Nabopolassar - Knowledge

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Assyrian capital, where he met a hastily organized army which surrendered without fighting. The usurper then successfully seized the Assyrian throne. The surrender of the army indicates that the usurper was an Assyrian and possibly even a member of the royal family, or at least a person that would be acceptable as king. Understandably alarmed by this development, Sinsharishkun abandoned his Babylonian campaign and though he successfully defeated the usurper after a hundred days of civil war, the absence of the Assyrian army saw the Babylonians conquer the last remaining Assyrian outposts in Babylonia in 622–620 BC. The Babylonian siege of Uruk had begun by October 622 BC and though control of the ancient city would shift between Assyria and Babylon, it was firmly in Nabopolassar's hands by 620 BC. Nippur was also conquered in 620 BC and Nabopolassar pushed the Assyrians out of Babylonia. Though he had successfully driven out the Assyrian army, pro-Assyrian factions still existed in some Babylonian cities, for instance Ur and Nippur, by 617 BC, making Nabopolassar's full consolidation of control in the south slow. The fighting in Babylonia in the last stages of the localized conflict turned conditions so desperate in some places that parents sold their children into slavery to avoid them starving to death.

584: 8097: 1229:, Babylon's chief deity, to avenge Babylonia. During the Hellenistic period, centuries after Nabopolassar's death and the eventual collapse of his empire, Babylonian authors used historical royal figures as the subjects of epics and stories to avoid explicit commentary on their contemporary politics. Typically, these historical figures were ancient, and more recent, Assyrian and Babylonian kings, including those of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Nabopolassar, called Belesys or Bupolasaros by the Hellenistic-era authors, is used in some and is generally cast in a very positive light, described as a pious and just king who, partly through reverence of Marduk, managed to liberate his homeland from the rule of the Assyrian Empire. The antagonist of the Nabopolassar epics is typically Sinsharishkun or Sin-shumu-lishir (who was actually defeated by Sinsharishkun, not Nabopolassar). Texts and chronicles describing Nabopolassar's military career were being spread throughout Babylonia in the 5th, and probably also 4th, century BC. 992:, but Nabopolassar's army retreated before a battle could take place. Around this time, Sinsharishkun, apparently finally recognizing the disaster that was about to befall his kingdom, sent a letter to Nabopolassar, attempting to broker peace. Sinsharishkun pleaded with Nabopolassar to avoid any more bloodshed and wrote that he should "quiet his fiery heart". Nabopolassar was not interested; Sinsharishkun had waited too long and there was no longer anything he could offer that the Babylonians and Medes would not be able to take for themselves in battle. A harsh response was sent, in which Nabopolassar declared that " roots I shall pluck out and the foundations of the land I shall obliterate". The original tablets containing these letters have not been preserved, with the known text instead having been derived from tablets made during Seleucid times, centuries later. Whether the letters are copies of authentic, more ancient, originals, or fabrications entirely is a matter of debate. 575: 912: 7534: 6674: 965:. They then besieged Assur. This siege was successful and the Medes captured the ancient heart of Assyria, plundering it and killing many of its inhabitants. The brutal sack of Assur came as a shock to people throughout the Near East. Even the Babylonian chronicles, hostile to Assyria, speak of the Medes as unnecessarily brutal, stating that they "inflicted a terrible defeat on a great people, pillaged and looted them and robbed them". Nabopolassar only arrived at Assur after the plunder had already begun and met with Cyaxares, allying with him and signing an anti-Assyrian pact. The treaty between the Babylonians and Medes was sealed through the marriage of Nabopolassar's son and heir, Nebuchadnezzar, and Cyaxares's daughter, 726:, as well as royal inscriptions and economic and administrative texts. In terms of reconstructing the succession of events in the period of Assyria's downfall, the Babylonian chronicles are the most important source, though they do not cover all of Nabopolassar's reign, only reveal select facts and are written in a terse and objective style. Around 1,500 administrative and economical texts are known from Nabopolassar's reign, most recovered from excavated temple archives in Uruk and Sippar, but they do not record much of events on a geopolitical scale. Inscriptions that record Nabopolassar's building projects or his piety, recovered at several sites throughout Babylonia, do not mention much about geopolitical events either. 5306: 6269: 9761: 85: 5978: 9391: 7927: 5941: 5366: 6520: 10113: 886:, only offering limited support. Both the Assyrians and the Babylonians then withdrew, though the Babylonians retained Hindanu and now controlled the middle Euphrates, a major strategical victory and probably the first step in Nabopolassar's plan to counteract the possibility of an Assyrian invasion of Babylonia. That Nabopolassar withdrew at the same time as the Assyrians did suggests that the Babylonians were not yet ready to conduct a full invasion of Assyria and that their plans were at this time just to secure Babylonian independence, not to conquer and destroy Assyria. 8154: 562:, centuries after Nabopolassar, described Nabopolassar as a general of Sinsharishkun, who betrayed the Assyrian king. Berossus is not typically considered reliable, but there was ample Assyrian influence within the Neo-Babylonian Empire, with there being considerable continuity within military and court administration. Jursa does not consider this surprising; Nabopolassar's ancestors, such as Kudurru, had been pro-Assyrian in their policies (Kudurru even having been appointed by Ashurbanipal himself); Kudurru even fought in Ashurbanipal's civil war against his brother 834: 1087:, another important deity in the empire, at Harran. That he was not formally king does not mean that his claim was challenged by his subjects; like the coronation of a king, the appointment of a crown prince required the formal recognition of all subjects and of the gods. Should the king be unable to exercise his duties, the crown prince was a competent substitute, exercising similar legal and political power. Ashur-uballit was the recognized legitimate ruler, and his title was only a provisional arrangement until he could undergo the proper coronation. 694: 1023:, continuing to be populated under later Babylonian and Median rule. The level of the destruction, including the destruction and desecration of Assyria's temples, shocked the Babylonians and Nabopolassar. In some inscriptions, Nabopolassar was careful to attribute his victory and its aftermath to divine intervention in attempt to absolve himself of the blame, though other inscriptions were less remorseful, with one reading "I slaughtered the land of Assyria, I turned the hostile land into heaps and ruins". Later Neo-Babylonian rulers, such as 666:

