
11468:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture".
10547:
Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)
9722:
9672:
9637:
5232:
4456:
4003:
3999:
3978:
3607:
3176:
2952:
2880:
2563:
2468:
2153:
2137:
1895:
1873:
1775:
1620:
1268:
1173:
1114:
1056:
760:
650:
228:
206:
10439:"Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar"
9290:
A. Bayly, C.; Fibiger Bang, Peter; Scheidel, Walter, eds. (2020).
9227:
The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000
4344:
3617:) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the
2515:
An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a
2423:
to open the jungles to farming. Bengal was later described as the
1476:
army bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive
637:. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the
16763:
16662:
16652:
16602:
15349:
15278:
15234:
15089:
14631:
14029:
13807:; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy at
13048:
Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700
12601:
Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use
11771:"2. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan"
11671:
Blunt, Wilfrid (1948). "The Mughal Painters of Natural History".
7460:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
6911:
A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century
4419:
4359:
4301:
4231:
4156:
3991:
3951:
3903:
3875:
and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple
3809:
3637:
3230:
2956:
2464:
2440:
2265:
2095:
2045:
1999:
1889:
1840:
1656:
1415:
1177:
1087:(reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad in the Rajput
1027:
934:
881:
646:
15150:
12886:
Ali, M. Athar (1975), "The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case",
10228:
Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America
8324:
8322:
7657:
the Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule
6135:
Quote: "The resource base of Akbar's new order was land revenue"
4441:
1830:
also had additional importance in documents, as the seal of the
854:), a reference to their descent from the Turco-Mongol conqueror
16773:
16642:
15182:
15057:
14626:
13398:
Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire
13349:
Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India
10231:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6.
8466:
5457:"East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States"
5381:
4912:
4255:
4243:
4222:
Another aspects of remarkable invention in Mughal India is the
4152:
3931:
3841:
3833:
3795:
3787:
3713:
3088:
3084:
2907:
2708:
2318:, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. The cotton
2315:
2311:
2241:
2120:
2115:
2057:
2032:
1883:
1788:
1717:
1705:
1256:
1122:
1117:(born Salim, reigned 1605–1627) was born to Akbar and his wife
1002:
974:
970:
134:
92:
12770:
The economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: a statistical study
11074:(2003). "A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1". In
7999:
7200:
16778:
16758:
16566:
15816:
14190:
14034:
14024:
13670:
An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991
8319:
8168:"The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire"
6706:
5297:
5262:
5207:
5194:
5152:
5139:
5104:
5091:
4973:
4960:
4925:
4770:
4716:
4627:
4614:
4409:
4384:
4316:
4239:
4088:, where Islamic observational instruments were combined with
4040:
3927:
3907:
3802:
3092:
3076:
3072:
2968:
2948:
2924:
2903:
2716:
2559:
2420:
2403:
2370:
2324:
2069:
1971:
1769:
1721:
1701:
1614:
1570:
1560:
1229:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1084:
1073:
1052:
978:
955:
930:
855:
712:
673:
654:
533:
254:
190:
118:
13914:
13900:
13882:
13393:
12448:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
9289:
8291:"India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries"
7595:
7259:, Macmillan International Higher Education, pp. 97–98,
5455:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006).
3590:
Finial in the form of a parrot, Mughal empire, 17th century.
2784:
Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire
2302:
The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was
2048:
also existed, it was limited largely to household servants.
1654:
which were further divided into groups of villages known as
1337:
hands. As the Mughals tried to suppress the independence of
1205:, a Rajput princess. His reign ushered in the golden age of
829:. Contemporary Chinese chronicles referred to the empire as
16597:
14611:
13790:. Translated by Major Charles Stewart. John Murray, London.
12739:
Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870
12243:"POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MUGHALS: INFLUENCE ON SOUTH ASIA"
11443:. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I. Vol. 4.
10159:
7596:
Copland, Ian; Mabbett, Ian; Roy, Asim; et al. (2013).
5377:
4623:
3883:
loaded with gunpowder. It may be considered a version of a
3064:
2700:
2222:
2214:
1763:
1757:
1697:
1134:
105:
15026:
13598:"The Mughal Polity – A Critique of Revisionist Approaches"
12121:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
12065:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
11777:, University of California Press, pp. 158–167, 2019,
10611:
9193:
India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries
4118:, and to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the
3690:
origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the
2452:, has viewed that aside from religious and legal context,
2213:, and steel. Processed products included cotton textiles,
16607:
13713:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
13421:
The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
12998:
The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty : Delhi, 1857
12240:
11915:. University of California Press. pp. 807–808, 811.
11559:
11365:
11308:
The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India
11266:
and the Indian Wrestler: The Anatomy of a Relationship".
8079:
7724:
4064:
1669:
were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire.
13542:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
13203:
13018:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
12989:
The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals
9985:
9983:
7807:"Maratha-Nizam Relations : Nizam-Ul-Mulk's Letters"
7492:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 98.
6787:. Vol. 3. University of Chicago Press. p. 62.
4095:
During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king
3998:(Rational Sciences) and introduced new subjects such as
1931:, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the
1168:
and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son,
1099:
princess. Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent,
966:
on his mother's side. Paternally, Babur belonged to the
13508:
Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps
13089:
Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps
11876:
The languages of political Islam : India 1200–1800
11751:
9223:"The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India"
7621:
Verghese, Ajay; Foa, Roberto Stefan (5 November 2018).
7434:, by Josef W. Meri, Jere L Bacharach. Routledge, 2005.
7203:
The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India
6834:
1125:
princess. Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint,
13675:
12828:
Empire of the Moghul: Brothers at War: Brothers at War
12735:
12714:. Volume 6 of Rulers & Elites. Brill. p. 74.
11833:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 105,
11740:
11471:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
11102:
11096:
9761:
9749:
9508:
7876:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
4151:
and understood the techniques used to produce various
2083:
systems across the empire, which produced much higher
1201:(reigned 1628–1658) was born to Jahangir and his wife
1076:
holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the
13969:, From BBC Radio 4's Incarnations: India in 50 Lives.
12216:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
12158:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
11474:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 182.
11235:
Fatma, Sadaf (2012). "Waterworks in Mughal Gardens".
10138:, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference US, 2006, pp. 237–240,
9980:
8328:
6705:
6472:
Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man
1665:
consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector.
1598:
held the most importance, and typically acted as the
1427:
under the command of Lieutenant Ommaney. Through the
859:
849:
804:
798:
13832:
The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398–A.D. 1707
11121:
The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India
10466:
10464:
10201:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760
9785:"The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 1500–1750)"
8233:. University of Missouri Press. pp. ix, x, 84.
7830:
7811:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
7277:
7275:
6231:
6229:
6143:
6141:
6057:
6055:
6053:
4050:
While there appears to have been little concern for
3950:. Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and
3655:
a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.
1247:, and extended their empire up to Peshawar by 1758.
13766:
The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor
11534:
10371:
Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire
8335:
Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind
6716:
The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor
6673:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 32.
5019:29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
3032:mentioned that during the final days of the Mughal
2752:, the poet first believed to have coined the name "
1647:were subdivided into administrative units known as
981:and then pushed steadily southward into India from
787:The closest to an official name for the empire was
13921:Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 3
13907:Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 2
13893:Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 1
13395:
12994:
12948:(April 2012) 62#4 pp. 22–26. full text online
12802:"A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor"
12646:
12176:
12118:
12062:
11879:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 134, 144.
11114:
10099:
9818:Winning the Needed Change: Saving Our Planet Earth
8226:
7873:
7728:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
4258:, 1668 (now in Pakistan). It is now housed at the
943:India in 1525 just before the onset of Mughal rule
13170:
12278:
12144:
12142:
11494:
10768:The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age
10461:
7272:
7105:The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India
6889:. National Geographic Society. pp. 318–320.
6386:
6347:
6308:
6269:
6226:
6138:
6050:
4159:. He was also a notable writer who described the
3930:was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder
3766:History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
1046:
844:The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was
16857:
13861:History of the Mogul dynasty in India, 1399–1657
13662:]. Chuokoron-Shinsha World History 14. 2009.
11124:(Illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 194.
10876:Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2010).
10055:
9815:
9573:Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2003).
9443:. University of California Press. pp. 27–.
9429:
9427:
9425:
9423:
9328:
9142:
9140:
9138:
8375:Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2005).
8253:
7763:
7614:
7512:
7234:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 268–269.
7060:. Oxford at The Clarendon Press. pp. 13–14.
6835:Huskin, Frans Husken; Dick van der Meij (2004).
5454:
4195:History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
3824:on both wings. Babur used this formation at the
1966:Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2
1834:was required to validate deeds and tax records.
1326:, became the de facto sovereigns of the empire.
924:
12603:, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
12342:
12313:(1 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 15.
11143:...Mughal army shed most of its post-nomadic...
11082:. University of California Press. p. 806.
10875:
10513:Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658-1707
9816:Pagaza, Ignacio; Argyriades, Demetrios (2009).
9572:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9028:. University of California Press. p. 272.
8748:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
8654:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
8603:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
8374:
7653:
7551:
7352:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
7321:"BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism"
6887:National Geographic Visual History of the World
6755:God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason
6746:
6736:
6548:"Name of the Monument/ site: Tomb of Aurangzeb"
5448:
5406:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
4173:In Britain, Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as
3009:), while incorporating further influences from
2351:, which was invented in India during the early
2148:as a major silk-producing region of the world.
2098:system, previously common in India and used by
1912:(village councils) operated in the Mughal era.
1848:. More prestigious positions were those of the
13127:
13044:
12308:
12139:
12021:
11538:History of the Mughal Rule in India, 1526-1761
11523:... Ice House in which Zahir was sheltering...
11371:
11021:
10977:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10165:
10068:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–45,
9265:
7692:
7432:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
6185:
6183:
6098:
6096:
5839:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5495:
5134: بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ
4215:The society within Mughal empire operated the
3611:(a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the
3063:and forts built by the dynasty stand today in
2456:codex has provided direct contribution to the
1868:was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
1864:(chief of charities). The jurisdiction of the
1490:
16881:States and territories disestablished in 1857
16536:
15042:
13988:
13520:
13342:Mughal India: Splendour of the Peacock Throne
12736:Kaushik Roy; Peter Lorge (17 December 2014).
12304:
12302:
12281:"Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3"
12125:. Philadelphia: Westview Press. p. 255.
11982:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10298:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
10269:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
10171:
10061:
9995:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
9720:
9705:
9670:
9635:
9620:
9605:
9420:
9135:
8281:
8279:
8277:
7282:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
7171:
6997:The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant
6929:The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant
6634:. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–94.
6399:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–,
6393:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6360:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–,
6354:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6321:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–,
6315:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6282:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–,
6276:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6242:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–,
6236:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6154:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 158–,
6148:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6068:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–,
6062:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6000:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–,
5994:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
5947:
5591:
2989:The Mughals made a major contribution to the
2503:displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal.
2110:system, the Mughals also conducted extensive
1860:were usually appointed by the emperor or the
492:4,000,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi)
16499:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
13595:
12707:
12089:
11824:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10647:
10503:
9839:
9837:
9482:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–.
9334:
9323:
9077:
9025:India in the Persianate Age : 1000–1765
8425:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
7699:. Upper India Publishing House. p. 18.
7696:A Social History of Islamic India, 1605–1748
7315:
7313:
7097:
7095:
6574:
5553:
3942:, during the Battle of Sanbal. In 1657, the
2723:) with over 1 million people, and Delhi (in
13751:Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668
13430:The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India
13426:
12944:Black, Jeremy. "The Mughals Strike Twice",
12922:
11294:
11255:
11004:People, Taxation, and Trade in Mughal India
10994:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10659:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
10596:
10112:
10110:
10108:
9182:
8921:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
7943:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
7620:
7589:
7568:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7288:. Cambridge University Press. p. 267.
7281:
7232:The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719
6838:Reading Asia: New Research in Asian Studies
6578:The life & poetry of Bahadur Shah Zafar
6392:
6353:
6314:
6275:
6235:
6180:
6147:
6093:
6061:
5993:
5878:
5796:
5675:
5626:
5598:The European Union and Global Social Change
5564:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–71.
5303:28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
3682:, the emperor was only familiar with a few
3666:Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
3260:Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India
2427:by Mughal emperors. The Mughals introduced
2194:
1751:Police in Delhi under Bahadur Shah II, 1842
1607:
1544:
1349:, who had previously reestablished Iranian
16876:States and territories established in 1526
16543:
16529:
15049:
15035:
13995:
13981:
13868:
13801:Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John.
13608:(5). Cambridge University Press: 699–710.
13539:
13217:Comparative Studies in Society and History
12824:
12564:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
12439:
12380:
12378:
12376:
12299:
12209:
12148:
12054:
11467:
11312:. University of California Press. p.
11237:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
10748:
10539:
10537:
10477:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10.
10321:
9778:
9776:
9727:Journal of the Economic and Social History
9677:Journal of the Economic and Social History
9642:Journal of the Economic and Social History
9469:
9106:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History
9060:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History
8952:
8842:
8709:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
8274:
8172:Comparative Studies in Society and History
8039:Comparative Studies in Society and History
7911:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 8.
7898:
7770:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
7731:. Columbia University Press. p. 285.
7248:
6880:
6878:
6814:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6752:
6699:
5852:, Cambridge University Press, p. xv,
5718:
5255:19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
5130:Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah
4300:
4265:
3921:
3770:Mughal India was one of the three Islamic
3711:, who described it as the language of his
2519:design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in
817:or endonymous identification from emperor
67:
13709:
13470:
13308:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
13285:(1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
13094:
12773:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
12445:
12413:
12411:
12409:
12116:
12060:
11564:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269.
11027:
10679:
10194:
10192:
10176:, Cambridge University Press, p. 2,
9834:
9800:
9277:
8978:
8914:
8224:
8000:Kirsten McKenzie; Robert Aldrich (2013).
7974:
7936:
7864:
7310:
7101:
7092:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6430:
6428:
5960:, Oxford University Press, pp. 75–,
5753:
5472:
4709:27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
4578:3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
3017:is distinguished, among other things, by
1970:The Mughals adopted and standardised the
1406:which he nominally led, the last Mughal,
16550:
14188:
13839:
13214:
11501:The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857
11411:
11407:
11405:
11007:. Oxford University Press. p. 131.
10791:
10734:
10105:
9526:
9433:
9296:. Oxford University Press. p. 775.
9213:
9211:
9146:
9050:
8796:
8745:
8651:
8600:
8569:. Anthem Press. pp. 69, 75, 77–78.
8418:
8036:
8003:The Routledge History of Western Empires
7837:. Pearson Education India. p. 309.
7598:A History of State and Religion in India
7456:
7445:
6807:
6801:
6670:Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court
6199:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 164–,
6112:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 164–,
5921:
5894:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5845:
5812:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5769:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5691:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5651:
5587:
5585:
5489:
5403:
5200:16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
5053:10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
4763:11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
4425:11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
4202:
4031:
3889:
3794:, to support his rebellion against Lodi
3747:
3643:
3585:
3101:
2930:
2811:
2787:
2779:
2744:
2506:
2393:
2293:
2285:
1961:
1927:economy has been described as a form of
1746:
1554:
1449:
1414:and exiled in 1858. Zafar was exiled to
1371:
1301:
1286:
1143:
1068:
938:
880:in English) is the Indo-Persian form of
813:) as observed in the epithet of Emperor
687:, who employed aid from the neighboring
16323:
13843:Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire
13744:
13660:From the Mughal Empire to British India
13647:From the Mughal Empire to British India
13394:Diana Preston; Michael Preston (2007).
