Culture of Europe - Knowledge

3654: 3549: 3474: 1499: 3459: 975: 3684: 3209: 2176: 1242:. Mannerism, a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism, employed distortion of light and spatial frameworks in order to emphasize the emotional content of a painting and the emotions of the painter. Where High Renaissance art emphasizes proportion, balance, and ideal beauty, Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant. The style is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities. It favors compositional tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance paintings. 3624: 2430: 3957: 2958: 1182: 292: 900: 4561: 3227: 3609: 4550: 3594: 1160: 2299: 3489: 625: 4748: 3714: 1080: 3729: 2667: 3504: 2048: 315: 3444: 3579: 280: 2109: 1926: 3414: 3861: 2635: 1525: 342: 3789: 2157: 3759: 3429: 4260: 1822: 2354:. Embraced in the USA first, it spread to Europe. In contrast to Modernist buildings, Postmodern buildings have curved forms, decorative elements, asymmetry, bright colors, and features often borrowed from earlier periods. Colors and textures unrelated to the structure or function of the building. While rejecting the "puritanism" of modernism, it called for a return to ornament, and an accumulation of citations and collages borrowed from past styles. It borrowed freely from classical architecture, 2653: 1481: 2607: 2621: 3946: 3774: 2593: 178: 3744: 3399: 2416: 1802: 1490: 3968: 2736: 3804: 2725: 3833: 2969: 3534: 3218: 1603: 3564: 4762: 324: 76: 1736: 3669: 754: 441: 3819: 35: 3847: 1618:: Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous music, sharing common features in rural, traveling, or maritime communities. Folk music is embedded in an unwritten, oral tradition, but was increasingly transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards. Many classical composers used folk melodies, and folk music continues to influence popular music in Europe, however its prominence varies across countries. See the 2871: 3699: 4245: 3639: 225: 4874:, quoted in Berting (2006:52). Cf. Davies (1996:15): "No two lists of the main constituents of European civilization would ever coincide. But many items have always featured prominently: from the roots of the Christian world in Greece, Rome and Judaism to modern phenomena such as the Enlightenment, modernization, romanticism, nationalism, liberalism, imperialism, totalitarianism." 3519: 2105:. From the 17th century, Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism. It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century, and continued to be popular in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings. 2231:. These revivals often used elements of the original style in a freer way than original examples, sometimes borrowing from multiple styles at once. At Alnwick Castle, for example, Gothic revival elements were added to the exterior of the original medieval castle, while the interiors were designed in a Renaissance style. 1277:. Religious and political themes are widely explored within the Baroque artistic context, and both paintings and sculptures are characterized by a strong element of drama, emotion, and theatricality. Baroque art was particularly ornate and elaborate in nature, often using rich, warm colors with dark undertones. 1339:. In many ways, Neoclassicism can be seen as a political movement as well as an artistic and cultural one. Neoclassical art places emphasis on order, symmetry, and classical simplicity; common themes in Neoclassical art include courage and war, as were commonly explored in ancient Greek and Roman art. 5174:

Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information (from his characters and from the audience) and engaging

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and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD. Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalized characteristics, both of structure and decoration. The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture, in particular the division of architectural style into three

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was strongly influenced by its classical heritage but distinguished itself by the development of a new, abstract, aesthetic, marked by anti-naturalism and a favor for symbolism. The subject matter of monumental Byzantine art was primarily religious and imperial: the two themes are often combined, as

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and survives mainly in the form of high-status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex, elegant, and mostly abstract designs, often using curving and spiral forms. Full-length human figures of any size are so rare that their absence may represent a religious taboo. As the Romans conquered Celtic

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forms a distinct group with the human figure the main focus, often seen in large groups, with battles, dancing, and hunting all represented, as well as other activities and details such as clothing. The figures are generally rather sketchily depicted in thin paint, with the relationships between the

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rejected the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists, specifically the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism, favoring instead a more individual and emotional approach to the arts. Emphasis was placed on nature, especially when aiming to portray the power and beauty of the natural world, and

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Whilst there are a great number of perspectives that can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing concept of European culture. Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe. One list of these

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in the late 19th century over the treatment of injured players. Rugby league gradually changed its laws over the next century with the result that today both sports have little in common, apart from the basics. They have both been carried abroad by colonization, particularly to many former British

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has been the dominant religion shaping European culture for at least the last 1700 years. Modern philosophical thought has very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus. And throughout most of its history, European values have been nearly synonymous with

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began in Brussels in 1903–04. Early buildings had clean lines, rectangular forms, and no decoration on the facades; they marked a clean break with the Art Nouveau style. After the First World War, art deco buildings of steel and reinforced concrete began to appear in large cities across Europe and

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plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials, and is most frequently seen in churches. Plenty of examples of this architecture

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The awareness that East and West were not only different regions of the world but also regions filled with different peoples, with different cultures, worshipping different gods and, most crucially, holding different views on how best to live their lives, we owe not to an Asian but to a Western

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emerged, which sought to accurately portray the conditions and hardships of the poor in the hopes of changing society. In contrast with Romanticism, which was essentially optimistic about mankind, Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. While Romanticism glorified nature, Realism

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in France. Rococo art was even more elaborate than the Baroque, but it was less serious and more playful. The artistic movement no longer placed emphasis on politics and religion, focusing instead on lighter themes such as romance, celebration, and appreciation of nature. Furthermore, it sought

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was a reaction against the eclectic styles which dominated European architecture in the second half of the 19th century. It was expressed through decoration. The buildings were covered with ornament in curving forms, based on flowers, plants, or animals: butterflies, peacocks, swans, irises,

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in the 15th century or later, depending on the region. The Romanesque style was greatly influenced by Byzantine and Insular art. Religious art, such as church sculpture and decorated manuscripts, was particularly prominent. Art of the period was characterized by a very vigorous style in both

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stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the human body, in which largely nude male figures were generally the focus of innovation. The rate of stylistic development between about 750 and 300 BC was remarkable by ancient

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began in the 18th century as a counter-movement opposing Rococo. It desired for a return to the simplicity, order, and 'purism' of classical antiquity, especially ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as

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Cederman (2001:2) remarks: "Given the absence of an explicit legal definition and the plethora of competing identities, it is indeed hard to avoid the conclusion that Europe is an essentially contested concept." Cf. also Davies (1996:15); Berting

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is primarily portraiture derived from the upper classes of society as well as depictions of the gods. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in

5266:(1953), Stanford University Press, p.2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization — the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo - Graeco - Christianity, Catholic and Protestant. 2084:

as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities. The style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia, and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact

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began in the early 14th and lasted until the early 17th century. It demonstrates a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman architectural thought and material culture, particularly the

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cyclamens, orchids, and water lilies. Façades were asymmetrical, and often decorated with polychrome ceramic tiles. The decoration usually suggested movement; there was no distinction between the structure and the ornament.

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conceptualized what it was that divided Europe and Asia, differentiating Europe, as the West (where the sun sets), from the East (where the sun rises). A later concept of Europe as a cultural sphere emerged during the

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in Spain, but cave art exists across the continent. Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces, but fewer of those paintings have survived because of erosion. One well-known example is the rock paintings of

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which appeared in the 1980s, which gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building. It is characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry. Its name comes from the idea of

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the United States. Buildings became more decorated, and interiors were extremely colorful and dynamic, combining sculpture, murals, and ornate geometric design in marble, glass, ceramics, and stainless steel.

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emotions. Romantic art often used colors in order to express feelings and emotions. Romantic art was inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art and mythology, but also takes much of its aesthetic qualities from

2330:. The style was individualistic, but tendencies include Distortion of form for an emotional effect, efforts at achieving the new, original, and visionary, and a conception of architecture as a work of art. 5044:

Building on concepts from the Near East, Greeks originated the idea of the West as a separate region, identifying Europe as the West (where the sun sets) and different from the East (where the sun rises).