was some success in pacifying the urban population of Babylonians, the Arameans and Chaldeans remained unconvinced and repeatedly rebelled whenever they saw an opportunity. Despite the enormous effort spent in keeping the region, Babylonia was seen as too important economically and strategically to allow to secede, but no matter what the Assyrians attempted, rebellion and civil war was the inevitable result each time. Prolonged Assyrian control of Babylonia proved so impossible that modern researchers have dubbed it the "Babylonian problem".

6848: 615:. Due to their powerful standing army and their sophisticated administration, the Assyrians had managed to create the best organized and largest empire that the world had yet seen. Though Babylonia in the south had also once been a large kingdom, it had typically been weaker than its northern neighbor due to internal divisions and the lack of a well-organized army. The population of Babylonia was divided into various ethnic groups with different priorities and ideals. Though old native Babylonians ruled most of the cities, such as 458: 5716: 10103: 677:, but he died in 627 BC at around the same time as Kandalanu, leading to Ashurbanipal's other son, Sinsharishkun, assuming the kingship of Assyria. Although it has been suggested by several historians, there is no evidence to prove the idea that Ashur-etil-ilani was deposed in a coup by his brother. Sinsharishkun's inscriptions state that he was selected for the kingship from among several of "his equals" (i.e., his brothers) by the gods. Almost immediately after Sinsharishkun's rise to the throne, the general 5341: 7119: 969:. The onset of winter after the fall of Assur meant that both the Medes and Babylonians then returned to their homelands, preparing for further campaigns in the next year. The Assyrians appear to have not recognized the severity of their situation as they did not use the pause in the fighting to fall back into, and prepare, defensive positions. Instead of repairing the damage in Nimrud, the populace there dismantled the walls further to prepare for future renovation work (which would never happen). 1161: 5926: 1039:. Although Nabopolassar did not take the title "king of Assyria", he first extracted tribute while encamped at the ruins of Nineveh. In 2003, Assyriologist Stephanie Dalley wrote that two of the modern interpretations in regards to the reason for briefly "ruling" from Nineveh are that Nabopolassar either might have wanted to cement himself as the successor of the Assyrian kings, or that taking residence there was an attempt to save what remained of the city from further sacking by the Medes. 685:, including Nippur and Babylon and ruled there for three months before Sinsharishkun defeated him. Though both of them exercised control there, it is unclear if Sinsharishkun and Sin-shumu-lishir actually claimed the title "king of Babylon" (or only used "king of Assyria"), meaning that Babylonia could have experienced an interregnum of sorts. Modern historians typically include both Sin-shumu-lishir and Sinsharishkun in lists of Babylonian kings, as did some ancient Babylonian king lists. 938:. There, Sinsharishkun besieged Nabopolassar, but he was eventually forced to abandon the siege. Though the conflict had shifted to Assyria becoming the defender, the war was at this point still being fought according to standard Mesopotamian practice, with attacks, counterattacks and retreats and neither side having the confidence or means to force a decisive confrontation. Despite constant defeats and setbacks, the Assyrian army remained powerful and capable of being deployed rapidly. 8975: 8866: 5549: 5148: 7188: 1048: 8182: 1172: 789: 973: 9208: 6200: 23: 7296: 6113: 5936: 7291: 6843: 6515: 6108: 5921: 7408: 6370: 5353: 662:

calling Assyria the metaphorical "husband" and Babylon its "wife". In the words of the Assyriologist Eckart Frahm, "the Assyrians were in love with Babylon, but also wished to dominate her". Though Babylon was respected as the well-spring of civilization, it was expected to remain passive in political matters, something that Assyria's "Babylonian bride" repeatedly refused to be.

