309:
argued investigators were unable to establish to the required evidentiary standard that the substance forming the fingerprint was blood. She went on to propose that the tests used to demonstrate a "positive" reaction to blood would have been the same for any protein-based substance. The lawyer concluded with an argument that White may have been eating a meat pie with tomato sauce on it while reading the newspaper and that such a food would react to the test used to demonstrate the fingerprint was blood. However, investigators rebutted this argument by demonstrating that the position of the fingerprint would have meant the newspaper was being read upside down at the time the fingerprint was made. White was sent to stand trial for the murder in the
344:, acknowledged that the case made by the prosecution was circumstantial and that, in isolation, the evidence presented was not compelling. Investigators considered the fingerprint to be the key item of evidence and that everything else in the case was contingent on successfully proving the fingerprint belonged to White and was from the blood of Ruiz. The judge acknowledged that the fingerprint found on the newspaper was that of White and that this evidence was the "centrepiece" of the case against White. The judge stated:
171:
356:...I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the deceased died at his hand. If it were felt necessary to identify any intermediate fact essential to that conclusion, one is sufficient: that the accused's fingerprint was placed on the piece of newspaper in the course of the incident in which the deceased met her death...from that it follows, as night follows day, that it was the accused who caused her death...Accordingly, I find the accused guilty of murder.
236:
326:
35:
231:
Investigators fielded a significant number of calls each day from people offering information. Police eventually received a phone call from a witness who claimed to recognise the victim as her friend, Vivianne Ruiz. The witness viewed the items of property belonging to the victim in police possession
352:
It is implausible enough that an unknown killer would have seized a piece of newspaper which happened to bear a fingerprint of the accused in a substance that looked like blood. That the killer might have seized a piece of newspaper which happened to bear a fingerprint of the accused in the blood of
219:
Several weeks after the body was found, and despite a strong community response, investigators were frustrated at not being able to identify the victim. The murder was considered to be the "most puzzling murder mystery in Sydney for decades", with media reports observing that not since the 1930s had
200:
on porous surfaces such as paper, as the amino acids in sweat secretions that gather on a finger's unique ridges transfer to surfaces when touched. Exposure of the surface to ninhydrin converts the amino acids into visibly coloured products and thus reveals the print. Once completed, the fingerprint
291:
New South Wales police applied to have White extradited to
Australia. White eventually agreed to return to Sydney voluntarily to face murder charges, with a spokesperson stating White maintained his innocence but decided it was "in his best interests" to return. He arrived in Sydney on 13 September
129:
nightclubs in Sydney. Investigators discovered White had left
Australia shortly after Ruiz was found murdered. The fingerprint found on the newspaper Ruiz's killer had left in her throat was initially considered not to belong to White. Later testing demonstrated that a tonal reverse had occurred, a
348:
While there is no scientific proof that the substance in which the fingerprints were made was blood, I am satisfied that it was indeed the deceased's blood imprinted on the paper by the accused's left hand at, or about, the time of death. There is force in the Crown
Prosecutor's primary submission
308:
was held for investigators to demonstrate to a court that there was sufficient evidence for White to stand trial for the murder of Ruiz. White's lawyer questioned investigators about the fingerprint found on the newspaper within Ruiz's throat. While conceding the fingerprint belonged to White, she
282:
White was found to be living with his aunt and uncle at their home in
Newcastle, the hometown of his parents. White was eventually arrested by detectives from the local police station and Scotland Yard on 29 April 1992. White did not resist the arrest, and his relatives were unaware of the police
273:
Investigators sent a uniformed police officer to the home of White's parents, who discovered he was currently living overseas at the house of his aunt and uncle in
Newcastle, England. The police officer reported that the parents owned a German Shepherd. The investigators found White had previously
269:
White's fingerprints were compared to those found on the newspaper. The fingerprints were pictorially similar but not identical. Testing concluded the fingerprint was that of White. White, by pressing the paper firmly when placing it inside Ruiz's throat, had caused a tonal reverse, an event where
178:
A post mortem examination found the victim weighed 62 kg (137 lb) and was 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) tall, and was estimated to be between 16 and 25 years old. The victim was found to have suffered injuries, with a wound on her head and strangulation marks on the throat. Bruises
333:
The prosecutor produced witnesses in blood, hair, and fingerprints. White's lawyers focused on the fingerprints, attempting to argue they may have appeared on the newspaper innocently at a time prior to the murder. The defence team successfully convinced the court that the blood found in White's
157:
The body of a female was located on the side of a suburban street in Sydney, Australia on 28 December 1991. She was wrapped in garbage bags, indicating to investigators that the victim was murdered elsewhere and transported to the location. She had suffered head injuries, and officers observed
120:
in what appeared to be blood were present but could not be immediately identified. Investigators spent many weeks attempting to identify the victim. A sustained and significant media campaign was also conducted. Investigators were eventually contacted by a former associate of the victim who
124:
Investigators discovered Ruiz had been in a relationship with an individual named
Richard White. White was a convicted criminal with a history of assault and drug trafficking. He had grown to know Ruiz through her work as a prostitute and dancer in the
113:. Her body was discovered in garbage bags on 28 December 1991 without any identification. A postmortem found strangulation to be the likely cause of death. Animal hairs were found on the body, and newspaper was stuffed inside her mouth.