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The concept of the Western world, as opposed to other parts of the world, was born in ancient Greece, specifically in the years 480-479 BCE, when the ancient Greek city states fought against the powerful

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had a huge influence on many fields of European philosophy (as European philosophy has been on Christian thought too), sometimes as a reaction. Many political ideologies were theorized in Europe, such as

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styles that were popular in the 19th century. Modernist architecture continued to be the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into the 1980s, when it was challenged by

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in Europe, the figurative sculpture was greatly reduced, and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until the Roman period, despite some works such as the

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onwards. Small ivories were also mostly in relief. The so-called "minor arts" were very important in Byzantine art, and luxury items, including ivories carved in relief as formal presentation

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developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially England and Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century. Gothic art was often

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In contrast, Baroque art took the representationalism of the Renaissance to new heights, emphasizing detail, movement, lighting, and drama. Perhaps the best-known Baroque painters are

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sculpture and painting. Colors tended to be very striking and mostly primary. Compositions usually had little depth, and needed to be flexible to be squeezed into the shapes of

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culture, which existed in France and Spain from 19,000 BC to 15,000 BC. The earliest dyed flax fibers have been found in a cave in Georgia and date back to 36,000 BP. See

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were both created in England. They both have similar origins to football. Rugby Union is the older of the two codes and has rules that date from 1845 (see articles:

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Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realizations". The concept of European culture is arguably linked to the classical definition of the

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Medieval art can be broadly categorized into the Byzantine art of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Gothic art that emerged in Western Europe over the same period.

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upon the European culture: "It is in Christianity that our arts have developed; it is in Christianity that the laws of Europe have--until recently--been rooted."

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was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting and sculpture, but was also strongly influenced by the more local

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In addition, Europe has numerous national or regional sports which do not command a large international following outside of emigrant groups. These include:

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The cuisines of European countries are diverse by themselves, although there are common characteristics that distinguish European cooking from cuisines of

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to make buildings that were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the empire, sometimes complete and still in use.

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Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...

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Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...

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gathering athletes from different European countries. These teams use the European flag as an emblem. The most famous of these competitions is the

3473: 7122: 7050: 7003: 5152: 4991: 7359: 6316: 3458: 361: 7302: 5457: 5406: 1528: 1114:, but was also influenced by the art of Northern Europe and contemporary scientific knowledge. Renaissance artists painted a wide variety of 2097:(1508–1580). Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective, and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the 804:

of Italy. The sculpture was perhaps considered as the highest form of art by Romans, but figure painting was also very highly regarded. The

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in nature, showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the

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and others. Compared with traditional cooking of Asian countries, for example, meat is more prominent and substantial in serving-size.

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According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970), these changes were largely result of the

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in general. Rococo soon fell out of favor, being seen by many as a gaudy and superficial movement emphasizing aesthetics over meaning.

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changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, often showing the refined manners of a courtly lady.

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established the first cinema studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil, near Paris. Some notable European film movements include

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cycles, and small works for private devotion were very popular. Painters in both Italy and northern Europe frequently turned to

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Gothic art developed from Romanesque art in Northern France in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of

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principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the

119: 3608: 6839: 6710: 6560: 6309: 5610: 5037: 4524: 4206: 2701: 2343: 1071:—as a result, because of better record-keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous. 93: 48: 1222:, the effect of using a strong contrast between light and dark to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. 6632: 5947: 5889: 5716: 5691: 5660: 5635: 5582: 5554: 5526: 5498: 5390: 4958: 4434:

and others are variations of bowling games which are popular throughout Europe and have been spread around the world.

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A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees

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emerged as a distinct style in northern Italy from around 1420, in parallel with developments which occurred in

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Europe underwent social change and transition from the Middle Ages to modernisation, when the cultural movement

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A rich and dynamic material culture, parts of which have been extended to the other continents as the result of

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is a form of modern architecture that began during the first decades of the 20th century, in parallel with the

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buildings and other local traditions. It is known for its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy

1340: 3145:, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians. The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the 2838:

and most other parts of the world which have fallen under its influence. The Greek schools of philosophy in

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class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works. Increased literacy and a growing body of

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mainly comprises sculpture and rock art. It includes the oldest known representation of the human body, the

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and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion. It was, initially at least, directly linked to the

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in the portraits of later Byzantine emperors that decorated the interior of the sixth-century church of

821:. Such painting can be grouped into four main "styles" or periods and may contain the first examples of 7380: 7083: 6912: 6639: 6517: 6495: 6257: 6209: 6079: 6074: 3883: 2310: 2302: 2220: 1947: 1891: 1886: 1841: 1439: 5547:

The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside story of How the Pope Was Elected and What it Means for the World

3398: 943:. It covers many different styles of art including the polychrome style and the Scythian and Germanic 7290: 7095: 6868: 6602: 6577: 4983: 4663:

2000: Avignon, Bergen, Bologna, Brussels, Helsinki, Kraków, Prague, Reykjavík, Santiago de Compostela

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styles all took place, alongside revivals of the Classical styles. Regional styles, such as English

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Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama's Challenge to Patriarchy's Threat to Democracy

5464: 5413: 3758: 7285: 6725: 6694: 6219: 6181: 5444:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 4805: 4198: 3803: 3773: 3193: 3166: 3146: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2620: 2592: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2489: 2383: 2334: 2292: 2287: 1996: 1942: 1879: 1751: 1677:. Popular music can vary considerably across Europe. Styles of music from nations formerly under 1508: 1207: 1181: 1165: 1153: 1140:

that had already had a strong influence on Medieval artists. Interest in classical antiquity and

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is a predominant strand of philosophy globally, and is central to philosophical enquiry in the

2803: 2478: 2141: 2089: 1951: 1903: 1790: 1658: 1578: 1405: 1335:. Neoclassicism had become widespread in Europe throughout the 18th century, especially in the 1099: 1095: 983: 291: 199: 133: 54: 3743: 2429: 2322:. In the 1950s, the second movement of expressionist architecture developed, initiated by the 520:

A plurality of states with different political orders, which share new ideas with one another.

7297: 6109: 6069: 6049: 6029: 5932: 5882: 4795: 3949: 3189: 2961: 2795: 2644: 2571: 1963: 1274: 1191: 704: 3832: 3149:, who made up 32% of European Christians. About 19% of European Christians were part of the 2407:. The finished visual appearance is characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos. 2338:

emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of

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includes the art of the Germanic tribes on the continent, as well the start of the distinct

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of the late 8th and early 9th century, limited to the territories of Europe that practiced

571: 476: 333: 195: 5745: 5279:(2004), p.111:three mighty founders of Western culture, namely Socrates, Jesus, and Plato. 5209: 728:

groups of humans and animals more carefully depicted than individual figures. Prehistoric

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encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade

1060: 1042: 1022: 1011: 857: 827: 696: 664: 629: 548: 540: 6237: 2567: 2047: 1381: 1195: 616:, from the 15th to 16th century, spread values and art techniques across the continent. 7252: 7221: 7211: 6689: 6653: 6443: 6365: 6159: 6149: 6099: 6059: 6017: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5957: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5786: 5774: 5094: 4544: 4500: 4419: 4187:, with Germany having been involved in both the first women's and men's internationals. 3960: 3533: 3336: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3236: 3226: 2952: 2892: 2825: 2773: 2751: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2441: 2323: 2125: 1972: 1433:

was a literary as well as an artistic movement. Other contemporary movements were more

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has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the

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and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as

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is a distinct subset of Baroque, leading to the development of secular genres such as

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Christianity has undoubtedly shaped European identity, culture, destiny, and history.