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the time of Nabopolassar's death and, in time, surpass his father. At the time of Nabopolassar's death, Nebuchadnezzar was still away on campaign and upon hearing the news, he quickly arranged affairs with the Egyptians and rushed back to Babylon. The speed in which Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon might be because of the threat of one of his brothers (two are known by name:

1083:, during the New Year festivals in Assur. The last king to be crowned at the temple of Ashur at Assur had been Sinsharishkun and with the city's destruction in 614 BC, the traditional Assyrian coronation ritual was now impossible. Ashur-uballit did have a coronation ceremony in late 612 BC, but instead of conducting it in Assur, it was conducted in the temple of the moon god 805:

Nippur, taking the cities from the garrisons left there by Sinsharishkun. The Assyrian response was swift and in October 626 BC, the Assyrian army recaptured Nippur and laid siege to both Nabopolassar at Uruk and to Babylon itself. Both sieges were repulsed by Nabopolassar's forces; the siege of Babylon would be the last time an Assyrian army attempted to take the city.

1240:, which erroneously identifies Nabopolassar as a "king of the Sealand" (the Sealand being the southernmost part of Babylonia, often politically independent or autonomous) and accuses the king of having stolen wooden tablets from temples in Uruk. The contemporary priest of Uruk, Kidin-Ani, alleged that he had seen these tablets on a visit to Elam in the reign of either 1108:, Psamtik I's successor, personally led a large Egyptian army into former Assyrian territory to rescue what remained of the Assyrians and turn the tide of the war. Though Necho would spend the better part of three years attempting to defeat the Babylonians, the Assyrian Empire had already collapsed and he was fighting for a lost cause. 1091:

campaign against Harran in November of 610 BC. Intimidated by the approach of the Medo-Babylonian army, Ashur-uballit and a contingent of Egyptian reinforcements fled the city into the deserts of Syria. The siege of Harran lasted from the winter of 610 BC to the beginning of 609 BC and the city eventually capitulated. Ashur-uballit's

566:(designated by their father Esarhaddon as king of Babylon), aiding in the defeat of the latter. Kudurru's support for Assyria could explain Nabopolassar's unwillingness to mention his father in his inscriptions, and the desecration of his father's body additionally meant that Nabopolassar in a literal sense no longer had a father. 1191:

Near East, the Medes, were Nabopolassar's allies. Through the defeat of all of Nabopolassar's rivals, his Neo-Babylonian Empire had become the uncontested successor of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. For the first time since the Assyrian conquest more than a century prior, tribute flowed into Babylonia rather than being drained from it.

331:, otherwise hostile to the Assyrians, lament the sackings with sorrow and remorse. Nabopolassar's own attitude towards Assyria is unclear; in some inscriptions he is careful to ascribe his victory and its aftermath to divine intervention to rid himself of the blame and in others he openly boasts of the destruction. 1123:, who had attempted to block his advance into Syria and Mesopotamia. The reason for Josiah deciding to attempt to halt the Egyptian campaign is not known, but he might have been inspired by the Egyptian failure to aid the Assyrians in holding and then recapturing Harran for the Assyrians. According to the Biblical 542:, meaning that Nabopolassar could be the other son mentioned in the letter and thus a son of Kudurru. Strengthening the case that Kudurru was Nabopolassar's father is the name of Nabopolassar's son, also Nebuchadnezzar. At this time, Nebuchadnezzar was a very rare name in Babylonia. Since the Babylonians employed 1000:. The city was looted, depictions of the Assyrian kings were mutilated and inhabitants as young as the age of ten were slaughtered en masse before the entire city was razed and burned to the ground. Sinsharishkun's fate is not entirely certain but it is commonly accepted that he died in the defense of Nineveh. 1211:

and Nabu-zer-ushabshi) potentially attempting to claim the throne. Though Nebuchadnezzar had been recognized as the eldest son and heir by Nabopolassar, Nabu-shum-lishir had been recognized as "his equal brother", a dangerously vague title. No attempts at usurpation were made. One of Nebuchadnezzar's

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in 689 BC, and though it was rebuilt by Sennacherib's successor Esarhaddon, it was not rebuilt as the capital of an empire, lacking the necessary headquarters for efficient imperial administration and with religious institutions not as elaborate of those that existed in Assyria. Though early work had

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In an attempt to keep the enemies out of Assyria, Sinsharishkun went on the offensive in 613 BC, attacking Nabopolassar's forces in the middle Euphrates, occupied at the time with suppressing an Assyrian-supported rebellion of a local tribe. Sinshariskun successfully rescued the tribe's besieged city