13015:
12857:
12373:
12094:. Northern Virginia Community College.
11757:
11724:, 2013, pp. 147, 149, British Library,
11608:, Harvard University Press, pp. 33–37,
11562:Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders
10942:The Cambridge Economic History of India
10840:The Cambridge Economic History of India
10705:The Cambridge Economic History of India
10534:
10510:Hussein, Siddiqui M. Azizuddin (2002).
10509:
10218:
10156:Monitoring the World Economy, 1820–1992
9951:The Cambridge Economic History of India
9901:The Cambridge Economic History of India
9773:
9391:The Cambridge Economic History of India
9102:
9056:
8843:Chatterjee, Nandini (1 December 2019),
8567:Statemaking and Territory in South Asia
8564:
8534:Statemaking and Territory in South Asia
8531:
8504:
8165:
7860:
7858:
7660:. Publisher:Columbia University Press.
7382:
7229:
7201:Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999).
7128:
7019:
6777:
6764:
6666:
6660:
5953:
5731:, Oxford University Press, p. 62,
5724:
4918:27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
4471:3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627
4024:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
3563:Shahjahani Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan
2467:, Bengal gained semi-independence as a
14:
16871:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
16858:
13825:
13783:
13464:
13451:from the original on 27 September 2018
13364:
13115:from the original on 22 September 2023
13101:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press.
12845:from the original on 22 September 2023
12812:from the original on 22 September 2023
12799:
12787:from the original on 22 September 2023
12766:
12695:from the original on 22 September 2023
12540:
12406:
12384:
11907:
11855:from the original on 22 September 2023
11807:from the original on 22 September 2023
11697:
11635:
11584:Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil.
11381:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 150.
11070:
11000:
10491:from the original on 22 September 2023
10245:from the original on 22 September 2023
10189:
10043:from the original on 22 September 2023
10018:
9868:from the original on 22 September 2023
9843:
9789:International Review of Social History
9782:
9767:
9755:
9554:from the original on 22 September 2023
9514:
9496:from the original on 22 September 2023
9457:from the original on 22 September 2023
9123:from the original on 22 September 2023
9003:from the original on 22 September 2023
8702:
8395:from the original on 10 September 2016
8356:from the original on 22 September 2023
8229:The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb
7904:
7801:
7403:from the original on 22 September 2023
7153:from the original on 22 September 2023
6972:from the original on 22 September 2023
6884:
6855:
6811:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective
6687:from the original on 22 September 2023
6575:Parvez, Aslam; Fārūqī, At̤har (2017).
6489:from the original on 22 September 2023
6465:
6459:
6425:
6413:from the original on 22 September 2023
6374:from the original on 22 September 2023
6335:from the original on 22 September 2023
6296:from the original on 22 September 2023
6256:from the original on 22 September 2023
6213:from the original on 22 September 2023
6168:from the original on 22 September 2023
6126:from the original on 22 September 2023
6082:from the original on 22 September 2023
6014:from the original on 22 September 2023
5984:conquer lands they sought to control."
5974:from the original on 22 September 2023
5908:from the original on 22 September 2023
5866:from the original on 22 September 2023
5826:from the original on 22 September 2023
5783:from the original on 22 September 2023
5705:from the original on 22 September 2023
4331:20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
3695:for many inhabitants of Mughal India.
2136:farmers rapidly learned techniques of
1274:
1148:Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from
1001:was already crumbling, and it was the
16524:
15030:
13976:
13835:. New York : C. Scribner's Sons.
13814:
13298:
13275:
12951:
12745:. Taylor & Francis. p. 196.
12674:
12557:
12551:
12513:
12507:
12417:
12287:from the original on 21 December 2021
12213:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
12155:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
11722:Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire
11670:
11436:
11402:
11353:from the original on 26 December 2019
11300:
11261:
11234:
11206:"Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)"
10912:
10761:
10635:from the original on 12 November 2020
10584:from the original on 11 December 2019
10470:
10364:
9475:
9208:
9021:
8883:
8879:
8877:
8863:from the original on 13 December 2021
8838:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8705:"The City of Kabul Under the Mughals"
8596:
8594:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8307:from the original on 13 December 2016
8289:, David Clingingsmith (August 2005).
8206:from the original on 21 December 2019
8096:
8009:. Taylor & Francis. p. 333.
7932:
7930:
7928:
7349:
7209:Oxford University Press. p. 65.
7077:The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-Nāma)
7070:
7050:
6951:
6627:
6581:. New Delhi, India: Hay House India.
6507:
6189:
6102:
5884:
5802:
5759:
5681:
5582:
5559:
5541:from the original on 19 November 2018
4864:6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719
4374:26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540
4272:List of emperors of the Mughal Empire
4140:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
3959:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3678:According to Qazvini, by the time of
3571:
2902:schools, where youth were taught the
2450:Maulana Azad National Urdu University
2075:The Mughal administration emphasised
1787:The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni
1563:, or provinces, of his administration
1216:Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal
1180:, and two of Timur's other offspring
864:'son-in-law' after his marriage to a
73:The empire at its greatest extent in
13928:
13649:]. 世界の歴史14 (in Japanese). 中央公論社.
13567:
13250:
13191:from the original on 1 February 2023
13098:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
12544:Mughal Government and Administration
12520:. Pragati Publications. p. 18.
12241:Swati Shiwal; Dolamani Sahu (2022).
12185:Indian Journal of History of Science
11986:Delhi:Pages From a Forgotten History
11951:
11872:
11560:Ross Marlay; Clark D. Neher (1999).
11461:
11412:Petersen, Andrew (1996). "Mughals".
10771:. Penguin Books India. pp. 5–.
10516:. Kanishka Publishers Distributors,
10388:from the original on 8 February 2023
9170:from the original on 20 January 2023
8915:Conermann, Stephan (4 August 2015),
8800:Historic cities of the Islamic world
8433:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
8257:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
7937:Conermann, Stephan (4 August 2015),
7855:
7487:
7254:
7180:Oxford University Press. p. 4.
6719:. New York: Modern Library. p.
6648:from the original on 7 November 2023
6447:from the original on 1 February 2018
6031:
5927:
5145:31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788
5097:10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
5013:3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
4517:19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658
4068:treatises. Humayun built a personal
3743:
2260:province alone accounted for 40% of
1496:challenge. A Marxist school (led by
1458:
661:in the east, and the uplands of the
16886:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan
13950:an interactive experience from the
12885:
12210:Partington, James Riddick (1999) .
12182:
12028:. Partridge Publishing. p. 4.
11700:"The Art of the Mughals After 1600"
11437:Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992).
11216:from the original on 13 August 2018
11168:
11103:Kaushik Roy & Peter Lorge (2014
10564:
10543:
10436:
10338:
9217:
9202:, Global Economic History Network,
8498:
7880:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p.
7331:from the original on 17 August 2018
4376:22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
2839:Influence of Persian language over
2688:Those estimates were criticised by
2271:
1160:seated in the middle. On the left:
898:view, the dynasty should be called
24:
13795:
13738:
13080:The New Cambridge History of India
12871:
12424:State University of New York Press
12279:MughalistanSipahi (19 June 2010).
11964:from the original on 29 April 2011
11744:History Of Shahjahan Of Dihli 1932
11414:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
11341:"Mughal influence on Indian music"
11262:Alter, Joseph S. (May 1992). "The
10959:from the original on 4 August 2017
10857:from the original on 4 August 2017
10722:from the original on 4 August 2017
10449:from the original on 26 April 2022
9968:from the original on 4 August 2017
9918:from the original on 4 August 2017
9408:from the original on 4 August 2017
9156:. OECD Publishing. pp. 256–.
8935:from the original on 26 March 2022
8874:
8825:
8797:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2008).
8591:
8487:from the original on 31 March 2022
8449:from the original on 29 March 2022
8407:
8260:. Anthem Press. pp. 172–173.
8080:Sir William Wilson Hunter (1908).
7957:from the original on 26 March 2022
7925:
7908:The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia
7725:Columbia University Press (2000).
6994:
6945:
6926:
6828:
6613:. 30 December 2023. Archived from
6514:. Holmes & Meier. p. 69.
6434:
4234:by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998
2955:, with the daughter of a ruler of
2463:After 150 years of rule by Mughal
1982:(copper) currencies introduced by
1376:The remnants of the empire in 1751
1295:. Effective power was held by the
707:, and to sweep down the plains of
25:
16912:
16577:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
13941:
13427:Welch, S.C.; et al. (1987).
13322:from the original on 12 July 2023
13204:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1974).
13138:A Concise History of Modern India
12624:from the original on 14 June 2020
12387:Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy
12042:from the original on 16 July 2023
11590:National Portrait Gallery, London
10618:Atlas of World Population History
10172:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011),
10132:History of World Trade Since 1450
10082:from the original on 4 April 2023
10062:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011),
9847:An Agrarian History of South Asia
9783:Moosvi, Shireen (December 2011).
9706:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011).
9621:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011).
9606:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011).
8929:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206
8727:from the original on 29 June 2021
7951:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206
7745:from the original on 3 April 2023
7703:from the original on 3 April 2023
7674:from the original on 3 April 2023
7635:from the original on 7 April 2023
7533:from the original on 3 April 2023
6528:from the original on 3 April 2023
5461:Journal of World-Systems Research
4966:29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
4572:31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
3994:which stressed the importance of
2114:to assess the area of land under
1782:
1233:on non-Muslims, and compiled the
962:) on his father's side, and from
743:, especially during the reign of
172:Languages of South Asia
14003:
13918:; tr. by William Irvine (1907).
13904:; tr. by William Irvine (1907).
13864:. London : J.M. Richardson.
13846:. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
13159:from the original on 2 July 2023
13095:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) .
12606:
12590:
12534:
12482:
12327:
12311:Bidar: Its History and Monuments
12272:
12203:
12110:
12098:from the original on 26 May 2011
12083:
12069:. Philadelphia: Westview Press.
12015:
12003:from the original on 9 June 2023
11976:
11945:
11901:
11866:
11818:
11763:
11734:
11720:Losty, J. P. Roy, Malini (eds),
11714:
11691:
11664:
11629:
11578:
11553:
11528:
11488:
11430:
11333:
11228:
11198:
11157:Mughal Empire – MSN Encarta
11148:
11108:
11064:
10971:
10921:
10906:
10869:
10819:
10785:
10430:
10418:from the original on 3 June 2016
10400:
10358:
10332:
10315:
10286:
10257:
10145:
10093:
10012:
9930:
9880:
9809:
9714:
9699:
9664:
9629:
9614:
9599:
9587:from the original on 24 May 2022
9566:
9520:
9370:
9340:
9317:
9259:
9247:from the original on 2 July 2023
9015:
8946:
8481:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0778
7084:Royal Asiatic Society. pp.
7057:Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605
7032:from the original on 25 May 2023
5271:
5216:
5178:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar
5161:
5113:
5082:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar
5065:
5025:
4982:
4934:
4879:
4829:
4779:
4725:
4681:
4666:19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
4635:
4584:
4532:
4486:
4440:
4393:
4343:
4238:(1589–90 CE). Twenty other such
3782:. By the time he was invited by
3109:aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh
2864:The evolution and refinement of
2167:According to economic historian
1813:
1604:(prime minister) of the empire.
739:, literary forms, textiles, and
607:
582:
568:
14300:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
13515:Agrarian System of Mughal India
13082:, II, 4: The Marathas 1600–1818
12923:Asher, C.B.; Talbot, C (2008),
12919:, on the causes of its collapse
11741:Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1932).
11698:Sardar, Marika (October 2003).
11416:. Routledge. pp. 199–205.
9737:from the original on 2 May 2022
9687:from the original on 2 May 2022
9652:from the original on 2 May 2022
8908:
8857:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_25171
8790:
8778:from the original on 1 May 2022
8739:
8696:
8684:from the original on 1 May 2022
8645:
8633:from the original on 1 May 2022
8558:
8525:
8511:. Routledge. pp. 234–236.
8460:
8368:
8247:
8218:
8159:
8133:
8090:
8086:. Clarendon Press. p. 107.
8073:
8030:
7968:
7824:
7795:
7757:
7718:
7686:
7647:
7569:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
7562:
7545:
7506:
7481:
7415:
7376:
7343:
7223:
7194:
7165:
7122:
7064:
7044:
7013:
6988:
6920:
6903:
6621:
6603:
6568:
6540:
6501:
6435:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
6025:
5987:
5506:International Studies Quarterly
5436:from the original on 1 May 2022
5288:Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad
5213:
5158:
4876:
4826:
4814:28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719
4776:
4722:
3400:in Chapai Nawabganj, Bangladesh
2974:
2938:in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India
2843:lead to the development of the
2671:
2534:
2377:
1684:were often transferred between
1551:Government of the Mughal Empire
1402:After a crushing defeat in the
1291:Delhi under the puppet-emperor
1222:
16901:1857 disestablishments in Asia
14837:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
14295:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)
14290:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)
13815:Adams, W.H. Davenport (1893).
13754:. Archibald Constable, London.
13710:Streusand, Douglas E. (2018).
13525:. Princeton University Press.
13177:. Cambridge University Press.
12385:Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995),
12117:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
12061:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
11586:The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860
10214:University of California Press
10198:Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996),
7386:A History of the Indian People
6915:University of California Press
6036:. Macmillan. pp. 99–100.
5661:. Cambridge University Press.
5397:
5362:
2923:, and instruments such as the
2916:in their indigenous languages.
2541:Demographics of India: History
2051:
1881:. Such officials included the
1728:of Mughals from 1526 to 1681.
1255:, employed significantly more
1047:Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)
793:, which was documented in the
443:Nader Shah's invasion of India
27:1526–1857 empire in South Asia
13:
1:
16891:Early modern history of India
13517:(1963, revised edition 1999).
13001:. Random House Digital, Inc.
12808:. Vol. 34. R. Phillips.
12025:Life, Times and Poetry of Mir
11280:10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070
9721:Sivramkrishna, Sashi (2009).
9671:Sivramkrishna, Sashi (2009).
9636:Sivramkrishna, Sashi (2009).
9352:introduced by Sher Shah Suri"
8890:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
8849:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
8565:Michael, Bernardo A. (2012).
8532:Michael, Bernardo A. (2012).
8225:Hallissey, Robert C. (1977).
8166:Leonard, Karen (April 1979).
7831:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011).
5350:
4619:14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
4473:(21 years 11 months 23 days)
4188:
4099:continued the work of Mughal
3965:described Indian rockets and
3857:
2861:into the Indian subcontinent.
2715:) with up to 700,000 people,
2707:) with up to 800,000 people,
2545:
1410:, was deposed by the British
1189:
925:Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)
74:
13932:The Fall of the Mogul Empire
13809:Packard Humanities Institute
13334:
13270:The Mughul Empire, 1526–1803
11913:Literary Cultures in History
11839:10.1017/cbo9780511619069.007
11775:Literary Cultures in History
11541:. M. C. Kothari. p. 141
11535:Keshavlal H. Kamdar (1933).
11440:Architecture of Mughal India
11080:Literary Cultures in History
10887:. p. 23. Archived from
10224:
9348:"Picture of original Mughal
9109:. Routledge. pp. 100–.
8953:Chatterjee, Nandini (2014).