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found in Europe and the Mediterranean were also erected in the Neolithic period. See

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dominated Western and Central Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the

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was derived from and inspired by the designs of the Italian Renaissance architect

279: 7349: 7256: 7243: 7231: 7206: 7196: 7132: 6341: 5793: 5762: 5752: 5533:..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization. 5505:..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization. 5228: 5057: 5025: 4948: 4810: 4800: 4790: 4476: 4357: 4343: 4176: 4018:(1872). It is now the world's most popular sport and is played throughout Europe. 3940: 3600: 3570: 3291: 2996: 2744: 2626: 2548: 2404: 2396: 2137: 2094: 2028: 1821: 1512: 1462: 1393: 1090: 1030: 1006: 960: 956: 889: 869: 805: 767: 733: 660: 5277:

Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul And Its Ascetic Practices

2031:. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great 6772: 6453: 4944: 4815: 4767: 4496: 4120: 4098: 4067: 4003: 3361: 3240: 2709: 2640: 2612: 2436:

was a Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time

2388: 1907: 1895: 1858: 1850: 1782: 1678: 1552: 1430: 1423: 1399: 1387: 1346: 1336: 1288: 1211: 1034: 1026: 995: 964: 893: 3023:". Many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified 2270:. It was based upon new technologies of construction, particularly the use of 1681:

enrich this variation, with their native musical traditions having fused with

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that emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after

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in Ukraine, regarded as one of the most impressive metro stations in Europe.

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was a hallmark of nineteenth-century European architecture. Revivals of the

2027:(which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture), and the 1480: 707:. The oldest European cave art dates back to 40,800 and can be found in the 6478: 6473: 4321: 4229: 4190: 4108: 4086: 3675: 3480: 3197: 3174: 3117: 3048: 2983: 2347: 2327: 2267: 2263: 2102: 2024: 1911: 1899: 1055:

art came into its own during the gothic period alongside the creation of a

952: 944: 853: 801: 679:, from about 30,000 BC, the oldest undisputed piece of figurative art. The 668: 556: 544: 510: 460: 389: 303: 4399: 4264: 2673: 2415: 1801: 792:

are famous and influential examples of the Ancient Greek decorative arts.

177: 6740: 6468: 6458: 4516: 4484: 4389: 4280: 4233: 4194: 4162: 4049: 4033: 3967: 3852: 3824: 3510: 3465: 3269: 3020: 2563: 2433: 2234: 2224: 2160: 2016: 1967: 1966:. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of a very regular, 1959: 1871: 1867: 1854: 1770: 1546: 1489: 1362: 1314: 1219: 979: 936: 931: 832: 818: 684: 613: 567: 560: 499: 468: 456: 4411: 1785:, Scotland, are stone-built Neolithic settlements dating from 3,500 BC. 1630:: Europe has imported many different genres of popular music, including 6669: 6294: 4455: 4136: 3765: 3615: 3585: 3555: 3150: 3138: 3130: 3000: 2848: 2831: 2735: 2371: 2191: 2076:, and the regularity of parts of ancient buildings. Developed first in 1862: 1778: 1739: 1642: 1631: 1614: 1466: 1372: 1284: 1119: 1001: 968: 729: 692: 425: 417: 409: 5243: 4491:

in golf. Some sporting organizations hold European Championships like

3157:

is the largest Christian country in Europe by population, followed by

2968: 2724: 2318:

visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in

2223:, were also revived, as well as non-European styles, such as Chinese ( 1594:

styles that emerged after 1900 and which continue to the present day.

1429:

portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland. Like Romanticism,

5849: 5777:, Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Volume 2, 1898 5013: 4967: 4858:

Cf. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51-56).

4785: 4488: 4132: 4128: 4063: 4045: 3889: 3720: 3420: 3134: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2363: 2183: 2032: 1806: 1786: 1743: 1670: 1666: 1654: 1602: 1310: 1232: 1145: 1056: 796: 597: 488: 484: 421: 393: 353: 5867: 5108:"Leo Tolstoy | Biography, Books, Religion, & Facts | Britannica" 4609:

Each year since 1985 one or more cities across Europe are chosen as

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provide the basis of philosophical discourse that extends to today.

955:

in Western Europe, which are normally classified by region, such as

75: 6829: 5843: 4569: 4472: 4451: 4441: 4437: 4329: 4315: 4158: 4094: 4011: 3705: 3381: 3377: 3084: 3074: 2875: 2835: 2575: 2456: 2392: 2248: 2077: 2073: 2065: 1735: 1674: 1376: 1368: 1306: 917: 831:

grew out of Roman popular, and later Imperial, art and adapted its

810: 763: 472: 429: 405: 323: 6380: 4761: 1746:, England, is one of the world's best known megalithic structures. 1443:, which attempted to return art to its state of "purity" prior to 753: 440: 5838: 4836:

A Concise History of Modern Europe: Liberty, Equality, Solidarity

4406: 4393: 4385: 4375: 4298: 4268: 4225: 4184: 4180: 4116: 4112: 4071: 4059: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4010:

of England (1863), and the first international match was between

3660: 3540: 3158: 3008: 2856: 2319: 2168: 1829: 1825: 1765:

was a long, narrow timber dwelling built by the first farmers in

1662: 1444: 1238: 1215: 1052: 814: 672: 536: 464: 444: 377: 365: 5628:

Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917–1957

1202:

Techniques characteristic of Renaissance art include the use of

1067:

were formed, and artists were often required to be members of a

896:

were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era.

6411: 4465: 4459: 4447: 4415: 4333: 4311: 4294: 4290: 4237: 4221: 4172: 4075: 4041: 3750: 3435: 3385: 3369: 3154: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3012: 2976: 2713: 2685: 2355: 2164: 2145: 2004: 1984: 1846: 1814: 1810: 1766: 1300: 1123: 951:, Migration Period art developed into various schools of Early 913: 865: 717: 637: 381: 357: 284: 5852:, The European Library, gateway to Europe's national libraries 2531:

realized, on 28 December 1895, the first projection, with the

5733:

Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue

5188:"Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani" 4431: 4427: 4337: 4325: 4307: 4286: 4244: 4029: 3888:

The earliest definite examples of needles originate from the

3373: 3365: 3162: 3064: 2879: 2681: 2275: 2271: 2187: 2036: 2020: 1836:, is a mixture of Western and Eastern architectural cultures. 1635: 1607: 1137: 1064: 1037:. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of 401: 369: 5855: 5755: 4070:

is the world's most-watched live annual sporting event. The

6751:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

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Worlds at War The 2,500-Year Struggle Between East and West

4613:, an EU initiative. Here are the past and future capitals: 4532: 4512: 4150: 4146: 3525: 3357: 2677: 1919: 1915: 1646: 413: 5677: 5675: 5240:

Religions in Global Society - Page 146, Peter Beyer - 2006

5073:

The Medieval Winter Fairytale of Tallinn – Journey Wonders

2054:, Florence, Italy, an example of Renaissance architecture. 5650: 5084:

The Many Faces Of Architecture Of Tallinn – Visit Tallinn

3169:. Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of 3004: 1704:

European Film Academy Achievement in Fiction Series Award

1657:. Various modern genres named after Europe are rooted in 1320: 1305:

inspiration from the artistic forms and ornamentation of

1136:(1260), a highly influential sourcebook for the lives of 856:

in Constantinople. However, the Byzantines inherited the

385: 244:

any relevant information into other sections or articles.

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Ukraine and Russia: From Civilied Divorce to Uncivil War

5251:

An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects

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from England now popular in northwest Europe from which

523:

Respect for peoples, states, and nations outside Europe.