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While unlikely to have been received positively, the end of Assyrian rule in Babylonia would probably not have been regarded as significant to the Assyrians at the time. All fighting had happened in Babylonia and the outcome was not yet decisive, characteristic of previous Assyro-Babylonian conflicts

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With the war against Egypt over, and twenty years of near-constant warfare concluded, Nabopolassar stood victorious, having achieved all of his objectives. Nineveh no longer existed and Assyria would never rise again. The Egyptians no longer represented a threat and the only other major power in the

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of Egypt. As the Canon lists and documents astronomical phenomena, it is an important document for dating events in the entire chronology of the ancient Near East. Contemporary Babylonian astronomical texts can also be used to a certain extent as they record astronomical phenomena and sometimes also

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The Assyrians attempted various strategies to appease their Babylonian subjects throughout the eighth and seventh centuries BC; ranging from violent subjugation through war to direct rule either by the Assyrian king or by a representative (sometimes a relative such as a son or brother). Though there

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at an opportune moment when Babylonia was already plagued by political instability. Though the advantage shifted back and forth dramatically several times, Nabopolassar managed to decisively push the Assyrians out of Babylonia after nearly ten years of fighting. Subsequent campaigns were intended to

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to Nabopolassar is hardly surprising as virtually the entirety of Nabopolassar's reign was spent fighting wars, with little time to devote to other matters. With Nabopolassar's use of titles in mind, and the fact that little changed administratively from the Neo-Assyrians to the Neo-Babylonians, it

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It was with this work still ahead of him, on the eve of his final victory, that Nabopolassar died. As he had managed to secure universal recognition for his rule, Nabopolassar was succeeded without any issues by his son and crown prince Nebuchadnezzar, who would finish the building projects left at

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in preparation for a campaign against Sinsharishkun. Although there are plenty of earlier sources discussing Assyro-Median relations, none are preserved from the period leading up to Cyaxares's invasion and as such, the political context and reasons for the sudden attack are not known. Perhaps, the

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It is probable that Nabopolassar held some high office in Uruk before his rebellion against Assyria, possibly following the family tradition and serving as the city's governor. In early 626 BC, he rose in rebellion against Sinsharishkun. Fighting for the control of Babylonia would drag on for about

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in later centuries; much of Assyria's culture, texts and traditions had been imported from the south. Assyria and Babylonia also shared the same language (Akkadian). The relationship between Assyria and Babylon was emotional in a sense; Neo-Assyrian inscriptions implicitly gender the two countries,

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The so-called "Chronicle of Nabopolassar". The cuneiform inscriptions on this clay tablet narrate the chronicle of the years 608-605 BC. After the fall of Nineveh, Naboplolassar vied with Egypt to control Assyria's western territories. His death stopped the campaign and sent his son Nebuchadnezzar

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lasted for two months, until August or September, but he and the Egyptians retreated when Nabopolassar again led his army against them. It is possible that they had retreated even earlier. The failed retaking of Harran is the last time Ashur-uballit is mentioned in Babylonian records; his ultimate

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556–539 BC), blamed the destruction solely on the Medes and Cyaxares, maintaining that Nabopolassar had not destroyed any temples and described him as remorseful of the fate that befell Assyria. Though ultimately victorious, the Babylonians and Medes had violated the normal practices of warfare in

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In April or May 612 BC, at the start of Nabopolassar's fourteenth year as king of Babylon, the combined Medo-Babylonian army marched on Nineveh. Sinsharishkun rallied his forces to make a final stand at the capital but stood little chance at defending it on account of the city's massive size. From

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During the expansion of Assyria into a major empire, the Assyrians had conquered various neighboring kingdoms, either annexing them as Assyrian provinces or turning them into vassal states. Because the Assyrians venerated the long history and culture of Babylon, it was preserved as a full kingdom,

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With the rise of Nabopolassar and the foundation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Babylonia entered into a new age of political stability and economic prosperity. In terms of his legacy, archaeologist and historian Rocío Da Riva wrote in 2017 that Nabopolassar's exploits and figure are "inextricably

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in 605 BC. According to the Babylonian records of the battle and its aftermath, "not a single man escaped to his country"; Necho's forces were completely annihilated. The Babylonian forces at the battle were led by Nabopolassar's son and crown prince, Nebuchadnezzar, as Nabopolassar had chosen to

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on 22/23 November 626 BC, restoring Babylonia as an independent kingdom. In 625–623 BC, Sinsharishkun's forces again attempted to defeat Nabopolassar, campaigning in northern Babylonia. Initially, these campaigns were successful; in 625 BC the Assyrians took the city of Sippar and Nabopolassar's