8575:10.7135/upo9780857285324.005
8542:10.7135/upo9780857285324.005
8536:. Anthem Press. p. 67.
7555:A Short History Of Aurangzib
7383:Singhal, Damodar P. (1983).
7350:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984) .
7129:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017).
7108:. Aakar Books. p. 300.
6808:Canfield, Robert L. (2002).
6475:. Primus Books. p. 47.
6441:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
5954:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017),
5932:, Macmillan, pp. 108–,
5725:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017),
5390:
5355:
5261:28 September 1837 (aged 77)
4870:18 September 1719 (aged 23)
4519:(30 years 8 months 25 days)
4379:(10 years 3 months 25 days)
4133:
4124:and Islamic observations in
4017:
2727:) with over 600,000 people.
1922:Economy of the Mughal Empire
1797:(the best guidance) and the
1612:The empire was divided into
1429:Government of India Act 1858
1283:Decline of the Mughal Empire
1275:
641:Basin in the west, northern
31:Not to be confused with the
7:
16896:1526 establishments in Asia
15056:
14345:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
13773:Jackson, A.V. et al., eds.
13682:Land Law in Asian Countries
13268:Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal.
12995:Dalrymple, William (2007).
12647:Andrew de la Garza (2016).
12494:www.orientalartauctions.com
9191:& David Clingingsmith,
8959:Journal of Law and Religion
8746:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
8652:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
8601:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
8427:, Oxford University Press,
8099:Journal of Economic History
8083:Imperial gazetteer of India
7975:Dalrymple, William (2007).
7519:. Oxford University Press.
7174:Preface to The Jahangirnama
7132:South Asia in World History
6737:
6611:"Indian History Collective"
5957:South Asia in World History
5728:South Asia in World History
5404:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
5318:
5206:19 November 1806 (aged 78)
5103:19 November 1806 (aged 78)
4715:12 February 1713 (aged 51)
4672:27 February 1712 (aged 68)
4574:(48 years 7 months 0 days)
4427:(49 years 9 months 0 days)
4334:26 December 1530 (aged 47)
4260:National Museum of Scotland
4147:had learned much of Mughal
3724:
3659:
3490:in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh
3434:Khan Mohammad Mridha Masjid
3005:architecture (particularly
1691:
1491:Modern views on the decline
1470:British East Indies Company
1454:Portrait of Bahadur Shah II
1172:. On the right: Aurangzeb,
1156:, with the Mughal ancestor
1017:. However, in the decisive
1013:. He defeated Babur in the
860:
850:
809:), "Sultanate of Al-Hind" (
805:
799:
749:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
10:
16917:
14744:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
13878:. London, Grolier society.
13435:Metropolitan Museum of Art
13302:(2010), Arnold, D. (ed.),
13171:Richards, John F. (1996).
13143:Cambridge University Press
13041:, on Akbar and his brother
13030:10.1163/156852005774918813
12929:Cambridge University Press
12640:
12547:. Hind Kitabs. p. 61.
11445:Cambridge University Press
10950:Cambridge University Press
10848:Cambridge University Press
10713:Cambridge University Press
10550:. Routledge. p. 174.
9959:Cambridge University Press
9909:Cambridge University Press
9852:Cambridge University Press
9820:. IOS Press. p. 129.
9399:Cambridge University Press
9204:London School of Economics
9022:Eaton, Richard M. (2019).
8419:Robinson, Francis (2009),
8254:Claude Markovits (2004) .
7600:. Routledge. p. 119.
7230:Faruqui, Munis D. (2012).
7102:Mohammada, Malika (2007).
6841:. Routledge. p. 104.
5846:Richards, John F. (1995),
5330:Flags of the Mughal Empire
5309:7 November 1862 (aged 87)
4523:22 January 1666 (aged 74)
4477:28 October 1627 (aged 58)
4431:27 October 1605 (aged 63)
4383:27 January 1556 (aged 47)
4269:
4192:
4137:
4021:
3985:
3926:In the sixteenth century,
3759:
3728:
3663:
3635:. Richly finished albums (
3575:
3554:
3550:in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
3532:in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
3376:
3264:
3233:Gardens in Srinagar, India
3131:
3057:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2978:
2942:
2921:Hindustani classical music
2887:, a combination of Indian
2792:The Taj Mahal in the 1870s
2738:
2734:
2538:
2387:
2381:
2275:
1957:
1919:
1915:
1594:. Of these ministers, the
1548:
1395:British East India Company
1280:
1091:, to Humayun and his wife
1050:
989:. Babur's forces defeated
928:
917:
913:
837:). In the west, the term "
29:
16827:
16681:
16585:
16559:
16492:
16444:
15961:
15365:
15064:
14953:
14887:
14845:
14782:
14764:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
14734:
14693:
14684:
14557:
14486:
14353:
14267:
14133:
14015:
13614:10.1017/S0026749X00001256
13485:10.1017/s0026749x00008155
13379:10.1163/22118993-00381P05
13229:10.1017/s0010417500013311
12900:10.1017/s0026749x00005825
12825:Rutherford, Alex (2010).
12767:Moosvi, Shireen (2015) .
12618:National Museums Scotland
12460:10.1080/13698010020019226
12247:IJRTS Journal of Research
12150:Partington, James Riddick
11921:10.1525/9780520926738-019
11783:10.1525/9780520926738-007
11042:10.1017/S0026749X00008155
10408:"The paradise of nations"
10305:22 September 2023 at the
10276:22 September 2023 at the
10142:. Retrieved 3 August 2017
10002:22 September 2023 at the
9802:10.1017/S0020859011000526
9103:Schmidt, Karl J. (2015).
9057:Schmidt, Karl J. (2015).
8184:10.1017/s0010417500012792
8111:10.1017/s0022050700097825
8051:10.1017/s0010417500013311
7513:Abhishek Kaicker (2020).
7465:Stanford University Press
7457:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
6917:, California 2014, p. 151
6667:Fontana, Michela (2011).
4972:1 January 1775 (aged 49)
4706:9 May 1661 Deccan, India
4072:near Delhi. According to
3990:A new curriculum for the
3731:Army of the Mughal Empire
3596:Mughal artistic tradition
3538:in Munshiganj, Bangladesh
3442:in Chittagong, Bangladesh
3412:in Chittagong, Bangladesh
2995:Indo-Islamic architecture
2579:
2017:
1661:Mughal government in the
1502:Aligarh Muslim University
1339:Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I
1306:Shah Alam II on horseback
547:
529:
525:
515:
505:
501:
496:
488:
483:
479:
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
387:
374:
370:
360:
356:
344:
334:• 1526–1540 (first)
332:
328:
318:
314:
302:
292:• 1526–1540 (first)
290:
286:
276:
272:
260:
250:• 1526–1530 (first)
248:
244:
234:
224:
178:
165:
144:
98:
88:
66:
61:
54:
14335:Indian Rebellion of 1857
14280:Mughal conquest of Malwa
13967:Sunil Khilnani's "Akbar"
13827:Holden, Edward Singleton
13818:Warriors of the Crescent
13762:(Penguin Classics 2007)
13760:Journal of Emperor Babur
13716:. Taylor & Francis.
13554:10.1163/1568520041974729
13402:. Walker & Company.
13051:. Taylor & Francis.
12954:Journal of Asian Studies
12653:. Taylor & Francis.
12541:Sharma, Sri Ram (1951).
12343:Nasir Raza Khan (2022).
11001:Moosvi, Shireen (2008).
10669:11 November 2020 at the
10615:; Richard Jones (1978).
10474:Bengal: The Unique State
10225:Lakwete, Angela (2003).
10140:World History in Context
10126:18 November 2022 at the
10100:Andrew de la Garza (2016
9476:Tracy, James D. (1997).
7776:10.1017/CBO9781107300002
7654:Audrey Truschke (2021).
7575:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43.
7552:Sarkar Jadunath (1928).
7389:. Methuen. p. 193.
7020:Ballhatchet, Kenneth A.
6759:Persianate Mogul Empire.
5292:ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد
4924:26 April 1748 (aged 45)
4769:19 April 1719 (aged 33)
4479:Jammu and Kashmir, India
4078:astronomical instruments
3963:James Riddick Partington
3946:used rockets during the
3478:in Sonargaon, Bangladesh
3410:Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah
3159:Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani
2195:Industrial manufacturing
1608:Administrative divisions
1545:Administration and state
1391:Second Anglo-Maratha War
1034:(1540–1555), founded by
811:Salṭanat(i) al-Hindīyyah
725:Indian Rebellion of 1857
404:Second Battle of Panipat
396:17 May 1540–22 June 1555
346:• 1775–1797 (last)
304:• 1794–1818 (last)
262:• 1837–1857 (last)
14310:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
13929:Owen, Sidney J (1912).
13840:Malleson, G.B. (1896).
13353:excerpt and text search
13045:J.J.L. Gommans (2002).
12309:Ghulam Yazdani (1995).
12092:"The Gunpowder Empires"
12022:S. R. Sharma · (2014).
11873:Alam, Muzaffar (2004).
11827:"Persian in South Asia"
11747:. Indian Press Limited.
11673:The Burlington Magazine
11447:. pp. 1–2, 15–17.
10675:OECD Development Centre
8886:"Mughal Empire and Law"
8845:"Courts of law, Mughal"
8475:(2nd ed.), Brill,
7803:Pagadi, Setu Madhavarao
7693:Muhammad Yasin (1958).
7137:Oxford University Press
7026:Encyclopædia Britannica
6779:Hodgson, Marshall G. S.
6628:Mosca, Matthew (2013).
5519:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
5340:Mughal-Mongol genealogy
4951:Mujahid al-Din Muhammad
4622:20 June 1707 (aged 53)
4266:List of Mughal Emperors
4242:were later produced in
4060:observational astronomy
3938:, particularly against
3922:Rocketry and explosives
3826:First Battle of Panipat
3508:in Dinajpur, Bangladesh
3496:in Noakhali, Bangladesh
3422:Chawkbazar Shahi Masjid
3352:Mausoleum of Masum Shah
3336:in Sheikhpura, Pakistan
2879:The development of the
2458:Proto-industrialization
2431:, including the modern
2231:proto-industrialization
2171:, citing evidence from
2164:, by the 17th century.
1929:proto-industrialization
1799:Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya
1386:Third Battle of Panipat
995:First Battle of Panipat
782:
705:First Battle of Panipat
378:First Battle of Panipat
145:Official languages
44:Mughal (disambiguation)
13677:Oleg Igorevich Krassov
13521:J. C. Sharman (2019).
12800:Morier, James (1812).
12675:Conan, Michel (2007).
12514:Verma, Tripta (1994).
12418:Baber, Zaheer (1996),
11983:Arthur Dudney (2015).
11909:Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman
11831:Language in South Asia
11072:Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman
10544:Ray, Indrajit (2011).
10520:library. p. 158.
10019:Suneja, Vivek (2000).
9844:Ludden, David (1999).
8803:. Brill. p. 127.
8703:Samrin, Farah (2005).
8505:Gladden, E.N. (2019).
8473:Encyclopaedia of Islam
8388:. Utrecht University.
7172:Muhammad-Hadi (1999).
6955:A History of Rajasthan
6885:Berndl, Klaus (2005).
5241:Puppet King under the
5186:Puppet King under the
4904:Puppet King Under the
4854:Puppet King Under the
4820:6 June 1719 (aged 19)
4804:Puppet King Under the
4750:Puppet King Under the
4503:Shihab al-Din Muhammad
4212:
4209:Muhammad Saleh Thattvi
4047:
3983:
3899:
3757:
3656:
3591:
3484:in Tangail, Bangladesh
3460:, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3454:, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3448:, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3430:in Rangpur, Bangladesh
3110:
2939:
2821:
2793:
2785:
2757:
2750:Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi
2570:, and compared to the
2407:
2390:Muslin trade in Bengal
2375:
2299:
2291:
2278:Muslin trade in Bengal
1967:
1752:
1742:
1564:
1455:
1439:. In 1876 the British
1377:
1307:
1299:
1195:
1081:
944:
803:), "country of Hind" (
645:in the northwest, and
215:Religion in South Asia
16469:Medieval great powers
14822:Tomb of Salim Chishti
14305:Ahom–Mughal conflicts
14055:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
13854:; tr. from French by
13821:. London: Hutchinson.
13688:. Norma. p. 75.
13668:Rothermund, Dietmar.
13596:M. Athar Ali (2008).
12991:(Cambridge U.P. 2009)
12708:Jorge Flores (2015).
12393:Publ., pp. 8–9,
11958:Encyclopaedia Iranica
11623:26 March 2023 at the
11606:Early Mughal painting
11602:Beach, Milo Cleveland
10980:Social Science Review
10471:Nanda, J. N. (2005).
9198:29 March 2017 at the
9189:Jeffrey G. Williamson
8330:Jeffrey G. Williamson
8287:Jeffrey G. Williamson
7905:Rathod, N.G. (1994).
7628:. Boston University.
7327:. 30 September 2009.
7207:Thackston, Wheeler M.
7178:Thackston, Wheeler M.
7082:Beveridge, Annette S.
7052:Smith, Vincent Arthur
6995:Bayley, Christopher.
6958:. Rupa. p. 454.
6927:Bayley, Christopher.
6711:Thackston, Wheeler M.
6707:Zahir ud-Din Mohammad
6564:on 23 September 2015.
5474:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369
5335:List of Mongol states
5305:(19 years, 360 days)
5279:Bahadur Shah II Zafar
5257:(30 years, 321 days)
5202:(18 years, 339 days)
5099:(27 years, 301 days)
4920:(28 years, 212 days)
4896:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
4796:Shams al-Din Muhammad
4410:Jalal al-Din Muhammad
4360:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
4317:Zahir al-Din Muhammad
4230:. It was invented in
4206:
4155:and soaps to produce
4097:Jai Singh II of Amber
4052:theoretical astronomy
4035:
3974:
3893:
3751:
3729:Further information:
3647:
3589:
3560:in Kabul, Afghanistan
3514:in Sylhet, Bangladesh
3502:in Khulna, Bangladesh
3394:in Sylhet, Bangladesh
3342:in Peshawar, Pakistan
3105:
2934:
2815:
2791:
2783:
2748:
2507:Shipbuilding industry
2397:
2367:
2304:textile manufacturing
2297:
2289:
2201:Industrial Revolution
1965:
1933:Industrial Revolution
1856:(judge of the army).
1750:
1558:
1515:Jeffrey G. Williamson
1453:
1443:assumed the title of
1375:
1322:, whose leaders, the
1305:
1290:
1147:
1072:
942:
858:, who took the title
649:in the north, to the
166:Common languages
16479:European colonialism
16464:Ancient great powers
14784:Tombs and mausoleums
13935:. London, J. Murray.
13924:. London, J. Murray.
13910:. London, J. Murray.
13896:. London, J. Murray.
13602:Modern Asian Studies
13473:Modern Asian Studies
13255:, London: Palgrave,
12888:Modern Asian Studies
12806:The Monthly Magazine
12597:Savage-Smith, Emilie
12295:– via YouTube.
11378:The Mughals of India
11268:American Ethnologist
11186:on 23 September 2009
11030:Modern Asian Studies
10628:. pp. 184–185.
10518:Sambalpur University
10352:10.1093/pastj/gtr009
10208:4 April 2023 at the
9538:Taylor & Francis
9266:J.J.L. Gommans (2002
8758:(2): 296 & 298.
