2013:, which start off with a lingual (velaric) airstream mechanism and finish with a pulmonic airstream (whereas affricates are manner contour consonants, starting as plosives and finishing as fricatives). Traditionally, these were considered to be uvular clicks, because the uvular or pharyngeal closure is audible, but in fact the rear closure of all Nǁng clicks is uvular or pharyngeal. (The distinction between uvular and pharyngeal is not represented here.) Effectively, in these clicks the release of the rear articulation is delayed, so that there is a double release burst, the forward (lingual) release followed by the rear (pulmonic) release.
223:
649:(N), or one of a drastically reduced number of consonants plus a vowel (cV). That is, lexical roots, not counting sometimes lexicalized CV prefixes and suffixes, are typically CVcV, CVV, CVN, though there are also a few which are CV, as well as longer words of two phonological feet: CVCV, where the second C is not one of the reduced set of consonants but cannot be a click, CVCVN, CVVCV, CVNCV, CVVCVN, CVNCVN, CVcVCV, CVVCVcV.
958:'mouth', are high- rather than low-tone by a 5–1 margin. CVV and CVN roots are HH, HL, and LH with about equal frequency, with LL slightly less common. However, half of all CVcV roots are LH, making it markedly frequent, while only 5% are HL. In an additional CV foot the distribution of H and L is approximately equal; an additional CVN or CVcV foot may pattern like an initial foot, but they are too infrequent to be sure.
1844:; they also reject the existence of click "accompaniments", using the IPA symbols to represent both points of articulation rather than solely the anterior articulation. Besides being motivated phonetically, this has the benefit of better illustrating the parallels between clicks and pulmonic consonants.
612:
Efforts to perpetuate the Nǁng language continued in 2017 and in 2021. The first Nǁng children's book, !Qhoi n|a Tjhoi (Tortoise and
Ostrich), was written by Katrina Esau, one of the two surviving speakers at the time, in May 2021. In June 2021, her brother Simon Sauls died, leaving 88-year-old
863:
Only certain sequences of vowels may occur in a bimoraic foot, regardless of whether there is an intervening consonant. (That is, the permitted vowels are the same whether a word is CVcV or CVV.) If the first vowel is any variety (nasal, strident, etc.) of
1302:"(?)" marks possible accidental gaps; these consonants might be expected based on their occurrence in neighboring languages with similar phonologies, but are expected to be rare, and may occur in Nǁng words that have not been recorded.
538:, especially after speakers started migrating to towns in the 1930s and found themselves surrounded by non-Nǁng-speaking people. In 1973 their language was declared extinct, and the remaining Nǁnǂe ("ǂKhomani") were evicted from the
613:
Katrina Esau as the last speaker of the language. Esau had opened a school with her granddaughter to teach the language to children, but it was vandalized during the COVID pandemic and abandoned. In
October 2022, the Dutch
557:
soon became involved in the pursuit of information on the Nǁng language, and with the help of
Vaalbooi they tracked down 25 other people scattered by the eviction who were able to speak or at least understand the language.
2498:
compiled by Tom Güldemann, Martina Ernszt, Sven
Siegmund and Alena Witzlack-Makarevich. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological
345:. As of 2010, most remaining speakers spoke Nǀuu dialect, and this was the name Nǁng appeared under when it was rediscovered. However, two spoke the eastern dialect and rejected the label Nǀuu.
617:
referred to Esau, or "Oma
Katrina", as the last speaker of Nǀuu. She was teaching the language to a group of children, including her grandson and great-grandson, all speakers of Afrikaans.
574:
province signed over to them. As of 2007, fewer than ten were still alive in South Africa, and a few more in
Botswana; none live with another speaker, and their daily languages are
1836:
These are simple clicks. The traditional term "velaric" is something of a misnomer, for the rear articulation is further back than the velum, and indeed further back than Nǁng
554:
1305:
What were historically initial alveolar occlusives have become pre-palatal in lexical words. Among grammatical words in the western dialect there is a single exception,
594:
2325:
2213:
590:(ǁʼAu), speaking the western and eastern dialects, respectively. The younger generations of ǂKhomani are proud Nama speakers and have little affinity to Nǁng.