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In Assyrian tradition, the desecration of a dead body showed that the deceased individual and their surviving family were traitors and enemies of the state, and that they had to be completely eradicated. The desecration of the body itself functioned as a means to punish an enemy even after their

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In 611 BC, Nabopolassar's army consolidated his rule throughout northern Mesopotamia, going as far as to the border of Harran itself. After Nabopolassar himself had travelled the recently conquered Assyrian heartland in 610 BC in order to ensure stability, the Medo-Babylonian army embarked on a

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Sinsharishkun might have ultimately been victorious had it not been for another revolt, led by an Assyrian general in the empire's western provinces in 622 BC. This general, whose name remains unknown, took advantage of the absence of Sinsharishkun and the Assyrian army to march on Nineveh, the

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The timing of the revolt was opportune. Nabopolassar might have used the political instability caused by the revolt of Sin-shumu-lishir a few months prior, as well as the unrest caused by the potentially ongoing interregnum in the south, to his advantage. He began by assaulting both Babylon and

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temple in Uruk, often attested there under the nickname Kudurru, further linking Nabopolassar's dynasty both to Uruk and to Kudurru. Additionally, the name of Kudurru's second son, Nabu-shumu-ukin, is also the name of a prominent general under Nabopolassar (a role not unlikely to be filled by a

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marks the end for the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which would never be restored. After the Babylonians had ruled Harran for three months, Ashur-uballit and a large force of Egyptian soldiers attempted to retake the city, but this campaign failed disastrously. Beginning in July or June 609 BC,

1290:". The title of "mighty king" in particular was strongly associated with Assyria, previously only ever having been used by Assyrian rulers. Though the title was not used in any royal inscriptions, i. e. not "officially", both Nabopolassar and his heir Nebuchadnezzar used the ancient title " 507:, a deceased governor of Uruk, was desecrated due to the anti-Assyrian activities of Kudurru's two sons, Nabu-shumu-ukin and a son whose name is mostly missing. The desecration went so far as to drag Kudurru's body through the streets of Uruk. Kudurru can be identified with Nebuchadnezzar ( 1321:

Nabopolassar, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, the lofty prince, who is under the guidance of Nabu and Marduk, the humble, the submissive, whose heart has learned the fear of god and goddess, the restorer of Esagila and Ezida, the one who looks after the rights of the great

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Nabopolassar not fully being disconnected from his Assyrian predecessors in his titulature is also reflected in his empire's administrative structure, which essentially was the same as that of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. That titulature and administration did not change much from

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281–261 BC). Though the entire story has to be seen as unreliable, it is possible that this particular tale can be related to a passage in the Babylonian chronicles that mention Nabopolassar returning statues of gods to that the Assyrians had stolen from Elam and put in Uruk.

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lived on the fringes of settled land and were notorious for plundering surrounding territories. Because of the infighting of these three major groups, Babylonia often represented an appealing target for Assyrian campaigns. The two kingdoms had competed since the rise of the

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Nabopolassar's legend survived for centuries and he was long remembered by the Babylonians as the "avenger of Akkad" (i. e. Babylonia) and as a symbol of resistance to domination of foreign empires. Several later texts hold that Nabopolassar was even divinely ordered by

1127:, Necho had not intended to do battle with the Judeans and was confused by Josiah's decision to attack him, supposedly sending a letter to him which included the passage "what have we done to each other, king of Judah? I am not coming against you this day." 1317:) was an ancient practice of the Babylonian monarchs and an act of reverence to Marduk, who was formally considered the true king of Babylon. In Nabopolassar's inscriptions the usage varied and there are examples where he used "king of Babylon" instead. 897:. This victory weakened Assyrian control of the buffer zone that had been established around the middle of the Tigris river between the two kingdoms, meaning that the Babylonians now controlled lands directly bordering the Assyrian heartland itself. 413:

556–539 BC), nevertheless mentioned the names of their fathers and wrote about them with pride in their inscriptions. On account of a lack of sources in regards to his true origins, subsequent historians have variously identified Nabopolassar as a

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Some aspects of Nabopolassar's royal titulature suggest that he wished to distance himself from the Neo-Assyrian kings, while others suggest the opposite and a wish to establish clear continuity with them. Some prominent Assyrian titles, such as

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is possible that Nabopolassar represented himself as the legitimate heir to the throne of the Assyrians. Later Babylonian king lists do not clearly separate the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian dynasties in the same way that modern scholars do.

934:, the ceremonial and religious center of Assyria and the Assyrian Empire's southernmost remaining city. Sinsharishkun swiftly rallied his army and counterattacked, lifting the siege of Assur and forcing Nabopolassar to retreat to the city of 850:

in the Neo-Assyrian period. In previous uprisings, the Babylonians had sometimes temporarily gained the upper hand as well and there was no reason to believe that Nabopolassar's success would be anything but a temporary inconvenience.