7488:Robb, Peter (2011).
7427:3 April 2023 at the
7255:Robb, Peter (2011),
6952:Hooja, Rima (2006).
6784:The Venture of Islam
6617:on 30 December 2023.
6032:Robb, Peter (2011).
5928:Robb, Peter (2011),
5233:Muin al-Din Muhammad
5015:(5 years, 180 days)
4999:Aziz al-Din Muhammad
4866:(0 years, 105 days)
4846:Rafi al-Din Muhammad
4742:Muin al-Din Muhammad
4711:(0 years, 350 days)
4698:Muiz al-Din Muhammad
4668:(4 years, 253 days)
4652:Qutb al-Din Muhammad
4601:Qutb al-Din Muhammad
4558:Muhi al-Din Muhammad
4226:, hollow, seamless,
3844:were recovered from
3836:forces loyal to the
3756:rifle, 16th century.
3544:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3526:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3520:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3512:Ghayebi Dighi Masjid
3472:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3466:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3464:Kartalab Khan Masjid
3436:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3424:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3418:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3406:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3388:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3382:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3346:Shahi Eid Gah Mosque
3251:in Aurangabad, India
3007:Timurid architecture
2898:The construction of
2857:The introduction of
2804:and literature with
2800:The amalgamation of
2741:Indo-Persian culture
2446:Jamia Millia Islamia
2169:Immanuel Wallerstein
1887:(local police), the
1773:(jurisconsult), and
1517:has argued that the
1482:Emperor Farrukhsiyar
1466:imperial overstretch
1329:During the reign of
958:(the founder of the
339:Nizam-ud-din Khalifa
42:For other uses, see
16474:Modern great powers
14749:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
14315:Mughal–Maratha wars
13963:, 26 February 2004)
13870:Lane-Poole, Stanley
13653:second publishment
13465:Society and economy
13417:Schimmel, Annemarie
13358:29 May 2016 at the
12925:India Before Europe
12391:Motilal Banarsidass
12349:. Routledge India.
11710:on 4 February 2019.
11349:. 8 February 2000.
11164:on 28 October 2009.
10913:Dyson, Tim (2018).
10894:on 11 November 2020
9324:M. Athar Ali (2008)
8971:10.1017/jlr.2014.20
8896:on 13 December 2021
7285:India before Europe
6511:Conversion to Islam
6396:India Before Europe
6357:India Before Europe
6318:India Before Europe
6279:India Before Europe
6239:India Before Europe
6151:India Before Europe
6065:India Before Europe
5997:India Before Europe
5560:Dyson, Tim (2018).
5345:Islam in South Asia
5182:جلال الدین علی گوهر
5086:جلال الدین علی گوهر
4968:(6 years, 37 days)
4816:(0 years, 98 days)
4765:(6 years, 48 days)
4457:Nur al-Din Muhammad
4327:Andijan, Uzbekistan
4207:Celestial Globe by
4090:Hindu computational
3869:repeating crossbows
3828:in 1526, where the
3674:Hindustani language
3651:Farhang-i-Jahangiri
3458:Shahbaz Khan Masjid
3446:Shaista Khan Masjid
3372:in Thatta, Pakistan
3366:in Thatta, Pakistan
3360:in Taxila, Pakistan
3354:in Sukkur, Pakistan
3348:in Multan, Pakistan
3340:Mahabat Khan Mosque
3330:in Lahore, Pakistan
3324:in Lahore, Pakistan
3318:in Lahore, Pakistan
3312:in Lahore, Pakistan
3306:in Lahore, Pakistan
3300:in Lahore, Pakistan
3294:in Lahore, Pakistan
3288:in Lahore, Pakistan
3282:in Lahore, Pakistan
3276:in Lahore, Pakistan
3270:in Lahore, Pakistan
3239:in Prayagraj, India
3114:
3015:Mughal architecture
2991:Indian subcontinent
2981:Mughal architecture
2919:The development of
2870:Indian architecture
2845:Hindustani language
2832:The development of
2825:The development of
2425:Paradise of Nations
2238:early modern Europe
2112:cadastral surveying
1523:deindustrialization
1380:The Mughal Emperor
1318:caste known as the
1276:Decline (1707–1857)
1207:Mughal architecture
868:princess. The word
821:as "Land of Hind" (
800:Wilāyat-i-Hindustān
751:in South Asia are:
747:. Among the Mughal
430:Mughal–Maratha Wars
15001:Nizam of Hyderabad
14275:Mughal-Rajput wars
14095:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
14060:Muhammad Azam Shah
13305:A History of India
13282:A History of India
13253:A History of India
13084:(Cambridge, 1993).
12681:. Dumbarton Oaks.
12426:, pp. 82–89,
12090:Charles T. Evans.
11116:Pius Malekandathil
10937:Tapan Raychaudhuri
10885:Warwick University
10835:Tapan Raychaudhuri
10700:Tapan Raychaudhuri
10344:Past & Present
10102:, p. 114-115)
9946:Tapan Raychaudhuri
9896:Tapan Raychaudhuri
9386:Tapan Raychaudhuri
9335:Jorge Flores (2015
9231:Ashgate Publishing
8884:Khalfaoui, Mouez.
8752:Asian Perspectives
8658:Asian Perspectives
8607:Asian Perspectives
8298:Harvard University
7490:A History of India
7257:A History of India
6196:A History of India
6109:A History of India
6034:A History of India
5930:A History of India
5891:A History of India
5809:A History of India
5766:A History of India
5688:A History of India
5499:(September 1997).
5410:Asian Perspectives
5243:East India Company
5151:1790 (aged 40–41)
5059:1772 (aged 60–61)
4942:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
4370:Kabul, Afghanistan
4213:
4175:shampooing surgeon
4166:and the cities of
4062:and produced some
4048:
3900:
3805:was familiar with
3758:
3657:
3592:
3572:Art and literature
3494:Bazra Shahi Masjid
3322:Begum Shahi Mosque
3227:in Srinagar, India
3221:in Srinagar, India
3215:in Srinagar, India
3209:in Srinagar, India
3161:in Sikandra, India
3155:in Sikandra, India
3113:
3111:
3044:, north of Delhi.
3011:Hindu architecture
2940:
2822:
2794:
2786:
2774:Pius Malekandathil
2758:
2408:
2400:Great Caravanserai
2337:Indian Ocean trade
2300:
2292:
2207:Manufactured goods
2094:. He replaced the
1968:
1753:
1676:could turn into a
1568:official called a
1565:
1539:factory technology
1456:
1418:, Burma. His wife
1412:East India Company
1408:Bahadur Shah Zafar
1393:. Thereafter, the
1378:
1308:
1300:
1196:
1082:
1080:in Fatehpur Sikri.
945:
896:Marshall Hodgson's
819:Bahadur Shah Zafar
417:Mughal–Afghan Wars
391:Mughal Interregnum
309:Daulat Rao Sindhia
16853:
16852:
16518:
16517:
16440:
16439:
16405:Polish–Lithuanian
15580:Gurjara-Pratihara
15024:
15023:
15011:Kingdom of Mysore
14945:Foreign relations
14883:
14882:
14832:Tomb of Nur Jahan
14827:Tomb of Aurangzeb
14774:Wazir Khan Mosque
14694:Forts and palaces
14680:
14679:
14652:Guru Gobind Singh
14580:Bayazid of Sylhet
14263:
14262:
14163:Foreign relations
13957:The Mughal Empire
13916:Manucci, Niccolao
13902:Manucci, Niccolao
13884:Manucci, Niccolao
13852:Manucci, Niccolao
13758:Hiro, Dilip, ed,
13746:Bernier, Francois
13444:978-0-87099-499-9
13409:978-0-8027-1673-6
13315:978-1-4051-9509-6
13292:978-0-631-20546-3
13262:978-0-333-69129-8
13251:Robb, P. (2001),
13207:The Mughul Empire
13184:978-0-521-56603-2
13174:The Mughal Empire
13152:978-0-521-68225-1
13108:978-1-84331-004-4
13065:on 2 January 2011
13008:978-0-307-26739-9
12987:Dale, Stephen F.
12938:978-0-521-51750-8
12838:978-0-7553-8326-9
12780:978-0-19-908549-1
12752:978-1-317-58710-1
12688:978-0-88402-329-6
12660:978-1-317-24531-5
12614:"Celestial globe"
12527:978-81-7307-021-1
12433:978-0-7914-2919-8
12400:978-81-208-1256-7
12227:978-0-8018-5954-0
12169:978-0-8018-5954-0
12132:978-0-8133-1359-7
12076:978-0-8133-1359-7
12035:978-1-4828-1478-1
11996:978-93-84544-31-7
11952:Matthews, David.
11930:978-0-520-22821-4
11848:978-0-511-61906-9
11792:978-0-520-92673-8
11614:978-0-674-22185-7
11571:978-0-8476-8442-7
11504:. A&C Black.
11496:William Dalrymple
11323:978-0-520-07697-6
11014:978-0-19-569315-7
10917:. pp. 63–65.
10812:978-90-04-17822-9
10778:978-0-14-310262-5
10557:978-1-136-82552-1
10484:978-81-8069-149-2
10437:Daniyal, Shoaib.
10381:978-0-521-38650-0
10311:Pearson Education
10282:Pearson Education
10238:978-0-8018-7394-2
10183:978-1-139-49889-0
10075:978-1-139-49889-0
10036:978-0-415-23857-1
10008:Pearson Education
9861:978-0-521-36424-9
9827:978-1-58603-958-5
9547:978-0-415-38259-5
9489:978-0-521-57464-8
9450:978-0-520-93935-6
9435:Richards, John F.
9358:on 5 October 2002
9240:978-0-7546-6428-4
9163:978-92-64-10414-3
9116:978-1-317-47681-8
9070:978-1-317-47681-8
9035:978-0-520-97423-4
8810:978-90-04-15388-2
8584:978-0-85728-532-4
8551:978-0-85728-532-4
8518:978-0-429-42321-5
8442:978-0-19-530513-5
8349:978-0-262-29518-5
8267:978-1-84331-004-4
8240:978-0-8262-0222-2
8152:978-0-19-563956-8
7986:978-0-14-310243-4
7979:. Penguin Books.
7918:978-81-85431-52-9
7891:978-0-203-71253-5
7785:978-1-107-03428-0
7738:978-0-231-11004-4
7667:978-0-231-55195-3
7607:978-1-136-45950-4
7582:978-1-59884-337-8
7526:978-0-19-007067-0
7499:978-0-230-34424-2
7474:978-1-5036-0259-5
7396:978-0-413-48730-8
7361:978-81-207-1015-3
7266:978-0-230-34424-2
7241:978-1-107-02217-1
7216:978-0-19-512718-8
7187:978-0-19-512718-8
7146:978-0-19-976034-3
7115:978-81-89833-18-3
6965:978-81-291-1501-0
6909:Gérard Chaliand,
6896:978-0-7922-3695-5
6848:978-1-136-84377-8
6821:978-0-521-52291-5
6794:978-0-226-34688-5
6730:978-0-375-76137-9
6680:978-1-4422-0588-8
6641:978-0-8047-8538-9
6588:978-93-85827-47-1
6521:978-0-8419-0343-2
6482:978-93-80607-19-1
6406:978-0-521-80904-7
6367:978-0-521-80904-7
6328:978-0-521-80904-7
6289:978-0-521-80904-7
6249:978-0-521-80904-7
6223:silver currency."
6206:978-1-4443-2351-1
6161:978-0-521-80904-7
6119:978-1-4443-2351-1
6075:978-0-521-80904-7
6043:978-0-230-34549-2
6007:978-0-521-80904-7
5967:978-0-19-066137-3
5939:978-0-230-34549-2
5901:978-1-4443-2351-1
5859:978-0-521-56603-2
5849:The Mughal Empire
5819:978-1-4443-2351-1
5776:978-1-4443-2351-1
5738:978-0-19-066137-3
5698:978-1-4443-2351-1
5668:978-0-521-56603-2
5658:The Mughal Empire
5653:Richards, John F.
5612:978-1-135-25580-0
5571:978-0-19-256430-6
5316:
5315:
5245:
5190:
4959:23 December 1725
4908:
4858:
4808:
4759:Aurangabad, India
4754:
4325:14 February 1483
4145:Sake Dean Mahomed
4082:Islamic astronomy
4058:made advances in
3854:Fathullah Shirazi
3774:, along with the
3772:gunpowder empires
3762:Gunpowder empires
3744:Gunpowder warfare
3569:
3568:
3404:Sat Gambuj Mosque
3370:Shah Jahan Mosque
3316:Tomb of Asif Khan
3310:Tomb of Nur Jahan
3292:Wazir Khan Mosque
3257:in Haryana, India
3245:in Jaunpur, India
3203:in Pinjore, India
3030:William Dalrymple
2961:Raja Bhagwant Das
2893:varzesh-e bastani
2816:Badshahi Mosque,
2766:Jos J. L. Gommans
2669:
2668:
2593:% of South Asian
2460:in Bengal Subah.
1995:until the 1720s.
1978:, or silver) and
1459:Causes of decline
1310:Aurangzeb's son,
1093:Hamida Banu Begum
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
595:
594:
461:21 September 1857
16:(Redirected from
16908:
16586:Cities and towns
16545:
16538:
16531:
16522:
16521:
16321:
16320:
15986:Austro-Hungarian
15686:Chagatai Khanate
15051:
15044:
15037:
15028:
15027:
14991:Nawabs of Bengal
14954:Successor states
14858:Shalimar Gardens
14802:Gardens of Babur
14691:
14690:
14637:Lachit Borphukan
14351:
14350:
14340:Mughal–Sikh wars
14285:Gujarat conquest
14186:
14185:
14178:Mughal artillery
14007:
13997:
13990:
13983:
13974:
13973:
13936:
13925:
13911:
13897:
13879:
13865:
13847:
13836:
13822:
13791:
13775:History of India
13755:
13734:
13732:
13730:
13706:
13704:
13702:
13687:
13663:
13650:
13635:
13630:
13628:
13592:
13570:Social Scientist
13564:
13536:
13503:
13460:
13458:
13456:
13433:. New York: The
13413:
13401:
13390:
13347:Busch, Allison.
13330:
13329:
13327:
13295:
13265:
13247:
13211:
13200:
13198:
13196:
13167:
13166:
13164:
13141:(2nd ed.),
13124:
13122:
13120:
13074:
13072:
13070:
13061:. Archived from
13040:
13012:
12984:
12941:
12918:
12878:Alam, Muzaffar.
12867:
12854:
12852:
12850:
12821:
12819:
12817:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12763:
12761:
12759:
12744:
12732:
12730:
12728:
12704:
12702:
12700:
12671:
12669:
12667:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12629:
12610:
12604:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12555:
12549:
12548:
12538:
12532:
12531:
12511:
12505:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12486:
12480:
12479:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12415:
12404:
12403:
12382:
12371:
12370:
12365:
12363:
12340:
12334:
12331:
12325:
12324:
12306:
12297:
12296:
12294:
12292:
12276:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12207:
12201:
12200:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12146:
12137:
12136:
12124:
12114:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12103:
12087:
12081:
12080:
12068:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12019:
12013:
12012:
12010:
12008:
11980:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11870:
11864:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11822:
11816:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11767:
11761:
11755:
11749:
11748:
11738:
11732:
11718:
11712:
11711:
11706:. Archived from
11695:
11689:
11688:
11668:
11662:
11661:
11633:
11627:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11557:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11546:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11520:
11518:
11492:
11486:
11485:
11465:
11459:
11458:
11434:
11428:
11427:
11409:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11395:
11369:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11337:
11331:
11330:
11311:
11302:Alter, Joseph S.