321:
Two attempts to try White for the murder were aborted due to his abnormal conduct, such as threatening to kill the judge and prosecutor. In June 1996, White stood trial for a third time and remained quiet during proceedings.
145:. White returned to Australia to face trial for the murder. After two trials were aborted due to his abnormal conduct, he was eventually found guilty in 1996 and sentenced to the maximum jail term permitted in
266:
A travel agent confirmed that Ruiz and White had been planning an overseas trip. The day before Ruiz's body was found, White cancelled the tickets and had the refund sent to his home.
368:
White was later sentenced to the maximum penalty applicable in New South Wales at the time: 15 years in prison of which he served at least 9 before being eligible for parole.
255:
before moving to Sydney. After moving to Sydney, Ruiz took up residence in the King's Cross property and started working as a prostitute and dancer in local nightclubs.
162:
was around her throat. There was no identification found on the body. Investigators described the murder as a "frenzied attack", and "a callous, very brutal murder".
349:
that to suggest that the sheet of newspaper was forced into the deceased's mouth by someone other than the accused to stretch coincidence beyond its breaking point.
283:
investigation. In his possession was a set of notes, one of which he had written to himself that stated "Convince yourself of your innocence...don't fuck up".
334:
discarded van would have been contaminated by the water used to test the sample and that the dog hairs found on Ruiz may have come from any German
Shepherd.
360:
The judge found that White killed Ruiz in a fit of passion. However, what triggered the attack, where Ruiz was murdered, and White's motive remain unknown.
216:
By the time the post-mortem was over, the body had not been identified. The victim's clothing led investigators to believe she had been local to the area.
247:
in the name of Ruiz, and fingerprints on the lease matched those of the victim. Dental records later positively identified Ruiz. Ruiz was born in
1547:
204:
A significant number of animal hairs were also found during the post-mortem. Tests showed that these were from a domestic dog, possibly a
188:, dated 10 December 1991. Three distinct fingerprint patterns were identified. The fingerprints were photographed, and then enhanced with
1532:
263:
Investigators discovered Ruiz had been dating a man named
Richard White, a bodybuilder and drug dealer who had previously beaten Ruiz.
130:
rare event where the valleys between fingerprint ridges transfer blood from the grooves of the fingerprint, as opposed to its ridges.
274:
owned a van, and after tracking down the new owner, they searched the van and discovered bloodstains and animal hairs inside it.
223:
Inspections of missing person files did not identify the victim, though many other missing person files were closed as a result.
1517:
1527:
1522:
270:
the valleys between fingerprint ridges transfer blood from the grooves of the fingerprint as opposed to its ridges.
353:
the deceased borders on the absurd. There is no reasonable hypothesis other than that the accused was the killer...
1173:
310:
137:, where he was living with relatives. A warrant was sought in England for his arrest, which was eventually made in
1407:
1387:
1347:
1117:"Amino acid alanine reactivity with the fingerprint reagent ninhydrin. A detailed ab initio computational study"
1537:
244:
126:
62:
337:
White told the court, "I did not kill Vivian. I had no reason to kill her. I am innocent. Thank you".
1542:
1222:
1196:
183:
252:
1169:
159:
149:
at the time, which was fifteen years with a minimum of nine before being eligible for parole.
8:
305:
138:
1144:
1488:
1462:
1290:
1268:
1136:
1132:
220:
an inability to identify a victim caused such difficulty in a murder investigation.
192:, an organic compound that can detect fingerprints. The practice is commonly used by
182:
Newspaper was removed from the mouth and revealed to be two full-sized sheets of the
1148:
1128:
1099:
193:
205:
146:
48:
1234:
1208:
1367:
1327:
1307:
1285:
1217:
1115:
Petraco, Nicholas; Proni, Gloria; Jackiw, Jennifer; Sapse, Anne-Marie (2006).