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first acts as king was to bury his father. Nabopolassar was laid in a huge coffin, adorned with ornamented gold plates and fine dresses with golden beads, which was then placed within a small palace he had constructed in Babylon.

438:, describe Nabopolassar as a "king of the sea", i.e. of southernmost Babylonia, suggesting that his origin was south of Babylon itself. The Assyrians also ascribed him a southern origin; a letter from the Neo-Assyrian king 853:

In 616 BC, Nabopolassar entered Assyrian territory for the first time, leading his armies along the Euphrates river into lands in present-day Syria. As he marched on, he took the Assyrian city Hindanu and reached the

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As a consequence of the turbulent times in which he reigned, and the violent downfall of Assyria, comparatively few sources survive from Nabopolassar's reign. The near-contemporary sources that do survive include two

574: 327:, were also assaulted and sacked much in the same way. The brutality of the Medes, including their habit of sacking even the religious temples, was so excessive that it shocked the Babylonians; contemporary 8096: 640:

in the 14th century BC, and in the 8th century BC, the Assyrians consistently gained the upper hand. Babylon's internal and external weakness led to its conquest by the Assyrian king

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Because Nabopolassar had spent virtually his entire reign at war, pressing affairs in his capital, Babylon, had been more or less neglected. The city had been destroyed by the Neo-Assyrian king

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in the east. A joint Egyptian-Assyrian campaign to capture the city of Gablinu was undertaken in October of 616 BC, but ended in failure after which the Egyptian allies kept to the west of the

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in Syria, which Necho established as his base of operations for the course of the campaign. In 606 BC, the Egyptians won several victories at various sites in Syria, such as at the city of

323:, with its inhabitants, including children, slaughtered en masse and the entire city being burned to the ground. Sinsharishkun probably died in its defense. Other Assyrian cities, such as 1035:

the Near East. The destruction of the Assyrian heartland had been so extensive that the region did not even begin to recover until a century later, when it came under the rule of the

760:. In the Uruk list, the length of the reigns of each Babylonian king, from the 7th to the 3rd century BC, are recorded. The Ptolemaic Canon lists rulers of Babylonia, followed by the 583: 1104:

After his victory at Harran, Nabopolassar resumed his campaign against the remainder of the Assyrian army in the beginning of the year 608 or 607 BC. In 608 BC the Egyptian Pharaoh

546:, it is possible that Nabopolassar would have named his son after his father. Before becoming king after Nabopolassar's death, Nebuchadnezzar II served as the high priest of the 284:, which had ruled Babylonia for more than a century, eventually led to the complete destruction of the Assyrian Empire and the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in its place. 488:'s (Nabopolassar's son and successor) daughters lived in the city. In 2007, the Assyriologist Michael Jursa advanced the theory that Nabopolassar was a member of a prominent 821:, revolted and joined Nabopolassar. Realizing the threat this posed, Sinsharishkun led a massive counterattack himself which saw the successful recapture of Uruk in 623 BC. 722: 5182: 716: 6629: 3382:

The Cambridge Ancient History: III Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C.

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The brutal sack of Nineveh was only the beginning; in the aftermath of their victory, the Medes swept through the Assyrian heartland. Cities such as Nimrud,

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613 BC) wherein Sinsharishkun attempts to broker peace, pleading to be allowed to retain his kingdom. The authenticity of the letter is a matter of debate.

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and Babylonia enjoyed a long period of peace. Nabopolassar's revolt began in the period of turmoil following the deaths of both Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu.

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been begun by Nabopolassar, much work still lay ahead; a new wall had to be built around the city and the great temples of Babylon, most importantly the

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In terms of dating, several sources can be used to confidently determine the timespan in which Nabopolassar ruled as king of Babylon, chiefly the

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681–669 BC). To support his theory, Jursa points to a letter from the time of Sinsharishkun, ABL 469, which discusses how the grave and body of

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In 631 BC, the long-ruling Assyrian king Ashurbanipal died and in 627 BC, he was followed in death by his appointed vassal ruler of Babylonia,

631:, and Babylon itself, the Chaldean tribes, led by chieftains who often squabbled with each other, dominated most of the southernmost land. The 484:

mentioned that there was a growing body of evidence that Nabopolassar's family originated in Uruk, and also presented evidence that several of

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Frahm, Eckart (2014). "Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and His Times". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).