11298:
11292:
11291:
11259:
11253:
11252:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11202:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11182:. Archived from
11172:
11166:
11165:
11160:. Archived from
11152:
11146:
11145:
11140:
11138:
11112:
11106:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11076:Pollock, Sheldon
11068:
11062:
11061:
11025:
11019:
11018:
10998:
10992:
10991:
10988:Dhaka University
10975:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10964:
10958:
10947:
10925:
10919:
10918:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10893:
10882:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10862:
10856:
10845:
10823:
10817:
10816:
10803:Brill Publishers
10789:
10783:
10782:
10759:
10746:
10743:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10721:
10710:
10688:
10677:
10651:
10645:
10644:
10642:
10640:
10634:
10623:
10609:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10589:
10583:
10576:
10568:
10562:
10561:
10541:
10532:
10531:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10496:
10468:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10454:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10362:
10356:
10355:
10346:(213): 115–146.
10336:
10330:
10329:
10322:دكتور محمد نصر.
10319:
10313:
10290:
10284:
10261:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10222:
10216:
10196:
10187:
10186:
10169:
10163:
10149:
10143:
10136:John J. McCusker
10114:
10103:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10059:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10027:Psychology Press
10016:
10010:
9987:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9967:
9956:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9923:
9917:
9906:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9841:
9832:
9831:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9795:(S19): 245–261.
9780:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9586:
9579:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9524:
9518:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9473:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9431:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9407:
9396:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9354:. Archived from
9344:
9338:
9332:
9326:
9321:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9287:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9215:
9206:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9144:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9100:
9075:
9074:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
8982:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8892:. Archived from
8881:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8840:
8823:
8822:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8598:
8589:
8588:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8416:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8394:
8383:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8326:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8306:
8295:
8283:
8272:
8271:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8232:
8222:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8023:
8008:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7934:
7923:
7922:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7879:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7708:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7627:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7454:
7443:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7317:
7308:
7307:
7279:
7270:
7269:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7205:. Translated by
7198:
7192:
7191:
7176:. Translated by
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7099:
7090:
7089:
7080:. Translated by
7068:
7062:
7061:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7017:
7011:
7010:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6979:
6977:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6924:
6918:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6882:
6853:
6852:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6775:
6762:
6761:
6753:John Walbridge.
6750:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6557:. Archived from
6555:asiaurangabad.in
6552:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6432:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6233:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6187:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6145:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6059:
6048:
6047:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6019:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5649:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5476:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5401:
5384:
5366:
5325:History of India
5311:Rangoon, Myanmar
5296:24 October 1775
5293:
5283:
5275:
5240:
5238:
5228:
5220:
5185:
5183:
5173:
5165:
5135:
5125:
5117:
5087:
5077:
5069:
5047:
5037:
5029:
5009:Burhanpur, India
5004:
5003:عزیز اُلدین محمد
4994:
4986:
4956:
4955:مجاهد الدین محمد
4946:
4938:
4906:Sayyids of Barha
4903:
4901:
4891:
4883:
4856:Sayyids of Barha
4853:
4851:
4841:
4833:
4811:1 December 1699
4806:Sayyids of Barha
4803:
4801:
4791:
4783:
4752:Sayyids of Barha
4749:
4747:
4737:
4729:
4703:
4693:
4685:
4674:Lahore, Pakistan
4662:Burhanpur, India
4660:14 October 1643
4657:
4647:
4639:
4606:
4596:
4588:
4566:3 November 1618
4563:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4513:Lahore, Pakistan
4508:
4498:
4490:
4462:
4452:
4444:
4418:15 October 1542
4415:
4405:
4397:
4365:
4355:
4347:
4322:
4312:
4304:
4276:
4275:
4199:Mughal Karkhanas
4028:Indian astronomy
3871:used earlier in
3862:
3859:
3739:Mughal artillery
3692:Persian language
3670:Persian and Urdu
3632:Tuzk-e-Jahangiri
3452:Musa Khan Masjid
3440:Wali Khan Masjid
3398:Mughal Tahakhana
3364:Makli Necropolis
3304:Tomb of Anarkali
3298:Tomb of Jahangir
3274:Shalimar Gardens
3115:
3112:
3051:, including the
2997:as well as from
2913:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
2885:Indian wrestling
2852:Mughal gardening
2770:Anatoly Khazanov
2697:Nizamuddin Ahmad
2577:
2576:
2572:world population
2454:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
2433:Bengali calendar
2429:agrarian reforms
2320:textile industry
2272:Textile industry
2254:European fashion
2189:textile industry
2140:cultivation and
2064:such as cotton,
1804:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
1445:Empress of India
1404:war of 1857–1858
1277:
1236:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
1226:
1225: 1658–1707
1224:
1194:
1191:
1119:Mariam-uz-Zamani
1019:Battle of Khanwa
1015:Battle of Bayana
863:
853:
808:
802:
773:Shalamar Gardens
695:, to defeat the
611:
610:
599:
598:
586:
585:
572:
571:
565:
564:
549:
548:
471:exiled to Burma
124:
114:
111:
79:
76:
71:
52:
51:
47:
40:
21:
16916:
16915:
16911:
16910:
16909:
16907:
16906:
16905:
16856:
16855:
16854:
16849:
16823:
16677:
16581:
16555:
16549:
16519:
16514:
16503:American Empire
16488:
16484:African empires
16436:
16319:
16011:Central African
15957:
15775:Romano-Germanic
15361:
15095:Middle Assyrian
15068:
15060:
15055:
15025:
15020:
14996:Nawabs of Awadh
14949:
14930:Persian Mughals
14879:
14863:Achabal Gardens
14841:
14812:Jahangir's Tomb
14797:Bibi Ka Maqbara
14778:
14759:Badshahi Mosque
14730:
14676:
14642:Khushal Khattak
14617:Maharana Pratap
14553:
14482:
14463:Thanesar (1710)
14458:Thanesar (1567)
14349:
14259:
14184:
14129:
14125:Bahadur Shah II
14080:Rafi ud-Darajat
14011:
14001:
13944:
13939:
13856:François Catrou
13798:
13796:Older histories
13784:Jouher (1832).
13741:
13739:Primary sources
13728:
13726:
13724:
13700:
13698:
13696:
13685:
13654:
13626:
13624:
13582:10.2307/3516601
13533:
13467:
13454:
13452:
13445:
13423:(Reaktion 2006)
13410:
13367:Muqarnas Online
13360:Wayback Machine
13344:(London, 1998).
13340:Berinstain, V.
13337:
13325:
13323:
13316:
13293:
13263:
13194:
13192:
13185:
13162:
13160:
13153:
13118:
13116:
13109:
13068:
13066:
13059:
13009:
12966:10.2307/2053505
12939:
12874:
12872:Further reading
12848:
12846:
12839:
12815:
12813:
12790:
12788:
12781:
12757:
12755:
12753:
12742:
12726:
12724:
12722:
12698:
12696:
12689:
12665:
12663:
12661:
12643:
12638:
12637:
12627:
12625:
12612:
12611:
12607:
12595:
12591:
12556:
12552:
12539:
12535:
12528:
12512:
12508:
12498:
12496:
12488:
12487:
12483:
12444:
12440:
12434:
12416:
12407:
12401:
12383:
12374:
12361:
12359:
12357:
12341:
12337:
12332:
12328:
12321:
12307:
12300:
12290:
12288:
12277:
12273:
12263:
12261:
12239:
12235:
12228:
12208:
12204:
12181:
12177:
12170:
12147:
12140:
12133:
12115:
12111:
12101:
12099:
12088:
12084:
12077:
12059:
12055:
12045:
12043:
12036:
12020:
12016:
12006:
12004:
11997:
11981:
11977:
11967:
11965:
11950:
11946:
11931:
11906:
11902:
11887:
11871:
11867:
11858:
11856:
11849:
11823:
11819:
11810:
11808:
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10952:. p. 171.
10948:. Vol. 1.
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10850:. p. 165.
10846:. Vol. 1.
10843:
10824:
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10805:. p. 244.
10793:Malanima, Paolo
10790:
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10779:
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10749:
10744:
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10725:
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10715:. p. 170.
10711:. Vol. 1.
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9961:. p. 217.
9957:. Vol. 1.
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9911:. p. 214.
9907:. Vol. 1.
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9401:. p. 464.
9397:. Vol. 1.
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9233:. p. 255.
9219:Roy, Tirthankar
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8917:"Mughal Empire"
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8421:"Mughal Empire"
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7977:The Last Mughal
7973:
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7939:"Mughal Empire"
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6999:. p. 154.
6993:
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6931:. p. 151.
6925:
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4900:نصیر الدین محمد
4899:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4861:5 January 1696
4852:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4787:Rafi ud-Darajat
4757:20 August 1685
4748:
4746:موئن الدین محمد
4745:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4702:معز الدین محمد
4701:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4656:قطب الدین محمد
4655:
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4511:5 January 1592
4507:شهاب الدین محمد
4506:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4465:31 August 1569
4460:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4414:جلال الدین محمد
4413:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4401:Akbar the Great
4364:نصیر الدین محمد
4363:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4321:ظهیر الدین محمد
4320:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4274:
4268:
4228:celestial globe
4201:
4191:
4142:
4136:
4086:Hindu astronomy
4030:
4020:
3996:uloom-i-muqalat
3988:
3924:
3898:, 17th century.
3860:
3838:Delhi Sultanate
3822:mounted archers
3814:field artillery
3768:
3746:
3741:
3727:
3676:
3664:Main articles:
3662:
3584:
3582:Mughal clothing
3578:Mughal painting
3576:Main articles:
3574:
3428:Laldighi Masjid
3416:Allakuri Masjid
3268:Badshahi Masjid
3249:Bibi Ka Maqbara
3201:Pinjore Gardens
3197:in Delhi, India
3191:in Delhi, India
3185:in Delhi, India
3179:in Delhi, India
3173:in Delhi, India
3167:in Delhi, India
2987:
2979:Main articles:
2977:
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2834:Mughal clothing
2827:Mughlai cuisine
2743:
2737:
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2604:
2599:
2594:
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2548:
2543:
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2491:, Portugal and
2473:Nawab of Bengal
2392:
2386:
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2353:Delhi Sultanate
2284:
2282:Mughal clothing
2274:
2197:
2144:, establishing
2077:agrarian reform
2060:, and non-food
2054:
2020:
2004:precious metals
1960:
1924:
1918:
1854:qadi-yi lashkar
1816:
1785:
1745:
1694:
1610:
1553:
1547:
1493:
1461:
1343:Indian campaign
1324:Sayyid Brothers
1297:Sayyid Brothers
1285:
1279:
1265:major rebellion
1221:
1192:
1186:Muhammad Sultan
1067:
1051:Main articles:
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937:
929:Main articles:
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697:Sultan of Delhi
693:Ottoman Empires
653:of present-day
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15367:Post-classical
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15166:Middle Kingdom
15163:
15153:
15148:
15147:
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15141:
15136:
15126:
15125:
15124:
15122:Neo-Babylonian
15119:
15114:
15112:Old Babylonian
15104:
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15097:
15087:
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14978:
14973:
14971:Maratha Empire
14968:
14957:
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14853:Fatehpur Sikri
14849:
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14809:
14807:Humayun's Tomb
14804:
14799:
14794:
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14777:
14776:
14771:
14769:Sunehri Masjid
14766:
14761:
14756:
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14746:
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14723:
14721:Jahangir Mahal
14718:
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14708:
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14609:
14607:Sher Shah Suri
14604:
14599:
14594:
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14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14561:
14559:
14555:
14554:
14552:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14490:
14488:
14484:
14483:
14481:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14433:Panipat (1761)
14430:
14428:Panipat (1556)
14425:
14423:Panipat (1526)
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14368:Badli-ki-Serai
14365:
14359:
14357:
14348:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
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14227:
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14217:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14196:
14194:
14183:
14182:
14181:
14180:
14170:
14165:
14160:
14155:
14150:
14149:
14148:
14137:
14135:
14134:Administration
14131:
14130:
14128:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14105:Shah Jahan III
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14065:Bahadur Shah I
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14021:
14019:
14013:
14012:
14000:
13999:
13992:
13985:
13977:
13971:
13970:
13964:
13954:
13952:British Museum
13943:
13942:External links
13940:
13938:
13937:
13926:
13912:
13898:
13888:William Irvine
13880:
13866:
13848:
13837:
13823:
13812:
13797:
13794:
13793:
13792:
13781:
13779:online edition
13771:
13770:
13769:
13756:
13740:
13737:
13736:
13735:
13722:
13707:
13694:
13673:
13666:
13665:
13664:
13636:
13593:
13565:
13548:(3): 292–297,
13537:
13532:978-0691182797
13531:
13518:
13513:Habib, Irfan.
13511:
13506:Habib, Irfan.
13504:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13461:
13443:
13424:
13414:
13408:
13391:
13373:(1): 113–153.
13362:
13345:
13336:
13333:
13332:
13331:
13314:
13296:
13291:
13273:
13272:(1952) online.
13266:
13261:
13248:
13223:(2): 285–308,
13212:
13210:. B.V. Bhavan.
13201:
13183:
13168:
13151:
13125:
13107:
13092:
13087:Habib, Irfan.
13085:
13075:
13057:
13042:
13024:(4): 487–523,
13013:
13007:
12992:
12985:
12949:
12942:
12937:
12920:
12894:(3): 385–396,
12883:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12869:
12868:
12855:
12837:
12822:
12797:
12779:
12764:
12751:
12733:
12721:978-9004307537
12720:
12705:
12687:
12672:
12659:
12642:
12639:
12636:
12635:
12605:
12589:
12558:Sumit (2012).
12550:
12533:
12526:
12506:
12481:
12454:(3): 409–423.
12438:
12432:
12405:
12399:
12372:
12355:
12335:
12326:
12319:
12298:
12271:
12233:
12226:
12202:
12191:(3): 431–436.
12175:
12168:
12138:
12131:
12109:
12082:
12075:
12053:
12034:
12014:
11995:
11975:
11944:
11929:
11900:
11885:
11865:
11847:
11817:
11791:
11762:
11760:, p. 329.
11750:
11733:
11730:978-0712358705
11713:
11690:
11679:(539): 48–50.
11663:
11628:
11598:978-1855144095
11577:
11570:
11552:
11527:
11511:978-1408806883
11510:
11487:
11480:
11460:
11453:
11429:
11422:
11401:
11388:978-0470758151
11387:
11373:Harbans Mukhia
11364:
11332:
11322:
11293:
11274:(2): 317–336.
11254:
11227:
11197:
11167:
11147:
11131:978-1351997454
11130:
11107:
11105:, p. 146)
11095:
11088:
11063:
11020:
11013:
10993:
10970:
10920:
10905:
10868:
10818:
10811:
10784:
10777:
10763:Eraly, Abraham
10747:
10733:
10678:
10654:Angus Maddison
10646:
10595:
10563:
10556:
10533:
10527:978-8173914898
10526:
10502:
10483:
10460:
10429:
10399:
10380:
10357:
10331:
10314:
10285:
10256:
10237:
10217:
10188:
10182:
10164:
10152:Angus Maddison
10144:
10121:Empire, Mughal
10104:
10092:
10074:
10054:
10035:
10029:. p. 13.