341:
The two recent dialects are a western/northwestern one, to which Nǀuu (Nǀhuki) is sometimes restricted, and a nameless eastern dialect from the area of
310:, is used by the South African government. As of June 2021, only one speaker of the Nǀuu dialect remains, the rest of the population having shifted to
562:
handed over 400 km of land to the Nǁnǂe in 1999, and 250 km of land within the park in 2002. Vaalbooi came up with the Nǁng motto of
239:
951:, /H/ or /L/. A typical lexical word consists of two moras, and so may have a high (HH), low (LL), rising (LH), or falling (HL) tone.
1370:
2421:
1639:
2839:
641:-bearing units). The first mora must start with a consonant (CV). The second mora may be a single vowel (V), a nasal consonant
302:
language once spoken in South Africa. It is no longer spoken on a daily basis, as the speakers live in different villages. The
2473:
2377:
1847:
In the above rubric, the first element of the name is the forward articulation, and the second is the rear articulation.
1386:
927:, whether an affricate release or a fricative, with the exception of three female kin terms where the second syllable is
262:
413:'Nǁng people', and Westphal believes this may be the term recorded by Bleek and variously rendered in the literature as
2834:
687:. They are strongly pharyngealized, and for some speakers involve low-frequency trilling that presumably involves the
2524:
1133:
1220:
1097:
931:. As with the lack of strident front vowels, there are thus a small number of exceptions for these constraints with
1632:
1618:
2289:
566:"We move towards a better life" for her rehabilitated people. This was also adopted as the official motto for the
1646:
1206:
252:
1625:
1174:
2454:
1776:
1732:
2381:
1595:
1249:
1213:
1061:
982:, indicates that, for these languages at least, the distinction is one of pure clicks versus click–plosive
614:
539:
209:
2168:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1962:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1837:
1400:
955:
936:
932:
928:
912:
908:
885:
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877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
846:
842:
838:
829:
824:
819:
804:
799:
794:
789:
777:
772:
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757:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
661:
657:
410:
391:
1483:
1267:
2242:
1260:
1124:
922:
2420:
Miller, Amanda L.; Brugman, Johanna; Sands, Bony; Namaseb, Levi; Exter, Mats; Collins, Chris (2007).
1363:
1285:
920:
550:
2766:
2541:
2140:
1492:
660:'Namaqua sandgrouse' (CVcVCVCVV + suffix) and historically reduplicated words with clicks such as
1165:
1140:
919:), with a single known exception, 'to go'. Front vowels and strident vowels may also not follow
606:
2746:
2829:
2674:
1792:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1451:
567:
352:. The letter that looks like a vertical bar (sometimes substituted with a slash) represents a
2720:
2693:
2517:
2010:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1769:
1755:
1725:
1711:
1460:
1349:
1342:
1053:
1045:
983:
916:
424:
is an ambiguous
Khoekhoe exonym, and is used for several Tuu languages. Traill says that the
979:
2678:
2114:
These differ from the previous consonants in that the second, rear release is an ejective.
1783:
1739:
1588:
1574:
1542:
1525:
1181:
440:
is a variety of Nǁng. It is possible the languages have gotten mixed up in the literature.
425:
303:
8:
1841:
1762:
1718:
1602:
1467:
1234:
1193:
1104:
1088:
1081:
2771:
2436:
2352:"Qhoi Nla Tjhoi/Skilpad en Volstruis/Tortoise and Ostrich - Katrina Esau - Google Books"
331:
1581:
1530:
1502:
1426:
1417:
1329:
1324:
1010:
1001:
948:
688:
672:
Like most languages in southern Africa, Nǁng has five vowel qualities. These may occur
638:
634:
598:
530:
threatened it, like most other
Khoisan languages. The language was mainly displaced by
2781:
2651:
201:
88:
2751:
2580:
2533:
1704:
1698:
1611:
1567:
1554:
1549:
1538:
1422:
1403:
is only known from three words. The oral sonorants do not occur in initial position.