1511:
1492:
1466:
1427:
1263:
1243:
1191:
142:
1116:
598:
586:
1482:
1456:
1140:
341:
74:
201:
was fed into the police fingerprint database, though no match was found.
197:
117:
235:
78:
189:
325:
170:
158:
something inside her mouth that appeared at the time to be paper. A
251:, and settled in Australia in 1982. She initially resided on the
134:
34:
110:
96:
867:
1388:"Two weeks after her murder, nobody knows who 'Jane Doe' was"
248:
1487:(Television production). Sydney: Southern Star Productions.
18:
1991 Australian murder involving unique fingerprint evidence
398:
396:
293:
243:
Investigators obtained a copy of a lease for a property in
1057:
922:
920:
918:
718:
797:
795:
793:
393:
179:
indicated she had been further injured after her death.
1114:
975:
932:
879:
855:
843:
831:
819:
778:
766:
754:
730:
706:
682:
604:
592:
475:
473:
471:
944:
915:
891:
646:
634:
610:
574:
550:
504:
502:
500:
1461:(Television production). Sydney: Foxtel Productions.
1035:
1033:
903:
790:
456:
444:
432:
408:
996:
994:
992:
990:
965:
963:
961:
959:
526:
468:
232:and subsequently confirmed they belonged to Ruiz.
694:
497:
1458:Crime Investigation Australia, the body in the bag
1030:
383:
381:
1069:
1045:
1018:
1006:
987:
956:
807:
742:
670:
658:
622:
562:
538:
514:
485:
1509:
420:
378:
1164:
1063:
1368:"Police checks today in bid to identify body"
1348:"Many callers offer help in Jane Doe mystery"
1345:
1325:
724:
402:
133:Investigators eventually tracked White to
33:
1241:
1215:
1189:
950:
926:
897:
1454:
1305:
1283:
1261:
909:
801:
479:
324:
299:
234:
169:
1326:Papadopoulos, Nick (31 December 1991).
316:
1510:
1480:
1405:
1385:
1346:Papadopoulos, Nick (13 January 1992).
1190:Cornwall, Deborah (14 January 1992a).
1039:
981:
938:
885:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
784:
772:
760:
736:
712:
700:
688:
652:
640:
616:
580:
556:
508:
462:
450:
438:
414:
1365:
1216:Cornwall, Deborah (29 August 1992b).
491:
329:The Supreme Court of New South Wales
1548:Violence against women in Australia
1425:
1097:
1075:
1051:
1024:
1012:
1000:
969:
813:
748:
676:
664:
628:
568:
544:
532:
520:
426:
387:
13:
1428:"No bail for man in Jane Doe case"
1284:Hickman, Brenda (30 April 1992b).
1262:Hickman, Brenda (29 April 1992a).
14:
1559:
1533:December 1991 events in Australia
1242:Cornwall, Deborah (1 May 1992c).
226:
121:recognised her as Vivianne Ruiz.
1484:Forensic Investigators, Jane Doe
1406:Riley, Mark (21 January 1992b).
1386:Riley, Mark (11 January 1992a).
1366:Riley, Mark (30 December 1991).
1328:"Dead woman's identity a puzzle"
1133:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00271.x
311:Supreme Court of New South Wales
258:
211:
1426:Tom, Emma (15 September 1992).
1408:"Police find 100 missing girls"
1306:Jamieson, Tim (30 April 1992).
1085:
1286:"Grisly murder stuns Tyneside"
1264:"City swoop on murder suspect"
605:PetracoProniJackiwSapse (2006)
593:PetracoProniJackiwSapse (2006)
286:
165:
1:
1192:"Jane Doe kill case to begin"
1100:"The Jane Doe Murder Mystery"
371:
363:
152:
1218:"Murder suspect to fly back"
1121:Journal of Forensic Sciences
59:23-25 December 1991 (age 21)
7:
1441:– via Newspapers.com.
1421:– via Newspapers.com.
1401:– via Newspapers.com.
1381:– via Newspapers.com.
1361:– via Newspapers.com.
1341:– via Newspapers.com.
1321:– via Newspapers.com.
1301:– via Newspapers.com.
1279:– via Newspapers.com.
1257:– via Newspapers.com.
1170:[1996] NSWSC 1806
10:
1564:
1518:1990s murders in Australia
1528:1991 murders in Australia
1432:The Sydney Morning Herald
1412:The Sydney Morning Herald
1392:The Sydney Morning Herald
1372:The Sydney Morning Herald
1352:The Sydney Morning Herald
1332:The Sydney Morning Herald
1248:The Sydney Morning Herald
1223:The Sydney Morning Herald
1197:The Sydney Morning Herald
1104:Australian Police Journal
277:
92:
84:
70:
55:
41:
32:
25:
1523:1991 crimes in Australia
1455:Liebmann, Steve (2005).