10011:
9979:
9929:
9879:
9860:
9854:. p. 96.
9833:
9826:
9808:
9772:
9770:, p. 450.
9760:
9758:, p. 432.
9748:
9713:
9698:
9663:
9628:
9613:
9598:
9580:. p. 34.
9565:
9546:
9540:. p. 33.
9519:
9517:, p. 433.
9507:
9488:
9468:
9449:
9419:
9369:
9339:
9327:
9316:
9302:
9282:
9278:Streusand 2018
9270:
9258:
9239:
9207:
9181:
9162:
9134:
9115:
9076:
9069:
9049:
9034:
9014:
8965:(3): 396–415.
8945:
8907:
8873:
8824:
8809:
8789:
8738:
8695:
8664:(2): 304–305.
8644:
8613:(2): 294–295.
8590:
8583:
8557:
8550:
8524:
8517:
8497:
8459:
8441:
8406:
8367:
8348:
8342:. p. 91.
8318:
8273:
8266:
8246:
8239:
8217:
8178:(2): 151–167.
8158:
8151:
8132:
8089:
8072:
8045:(2): 285–308.
8029:
8015:
7992:
7985:
7967:
7924:
7917:
7897:
7890:
7854:
7844:978-8131732021
7843:
7823:
7794:
7784:
7756:
7737:
7717:
7685:
7666:
7646:
7613:
7606:
7588:
7581:
7561:
7544:
7525:
7505:
7498:
7480:
7473:
7444:
7442:. pp. 195–196.
7414:
7395:
7375:
7360:
7342:
7309:
7294:
7271:
7265:
7247:
7240:
7222:
7215:
7193:
7186:
7164:
7145:
7139:. p. 79.
7121:
7114:
7091:
7063:
7043:
7012:
7005:
6987:
6964:
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6602:
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6405:
6385:
6366:
6346:
6327:
6307:
6288:
6268:
6248:
6225:
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6179:
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6137:
6118:
6092:
6074:
6049:
6042:
6024:
6006:
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5938:
5920:
5900:
5877:
5858:
5838:
5818:
5795:
5775:
5752:
5737:
5717:
5697:
5674:
5667:
5625:
5611:
5605:. p. 21.
5581:
5570:
5552:
5513:(3): 475–504.
5497:Rein Taagepera
5488:
5467:(2): 219–229.
5447:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
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5314:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5253:
5248:22 April 1760
5246:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5198:
5191:
5188:Maratha Empire
5175:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5124:جهان شاه چهارم
5118:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5095:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5042:Muhi al-Millat
5039:
5033:Shah Jahan III
5030:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4957:
4948:
4945:احمد شاہ بهادر
4939:
4930:
4929:
4922:
4916:
4915:, Afghanistan
4911:7 August 1702
4909:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4850:رفع الدين محمد
4843:
4834:
4825:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4800:شمس الدین محمد
4793:
4784:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4739:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4617:
4607:
4605:قطب الدين محمد
4598:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4568:Gujarat, India
4564:
4562:محی الدین محمد
4555:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4461:نور الدین محمد
4454:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4270:Main article:
4267:
4264:
4190:
4187:
4177:to both Kings
4161:Mughal Emperor
4135:
4132:
4105:Yantra Mandirs
4074:Sulaiman Nadvi
4019:
4016:
3987:
3984:
3948:Siege of Bidar
3923:
3920:
3873:ancient Greece
3818:Ustad Ali Quli
3780:Safavid Persia
3776:Ottoman Empire
3745:
3742:
3735:Mughal weapons
3726:
3723:
3661:
3658:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:Sonakanda Fort
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3518:Hussaini Dalan
3515:
3509:
3506:Nayabad Masjid
3503:
3497:
3491:
3488:Arifail Masjid
3485:
3479:
3473:
3470:Azimpur Masjid
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3237:Allahabad Fort
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3183:Sunder Nursery
3180:
3174:
3168:
3165:Humayun's Tomb
3162:
3156:
3150:
3149:in Agra, India
3147:Buland Darwaza
3144:
3143:in Agra, India
3138:
3137:in Agra, India
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3081:Fatehpur Sikri
2976:
2973:
2944:
2941:
2936:Buland Darwaza
2929:
2928:
2917:
2896:
2877:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2837:
2830:
2818:Lahore, Punjab
2810:
2809:
2798:
2736:
2733:
2695:The historian
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2583:Mughal Empire
2581:
2553:Indian history
2547:
2544:
2536:
2533:
2508:
2505:
2382:Main article:
2379:
2376:
2362:spinning wheel
2333:Bengali muslin
2273:
2270:
2196:
2193:
2177:Percival Spear
2100:Tokugawa Japan
2053:
2050:
2019:
2016:
1988:Sher Shah Suri
1959:
1956:
1920:Main article:
1917:
1914:
1850:qadi al-quddat
1815:
1812:
1784:
1783:Legal ideology
1781:
1744:
1741:
1726:summer capital
1710:Fatehpur Sikri
1693:
1690:
1609:
1606:
1549:Main article:
1546:
1543:
1519:Indian economy
1492:
1489:
1460:
1457:
1441:Queen Victoria
1312:Bahadur Shah I
1281:Main article:
1278:
1273:
1193: 1707–12
1131:madad-i-ma'ash
1105:Godavari River
1048:
1045:
1036:Sher Shah Suri
960:Timurid Empire
926:
923:
920:Mughal dynasty
915:
912:
872:(also spelled
784:
781:
765:Humayun's Tomb
757:Fatehpur Sikri
663:Deccan Plateau
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
605:
596:
593:
592:
587:
579:
578:
573:
561:
560:
555:
545:
544:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
494:
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:
480:
477:
476:
475:7 October 1858
473:
469:Mughal Emperor
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:Siege of Delhi
453:
450:
449:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
427:
424:
423:
420:
414:
411:
410:
407:
401:
398:
397:
394:
388:
385:
384:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
361:Historical era
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
345:
342:
341:
336:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
303:
300:
299:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
219:
218:
210:
204:
199:
193:
188:
186:State religion
182:
180:
176:
175:
167:
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
148:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
132:
129:Fatehpur Sikri
126:
116:
102:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16913:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16866:Mughal Empire
16864:
16863:
16861:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16832:
16830:
16826:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16749:Garhi Udairaj
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16686:
16684:
16680:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16590:
16588:
16584:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16572:Mughal empire
16570:
16568:
16565:
16564:
16562:
16558:
16553:
16552:Agra district
16546:
16541:
16539:
16534:
16532:
16527:
16526:
16523:
16509:
16508:Soviet empire
16506:
16504:
16501:
16500:
16498:
16497:
16495:
16493:Miscellaneous
16491:
16485:
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16458:
16455:
16454:
16453:
16450:
16449:
16447:
16443:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16411:
16408:
16407:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16345:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16330:
16328:
16326:
16322:
16314:
16311:
16309:
16306:
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16290:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16277:
16274:
16273:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16246:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16224:
16223:
16220:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16192:
16191:
16188:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16128:
16127:
16124:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16111:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16092:German Empire
16090:
16089:
16088:
16085:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16072:
16071:
16068:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16055:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16018:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15996:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15968:
15966:
15964:
15960:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15944:
15941:
15937:
15934:
15932:
15929:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15903:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15861:
15860:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15834:
15833:
15832:Turco-Persian
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15777:
15776:
15773:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15740:
15739:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15700:
15699:
15696:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15673:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15621:
15620:
15617:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15594:
15593:
15590:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15572:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15530:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15488:
15487:
15484:
15480:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15471:
15470:
15467:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15444:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15431:
15428:
15427:
15426:
15423:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15410:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15364:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15329:
15326:
15322:
15319:
15318:
15317:
15314:
15310:
15307:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15281:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15263:
15260:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15244:
15243:
15240:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15190:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15158:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15131:
15130:
15127:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15105:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15092:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15067:
15063:
15059:
15052:
15047:
15045:
15040:
15038:
15033:
15032:
15029:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14976:Rajput states
14974:
14972:
14969:
14966:
14962:
14959:
14958:
14956:
14952:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14892:
14890:
14886:
14876:
14875:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14850:
14848:
14844:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14789:
14787:
14785:
14781:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14741:
14739:
14737:
14733:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14698:
14696:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14683:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14567:
14566:
14563:
14562:
14560:
14556:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14491:
14489:
14485:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14360:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14325:Carnatic wars
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14266:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14197:
14195:
14193:
14192:
14187:
14179:
14176:
14175:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14147:
14144:
14143:
14142:
14139:
14138:
14136:
14132:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14115:Shah Jahan IV
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14090:Muhammad Shah
14088:
14086:
14085:Shah Jahan II
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14070:Jahandar Shah
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14018:
14014:
14010:
14009:Mughal Empire
14006:
13998:
13993:
13991:
13986:
13984:
13979:
13978:
13975:
13968:
13965:
13962:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13949:
13946:
13945:
13934:
13933:
13927:
13923:
13922:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13908:
13903:
13899:
13895:
13894:
13889:
13885:
13881:
13877:
13876:
13871:
13867:
13863:
13862:
13857:
13853:
13849:
13845:
13844:
13838:
13834:
13833:
13828:
13824:
13820:
13819:
13813:
13810:
13806:
13805:
13800:
13799:
13789:
13788:
13782:
13780:
13776:
13772:
13767:
13764:
13763:
13761:
13757:
13753:
13752:
13747:
13743:
13742:
13725:
13723:9780429979217
13719:
13715:
13714:
13708:
13697:
13695:9785001562566
13691:
13684:
13683:
13678:
13674:
13671:
13667:
13661:
13657:
13656:ムガル帝国から英領インドへ
13652:
13651:
13648:
13644:
13643:
13642:ムガル帝国から英領インドへ
13637:
13634:
13623:
13619:
13615:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13594:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13571:
13566:
13563:
13559:
13555:
13551:
13547:
13543:
13538:
13534:
13528:
13524:
13519:
13516:
13512:
13509:
13505:
13502:
13498:
13494:
13490:
13486:
13482:
13478:
13474:
13469:
13468:
13450:
13446:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13431:
13425:
13422:
13418:
13415:
13411:
13405:
13400:
13399:
13392:
13388:
13384:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13368:
13363:
13361:
13357:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13343:
13339:
13338:
13321:
13317:
13311:
13307:
13306:
13301:
13297:
13294:
13288:
13284:
13283:
13278:
13274:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13258:
13254:
13249:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13234:
13230:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13213:
13209:
13208:
13202:
13190:
13186:
13180:
13176:
13175:
13169:
13158:
13154:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13139:
13134:
13133:Metcalf, T.R.
13130:
13126:
13114:
13110:
13104:
13100:
13099:
13093:
13090:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13076:
13064:
13060:
13058:9781134552757
13054:
13050:
13049:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13031:
13027:
13023:
13019:
13014:
13010:
13004:
13000:
12999:
12993:
12990:
12986:
12983:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12967:
12963:
12959:
12955:
12950:
12947:
12946:History Today
12943:
12940:
12934:
12930:
12926:
12921:
12917:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12893:
12889:
12884:
12881:
12877:
12876:
12866:(2): 325–334.
12865:
12861:
12860:Artibus Asiae
12856:
12844:
12840:
12834:
12830:
12829:
12823:
12811:
12807:
12803:
12798:
12786:
12782:
12776:
12772:
12771:
12765:
12754:
12748:
12741:
12740:
12734:
12723:
12717:
12713:
12712:
12706:
12694:
12690:
12684:
12680:
12679:
12673:
12662:
12656:
12652:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12609:
12602:
12598:
12593:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12573:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12554:
12546:
12545:
12537:
12529:
12523:
12519:
12518:
12510:
12495:
12491:
12485:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12442:
12435:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12402:
12396:
12392:
12388:
12381:
12379:
12377:
12369:
12358:
12356:9781032134819
12352:
12348:
12347:
12339:
12330:
12322:
12316:
12312:
12305:
12303:
12286:
12282:
12275:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12244:
12237:
12229:
12223:
12219:
12215:
12214:
12206:
12198:
12194:
12190:
12186:
12179:
12171:
12165:
12161:
12157:
12156:
12151:
12145:
12143:
12134:
12128:
12123:
12122:
12113:
12097:
12093:
12086:
12078:
12072:
12067:
12066:
12057:
12041:
12037:
12031:
12027:
12026:
12018:
12002:
11998:
11992:
11989:. Hay House.
11988:
11987:
11979:
11963:
11959:
11955:
11948:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11926:
11922:
11918:
11914:
11910:
11904:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11886:0-226-01100-3
11882:
11878:
11877:
11869:
11854:
11850:
11844:
11840:
11836:
11832:
11828:
11821:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11794:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11766:
11759:
11754:
11746:
11745:
11737:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11717:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11694:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11667:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11632:
11626:
11622:
11619:
11615:
11611:
11607:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11588:, pp. 23–27,
11587:
11581:
11573:
11567:
11563:
11556:
11540:
11539:
11531:
11524:
11513:
11507:
11503:
11502:
11497:
11491:
11483:
11481:9780195309911
11477:
11473:
11472:
11464:
11456:
11454:9780521267281
11450:
11446:
11442:
11441:
11433:
11425:
11423:9781134613663
11419:
11415:
11408:
11406:
11390:
11384:
11380:
11379:
11374:
11368:
11352:
11348:
11347:
11342:
11336:
11329:
11325:
11319:
11315:
11310:
11309:
11303:
11297:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11258:
11250:
11246:
11243:: 1268–1278.
11242:
11238:
11231:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11201:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11171:
11163:
11159:
11158:
11151:
11144:
11133:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11117:
11111:
11104:
11099:
11091:
11089:0-520-22821-9
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11067:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11031:
11024:
11016:
11010:
11006:
11005:
10997:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10974:
10955:
10951:
10944:
10943:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10924:
10916:
10909:
10890:
10886:
10879:
10872:
10853:
10849:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10822:
10814:
10808:
10804:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10788:
10780:
10774:
10770:
10769:
10764:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10718:
10714:
10707:
10706:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10665:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10631:
10627:
10626:Facts on File
10620:
10619:
10614:
10613:Colin McEvedy
10608:
10606:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10580:
10573:
10567:
10559:
10553:
10549:
10548:
10540:
10538:
10529:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10514:
10506:
10490:
10486:
10480:
10476:
10475:
10467:
10465:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10433:
10417:
10413:
10412:Dhaka Tribune
10409:
10403:
10387:
10383:
10377:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10361:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10335:
10327:
10326:
10318:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10244:
10240:
10234:
10230:
10229:
10221:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10195:
10193:
10185:
10179:
10175:
10168:
10161:
10157:
10153:
10148:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10122:
10118:
10113:
10111:
10109:
10101:
10096:
10081:
10077:
10071:
10067:
10066:
10058:
10042:
10038:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10023:
10015:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9984:
9964:
9960:
9953:
9952:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9914:
9910:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9867:
9863:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9848:
9840:
9838:
9829:
9823:
9819:
9812:
9803:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9779:
9777:
9769:
9764:
9757:
9752:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9717:
9710:. p. 45.
9709:
9702:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9667:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9632:
9625:. p. 39.
9624:
9617:
9610:. p. 42.