1378:
1357:
1276:
1158:
1032:
1015:
1006:
630:
575:
395:
311:
296:
2642:
2575:
2563:
258:
2803:
2795:
2510:
2311:
2191:
2017:
1748:
1533:
1521:
1516:
1027:
975:
650:
2776:
2669:
695:) are rather different from the non-strident vowels, as is common when a vowel is
625:
Nǁng has one of the more complex sound inventories of the world's languages. Most
2659:
2626:
2351:
1851:
1438:
1336:
1039:
1022:
991:
971:
967:
680:. A word may have two adjacent vowels, which resemble a long vowel or diphthong.
602:
579:
108:
2568:
2495:
2270:
Tom Güldemann. 2017. Casting a Wider Net over Nǁng: The Older
Archival Resources
526:
Nǁng prospered through the 19th century, but encroaching non-ǃKwi languages and
2808:
2761:
2621:
2605:
2550:
2146:
1075:
850:
696:
673:
546:
283:
214:
158:
2663:
2465:
2290:"Classifying "Clicks": New language technology clears up 100-year-old mystery"
656:
There are occasional exceptions to these patterns in ideophonic words such as
2823:
2705:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2558:
1240:
1199:
1117:
570:. At the time there were twenty elderly speakers, eight of whom lived in the
535:
527:
369:
327:
299:
116:
24:
2741:
449:
2725:
2485:
2158:
The most common consonants in this position are glottal stop, /c/, and /k/.
2135:
1149:
896:. The vowels must be both oral or both nasal; nasal vowels cannot follow a
889:
626:
587:
571:
353:
335:
165:
76:
68:
57:
185:
2217:
1561:
1431:
901:
684:
677:
559:
837:
Nǁng is the only
Khoisan language known to have a strident front vowel,
360:
used to express pity or shame, but nasalized; "Nǀuu" is pronounced like
2489:
1512:
978:
clicks, but recent research into Nǁng, and reevaluation of the data on
897:
368:
in the middle of the . The double-vertical-bar in "Nǁng" is a (single)
72:
2459:
2214:"One of only two people who spoke SA's ancient Nluu language has died"
348:
The easiest of the various names for English speakers to pronounce is
2479:
1475:
531:
342:
315:
194:
178:
20:
2502:
2326:"The struggle to save a South African language with 45 click sounds"
849:'loincloth'. The lack of a nasalized equivalent is thought to be an
222:
2590:
2279:
Yvonne Treis, 1998, "Names of Khoisan Languages and their Variants"
1407:
1396:
583:
521:
403:
270:
2246:
1445:
868:, then the second vowel must be identical. If the first vowel is
394:
is actually a verb, 'to speak a Bushman language', possibly from
266:
2403:
Properties of the Anterior and Posterior Click Closures in Nǀuu
236:
2378:"Oma Katrina wil als laatste spreker de oude taal NIuu redden"
853:
or simply unattested due to the small number of known words.
683:
The strident vowels are thought to have the phonation called
2474:
Oma Katrina wil als laatste spreker de oude taal Nǀuu redden
1399:
may occur as the medial consonant of a phonological foot.
841:, though this is rare, occurring in only two known words,
691:. The four strident vowel qualities (there is no strident
582:, respectively. In 2013 there were three speakers in the
432:
but others have recorded their name for their language as
269:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2419:
970:. It was once thought that Khoisan languages distinguish
376:
used to spur on a horse; the name is pronounced like the
231:
291:, commonly known by the name of its only spoken dialect
1309:'I'; in the eastern dialect even that has merged, for
19:"Nu language" redirects here. For the language of the
235:] is classified as Critically Endangered by the
2422:"The Sounds of Nǀuu: Place and Airstream Contrasts"
2167:
These are often written with a superscript ⟨
1840:. Miller et al. prefer the term "lingual" for this
448:Güldemann (2017) lists the following pre-democracy
406:, 'a Bushman language'. The people call themselves
2429:Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory
2243:"Meet the last speaker of a near-extinct language"
856:The tone-bearing segment may be a syllabic nasal,
2821:
2266:
2264:
2312:"Trying to save South Africa's first language"
2518:
907:Front vowels can only follow the click types
545:In the 1990s, linguists located 101-year-old
23:of southwest China and northern Myanmar, see
2261:
860:, rather than a vowel, as in the name Nǁng.