7429: 7150: 7061: 6750: 6465: 6407: 6403: 5175: 6707: 6703: 6411: 1071:, where they continued to hold out. Although Babylonian sources refer to him as Assyria's new king, Ashur-uballit ruled with the title of 10116: 7154: 6961: 6532: 6495: 6461: 6036: 6032: 5365: 430:" is frequently used by modern historians for the royal family he founded, and the term "Chaldean Empire" remains in use as an alternate 9760: 6319: 6163: 6028: 6024: 5305: 4785: 3547: 1079:, literally meaning "son of the king"). In Assyrian tradition, the king was appointed to his position by the Assyrian national deity, 300:

hinder the possibility of an Assyrian campaign directed at Babylonia through securing the border, but the intervention of the eastern

7047: 7043: 6957: 6754: 5511: 859: 749:, corroborate details mentioned in the earlier Babylonian sources, but do not offer any meaningful additional commentary or insight. 477:, located south of Babylon, possibly having been a member of its ruling elite prior to becoming Babylon's king. In a 1998 paper, the 358:, several centuries later, Nabopolassar's legend was still remembered, with Babylonian authors casting him as a champion ordered by 350:. As the founder of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Nabopolassar was long remembered by the Babylonians after his death, even beyond the 10327: 10317: 7158: 6415: 5168: 1139: 989: 866:. The Assyrians swiftly regrouped in order to deal with the threat. Realizing that the situation was dire, Assyria's ally, Pharaoh 996:

June to August 612 BC, the Medo-Babylonian army besieged the Assyrian capital and in August the walls were breached, leading to a

6561: 6315: 6295: 673:. Their deaths ended an about 20-year long period of relative peace and stability. Ashurbanipal was first succeeded by his son 6268: 5977: 10270: 10223: 10193: 3424:"Diplomacy in Neo-Assyrian Empire (1180-609) Diplomats in the Service of Sargon II and Tiglath-Pileser III, Kings of Assyria" 1279: 911: 878:

and it was in his interests that Assyria survived as a buffer state between his own empire and those of the Babylonians and

8517: 6012: 5864: 5721: 551:

family member) and the name of one of Nebuchadnezzar II's sons (possibly another example of a name honoring a relative).

511:, "Kudurru" simply being a common and shortened nickname), a prominent official in Uruk who served as its governor under 40: 3012: 9187: 6866: 3412: 3363: 3081: 3022: 2941: 2910: 2889: 2810: 2789: 2645: 2622: 2601: 2612: 3389: 3270: 3182: 3150: 504: 233: 7533: 1221:

linked to the overthrow of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and to the formation and configuration of the Chaldean kingdom".

246: 1306:

In one of his clay cylinders, Nabopolassar used the titulature presented below. The use of "governor of Babylon" (

366:'s chief deity, to avenge their homeland, and as a symbol against the domination of foreign empires over Babylon. 9181: 10332: 9254: 8801: 8725: 4806: 3540: 36: 2822:"The Figure of Nabopolassar in Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Historiographic Tradition: BM 34793 and CUA 90" 10322: 10106: 10086: 9368: 9275: 9260: 9098: 8968: 8769: 8468: 8153: 5537: 3033: 950:

war between Babylonia and Assyria had disrupted the economy of the Medes and inspired a direct intervention.

871: 842: 342:, who fought for several years to restore the Assyrians, whom he was allied to, until he was defeated at the 335: 276:

in 626 BC to his death in 605 BC. Though initially only aimed at restoring and securing the independence of

9907: 9716: 9692: 9092: 8072: 3052: 2800: 2698: 2633: 9329: 8368: 8167: 7714: 7708: 5955: 5311: 4289: 2581: 9956: 9812: 9575: 9266: 9076: 8422: 8084: 8052: 8046: 6253: 4357: 1130:

For much of the period between 609 and 607 BC, Nabopolassar was occupied by a war against the northern

997: 783: 84: 10093: 9701: 9587: 9569: 9419: 9081: 8945: 8646: 8461: 7358: 5151: 5094: 4941: 4718: 4040: 3533: 473:

Regardless of his ethnic origin, Nabopolassar appears to have been strongly connected to the city of

3380:. In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E.; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). 1142:, located near Carchemish. The Egyptian war continued until Necho suffered a crushing defeat at the 705:

from the 7th to 3rd century BC, is one of the sources that can be used to date Nabopolassar's reign.

10079: 9724: 9721: 9644: 9614: 9557: 9543: 8949: 7933: 7671: 7088: 6872: 5715: 5087: 5073: 4887: 4419: 4012: 3566: 3448: 3377: 889:

In March 615 BC, Nabopolassar inflicted a crushing defeat on the Assyrian army at the banks of the

702: 334:

The Neo-Babylonian Empire's claim to succeed the Neo-Assyrian Empire was immediately challenged by

315:, the religious and ceremonial heart of Assyria, and in 612 BC the Medes and Babylonians assaulted 62: 7926: 10307: 9739: 9667: 9641: 9617: 9611: 9596: 9508: 9444: 9409: 9353: 9302: 8875: 7352: 7133: 6878: 6186: 5644: 5122: 5031: 4778: 4711: 4182: 3571: 3194:"Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources" 2638:

Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire

1287: 1272: 817:, also stopped paying tribute to Assyria during this time and several Babylonian cities, such as 67: 4397: 2921: 10312: 9902: 9892: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9632: 9623: 9566: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9531: 9522: 9450: 9447: 9438: 9338: 9317: 8931: 8705: 8637: 8547: 8291: 8285: 7766: 7221: 7080: 6645: 6426: 5966: 5940: 5900: 5543: 5316: 5059: 4934: 4799: 4792: 4764: 4136: 4095: 4027: 801:

ten years, and which side had the advantage shifted dramatically back and forth several times.