9609:
9602:
9583:
9576:
9569:
9553:
9549:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9523:
9516:
9511:
9495:
9491:
9485:
9481:
9480:
9472:
9456:
9452:
9446:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9404:
9400:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9373:
9357:
9353:
9351:
9343:
9337:, p. 73)
9336:
9331:
9325:
9320:
9305:
9303:9780197532775
9299:
9295:
9294:
9286:
9279:
9274:
9268:, p. 75)
9267:
9262:
9246:
9242:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9214:
9212:
9205:
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9165:
9159:
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9143:
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9139:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9072:
9066:
9063:. Routledge.
9062:
9061:
9053:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9018:
9002:
8998:
8994:
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8112:
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8033:
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8012:
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7920:
7914:
7910:
7909:
7901:
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7877:
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7870:Jalal, Ayesha
7867:
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7840:
7836:
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7631:
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7440:0-415-96690-6
7437:
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7291:
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7023:
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7006:0-7054-0982-1
7002:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6971:
6967:
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6948:
6940:
6938:0-7054-0982-1
6934:
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6888:
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6804:
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6756:
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6240:
6232:
6230:
6212:
6208:
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6191:Stein, Burton
6186:
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6167:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6144:
6142:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6110:
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6104:Stein, Burton
6099:
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6067:
6066:
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6054:
6045:
6039:
6035:
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6003:
5999:
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5990:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5941:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5886:Stein, Burton
5881:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5842:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5804:Stein, Burton
5799:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5761:Stein, Burton
5756:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5721:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5683:Stein, Burton
5678:
5670:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5593:József Böröcz
5588:
5586:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5396:
5383:
5379:
5378:jurisprudence
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5282:بهادر شاه ظفر
5277:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5224:Akbar Shah II
5222:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5193:25 June 1728
5192:
5189:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5121:Shah Jahan IV
5119:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5090:25 June 1728
5089:
5083:
5080:
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5071:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
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5049:
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5040:
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5023:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
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4988:
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4980:
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4975:
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4969:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4887:Muhammad Shah
4885:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4837:Shah Jahan II
4835:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4733:Farrukh Siyar
4731:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4689:Jahandar Shah
4687:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4609:28 June 1653
4608:
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4590:
4587:
4582:
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4577:
4575:
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4510:
4504:
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4499:
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4424:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4368:6 March 1508
4367:
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4349:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
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4318:
4315:
4313:
4306:
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4298:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:Titular Name
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4248:metallurgists
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4224:lost-wax cast
4220:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4196:
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4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4127:Zij-i-Sultani
4123:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4092:techniques.
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:Jantar Mantar
4034:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:war elephants
3937:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3697:Muzaffar Alam
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
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3633:
3628:
3627:
3622:
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3616:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:Idrakpur Fort
3534:
3531:
3530:Hajiganj Fort
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:Goaldi Masjid
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:Mughal Eidgah
3378:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:Shalimar Bagh
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:fall of Delhi
3031:
3028:Furthermore,
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:bulbous domes
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:Central Asian
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:Turkish baths
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2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
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2698:
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2682:
2680:
2679:British India
2664:
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2658:
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2649:
2648:
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2609:
2608:
2588:Total Indian
2578:
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2561:
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2529:seaworthiness
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2413:
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2398:Ruins of the
2396:
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2244:, silks, and
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2185:British India
2182:
2178:
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2163:
2159:
2158:rolling mills
2155:
2151:
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2067:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:manual labour
2037:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2025:British India
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1940:Laissez-faire
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1934:
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1869:
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1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:. The Mughal
1821:
1814:Courts of law
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1777:
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1771:
1766:
1765:
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1739:(Old Delhi).
1738:
1737:Shahjahanabad
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1588:sadr as-sudr,
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1521:went through
1520:
1516:
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1500:and based at
1499:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
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1434:
1433:British Crown
1430:
1426:
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1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
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1364:
1363:Carnatic Wars
1359:
1356:
1355:Sack of Delhi
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
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1332:
1331:Muhammad Shah
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:Sadaat-e-Bara
1317:
1316:Indian Muslim
1313:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1272:
1270:
1266:
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1253:Hindu temples
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1237:
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1231:
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1200:
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1127:Salim Chishti
1124:
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1116:
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1106:
1102:
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1086:
1079:
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1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Lodi's empire
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
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953:
950:
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921:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
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816:
812:
807:
801:
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742:
738:
732:
728:
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718:
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694:
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686:
682:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Mughal Empire
606:
604:
601:
600:
597:
591:
588:
581:
580:
577:
574:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
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546:
543:
539:
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528:
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520:
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438:
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431:
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418:
412:
408:
405:
399:
395:
392:
386:
383:21 April 1526
382:
379:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
352:
351:Asaf-ud-Daula
349:
343:
340:
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331:
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321:
317:
313:
310:
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298:
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177:
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127:
120:
117:
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104:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
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65:
60:
56:Mughal Empire
53:
50:
45:
38:
34:
33:Mongol Empire
19:
16724:Chhai Pokhar
16699:Barauli Ahir
16571:
16259:Contemporary
16113:
16109:Indo-Persian
16097:Nazi Germany
16041:Contemporary
15943:Vijayanagara
15842:Great Seljuk
15753:Thessalonica
15681:Golden Horde
15321:Carthaginian
15100:Neo-Assyrian
15085:Neo-Sumerian
14964:
14872:
14868:Shahi Bridge
14792:Akbar's Tomb
14754:Chawk Mosque
14726:Sheesh Mahal
14711:Lalbagh Fort
14686:Architecture
14672:Hector Munro
14647:Josiah Child
14597:Ibrahim Lodi
14590:Pratapaditya
14575:Khwaja Usman
14373:Bhuchar Mori
14189:
14110:Shah Alam II
14075:Farrukhsiyar
14008:
13960:
13948:Mughal India
13931:
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13831:
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13765:
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13750:
13727:. Retrieved
13712:
13699:. Retrieved
13681:
13669:
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13646:
13641:
13632:
13625:. Retrieved
13605:
13601:
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13573:
13569:
13545:
13541:
13522:
13514:
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13479:(1): 77–96,
13476:
13472:
13453:. Retrieved
13429:
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13324:, retrieved
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13206:
13193:. Retrieved
13173:
13161:, retrieved
13137:
13117:. Retrieved
13097:
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13078:
13067:. Retrieved
13063:the original
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12924:
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12863:
12859:
12847:. Retrieved
12831:. Headline.
12827:
12814:. Retrieved
12805:
12789:. Retrieved
12769:
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12738:
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12710:
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12617:
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12493:
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12360:. Retrieved
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12274:
12262:. Retrieved
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12044:. Retrieved
12024:
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11985:
11978:
11966:. Retrieved
11957:
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11912:
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11868:
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11830:
11820:
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11765:
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11753:
11743:
11736:
11721:
11716:
11708:the original
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11637:
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11618:google books
11605:
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11580:
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11537:
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11515:. Retrieved
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11184:the original
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11033:
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10973:
10961:. Retrieved
10941:
10933:Dharma Kumar
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10839:
10831:Dharma Kumar
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10696:Dharma Kumar
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10624:. New York:
10617:
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10473:
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10390:. Retrieved
10370:
10366:Bayly, C. A.
10360:
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10227:
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10021:
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9950:
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9568:
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9439:
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9372:
9360:. Retrieved
9356:the original
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9152:
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8898:. Retrieved
8894:the original
8889:
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8729:. Retrieved
8712:
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8661:
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8424:
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8334:
8309:. Retrieved
8256:
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8208:. Retrieved
8175:
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8092:
8082:
8075:
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8032:
8020:. Retrieved
8002:
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7970:
7959:, retrieved
7942:
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7900:
7875:
7866:Bose, Sugata
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7789:
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7747:. Retrieved
7727:
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7705:. Retrieved
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7637:. Retrieved
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7535:. Retrieved
7515:
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7025:
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6689:. Retrieved
6669:
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6630:
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6570:
6559:the original
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6542:
6530:. Retrieved
6510:
6503:
6491:. Retrieved
6471:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6440:
6415:, retrieved
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6388:
6376:, retrieved
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6317:
6310:
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6271:
6258:, retrieved
6238:
6215:, retrieved
6195:
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6150:
6128:, retrieved
6108:
6084:, retrieved
6064:
6033:
6027:
6016:, retrieved
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5989:
5976:, retrieved
5956:
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5929:
5923:
5910:, retrieved
5890:
5880:
5868:, retrieved
5848:
5841:
5828:, retrieved
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5785:, retrieved
5765:
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5742:, retrieved
5727:
5720:
5707:, retrieved
5687:
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5616:. Retrieved
5597:
5575:
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5555:
5543:. Retrieved
5510:
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5491:
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5450:
5438:. Retrieved
5413:
5409:
5399:
5364:
5304:
5278:
5256:
5227:اکبر شاه دوم
5223:
5201:
5172:شاه عالم دوم
5169:Shah Alam II
5168:
5146:
5120:
5098:
5076:شاه عالم دوم
5073:Shah Alam II
5072:
5054:
5036:شاه جهان سوم
5032:
5014:
5007:6 June 1699
4989:
4967:
4941:
4919:
4886:
4865:
4840:شاہ جهان دوم
4836:
4815:
4790:رفیع الدرجات
4786:
4764:
4732:
4710:
4688:
4667:
4643:Bahadur Shah
4642:
4591:
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4546:
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4447:
4426:
4400:
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4164:Shah Alam II
4143:
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4119:
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4063:
4049:
4045:Jai Singh II
3995:
3989:
3975:
3958:
3956:
3935:
3925:
3901:
3881:hand cannons
3799:Ibrahim Khan
3786:governor of
3769:
3719:Mir Taqi Mir
3712:
3701:Indo-Persian
3688:Turko-Mongol
3677:
3649:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:Ustad Mansur
3593:
3558:Bagh-e-Babur
3392:Shahi Eidgah
3386:Lalbagh Fort
3328:Akbari Sarai
3286:Shahi Hammam
3243:Shahi Bridge
3219:Chasma Shahi
3153:Akbar's tomb
3127:Afghanistan
3107:Lalbagh Fort
3046:
3036:in 1857, an
3027:
3023:ogive arches
2988:
2975:Architecture
2946:
2911:
2910:such as the
2891:and Persian
2889:malla-yuddha
2759:
2753:
2729:
2721:Bengal Subah
2713:Lahore Subah
2694:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2672:Urbanization
2662:679,000,000
2656:160,000,000
2653:158,400,000
2642:579,000,000
2636:130,000,000
2633:115,000,000
2622:425,000,000
2616:100,000,000
2557:
2549:
2535:Demographics
2517:flushed deck
2514:
2510:
2462:
2453:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2384:Bengal Subah
2378:Bengal Subah
2368:
2365:Mughal era.
2342:
2329:
2301:
2258:Bengal Subah
2248:(for use in
2235:
2211:shipbuilding
2205:
2198:
2166:
2162:worm gearing
2146:Bengal Subah
2126:
2107:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2055:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2012:Bengal Subah
1997:
1975:
1969:
1952:
1948:public works
1944:
1937:
1925:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1862:sadr-us-sudr
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1734:
1730:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:sadr as-sudr
1636:
1630:
1629:had its own
1626:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1527:British rule
1513:
1506:
1494:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1420:Zeenat Mahal
1382:Shah Alam II
1379:
1360:
1328:
1309:
1293:Farrukhsiyar
1261:Shia Muslims
1249:
1241:Tegh Bahadur
1234:
1228:
1215:
1203:Jagat Gosain
1197:
1130:
1121:, an Indian
1113:
1089:Umarkot Fort
1083:
1078:Ibadat Khana
1024:
991:Ibrahim Lodi
985:through the
964:Genghis Khan
952:Turco-Mongol
946:
908:Indo-Timurid
907:
903:
899:
887:
882:
877:
873:
869:
845:
843:
834:
830:
822:
810:
806:Bilād-i-Hind
795:Ain-i-Akbari
788:
786:
741:architecture
733:
729:
701:Ibrahim Lodi
671:
631:early modern
626:
624:
558:Succeeded by
557:
552:
517:• 1700
507:• 1595
365:Early modern
320:Grand Vizier
212:
201:
185:
169:
121:(1530–1540;
108:(1526–1530;
49:
16814:Sarokhipura
16658:Nainana Jat
15847:Khwarezmian
15780:Carolingian
15585:Rashtrakuta
15289:Shaishunaga
15188:Hellenistic
15171:New Kingdom
15161:Old Kingdom
14986:Sikh Empire
14965:interrupted
14706:Lahore Fort
14657:Henry Every
14622:Malik Ambar
14565:Baro-Bhuyan
14558:Adversaries
14544:Ranthambore
14499:Chittorgarh
14320:Child's war
14146:family tree
13961:In Our Time
13129:Metcalf, B.
13077:Gordon, S.
12570:: 421–430.
12291:28 November
12253:(23): 113.
12102:28 December
11644:: 166–181.
11190:28 November
10929:Irfan Habib
10827:Irfan Habib
10692:Irfan Habib
10293:Irfan Habib
10271:, pp. 53–54
10264:Irfan Habib
9990:Irfan Habib
9938:Irfan Habib
9888:Irfan Habib
9768:Moosvi 2015
9756:Moosvi 2015
9515:Moosvi 2015
9378:Irfan Habib
9007:13 December
8980:10871/15975
8900:13 December
8867:13 December
8731:14 December
8469:"Mug̲h̲als"
7817:(1/4): 94.
7422:Dara Shikoh
7335:19 February
6437:"Taj Mahal"
5055:(282 days)
4993:عالمگیر دوم
4872:Agra, India
4822:Agra, India
4692:جهاندار شاہ
4525:Agra, India
4467:Agra, India
4433:Agra, India
4422:, Pakistan
4336:Agra, India
4285:Birth Name
4116:observatory
4107:, to rival
4070:observatory
4056:astronomers
4012:mathematics
3944:Mughal Army
3916:Murshidabad
3879:that fired
3877:gun barrels
3861: 1582
3848:(1504) and
3792:Daulat Khan
3648:Folio from
3614:Mahabharata
3542:Choto Katra
3482:Atia Masjid
3358:Losar Baoli
3334:Hiran Minar
3280:Lahore Fort
3213:Nishat Bagh
3195:Sher Mandal
3189:Purana Qila
3171:Jama Masjid
3124:Bangladesh
3097:Sheikhupura
2908:Islamic law
2802:Persian art
2725:Delhi Subah
2605:population
2603:% of world
2600:population
2595:population
2590:population
2585:population
2485:Netherlands
2412:C. A. Bayly
2308:piece goods
2181:Ashok Desai
2173:Irfan Habib
2150:Sugar mills
2142:sericulture
2085:crop yields
2052:Agriculture
1844:(district)
1577:mir bakhshi
1531:food prices
1498:Irfan Habib
1437:British Raj
1425:9th Lancers
1218:Dara Shikoh
1182:Umar Shaykh
1109:Din-i-Ilahi
1101:Bairam Khan
987:Khyber Pass
983:Afghanistan
949:Persianized
892:Indologists
769:Lahore Fort
721:British Raj
709:North India
685:Transoxiana
667:South India
643:Afghanistan
639:Indus River
603:British Raj
590:Suri Empire
553:Preceded by
521:158,000,000
511:125,000,000
297:Mir Khalifa
198:(1582–1605)
196:Din-i Ilahi
137:(1586–1598)
131:(1571–1585)
78: 1700
37:Moghulistan
16860:Categories
16789:Purabirbal
16417:Portuguese
16298:Revival Le
16288:Vietnamese
15931:Later Tran
15901:Vietnamese
15797:Singhasari
15785:Holy Roman
15409:Bulgarian
15345:Satavahana
15316:Phoenician
15252:Achaemenid
15213:Indo-Greek
15193:Macedonian
15107:Babylonian
15016:Rohilkhand
14961:Sur Empire
14667:Nader Shah
14602:Rana Sanga
14514:Daulatabad
14398:Haldighati
14330:Bengal war
14168:Government
14100:Alamgir II
14050:Shah Jahan
13326:19 October
13195:19 October
13163:19 October
13119:19 October
12816:19 October
12758:5 December
12666:6 December
12628:15 October
12320:8120810716
10898:12 October
10392:8 February
10117:Om Prakash
9741:22 January
9733:(4): 729.