2525:
2511:
2375:
321:
221:
45:
2211:
904:). Only the first vowel may be strident.
330:(Taa–ǃKwi) language family, with extinct
2196:The Khoisan Languages of Southern Africa
436:and both Westphal and Köhler state that
240:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2237:
2235:
601:has helped describe the physics of its
263:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
16:Endangered Tuu language of South Africa
2822:
2220:, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
872:, then the second may be anything but
71:, between the Namibian border and the
2532:
2506:
2405:, dissertation, University of Cologne
2024:
1858:
1509:
282:
79:by the southernmost point of Botswana
2376:van Gelder, Elles (5 October 2022).
2232:
2207:
2205:
2203:
966:The majority of Nǁng consonants are
607:better understanding of click sounds
947:Nǁng moras may carry a high or low
13:
2282:
954:Monomoraic lexical roots, such as
14:
2851:
2448:
2200:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1491:
1482:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1385:
1369:
1362:
1348:
1341:
1284:
1266:
1259:
1248:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1060:
1052:
1044:
884:, then the second may be either
2412:
2395:
2369:
2344:
2161:
2152:
1317:Reduced medial consonants (C2)
593:Recent research on Nǁng led by
334:being its closest relative and
2840:Endangered languages of Africa
2318:
2304:
2273:
2185:
2124:
549:, who could still speak Nǁng.
540:Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
481:= Langeberg. Bleek label SII.
356:like the English interjection
1:
2460:Nǀuu Pronunciation Dictionary
2178:
961:
553:interviewed her in 1997. The
338:its closest living relative.
2382:Nederlandse Omroep Stichting
2011:airstream contour consonants
620:
443:
7:
2455:South African San Institute
2314:. BBC News. 30 August 2017.
555:South African San Institute
149:Eastern (Langebergen, ǁʼAu)
10:
2856:
519:
515:
495:= Nǀuu. Bleek label SIIa.
67:historically north of the
18:
2835:Languages of South Africa
2794:
2734:
2713:
2704:
2688:
2675:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
2650:
2641:
2614:
2549:
2540:
2490:Nǀuu language description
2435:: 101–160. Archived from
2212:TimesLIVE (7 June 2021).
2084:
2054:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2026:
1977:
1888:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1697:
1560:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1233:
1074:
1038:
998:
667:
249:
220:
208:
192:
176:
171:
155:
140:
105:
95:
83:
63:
53:
44:
39:
34:
2134:, which is a variety of
2117:
942:
900:(though they may follow
876:. If the first vowel is
2660:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
888:or a vowel of the same
438:Nǀhuki (Nǀhuci, nǀɦuki)
415:ǁNg ǃʼe, ǁn-ǃke, ǁŋ.ǃke
384:with this click in it.
322:Classification and name
46:
894:oa, oo, oe; ua, uu, ui
568:Northern Cape Province
372:, pronounced like the
251:This article contains
75:, as well as near the
2480:Nǁng Valency Patterns
917:back-vowel constraint
520:Further information:
358:tsk! tsk! (tut! tut!)
2145:which is related to
1408:Glottalic consonants
653:tend to be CV or V.
428:call their language
326:Nǁng belongs to the
2401:Mats Exter, 2008 ,
2292:. NSF. 14 July 2009
2021:
1855:
1842:airstream mechanism
1506:
1411:
1318:
995:
564:Sa ǁʼa ǃainsi uinsi
306:name for the Nǀuu,
2496:Nǁng DoReCo corpus
2016:
1850:
1503:Lingual consonants
1501:
1406:
1316:
989:
719:High back/central
689:aryepiglottic fold
599:Cornell University
2817:
2816:
2790:
2789:
2700:
2699:
2637:
2636:
2534:Khoisan languages
2112:
2111:
2007:
2006:
1956:
1926:
1894:
1834:
1833:
1795:
1751:
1707:
1658:
1614:
1570:
1499:
1498:
1393:
1392:
1300:
1299:
1279:
1243:
1202:
1161:
1120:
1084:
835:
834:
651:Grammatical words
631:phonological foot
513:
512:
277:
276:
259:rendering support
255:phonetic symbols.