5672: 4040:. It is however, very popular worldwide, especially in 3364:

are often utilized in the cooking process. Wheat-flour

2243: 2042: 1902:

style. The two styles are often considered one body of

1769:

beginning at least as early as the period 5000 to 6000

1230:

Renaissance Classicism spawned two different movements—

632:, figure from between 28,000 and 25,000 BC. Now in the 5709:

African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity

5605:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. 5282: 5095:

Tallinn – European Capital of Culture 2011 application

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A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from

5846:- online European culture magazine (EU London Office) 3019:" has been intimately connected with the concept of " 4776:

Compendium of cultural policies and trends in Europe

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Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

1898:, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new 1298:

By the 18th century, Baroque art had developed into

531:. In this definition, Western culture is the set of 360:

dating back to the 6th century BC, preserved in the

5684:

Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017

5682:Zurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019). 5290:

Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices

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2010: Essen (representing the Ruhr), Istanbul, Pécs

3165:. In 2012 Europe constituted in absolute terms the 100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6763:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 5601:Byrnes, Timothy A.; Katzenstein, Peter J. (2006). 5328: 5151: 4866: 4864: 2115:in Portugal is an example of Baroque architecture. 780:standards, and in surviving works is best seen in 5681: 5651:Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos, Archimandrite (2017). 5630:. New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 243. 5600: 5493:. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 177. 5331:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission 5320: 5256: 1796: 7372: 4066:, has most of its sporting adherents in Europe. 4062:, which is also immensely popular as a means of 1582:from approximately 1600 to 1900, as well as the 1225: 5711:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2–4. 5625: 5438: 5436: 5434: 4861: 4119:having the oldest federation. It is popular in 737:territories, the style vanished, except in the 6721:Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) 5488: 5175:the emotions of the audience like no one else. 4966:people: the Greeks. It was a Greek historian, 2995:is said to have been the predominant force in 2015:first appearing during the latter part of the 1817:, is an example of Ancient Greek architecture. 6944:Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 6396: 6310: 5883: 2728:Renaissanse-era mathematician and astronomer 2692:The cinema of Europe has its own awards, the 2403:shapes which appear to distort and dislocate 2395:analysis developed by the French philosopher 687:carvings in bone or antler of animals in the 5516: 5431: 5385:(reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108. 5306:(reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108. 5269: 5055: 4149:, one of the most popular sports in Europe, 2171:, an example of Gothic revival architecture. 2151: 1194:, 1876, oil on canvas, height: 131 cm, 667:, dating from 40,000 to 35,000 BC, found in 5380: 5355: 5301: 5030:The Making of the West: People and Cultures 1890:adopted the external language of classical 1756: 1379:. Among the greatest Romantic artists were 1269:. Baroque art is often seen as part of the 725:Rock Art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6628:Sovereign states and dependent territories 6403: 6389: 6317: 6303: 5890: 5876: 5812:Europe: A Heritage, a Challenge, a Promise 5739: 5572: 5521:. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. 5381:Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). 5356:Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). 5302:Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). 5213:, n°hors-série, Paris, April 2000, p. 32 ( 5153:"The top 21 British directors of all time" 4111:, as a modern game, began in 18th century 2483: 2282:; and upon a rejection of the traditional 2262:is a term applied to a group of styles of 825:, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape. 732:is another distinct grouping from much of 596:In the 5th century BCE, Greek philosopher 6746:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 5706: 5626:Hewitson, Mark; D’Auria, Matthew (2012). 5180: 2763:History of science in classical antiquity 2472: 2124:began in 16th-century Italy. It took the 1357:are among the best-known neoclassicists. 267:Learn how and when to remove this message 160:Learn how and when to remove this message 6711:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 6324: 5544: 5249:Cambridge University Historical Series, 5133:"PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE" 4953:. Oxford University Press. pp. xi. 4559: 4548: 4258: 4243: 3966: 3955: 3944: 3368:has long been the most common source of 2967: 2956: 2869: 2734: 2723: 2428: 2414: 2297: 2174: 2155: 2107: 2046: 1936: 1924: 1820: 1800: 1734: 1601: 1523: 1180: 1158: 1078: 973: 898: 752: 683:of about 11,000 BCE is among the finest 623: 451:elements given by K. Bochmann includes: 439: 340: 290: 278: 6484:Crisis situations and unrest since 2000 5808: 5450: 5335:. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press. 5130: 4904: 4892: 4781:Cultural policies of the European Union 4684:2007: Sibiu, Luxembourg, Greater Region 4036:. It is also popular in other areas in 4028:. It is popular throughout England and 3341:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment 2789: 2450: 1906:. Roman architecture flourished in the 1878:, was to have a profound effect on the 1418:In response to these changes caused by 1360:Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, 1273:— the revival of spiritual life in the 1110:. It took as its foundation the art of 920:, Italy. An example of Renaissance art. 576:Notes Towards the Definition of Culture 14: 7373: 6959:European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 5399: 5275:Horst Hutter, University of New York, 5149: 5062:. K.K. Publications. pp. 125–127. 4981: 4943: 4838:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2. 3993: 2778: 2461: 1853:flourished on the Greek mainland, the 1321:Neoclassical, Romanticism, and Realism 963:, before the continent-wide styles of 287:, including transcontinental countries 6384: 6298: 5897: 5871: 5264:Christianity and Western Civilization 4994:from the original on 1 October 2022. 4833: 4598: 4240:. It is popular throughout the world. 3390:European colonization of the Americas 2785:History of science in the Renaissance 1932:in Spain is Gothic style architecture 5655:. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. 5326: 4717:2018: Valletta, Malta and Leeuwarden 4538: 4509:FIRA - Association of European Rugby 4314:, and which has been brought to the 3274: 3167:world's largest Christian population 3033:Religion in Europe according to the 2756: 2494: 2244:20th-century and modern architecture 2140:to reform itself in response to the 2043:Renaissance and baroque architecture 1700:List of European television stations 1562:(1400–1600), but sometimes includes 1309:, resulting in the rise in favor of 864:in religious art, and produced only 218: 171: 98:adding citations to reliable sources 69: 28: 6825:European Union Customs Union (EUCU) 6808:European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 6410: 5032:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 4. 4872:L'idée d'Europe jusqu'au XXè siècle 4483:Some sports competitions feature a 3179:a prominent role in the development 2800:Science in the Age of Enlightenment 2767: 1529:The Mystery of the Bulgarian Voices 813:, in Southern Italy, especially at 563:, and is not restricted to Europe. 24: 6954:Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC) 6731:European Political Community (EPC) 4254: 4175:and elsewhere, has its origins in 4161:, with the oldest course being at 3307: 2702:Berlin International Film Festival 2324:Ronchamp Chapel Notre-Dame-du-Haut 2019:. Its characteristics include the 1534: 1214:, to create an illusion of depth; 1074: 982:and his court, from the church of 654: 25: 7392: 5832: 5150:Avedon, Richard (14 April 2007). 