9691:22 January
9683:(4): 731.
9656:22 January
9648:(4): 726.
9591:22 January
9044:1243310832
8399:5 December
7370:1008395679
6691:19 October
6652:7 November
6493:19 October
5416:(2): 294.
5376:School of
5351:References
5237:میرزا اکبر
5147:(63 days)
4990:Alamgir II
4494:Shah Jahan
4193:See also:
4189:Metallurgy
4183:William IV
4138:See also:
4121:Siddhantas
4022:See also:
4008:philosophy
3885:volley gun
3760:See also:
3709:Shah Jahan
3705:Hindustani
3680:Shah Jahan
3524:Bara Katra
3500:Masjid Kur
3225:Pari Mahal
3069:Aurangabad
3049:Shah Jahan
2965:Abyssinian
2820:, Pakistan
2806:Indian art
2762:André Wink
2739:See also:
2705:Agra Subah
2568:Bangladesh
2546:Population
2539:See also:
2471:under the
2388:See also:
2349:cotton gin
2276:See also:
2225:products,
2129:seed drill
2104:sugar cane
2081:irrigation
2062:cash crops
2014:province.
1993:debasement
1909:panchayats
1794:al-Hidayah
1714:Aurangabad
1583:mansabdari
1367:Bengal War
1351:suzerainty
1347:Nader Shah
1199:Shah Jahan
1188:. Created
1170:Miran Shah
1162:Shah Jahan
1061:Shah Jahan
1032:Sur Empire
1007:Rana Sanga
968:Turkicized
954:conqueror
918:See also:
866:Chinggisid
851:Gūrkāniyān
835:Héndūsītǎn
827:Hindustani
775:, and the
745:Shah Jahan
723:after the
659:Bangladesh
635:South Asia
633:empire in
497:Population
278:Vicegerent
225:Government
209:(majority)
157:Hindustani
110:1560–1571;
16845:Taj Mahal
16835:Agra Fort
16828:Buildings
16819:Tarrakpur
16729:Daultabad
16714:Beesalpur
16709:Bateshwar
16689:Chamrauli
16673:Swamibagh
16668:Shamsabad
16648:Kheragarh
16633:Fatehabad
16618:Dayalbagh
16410:Couronian
16048:Ethiopian
16036:Manchukuo
15991:Brazilian
15837:Ghaznavid
15807:Srivijaya
15758:Trebizond
15743:Byzantine
15725:North Sea
15720:Norwegian
15708:Almoravid
15691:Ilkhanate
15661:Majapahit
15634:Muromachi
15543:Solomonic
15528:Ethiopian
15442:Caliphate
15375:Aragonese
15203:Ptolemaic
14817:Taj Mahal
14701:Agra Fort
14662:Bajirao I
14585:Musa Khan
14539:Purandhar
14443:Raj Mahal
14418:Najafgarh
14268:Conflicts
14235:Hyderabad
14191:Provinces
13886:; tr. by
13622:1469-8099
13501:146558617
13455:9 October
13387:245040517
13300:Stein, B.
13277:Stein, B.
13245:154809724
12982:154527305
12916:143861682
12576:2249-1937
12476:161906676
12468:1469-929X
12259:2347-6117
12197:0019-5235
12152:(1999) .
11939:226765648
11895:469379391
11801:226770775
11346:The Hindu
11288:0094-0496
11210:Religions
11058:146558617
11050:0026-749X
10443:Scroll.in
9558:22 August
9412:11 August
9251:15 August
8997:143513602
8989:0748-0814
8923:, Brill,
8851:, Brill,
8819:231801473
8764:0066-8435
8670:0066-8435
8619:0066-8435
8360:15 August
8340:MIT Press
8067:154809724
7945:, Brill,
7157:22 August
6597:993093699
5603:Routledge
5527:0020-8833
5483:1076-156X
5422:0066-8435
5391:Citations
5356:Footnotes
5250:Mukundpur
5046:محی الملت
4646:بهادر شاہ
4611:Burhanpur
4592:Azam Shah
4543:اورنگزیب
4540:Aurangzeb
4279:Portrait
4217:Karkhanas
4179:George IV
4168:Allahabad
4149:chemistry
4134:Chemistry
4113:Samarkand
4109:Ulugh Beg
4101:astronomy
4054:, Mughal
4043:built by
4018:Astronomy
3967:explosive
3934:known as
3896:musketeer
3865:polybolos
3807:gunpowder
3754:matchlock
3626:Akbarnama
3620:Baburnama
3255:Kos Minar
3141:Agra Fort
3135:Taj Mahal
3121:Pakistan
3053:Taj Mahal
3038:ice house
2883:style of
2874:Taj Mahal
2841:Old Hindi
2731:centres.
2690:Tim Dyson
2345:worm gear
2250:munitions
2246:saltpetre
2227:metalware
2008:New World
1901:Agra Fort
1767:(judge),
1592:mir saman
1211:Taj Mahal
1154:Aurangzeb
1065:Aurangzeb
973:tribe of
831:Hindustan
823:Hindostān
815:Aurangzeb
790:Hindustan
777:Taj Mahal
753:Agra Fort
717:Aurangzeb
703:, in the
681:chieftain
651:highlands
448:1738–1740
435:1680–1707
422:1526–1752
179:Religion
170:See
123:1639–1857
113:1598–1648
82:Aurangzeb
62:1526–1857
16809:Sakatpur
16794:Rudhmuli
16784:Midhakur
16769:Karahara
16754:Holipura
16739:Digrauta
16734:Dhimsiri
16719:Bichpuri
16682:Villages
16628:Etmadpur
16623:Dhanauli
16593:Achhnera
16390:Japanese
16353:Scottish
16333:American
16325:Colonial
16254:Imperial
16222:Moroccan
16158:Japanese
16136:Afsharid
15995:Burmese
15981:Austrian
15936:Later Le
15911:Early Le
15896:Venetian
15822:Tiwanaku
15735:Hellenic
15698:Moroccan
15629:Kamakura
15619:Japanese
15602:Saffarid
15555:Georgian
15469:Chalukya
15447:Rashidun
15437:Calakmul
15405:Bruneian
15284:Haryanka
15262:Sasanian
15257:Parthian
15208:Bactrian
15198:Seleucid
15178:Goguryeo
15156:Egyptian
15090:Assyrian
15080:Akkadian
15071:Colonies
15006:Carnatic
14925:Painting
14920:Language
14888:See also
14716:Red Fort
14570:Isa Khan
14534:Kandahar
14519:Golconda
14448:Samugarh
14383:Chanderi
14173:Military
14120:Akbar II
14045:Shahryar
14040:Jahangir
14017:Emperors
13890:(1907).
13872:(1906).
13858:(1826).
13829:(1895).
13748:(1891).
13729:24 April
13701:18 April
13679:(2022).
13627:18 April
13562:25165051
13449:Archived
13356:Archived
13320:archived
13279:(1998),
13189:Archived
13157:archived
13135:(2006),
13113:Archived
13069:18 April
13038:25165118
12843:Archived
12810:Archived
12785:Archived
12693:Archived
12622:Archived
12599:(1985),
12584:44156233
12362:20 March
12285:Archived
12096:Archived
12040:Archived
12001:Archived
11962:Archived
11853:archived
11805:archived
11638:Muqarnas
11621:Archived
11604:(1987),
11592:, 2010,
11545:8 August
11498:(2009).
11375:(2008).
11351:Archived
11304:(1992).
11264:sannyasi
11249:44156328
11214:Archived
11118:(2016).
10963:4 August
10954:Archived
10939:(1987).
10861:4 August
10852:Archived
10837:(1987).
10795:(2009).
10765:(2007).
10726:4 August
10717:Archived
10702:(1987).
10667:Archived
10656:(2001),
10639:7 August
10630:Archived
10588:3 August
10579:Archived
10489:Archived
10453:30 April
10447:Archived
10422:30 April
10416:Archived
10386:Archived
10368:(1988).
10303:Archived
10295:(2011),
10274:Archived
10266:(2011),
10249:3 August
10243:Archived
10206:Archived
10203:, p. 202
10154:(1995),
10124:Archived
10086:9 August
10080:archived
10047:9 August
10041:Archived
10000:Archived
9992:(2011),
9972:5 August
9963:Archived
9948:(1987).
9922:5 August
9913:Archived
9898:(1987).
9872:29 April
9866:Archived
9735:Archived
9685:Archived
9650:Archived
9582:Archived
9552:Archived
9530:(1971).
9500:9 August
9494:Archived
9461:9 August
9455:Archived
9437:(2003).
9403:Archived
9388:(1987).
9362:4 August
9309:18 April
9245:Archived
9221:(2010).
9196:Archived
9174:9 August
9168:Archived
9150:(2003).
9127:9 August
9121:Archived
9001:Archived
8939:25 March
8933:archived
8861:archived
8776:Archived
8772:42928323
8725:Archived
8721:44145943
8715:: 1307.
8682:Archived
8678:42928323
8631:Archived
8627:42928323
8491:31 March
8485:archived
8453:28 March
8447:archived
8390:Archived
8354:Archived
8332:(2011).
8302:Archived
8204:Archived
8200:54775994
8145:. 1996.
8127:91170802
8022:14 March
7961:28 March
7955:archived
7872:(2004).
7805:(1970).
7749:19 March
7743:Archived
7707:27 March
7701:Archived
7678:19 March
7672:Archived
7630:Archived
7537:19 March
7531:Archived
7425:Archived
7401:Archived
7329:Archived
7304:61303480
7151:Archived
7074:(1902).
7054:(1917).
7030:Archived
6970:Archived
6781:(2009).
6709:(2002).
6685:Archived
6646:Archived
6532:19 March
6526:Archived
6487:Archived
6469:(2012).
6445:Archived
6411:archived
6372:archived
6333:archived
6294:archived
6266:easier."
6254:archived
6211:archived
6193:(2010),
6166:archived
6124:archived
6106:(2010),
6080:archived
6012:archived
5972:archived
5906:archived
5888:(2010),
5864:archived
5824:archived
5806:(2010),
5781:archived
5763:(2010),
5703:archived
5685:(2010),
5655:(1995).
5595:(2009).
5539:Archived
5434:Archived
5430:42928323
5319:See also
5300:, India
5265:, India
5252:, India
5210:, India
5197:, India
5155:, India
5142:, India
5107:, India
5094:, India
4976:, India
4963:, India
4928:, India
4890:محمد شاه
4773:, India
4719:, India
4595:اعظم شاه
4497:شاہ جهان
4448:Jahangir
4387:, India
4004:medicine
4000:geometry
3992:madrasas
3979:Jahangir
3952:grenades
3852:(1533).
3810:firearms
3725:Military
3660:Language
3608:Razmnama
3177:Red Fort
2985:Yakhchāl
2881:Pehlwani
2677:that of
2564:Pakistan
2497:Armenian
2469:dominion
2465:viceroys
2437:New Year
2266:woollens
2221:, silk,
2154:draw bar
2138:mulberry
1986:Emperor
1896:subahdar
1874:jagirdar
1776:muhtasib
1724:was the
1692:Capitals
1682:Parganas
1667:Parganas
1657:parganas
1641:subahdar
1478:Marathas
1365:and the
1269:Marathas
1174:Jahangir
1115:Jahangir
1057:Jahangir
761:Red Fort
737:painting
530:Currency
229:Monarchy
207:Hinduism
16764:Kagarol
16663:Pinahat
16653:Kiraoli
16603:Azizpur
16560:History
16457:largest
16452:Empires
16432:Swedish
16427:Spanish
16422:Russian
16385:Italian
16360:Chinese
16348:English
16343:British
16338:Belgian
16313:Vietnam
16303:Tay son
16249:Tsarist
16244:Russian
16239:Ottoman
16205:Dzungar
16200:Khoshut
16173:Mexican
16168:Maratha
16151:Pahlavi
16131:Safavid
16126:Iranian
16053:Haitian
16016:Chinese
15976:Ashanti
15948:Wagadou
15874:Eastern
15869:Western
15852:Timurid
15812:Tibetan
15802:Songhai
15792:Serbian
15713:Almohad
15703:Idrisid
15607:Samanid
15597:Tahirid
15592:Iranian
15570:Kannauj
15550:Genoese
15486:Chinese
15479:Eastern
15474:Western
15462:Fatimid
15457:Abbasid
15452:Umayyad
15425:Burmese
15385:Ayyubid
15380:Angevin
15350:Xianbei
15338:Eastern
15333:Western
15279:Magadha
15242:Iranian
15235:Xiongnu
15220:Hittite
15129:Chinese
15117:Kassite
15066:Ancient
15058:Empires
14940:Weapons
14915:Gardens
14910:Fashion
14905:Culture
14900:Cuisine
14736:Mosques
14632:Shivaji
14549:Sambhal
14524:Hooghly
14494:Bijapur
14468:Tukaroi
14453:Sirhind
14438:Plassey
14355:Battles
14225:Gujarat
14153:Economy
14141:Dynasty
14030:Humayun
13686:(ebook)
13590:3516601
13510:(1982).
13351:(2011)
13335:Culture
13091:(1982).
12974:2053505
12849:10 June
12791:13 June
12743:(ebook)
12727:13 July
12699:13 June
12641:Sources
12499:18 June
12264:16 July
11968:26 July
11859:26 July
11811:26 July
11704:The MET
11658:1523102
11517:23 July
11394:11 July
11357:5 April
11220:10 June
11212:. BBC.
11137:19 July
11078:(ed.).
10300:, p. 54
10162:, p. 30
9997:, p. 53
8782:11 June
8688:11 June
8637:11 June
8119:2115498
8007:(ebook)
7639:7 April
7036:17 July
7022:"Akbar"
6976:16 June
6738:kürägän
6713:(ed.).
6417:15 July
6378:15 July
6339:15 July
6300:15 July
6260:15 July
6217:15 July
6172:15 July
6130:15 July
6086:15 July
6018:15 July
5978:15 July
5912:15 July
5830:15 July
5793:Akbar."
5787:15 July
5744:15 July
5709:15 July
5618:26 June
5535:2600793
5440:11 June
4736:فرخ سیر
4551:عالمگیر
4548:Alamgir
4451:جهانگیر
4420:Umerkot
4351:Humayun
4232:Kashmir
4157:shampoo
3986:Science
3932:rockets
3912:Bijapur
3904:Tanjore
3894:Mughal
3846:Calicut
3752:Mughal
3714:dastans
3638:muraqqa
3231:Verinag
3061:gardens
3042:Sirmaur
2999:Iranian
2957:Bijapur
2943:Customs
2735:Culture
2501:British
2493:Austria
2489:Denmark
2477:Britain
2360:of the
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