2847:
2711:
2710:
2648:
2647:
2547:
2546:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2443:
2442:on 3 March 2016.
2441:
2426:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2209:
2198:
2192:Menan du Plessis
2189:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2128:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2022:
2018:Linguo-glottalic
2015:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1703:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1566:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1389:
1373:
1366:
1352:
1345:
1319:
1315:
1288:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1252:
1239:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1198:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1116:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1080:
1064:
1056:
1048:
996:
994:consonants (C1)
988:
957:
938:
935:, but none with
934:
930:
926:
914:
910:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
848:
844:
840:
831:
826:
821:
806:
801:
796:
791:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
702:
701:
663:
659:
586:area and two in
455:
454:
452:as being Nǁng.
412:
393:
286:
243:
225:
204:
188:
181:
161:
111:
49:
32:
31:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2786:
2730:
2696:
2694:ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
2684:
2633:
2610:
2536:
2531:
2482:(with examples)
2451:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2210:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2129:
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811:Nasal strident
670:
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605:, leading to a
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324:
295:(Nǀhuki), is a
257:Without proper
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229:N|uu [
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124:Ghaap-Khalahari
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97:Native speakers
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2492:by Bonny Sands
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2449:External links
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669:
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658:/ɟùɾùkúɟúí-sí/
622:
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551:Anthony Traill
547:Elsie Vaalbooi
517:
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172:Language codes
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159:Writing system
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146:Western (Nǀuu)
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54:Native to
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15:
9:
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2670:Central ǃKung
2668:
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2468:The Linguists
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2332:. 22 May 2021
2331:
2330:The Economist
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2249:. 11 May 2023
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861:
854:
852:
845:'to fly' and
828:
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815:
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629:consist of a
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627:lexical words
618:
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595:Amanda Miller
591:
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528:acculturation
523:
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409:
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397:
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385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:lateral click
367:
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344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
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309:
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285:
284:[ᵑǁŋ]
281:
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104:
101:1 (2023)
100:
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78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
25:Nusu language
22:
2756:
2721:Lower Nossob
2499:annotations.
2486:ELAR Archive
2467:
2437:the original
2432:
2428:
2413:Bibliography
2402:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2380:(in Dutch).
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2356:Google Books
2355:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2329:
2320:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2284:
2275:
2251:. Retrieved
2222:. Retrieved
2195:
2187:
2163:
2154:
2139:
2131:
2130:Distinguish
2126:
2113:
2037:Alveo-uvular
2008:
1871:Alveo-uvular
1846:
1835:
1394:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1301:
965:
953:
946:
906:
902:nasal clicks
893:
862:
855:
836:
692:
682:
671:
655:
646:
642:
624:
611:
609:in general.
592:
588:Olifantshoek
572:Western Cape
563:
544:
525:
447:
437:
433:
429:
421:
419:
414:
407:
399:
388:
386:
381:
377:
373:
365:
361:
357:
354:dental click
349:
347:
340:
325:
307:
292:
288:
279:
278:
250:
230:
193:
166:Latin script
127:
77:Molopo River
69:Orange River
58:South Africa
29:
2757:Nǁng (Nǀuu)
2726:Taa (ǃXoon)
2488:deposit of
2466:Excerpt of
2218:SowetanLIVE
2042:pharyngeal
2020:consonants
1876:pharyngeal
1854:consonants
1612:glottalized
892:: that is,
713:Low central
685:harsh voice
664:'to talk'.
560:Thabo Mbeki
265:instead of
87:500 Nǁnǂe (
2824:Categories
2742:Boshof ǃUi
2679:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
2542:Khoe–Kwadi
2179:References
2085:Affricate
2034:pharyngeal
2009:These are
1978:Affricate
1868:pharyngeal
1543:pharyngeal
1526:pharyngeal
962:Consonants
898:nasal stop
847:/ᵑ̊ǂḛ̰̀βé/
707:High front
461:Researcher
411:/ᵑǁŋ̀ŋ̀ǂé/
2387:5 October
2171:⟩.