5059:A Handbook of Political Geography 4587: 4503:(Club/Regional competition), the 2808: 1715:Lists of radio stations in Europe 1375:, as well as later mythology and 296:The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter 235:list of miscellaneous information 44:This article has multiple issues. 6439:Bibliography of European history 5458:"The Global Religious Landscape" 5407:"The Global Religious Landscape" 4760: 4746: 4521:Rugby League European Federation 3880:History of clothing and textiles 3859: 3845: 3831: 3817: 3802: 3787: 3772: 3757: 3742: 3727: 3712: 3697: 3682: 3667: 3652: 3637: 3622: 3607: 3592: 3577: 3562: 3547: 3532: 3517: 3502: 3487: 3472: 3457: 3442: 3427: 3412: 3397: 3263: 3225: 3216: 3207: 2815:Science and Technology in Europe 2665: 2651: 2633: 2619: 2605: 2591: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1187:Dance at Le moulin de la Galette 1175:Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome 748: 640:. An example of prehistoric art. 475:, the political thinking of the 322: 313: 223: 176: 74: 33: 7106:Social (and financial) rankings 6908:Financial (and social) rankings 6818:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly 5802: 5780: 5768: 5725: 5700: 5644: 5619: 5603:Religion in an Expanding Europe 5594: 5566: 5538: 5510: 5482: 5374: 5360:(reprint ed.). CUA Press. 5349: 5295: 5234: 5202: 5164:from the original on 2022-01-12 5143: 5124: 5100: 5088: 5077: 5066: 5049: 5006: 4982:Shvili, Jason (26 April 2021). 4975: 4002:, which has its origins in the 3196:in the former Soviet Union and 3105: 2973:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 2931: 2874:Artwork depicting philosophers 2739:Physicist and developer of the 2011:("French work"), with the term 1962:, large towers, and decorative 1730: 1597: 838: 85:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 6726:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 5864:, EU Culture Portal (archived) 5818:, Eburon Academic Publishers, 5489:A. J. Richards, David (2010). 5463:. Pewforum.org. Archived from 5412:. Pewforum.org. Archived from 5190:(in Italian). 30 December 2021 4937: 4919: 4910: 4852: 4842: 4827: 4594:Politics of the European Union 3252: 2908: 2003:. Originating in 12th century 1797:Ancient classical architecture 1014:, column capitals, and church 384:is diverse, and rooted in its 13: 1: 6949:Eurasian Customs Union (EACU) 4821: 4143:, may derive from this sport. 4024:has its origins in southeast 3303:History of the Jews in Europe 2819: 2684:, the largest film studio in 2410: 2379:Deconstructivist architecture 1719: 1693: 1226:Mannerism, Baroque and Rococo 1061:secular vernacular literature 435: 300:Basilica Papale di San Pietro 6803:European Economic Area (EEA) 4711:2016: San Sebastián, Wrocław 4228:, and related games such as 4006:. The oldest association is 3977: 3372:in this cuisine, along with 3181:of the European culture and 3099: Other religions (0.1%) 3021:Christianity and Christendom 2886: 2882:during the classical period 1726:List of newspapers in Europe 1571: 1550:, which generally comprises 935:or Hiberno-Saxon art of the 689:art of the Upper Paleolithic 7: 6675:International organisations 6502:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5383:Crisis in Western Education 5358:Crisis in Western Education 5304:Crisis in Western Education 5220:Histoire des communications 5131:Universalis, Encyclopædia. 4739: 4611:European Capital of Culture 4605:European Capital of Culture 4576: 4529:Sport in the European Union 3982: 3281:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe 3121:is the largest religion in 2946: 2897: 2180:Palau de la Música Catalana 1910:and even more so under the 1620:list of European folk music 1544:This broad era encompasses 1539: 189:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 7397: 7066:Electricity use per capita 6573:Largest metropolitan areas 5792:November 12, 2007, at the 5707:Ogbonnaya, Joseph (2017). 5577:. Routledge. p. 170. 5575:Europe: A Cultural History 5573:Rietbergen, Peter (2014). 4732: 4728: 4687:2008: Liverpool, Stavanger 4602: 4542: 4179:. The modern game is from 3938: 3884:History of Western fashion 3877: 3873: 3349: 3345: 3326: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3109: 3093: Folk religion (0.1%) 3035:Global Religious Landscape 2950: 2823: 2749: 2719: 2521: 2498: 2487: 2476: 2465: 2454: 2439: 2311:Expressionist architecture 2303:Zoloti Vorota (Kyiv Metro) 2039:, and churches of Europe. 1887:Ancient Roman architecture 1842:Ancient Greek architecture 1828:, the medieval capital of 1749: 1723: 1712: 1697: 1683:Ottoman musical influences 1460: 1440:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 892:, jewelry, metalwork, and 770:. An example of Roman art. 745:of the Early Middle Ages. 741:, where it influenced the 691:. At the beginning of the 643: 589: 585: 483:, and the developments of 352:: metope from Temple Y of 7327: 7266: 7148: 7091: 7082: 7051:Health expense per capita 6967: 6936: 6898: 6894: 6885: 6771: 6703: 6665: 6661: 6652: 6551: 6542: 6510: 6431: 6422: 6330: 6276: 6228: 6190: 5905: 4505:European SC Championships 4364:) which was taken to the 4352:Australian rules football 4218:are derivatives of rugby. 3259:Catholic Church in Europe 3194:switching to Christianity 3057: No religion (18.2%) 2919: 2643:, first president of the 2360:neoclassical architecture 2284:neoclassical architecture 2152:19th-century architecture 1280:Dutch Golden Age painting 939:and Celtic fusion in the 578:, credited the prominent 515:liberty of the individual 487:, including all types of 7281:Childhood population (%) 7016:GNI (nominal) per capita 6498:hybrid variant (2020-22) 5858:European Digital Library 5288:Fred Reinhard Dallmayr, 5137:Encyclopædia Universalis 4720:2019: Plovdiv and Matera 4699:2012: Guimarães, Maribor 4493:European Cricket Council 4332:, and parts of southern 4139:, popular in Europe and 4074:itself is probably from 4008:The Football Association 3934: 3894:Clothing in ancient Rome 3285: 2999:, guiding the course of 2696:. Main festivals : 2405:elements of architecture 2368:Arts and Crafts movement 2352:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 2236:Art Nouveau architecture 2136:, a movement within the 2130:Renaissance architecture 2060:Renaissance architecture 2001:Renaissance architecture 1971:are found alongside the 1894:for the purposes of the 1757:Prehistoric architecture 1708: 1688: 1517:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 1456: 1450:Arts and Crafts Movement 1291:of everyday scenes, and 762:, statue of the emperor 634:Naturhistorisches Museum 232:This article contains a 202:may contain suggestions. 187:may need to be rewritten 6716:Council of Europe (CoE) 6695:Transatlantic relations 5545:L. Allen, John (2005). 5517:D'Anieri, Paul (2019). 5227:19 October 2013 at the 4806:Romano-Germanic culture 4723:2020: Galway and Rijeka 4702:2013: Marseille, Košice 4669:2002: Bruges, Salamanca 4232:, derive from the game 4199:History of rugby league 3989:History of the Olympics 3129:considering themselves 2942:Contemporary philosophy 2938:20th-century philosophy 2517: 2513:contemporary literature 2509:20th century literature 2505:19th century literature 2501:18th century literature 2490:Early Modern literature 2484:Early modern literature 2384:postmodern architecture 2335:Postmodern architecture 1997:Romanesque architecture 1943:Romanesque architecture 1752:History of architecture 1509:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1437:in nature, such as the 1166:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa 986:, Italy. An example of 876:or caskets such as the 782:Ancient Greek sculpture 759:Augustus of Prima Porta 603:Carolingian Renaissance 570:laureate in Literature 5948:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5850:TheEuropeanLibrary.org 4666:2001: Rotterdam, Porto 4573: 4557: 4272: 4251: 4224:which originates from 4203:History of rugby union 4171:, which is popular in 4097:have their origins in 4080:History of the bicycle 3974: 3964: 3953: 3796:Zürcher Geschnetzeltes 3601:pelēkie zirņi ar speķi 3270:Protestant Reformation 3171:Christian civilization 3112:Christianity in Europe 2980: 2965: 2915:Renaissance philosophy 2883: 2804:Romanticism in Science 2774:post-classical science 2747: 2732: 2535:, in Paris. In 1897, 2479:Renaissance literature 2473:Renaissance literature 2437: 2426: 2342:, particularly in the 2306: 2259:Modernist architecture 2195: 2172: 2142:Protestant Reformation 2116: 2090:Palladian architecture 2055: 1933: 1904:classical architecture 1837: 1818: 1791:Neolithic architecture 1747: 1659:Electronic dance music 1610: 1579:common practice period 1576:This era includes the 1531: 1406:Caspar David Friedrich 1199: 1178: 1177:. A Baroque sculpture. 