1448:Television documentaries
1244:"Jane Doe murder charge"
292:1992. White was refused
253:Gold Coast in Queensland
141:by local detectives and
107:murder of Vivianne Ruiz
358:
330:
240:
194:forensic investigators
175:
79:ligature strangulation
1538:Female murder victims
1481:McCune, Lisa (2005).
1064:Regina v White (1996)
595:, pp. 1267–1275.
346:
328:
300:Pre-trial proceedings
238:
185:Sydney Morning Herald
173:
1176:(NSW, Australia)
607:, p. 1267-1275.
317:Trial and conviction
1098:Fay, Barry (1998).
1091:Academic literature
725:Papadopoulos (1992)
403:Papadopoulos (1991)
239:Kings Cross, Sydney
198:latent fingerprints
196:in the analysis of
71:Cause of death
65:, Sydney, Australia
27:Vivianne Lynda Ruiz
331:
241:
176:
1308:"Nephew arrested"
1291:Evening Chronicle
1269:Evening Chronicle
535:, pp. 65–66.
306:committal hearing
111:Sydney, Australia
103:
102:
1555:
1543:Murder in Sydney
1503:
1501:
1499:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1442:
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1418:
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1258:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1177:
1152:
1127:(6): 1267–1275.
1111:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
985:
979:
973:
967:
954:
951:Cornwall (1992a)
948:
942:
936:
930:
927:Cornwall (1992b)
924:
913:
907:
901:
898:Cornwall (1992c)
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
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811:
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430:
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406:
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391:
385:
116:On its removal,
88:28 December 1991
37:
23:
22:
1563:
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1558:
1557:
1556:
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1508:
1507:
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1334:
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1274:
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1038:
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1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
988:
980:
976:
968:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
916:
910:Jamieson (1992)
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
876:, 20.20, 26.05.
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
802:Hickman (1992b)
800:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
759:
755:
747:
743:
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731:
723:
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531:
527:
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486:
480:Hickman (1992a)
478:
469:
461:
457:
449:
445:
437:
433:
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409:
401:
394:
386:
379:
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366:
319:
302:
289:
280:
261:
229:
214:
206:German Shepherd
168:
155:
147:New South Wales
85:Body discovered
66:
60:
51:
46:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1561:
1551:
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1545:
1540:
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1505:
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1478:
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1443:
1423:
1403:
1383:
1363:
1343:
1323:
1303:
1281:
1259:
1239:
1235:Newspapers.com
1213:
1209:Newspapers.com
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1166:Regina v White
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1112:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
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1044:
1029:
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741:
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681:
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573:
561:
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537:
525:
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496:
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467:
455:
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431:
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365:
362:
318:
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279:
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260:
257:
228:
227:Identification
225:
213:
210:
167:
164:
154:
151:
101:
100:
94:
93:Known for
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
72:
68:
67:
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
26:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1560:
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1236:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:News articles
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:Supreme Court
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1078:, p. 99.
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1054:, p. 98.
1053:
1048:
1041:
1040:McCune (2005)
1036:
1034:
1027:, p. 97.
1026:
1021:
1015:, p. 96.
1014:
1009:
1003:, p. 95.
1002:
997:
995:
993:
991:
983:
982:McCune (2005)
978:
972:, p. 94.
971:
966:
964:
962:
960:
952:
947:
940:
939:McCune (2005)
935:
928:
923:
921:
919:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
886:McCune (2005)
882:
875:
874:McCune (2005)
870:
863:
862:McCune (2005)
858:
851:
850:McCune (2005)
846:
839:
838:McCune (2005)
834:
827:
826:McCune (2005)
822:
816:, p. 77.
815:
810:
803:
798:
796:
794:
786:
785:McCune (2005)
781:
774:
773:McCune (2005)
769:
762:
761:McCune (2005)
757:
751:, p. 78.
750:
745:
738:
737:McCune (2005)
733:
726:
721:
714:
713:McCune (2005)
709:
702:
701:Riley (1992b)
697:
690:
689:McCune (2005)
685:
679:, p. 61.
678:
673:
667:, p. 75.
666:
661:
654:
653:McCune (2005)
649:
642:
641:McCune (2005)
637:
631:, p. 68.
630:
625:
618:
617:McCune (2005)
613:
606:
601:
594:
589:
582:
581:McCune (2005)
577:
571:, p. 67.