1925:aspirated
1793:aspirated
1656:aspirated
1476:Affricate
1397:sonorants
1241:voiceless
1235:Fricative
1200:voiceless
1194:Affricate
1118:voiceless
1082:aspirated
784:Strident
710:Mid front
678:nasalized
662:/ǁáḿǁàm̀/
633:with two
621:Phonology
532:Afrikaans
450:doculects
444:Doculects
420:The name
387:The word
364:, with a
343:Langeberg
316:Afrikaans
195:Glottolog
179:ISO 639-3
84:Ethnicity
21:Nu people
2796:Isolates
2581:Khoekhoe
2462:at Forvo
2055:Plosive
2050:lateral
1884:lateral
1427:alveolar
1418:Bilabial
1330:Alveolar
1325:Bilabial
1011:alveolar
1002:Bilabial
992:pulmonic
990:Initial
984:contours
866:/i,e,ŋ̍/
716:Mid back
674:strident
584:Upington
576:Khoekhoe
522:Una Rooi
509:= Nǀuu.
503:Westphal
486:ǂkhomani
475:D. Bleek
404:deverbal
396:Khoekhoe
312:Khoekhoe
308:ǂKhomani
297:moribund
271:Help:IPA
202:nuuu1241
141:Dialects
89:ǂKhomani
40:ǂKhomani
2804:Sandawe
2772:ǂUngkue
2689:ǂʼAmkoe
2627:Zorotua
2361:29 July
2296:29 July
2247:Reuters
2194:(2019)
2132:Nǀhuǁéi
2047:central
2040:Palato-
1889:Plosive
1881:central
1874:Palato-
1699:Plosive
1555:lateral
1550:central
1539:Palato-
1446:Plosive
1434:palatal
1423:Laminal
1379:Lateral
1076:Plosive
1033:Glottal
1018:palatal
1007:Laminal
843:/zḛ̰́é/
516:History
506:(notes)
478:(notes)
430:Nǀhuki,
374:tchick!
332:ǂUngkue
267:Unicode
2782:ǁXegwi
2747:ǃGãǃne
2476:at NOS
2336:31 May
2253:1 June
2224:8 June
2138:, and
2032:Denti-
2029:uvular
2027:Labio-
1955:voiced
1893:tenuis
1866:Denti-
1863:uvular
1861:Labio-
1749:tenuis
1705:voiced
1568:voiced
1534:uvular
1531:Alveo-
1522:Denti-
1517:uvular
1513:Labio-
1277:voiced
1159:voiced
1028:Uvular
976:uvular
968:clicks
890:height
754:Nasal
724:Modal
668:Vowels
603:clicks
580:Tswana
500:Nǀhuki
467:Notes
434:ǀʼAuo,
426:ǀʼAuni
422:Nǀusan
408:Nǁŋ-ǂe
400:Nǀhuki
392:/ᵑǀùú/
304:ǀʼAuni
289:Nǁŋǃke
242:(2010)
237:UNESCO
64:Region
2809:Hadza
2767:ǁŨǁʼe
2762:Seroa
2664:Ekoka
2652:ǃKung
2622:Kwadi
2615:Kwadi
2606:Tshwa
2576:ǂHaba
2564:Gǁana
2440:(PDF)
2425:(PDF)
2147:Seroa
2141:ǁŨǁʼe
2118:Notes
1562:Nasal
1505:(C1)
1439:Velar
1410:(C1)
1395:Only
1337:Nasal
1313:'I'.
1040:Nasal
1023:Velar
972:velar
943:Tones
925:]
921:[
915:(the
839:/e𐞴/
635:moras
458:Label
402:is a
215:N||ng
2777:ǀXam
2735:ǃKwi
2643:Kxʼa
2601:Shua
2596:Naro
2586:Khwe
2569:Gǀwi
2559:Eini
2551:Khoe
2389:2022
2363:2024
2338:2021
2298:2009
2255:2023
2226:2021
2107:ǂ͡χʼ
2102:ǁ͡χʼ
2097:ǃ͡χʼ
2092:ǀ͡χʼ
2079:ǂ͡qʼ
2074:ǁ͡qʼ
2069:ǃ͡qʼ
2064:ǀ͡qʼ
2059:ʘ͡qʼ
2002:ǂ͡qχ
1997:ǁ͡qχ
1992:ǃ͡qχ
1987:ǀ͡qχ
1982:ʘ͡qχ
1973:(?)