1144:also resulted in many 1086: 1025:. It spread to all of 991: 921: 912:, c. 1485. Now in the 771: 641: 619: 447: 373: 306: 288: 7056:Military spending (%) 7046:Unemployment rate (%) 6791:free trade agreements 6556:Areas and populations 5765:. Accessed July 2011. 5686:. BRILL. p. 85. 5056:Sanjay Kumar (2021). 5022:Rosenwein, Barbara H. 4796:European Heritage Day 4563: 4552: 4525:European Championship 4262: 4247: 4157:, has its origins in 3970: 3959: 3950:UEFA Champions League 3948: 3190:collapse of Communism 2971: 2960: 2873: 2796:Scientific Revolution 2738: 2727: 2645:European Film Academy 2572:Czechoslovak New Wave 2432: 2418: 2301: 2250:Art Deco architecture 2178: 2159: 2111: 2050: 1999:and was succeeded by 1946:combines features of 1937:Medieval architecture 1928: 1861:, and in colonies in 1847:Greek-speaking people 1824: 1804: 1738: 1605: 1527: 1275:Roman Catholic Church 1192:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1184: 1162: 1082: 977: 902: 756: 705:Trundholm sun chariot 627: 443: 362:Archaeological Museum 344: 294: 282: 7061:Urban population (%) 7021:GNI (PPP) per capita 6566:European microstates 6325:Culture by continent 5809:Berting, J. (2006), 5735:. Council of Europe. 4714:2017: Aarhus, Paphos 4696:2011: Turku, Tallinn 4279:Alpine Wrestling in 4249:Autódromo do Estoril 4000:Association football 3972:Ole Einar Bjørndalen 3926:1650–1700 in fashion 3922:1600–1650 in fashion 3918:1550–1600 in fashion 3914:1500–1550 in fashion 3910:1400–1500 in fashion 3906:1300–1400 in fashion 3902:1200–1300 in fashion 3898:1100–1200 in fashion 3235:From left to right: 2997:western civilization 2926:Age of Enlightenment 2790:Early modern science 2741:theory of relativity 2706:Venice Film Festival 2698:Cannes Film Festival 2694:European Film Awards 2659:Sir Alfred Hitchcock 2580:New French Extremity 2541:German Expressionism 2451:Classical literature 2121:Baroque architecture 2082:Filippo Brunelleschi 1880:Western architecture 1866:defined orders: the 1845:was produced by the 1763:Neolithic long house 1171:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 1142:Renaissance humanism 1084:David (Michelangelo) 1039:International Gothic 1012:historiated initials 926:Migration Period art 862:monumental sculpture 835:from these sources. 786:Black-figure pottery 677:Löwenmensch figurine 607:Western Christianity 572:Thomas Stearns Eliot 445:Erasmus of Rotterdam 334:traditional clothing 94:improve this article 7041:Press Freedom Index 6968:Sovereign states by 6813:Eastern Partnership 6449:Classical antiquity 6191:States with limited 5796:History of Rounders 5746:"European Cuisine." 5653:Orthodoxy and Islam 5446:. 19 December 2011. 5327:Koch, Carl (1994). 5262:Caltron J.H Hayas, 5158:The Daily Telegraph 4984:"The Western World" 4870:K. Bochmann (1990) 4690:2009: Vilnius, Linz 4564:Aerial view of the 4454:, which influenced 4350:, which influenced 4207:acrimoniously split 4125:Indian subcontinent 4054:Indian subcontinent 4032:, and parts of the 3994:Contemporary sports 3436:placki ziemniaczane 3314:Hinduism by country 2904:Medieval philosophy 2779:Renaissance science 2730:Nicolaus Copernicus 2468:Medieval literature 2462:Medieval literature 2424:Miguel de Cervantes 2344:international style 2340:modern architecture 2280:reinforced concrete 2134:Counter-Reformation 2052:Santa Maria Novella 1980:Gothic architecture 1661:(EDM), and include 1354:Jacques-Louis David 1271:Counter-Reformation 1128:Jacobus de Voragine 1112:Classical antiquity 1023:Gothic architecture 984:San Vitale, Ravenna 828:Early Christian art 788:and the subsequent 703:and the Bronze Age 697:Gundestrup cauldron 659:Surviving European 630:Venus of Willendorf 580:Christian influence 574:, in his 1948 book 109:"Culture of Europe" 7180:Capital of Culture 7031:Internet users (%) 6923:Telecommunications 6690:Post-Soviet Europe 6528:predecessor states 5899:Culture of Europe 5839:Eurolinguistix.com 5787:NRA-rounders.co.uk 5775:Alice Bertha Gomme 5761:2017-10-09 at the 5751:2012-02-29 at the 5470:on 25 January 2017 5419:on 25 January 2017 5112:www.britannica.com 4834:Mason, D. (2015). 4675:2004: Genoa, Lille 4654:1997: Thessaloniki 4599:Capital of Culture 4574: 4558: 4545:Politics of Europe 4501:European Rugby Cup 4420:Irish Road Bowling 4273: 4252: 3975: 3965: 3961:UEFA Europa League 3954: 3676:carbonade flamande 3337:History of Atheism 3333:Religion in Europe 3322:Sikhism by country 3318:Buddhism in Europe 3237:Ignatius of Loyola 3133:in 2010, As 2010, 2981: 2966: 2962:St. Peter's Square 2953:Religion in Europe 2893:Ancient philosophy 2884: 2826:Western philosophy 2752:History of science 2748: 2733: 2553:Polish Film School 2545:Italian neorealism 2442:Western literature 2438: 2427: 2419:Spanish writer of 2307: 2196: 2173: 2117: 2056: 1995:. It evolved from 1973:Camino de Santiago 1934: 1892:Greek architecture 1882:of later periods. 1838: 1819: 1748: 1611: 1532: 1422:, the movement of 1293:landscape painting 1208:linear perspective 1200: 1179: 1087: 992: 922: 905:The Birth of Venus 882:hardstone carvings 790:red-figure pottery 772: 766:, 1st century AD, 665:Venus of Hohle Fel 642: 448: 374: 307: 289: 7381:Culture of Europe 7368: 7367: 7323: 7322: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7073: 6937:Intergovernmental 6881: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6835:Foreign relations 6736:GUAM Organization 6704:Intergovernmental 6648: 6647: 6561:Countries by area 6538: 6537: 6489:COVID-19 pandemic 6378: 6377: 6292: 6291: 5825:978-90-5972-120-3 5367:978-0-8132-1683-6 5342:978-0-88489-298-4 5313:978-0-8132-1683-6 5210:Cahiers du cinéma 5018:Martin, Thomas R. 4735:Symbols of Europe 4708:2015: Mons, Plzeň 4583:History of Europe 4539:European politics 4370:American Handball 4271:, Finland in 2015 4216:Canadian Football 4212:American Football 3867:Belgian chocolate 3646:Stuffat tal-Fenek 3631:chicken paprikash 3275:Eastern Orthodoxy 3137:were the largest 3025:European identity 3011:. The notion of " 2993:Christian culture 2989:Christian culture 2844:Christian thought 2757:Classical science 2584:Romanian New Wave 2557:New German Cinema 2495:Modern literature 2382:is a movement of 1559:Renaissance music 1420:Industrialisation 1333:the Enlightenment 1260:Peter Paul Rubens 1150:history paintings 1007:Renaissance style 980:Emperor Justinian 910:Sandro Botticelli 874:Consular diptychs 776:Ancient Greek art 720:area of Finland. 701:European Iron Age 681:Swimming Reindeer 592:History of Europe 496:industrialization 481:French Revolution 430:religious customs 283:The continent of 277: 276: 269: 259: 258: 217: 216: 191:quality standards 170: 169: 162: 144: 67: 16:(Redirected from 7388: 7343: 7336: 7089: 7088: 6913:Free trade areas 6896: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6549: 6548: 6429: 6428: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6229:Dependencies and 6165:Northern Ireland 5906:Sovereign states 5892: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5828: 5817: 5797: 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3835: 3821: 3806: 3791: 3776: 3761: 3746: 3736:Pasta alla Norma 3731: 3716: 3701: 3686: 3671: 3656: 3641: 3626: 3611: 3596: 3581: 3566: 3551: 3536: 3521: 3506: 3491: 3476: 3461: 3446: 3431: 3416: 3401: 3352:European cuisine 3229: 3220: 3211: 3125:, with 76.2% of 3098: 3092: 3082: 3072: 3062: 3056: 3046: 2768:Medieval science 2669: 2655: 2637: 2623: 2609: 2599:Marlene Dietrich 2595: 2568:Movida Madrileña 2524:Cinema of Europe 2113:Palace of Queluz 2009:Opus Francigenum 1993:Late Middle Ages 1876:Corinthian Order 1685:over centuries. 