570:
565:
558:
557:McCune (2005)
553:
547:, p. 66.
546:
541:
534:
529:
523:, p. 65.
522:
517:
510:
509:Riley (1992a)
505:
503:
501:
493:
488:
481:
476:
474:
472:
464:
463:McCune (2005)
459:
452:
451:McCune (2005)
447:
440:
439:McCune (2005)
435:
429:, p. 63.
428:
423:
416:
415:McCune (2005)
411:
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389:
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275:
271:
267:
264:
259:Richard White
256:
254:
250:
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237:
233:
224:
221:
217:
212:Investigation
209:
207:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
180:
174:A fingerprint
172:
163:
161:
150:
148:
144:
143:Scotland Yard
140:
136:
131:
128:
122:
119:
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98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
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76:
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69:
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58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
36:
31:
24:
21:
16:
1496:. Retrieved
1483:
1470:. Retrieved
1457:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1295:. Retrieved
1289:
1273:. Retrieved
1267:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1233:– via
1227:. Retrieved
1221:
1207:– via
1201:. Retrieved
1195:
1165:
1124:
1120:
1110:(2): 61–101.
1107:
1103:
1086:Bibliography
1071:
1059:
1047:
1020:
1008:
977:
953:, p. 4.
946:
934:
929:, p. 3.
912:, p. 2.
905:
900:, p. 2.
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
804:, p. 3.
780:
768:
756:
744:
732:
727:, p. 5.
720:
708:
703:, p. 3.
696:
684:
672:
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
552:
540:
528:
516:
511:, p. 3.
494:, p. 2.
492:Riley (1991)
487:
482:, p. 1.
458:
446:
434:
422:
410:
405:, p. 2.
390:, p. 5.
367:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:Peter Hidden
339:
336:
332:
320:
303:
290:
281:
272:
268:
265:
262:
245:King's Cross
242:
230:
222:
218:
215:
203:
184:
181:
177:
156:
132:
123:
118:fingerprints
115:
109:occurred in
106:
104:
75:Blunt trauma
20:
15:
1498:25 November
1472:25 November
1437:22 November
1417:22 November
1397:22 November
1377:24 November
1357:22 November
1337:24 November
1317:24 November
1312:The Journal
1297:23 November
1275:23 November
1253:23 November
1229:23 November
1203:22 November
1158:Legal cases
340:The judge,
287:Extradition
166:Post-mortem
127:Kings Cross
1512:Categories
1076:Fay (1998)
1052:Fay (1998)
1025:Fay (1998)
1013:Fay (1998)
1001:Fay (1998)
970:Fay (1998)
814:Fay (1998)
749:Fay (1998)
677:Fay (1998)
665:Fay (1998)
629:Fay (1998)
569:Fay (1998)
545:Fay (1998)
533:Fay (1998)
521:Fay (1998)
427:Fay (1998)
388:Tom (1992)
372:References
364:Sentencing
153:Background
45:5 May 1970
1493:225192145
1467:271558088
190:ninhydrin
139:Newcastle
63:Arncliffe
1149:25946518
1141:17199612
984:, 39.05.
941:, 29.10.
888:, 21.05.
864:, 23.20.
852:, 23.10.
840:, 16.40.
828:, 15.05.
787:, 14.10.
775:, 13.55.
763:, 13.05.
739:, 12.55.
715:, 12.15.
691:, 11.50.
160:ligature
655:, 9.05.
643:, 8.35.
619:, 7.35.
583:, 7.15.
559:, 6.05.
465:, 2.45.
453:, 2.35.
441:, 2.25.
417:, 2.05.
135:England
1491:
1465:
1147:
1139:
278:Arrest
99:victim
97:Murder
1168:
1145:S2CID
249:Spain
49:Spain
1500:2022
1489:OCLC
1474:2022
1463:OCLC
1439:2022
1419:2022
1399:2022
1379:2022
1359:2022
1339:2022
1319:2022
1299:2022
1277:2022
1255:2022
1231:2022
1205:2022
1137:PMID
294:bail
105:The
56:Died
42:Born
1129:doi
1514::
1430:.
1410:.
1390:.
1370:.
1350:.
1330:.
1310:.
1288:.
1266:.
1246:.
1220:.
1194:.
1172:,
1143:.
1135:.
1125:51
1123:.
1119:.
1108:52
1106:.
1102:.
1032:^
989:^
958:^
917:^
792:^
499:^
470:^
395:^
380:^
313:.
304:A
296:.
208:.
77:,
1502:.
1476:.
1237:.
1211:.
1151:.
1131::
1066:.
1042:.
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