1948:ǂ͡qʰ
1943:ǁ͡qʰ
1938:ǃ͡qʰ
1933:ǀ͡qʰ
1691:ᵑ̊ǂʰ
1684:ᵑ̊ǁʰ
1677:ᵑ̊ǃʰ
1670:ᵑ̊ǀʰ
1493:k͡xʼ
1484:t͡sʼ
1432:Pre-
1016:Pre-
980:ǃXóõ
974:and
956:/cú/
949:tone
929:/χè/
911:and
874:/ŋ̍/
858:/ŋ̍/
676:and
639:tone
578:and
536:Nama
534:and
492:1937
489:Doke
464:Date
389:nǀuu
382:sung
366:tsk!
350:Nǀuu
314:and
293:Nǀuu
280:Nǁng
128:Nǁng
121:ǃKwi
73:Vaal
47:Nǀuu
35:Nǁng
2752:ǁKā
2714:Taa
2706:Tuu
2136:Taa
2088:(?)
1970:(?)
1967:(?)
1963:ǀ͡ɢ
1959:(?)
1929:(?)
1918:ǂ͡q
1913:ǁ͡q
1908:ǃ͡q
1903:ǀ͡q
1898:ʘ͡q
1838:/q/
1828:ᵏǂʰ
1821:ᵏǁʰ
1814:ᵏǃʰ
1807:ᵏǀʰ
1800:ᵏʘʰ
1663:ᵑʘʰ
1647:ᵑǂˀ
1640:ᵑǁˀ
1633:ᵑǃˀ
1626:ᵑǀˀ
1619:ᵑʘˀ
1401:/l/
1221:c̟x
1098:c̟ʰ
937:/i/
933:/e/
886:/a/
882:/u/
880:or
878:/o/
870:/a/
830:ũ𐞴
825:õ𐞴
820:ã𐞴
816:(?)
805:u𐞴
800:o𐞴
795:a𐞴
790:e𐞴
645:or
615:NOS
597:of
380:of
362:noo
336:Taa
328:Tuu
300:Tuu
287:or
253:IPA
232:sic
210:ELP
186:ngh
117:Tuu
2826::
2433:16
2431:.
2427:.
2354:.
2328:.
2263:^
2245:.
2234:^
2216:.
2202:^
1784:ᵏǂ
1777:ᵏǁ
1770:ᵏǃ
1763:ᵏǀ
1756:ᵏʘ
1740:ᶢǂ
1733:ᶢǁ
1726:ᶢǃ
1719:ᶢǀ
1712:ᶢʘ
1603:ᵑǂ
1596:ᵑǁ
1589:ᵑǃ
1582:ᵑǀ
1575:ᵑʘ
1468:kʼ
1461:cʼ
1452:pʼ
1311:ɲá
1307:ná
1214:ts
1207:pf
1175:ɟ̟
1134:c̟
1105:kʰ
1089:pʰ
1062:ɲ̟
1057:)
986:.
939:.
699:.
542:.
472:ǁŋ
417:.
398:.
378:ng
318:.
2681:)
2677:(
2666:)
2662:(
2526:e
2519:t
2512:v
2391:.
2365:.
2340:.
2300:.
2257:.
2228:.
2169:ʢ
2149:.
2143:,
1387:l
1371:ɾ
1364:β
1350:n
1343:m
1286:z
1268:h
1261:χ
1250:s
1182:ɡ
1166:b
1150:ʔ
1141:k
1125:p
1054:n
1051:(
1046:m
923:χ
913:ǂ
909:ǀ
778:ũ
773:õ
768:ã
763:ẽ
758:ĩ
748:u
743:o
738:a
733:e
728:i
693:i
647:n
643:m
637:(
273:.
91:)
27:.
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