1501: 1492: 1483: 1382:Eugène Delacroix 1307:Far Eastern Asia 949:Christianization 709:El Castillo Cave 650:Western painting 504:Great Divergence 326: 317: 272: 265: 254: 251: 245: 227: 226: 219: 212: 209: 203: 180: 172: 165: 158: 154: 151: 145: 143: 102: 78: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7319: 7303:Life expectancy 7291:genetic history 7262: 7197:Classical music 7144: 7133:Bologna Process 7096:Ages of consent 7070: 6980:Budget revenues 6963: 6932: 6873: 6767: 6699: 6644: 6534: 6506: 6464:Early modernity 6418: 6409: 6379: 6374: 6326: 6323: 6293: 6288: 6272: 6230: 6224: 6210:Northern Cyprus 6192: 6186: 6080:North Macedonia 5901: 5896: 5835: 5826: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5794:Wayback Machine 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5763:Wayback Machine 5753:Wayback Machine 5744: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5680: 5673: 5663: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5229:Wayback Machine 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5167: 5165: 5148: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5011: 5007: 4980: 4976: 4961: 4945:Pagden, Anthony 4942: 4938: 4927:"EliotPassages" 4925: 4924: 4920: 4916:Duran (1995:81) 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4878: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4811:Western culture 4801:Europeanisation 4791:European dances 4766: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4726: 4657:1998: Stockholm 4624:1987: Amsterdam 4607: 4601: 4590: 4579: 4547: 4541: 4477:southern Europe 4368:in the form of 4358:Gaelic Handball 4344:Gaelic Football 4257: 4255:Regional sports 3996: 3985: 3980: 3943: 3941:Sport in Europe 3937: 3886: 3878:Main articles: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3855: 3850: 3841: 3836: 3827: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3573: 3571:steak au poivre 3567: 3558: 3556:pržena pastrmka 3552: 3543: 3537: 3528: 3522: 3513: 3507: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3468: 3462: 3453: 3447: 3438: 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The 2688: 2670: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2627:Brigitte Bardot 2624: 2615: 2610: 2601: 2596: 2549:French New Wave 2529:Antoine Lumière 2526: 2520: 2515: 2499:Main articles: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2448: 2440:Main articles: 2413: 2397:Jacques Derrida 2362:, the Viennese 2326:(1950–1955) by 2246: 2154: 2138:Catholic Church 2095:Andrea Palladio 2045: 2029:flying buttress 1939: 1799: 1759: 1754: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1698:Main articles: 1696: 1691: 1600: 1574: 1556:(500–1400) and 1542: 1537: 1535:Classical music 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1513:Frederic Chopin 1504: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1473: 1463:Classical music 1461:Main articles: 1459: 1394:J. M. W. Turner 1323: 1289:genre paintings 1266:Diego Velázquez 1228: 1091:Renaissance art 1077: 1075:Renaissance art 1069:painters' guild 961:Carolingian art 957:Anglo-Saxon art 870:Carolingian art 858:Early Christian 841: 806:Roman sculpture 768:Vatican Museums 751: 734:Iron Age Europe 661:prehistoric art 657: 655:Prehistoric art 652: 644:Main articles: 622: 594: 588: 438: 339: 338: 337: 336: 329: 328: 327: 319: 318: 273: 262: 261: 260: 255: 249: 246: 239: 228: 224: 213: 207: 204: 194: 181: 166: 155: 149: 146: 103: 101: 91: 79: 38: 34: 23: 22: 18:Music of Europe 15: 12: 11: 5: 7394: 7384: 7383: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7345: 7344: 7337: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7300: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7190:film festivals 7182: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6777: 6775: 6773:European Union 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6593:Extreme points 6590: 6588:Climate change 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6454:Late antiquity 6451: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6433: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6284:European Union 6280: 6278: 6277:Other entities 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6231:other entities 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6155:United Kingdom 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5968:Czech Republic 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5833:External links 5831: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5779: 5767: 5756:Europeword.com 5738: 5724: 5717: 5699: 5692: 5671: 5661: 5643: 5636: 5618: 5612:978-0521676519 5611: 5593: 5583: 5565: 5555: 5549:. Penguin UK. 5537: 5527: 5509: 5499: 5481: 5449: 5430: 5398: 5391: 5373: 5366: 5348: 5341: 5319: 5312: 5294: 5281: 5268: 5255: 5242: 5233: 5222:, 2011, p. 10. 5201: 5179: 5142: 5123: 5099: 5087: 5076: 5065: 5048: 5039:978-1457681523 5038: 5005: 4999:Persian Empire 4988:worldatlas.com 4974: 4959: 4936: 4918: 4909: 4897: 4876: 4860: 4851: 4841: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4816:Westernization 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4768:Society portal 4757: 4741: 4738: 4733:Main article: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621:1986: Florence 4619: 4615: 4603:Main article: 4600: 4597: 4589: 4588:European Union 4586: 4578: 4575: 4543:Main article: 4540: 4537: 4497:European Games 4481: 4480: 4470: 4445: 4435: 4409: 4397: 4383: 4373: 4355: 4341: 4319: 4301: 4284: 4256: 4253: 4242: 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2041: 1983:flourished in 1938: 1935: 1930:León Cathedral 1908:Roman Republic 1896:ancient Romans 1859:Aegean Islands 1798: 1795: 1783:Orkney Islands 1758: 1755: 1750:Main article: 1732: 1729: 1724:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1606:A Montenegrin 1599: 1596: 1573: 1570: 1553:Medieval music 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1506: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1458: 1455: 1400:John Constable 1388:Francisco Goya 1337:United Kingdom 1322: 1319: 1313:figurines and 1227: 1224: 1212:foreshortening 1173:, 1647–52, in 1076: 1073: 1035:Central Europe 1029:, and much of 1027:Western Europe 996:Romanesque art 965:Romanesque art 914:Uffizi Gallery 840: 837: 750: 747: 656: 653: 621: 618: 590:Main article: 587: 584: 525: 524: 521: 518: 507: 492: 437: 434: 332:Ukrainians in 331: 330: 321: 320: 312: 311: 310: 309: 308: 275: 274: 257: 256: 231: 229: 222: 215: 214: 184: 182: 175: 168: 167: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7393: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7286:Ethnic groups 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6992:GDP (nominal) 6990: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6857:Schengen Area 6855: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6633:by population 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6361:South America 6359: 6357: 6355: 6354:North America 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243:Faroe Islands 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:South Ossetia 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6040:Liechtenstein 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844:Europe.org.uk 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5720: 5718:9781443891592 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5693:9789004346307 5689: 5685: 5678: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5662:9781315297927 5658: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5637:9780857457271 5633: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5586: 5584:9781317606307 5580: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5558: 5556:9780141954714 5552: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5530: 5528:9781108486095 5524: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5500:9781139484138 5496: 5492: 5485: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5394: 5392:9780813216836 5388: 5384: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5323: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4969: 4962: 4960:9780199237432 4956: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4855: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4754:Europe portal 4744: 4736: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4642:1993: Antwerp 4641: 4638: 4635: 4633:1990: Glasgow 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4584: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4554:Paris Commune 4551: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485:European team 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4366:United States 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4318:by emigrants. 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304:Basque Pelota 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155:North America 4152: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4141:North America 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091:javelin throw 4088: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3451:Kaalilaatikko 3445: 3440: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3304: 3293: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3271: 3264:Protestantism 3261: 3260: 3246: 3245:Martin Luther 3242: 3238: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3086: 3076: 3066: 3050: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017:Western World 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2905: 2895: 2894: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2764: 2753: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:Cinematograph 2530: 2525: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2491: 2480: 2469: 2458: 2447: 2446:Western canon 2443: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391:", a form of 2390: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2370:, the German 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2346:advocated by 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:expressionist 2313: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2293:postmodernism 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:ancient Roman 1945: 1944: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:architectural 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834:Baltic States 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:Knap of Howar 1772: 1768: 1764: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1716: 1705: 1701: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1627:Popular music 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1591:postmodernist 1587: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1569: 1568:(1600–1760). 1567: 1566: 1565:Baroque music 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1472: 1471:Popular music 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1412:William Blake 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1327:Neoclassicism 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1196:Musée d'Orsay 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1152:. Decorative 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1133:Golden Legend 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 997: 989: 988:Byzantine art 985: 981: 976: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:British Isles 938: 934: 933: 928: 927: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906: 901: 897: 895: 894:figured silks 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:Veroli casket 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 849: 848:Byzantine art 844: 836: 834: 830: 829: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 803: 799: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 778: 777: 769: 765: 761: 760: 755: 749:Classical art 746: 744: 743:Insular style 740: 739:British Isles 735: 731: 726: 721: 719: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 651: 647: 646:Art of Europe 639: 635: 631: 626: 617: 615: 610: 609:at the time. 608: 604: 599: 593: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 553:Western canon 550: 549:philosophical 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:Western world 522: 519: 516: 512: 508: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:Enlightenment 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 453: 452: 446: 442: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 335: 325: 316: 305: 301: 297: 293: 286: 281: 271: 268: 253: 243: 238: 236: 230: 221: 220: 211: 201: 197: 192: 188: 185:This article 183: 179: 174: 173: 164: 161: 153: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: – 110: 106: 105:Find sources: 99: 95: 89: 88: 83:This article 81: 77: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7268:Demographics 7227:Christianity 7175:Architecture 7149: 7128:Universities 7036:Minimum wage 6975:Average wage 6479:Pax Europaea 6474:World War II 6348: 6220:Transnistria 6182:Vatican City 5898: 5856:Europeana.eu 5811: 5803:Bibliography 5782: 5770: 5741: 5732: 5727: 5708: 5702: 5683: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5627: 5621: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5546: 5540: 5532: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5490: 5484: 5472:. Retrieved 5465:the original 5452: 5421:. Retrieved 5414:the original 5401: 5382: 5376: 5357: 5351: 5330: 5322: 5303: 5297: 5289: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5236: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5194:10 September 5192:. Retrieved 5182: 5173: 5166:. Retrieved 5157: 5145: 5136: 5126: 5115:. Retrieved 5111: 5102: 5097:– Tallinn.ee 5090: 5079: 5068: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5029: 5008: 5001:to the east. 4995: 4987: 4977: 4964: 4949: 4939: 4931:www3.dbu.edu 4930: 4921: 4912: 4907:, p. 51 4905:Berting 2006 4900: 4895:, p. 52 4893:Berting 2006 4871: 4854: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4681:2006: Patras 4660:1999: Weimar 4645:1994: Lisbon 4639:1992: Madrid 4636:1991: Dublin 4627:1988: Berlin 4618:1985: Athens 4608: 4591: 4580: 4482: 4463: 4402: 4322:Bullfighting 4306:in parts of 4274: 4230:Table Tennis 4191:Rugby League 4109:Field Hockey 4087:discus throw 3986: 3887: 3554:Montenegrin 3355: 3330: 3311: 3278: 3267: 3256: 3200:countries. 3198:Eastern Bloc 3187: 3175:Christianity 3118:Christianity 3116: 3115: 3106:Christianity 3049:Christianity 3034: 3032: 2984:Christianity 2982: 2935: 2932:Contemporary 2923: 2912: 2901: 2890: 2829: 2812: 2793: 2782: 2771: 2760: 2691: 2672:Entrance to 2527: 2420: 2378: 2376: 2348:Le Corbusier 2333: 2332: 2328:Le Corbusier 2309: 2308: 2268:World War II 2264:architecture 2258: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2235: 2233: 2199: 2197: 2119: 2118: 2088: 2087: 2058: 2057: 2025:ribbed vault 2021:pointed arch 2012: 2008: 1978: 1977: 1960:groin vaults 1941: 1940: 1885: 1884: 1840: 1839: 1762: 1760: 1731:Architecture 1679:Ottoman rule 1625: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1598:Modern music 1589: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1448: 1438: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1361: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1325: 1324: 1299: 1297: 1278: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1201: 1185: 1164: 1146:Mythological 1131: 1118:. Religious 1089: 1088: 1051: 1020: 1000: 994: 993: 967:and finally 953:Medieval art 945:animal style 930: 924: 923: 903: 860:distrust of 854:Hagia Sophia 846: 845: 842: 839:Medieval art 826: 823:trompe-l'œil 802:Etruscan art 795: 794: 774: 773: 757: 722: 714:Astuvansalmi 669:Schelklingen 658: 611: 595: 575: 565: 557:the Americas 526: 511:human rights 502:during the " 461:Christianity 449: 390:architecture 375: 304:Vatican City 299: 263: 247: 233: 205: 196:You can help 186: 156: 147: 137: 130: 123: 116: 104: 92:Please help 87:verification 84: 60: 53: 47: 46:Please help 43: 26: 7298:Immigration 6862:Visa policy 6845:enlargement 6741:Open Balkan 6680:Integration 6523:Sovereignty 6469:World War I 6459:Middle Ages 6258:Isle of Man 6193:recognition 6140:Switzerland 6075:Netherlands 4630:1989: Paris 4517:Mitropa Cup 4390:Netherlands 4281:Switzerland 4234:Real Tennis 4195:Rugby Union 4163:Musselburgh 4050:New Zealand 4034:Netherlands 3853:French wine 3825:Charcuterie 3811:paska bread 3719:Lithuanian 3511:sauerbraten 3479:Belarusian 3466:selsko meso 3464:Macedonian 3253:Catholicism 3153:tradition. 2909:Renaissance 2564:Cinema Novo 2434:Leo Tolstoy 2421:Don Quixote 2401:rectilinear 2225:Chinoiserie 2213:Renaissance 2161:Votivkirche 2017:Renaissance 1987:during the 1968:symmetrical 1872:Ionic Order 1868:Doric Order 1855:Peloponnese 1547:early music 1435:Historicist 1369:medievalism 1363:Romanticism 1315:chinoiserie 1220:chiaroscuro 1120:altarpieces 1047:Virgin Mary 1043:typological 937:Anglo-Saxon 932:Insular art 833:iconography 819:Herculaneum 685:Magdalenian 614:Renaissance 568:Nobel Prize 561:Australasia 500:colonialism 469:Renaissance 459:antiquity, 457:Greco-Roman 7315:Retirement 7217:Philosophy 7212:Literature 7116:endangered 7009:per capita 6997:per capita 6985:per capita 6869:Statistics 6756:statistics 6670:Eurosphere 6444:Prehistory 6432:Chronology 6110:San Marino 6070:Montenegro 6050:Luxembourg 6030:Kazakhstan 5933:Azerbaijan 5117:2022-10-11 5014:Hunt, Lynn 4849:(2006:51). 4822:References 4678:2005: Cork 4672:2003: Graz 4456:ice hockey 4210:colonies. 4137:Ice hockey 4052:, and the 3809:Ukrainian 3629:Hungarian 3616:bob chorba 3614:Bulgarian 3586:kapustnica 3151:Protestant 3001:philosophy 2849:capitalism 2832:philosophy 2820:Philosophy 2700:(France), 2561:Portuguese 2411:Literature 2372:Jugendstil 2288:Beaux-Arts 2205:Romanesque 2200:Revivalism 2192:modernisme 2070:proportion 2033:cathedrals 1874:, and the 1779:Skara Brae 1740:Stonehenge 1720:Newspapers 1694:Television 1615:Folk music 1511:. 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