637: 10213: 6519: 5548: 10262:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

10183: 10146: 10068: 9945: 9605: 9581: 9537: 9525: 9519: 9516: 9471: 9465: 9441: 9406: 9362: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9332: 9326: 9314: 9308: 9127: 9037: 9034: 9025: 8588: 6665: 5017: 4972: 4908: 4771: 4704: 4441: 4343: 4338: 4319: 3718: 3635: 1237: 980: 711: 388: 328: 269: 99: 10260: 10112: 5925: 2821: 1299: 387:"), a striking descriptor that is not known from any other Mesopotamian king. The two other 9513: 9462: 9371: 9365: 9335: 8937: 8890: 8878: 8702: 8643: 8267: 8161: 7984: 7511: 6659: 6180: 5597: 4848: 4207: 4187: 4131: 4035: 3988: 2634:"Assyria's Demise as Recompense: A Note on Narratives of Resistance in Babylonia and Judah" 1291: 1143: 1052: 343: 72: 8974: 833: 291:, origin and potentially connected to a powerful political family in the southern city of 8: 10018: 9873: 9578: 9528: 9453: 9403: 9356: 9341: 9320: 9019: 9005: 8893: 8826: 8649: 8540: 8482: 8246: 7919: 7759: 7478: 7283: 7100: 6913: 6229: 5440: 4960: 4813: 4697: 4306: 4271: 4212: 4045: 3953: 3336: 1124: 808:

In the aftermath of the failed Assyrian counterattack, Nabopolassar was formally crowned

653:. The relationship between Assyria and Babylonia was similar to the relationship between 642: 588: 481: 449:

627–612 BC) describes Nabopolassar as "of the lower sea", i.e. southernmost Mesopotamia.

281: 127: 426:. Although no evidence conclusively confirms him as being of Chaldean origin, the term " 10244: 10058: 9935: 9496: 9435: 9429: 8957: 8921: 8834: 8815: 8711: 8708: 8661: 8627: 8624: 8579: 8270: 8255: 8240: 7916: 7913: 7904: 7663: 6838: 6566: 5839: 5692: 5609: 5412: 4757: 4738: 4673: 4568: 4539: 4159: 4141: 4065: 3993: 3968: 3943: 3304: 3247: 3218: 3137: 3112: 2972: 2862: 2841: 2777: 2764: 2756: 2723: 2715: 2684: 2676: 2568: 1241: 863: 559: 379:

Nabopolassar's origins are unclear. In his own inscriptions, he refers to himself as a

355: 8714: 4177: 3405:

The Invention of Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times

10266: 10219: 10189: 9482: 9456: 9432: 9414: 9214: 9135: 9043: 8912: 8884: 8699: 8667: 8658: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8582: 8570: 8485: 8406: 8258: 8252: 8219: 8213: 7784: 7657: 7521: 7343: 7069: 6668: 6662: 6470: 6438: 5983: 5192: 4834: 4820: 4745: 4580: 4524: 4469: 4257: 4242: 4197: 4113: 4075: 4060: 3973: 3963: 3908: 3898: 3517: 3423: 3408: 3385: 3359: 3342: 3323: 3266: 3251: 3178: 3159: 3116: 3077: 3039: 3018: 2937: 2906: 2885: 2845: 2806: 2785: 2768: 2727: 2688: 2641: 2618: 2597: 1252: 1181: 1131: 1036: 966: 765: 761: 563: 526:

death. The name of the son whose name is unpreserved in the letter ended with either

485: 431: 347: 208: 195: 190: 139: 7646: 457: 10142: 10054: 10000: 9931: 9918: 9897: 9862: 9711: 9499: 9468: 9323: 9299: 9067: 9064: 9058: 9013: 8906: 8887: 8881: 8837: 8820: 8664: 8655: 8652: 8576: 8573: 8411: 8296: 7883: 6973: 6907: 6895: 6588: 6135: 5425: 4729: 4456: 4232: 4202: 4192: 4070: 4055: 4050: 3913: 3475: 3296: 3239: 3104: 2997: 2964: 2929: 2881: 2833: 2748: 2707: 2668: 2593: 2589: 1208: 1116: 1064: 693: 678: 674: 489: 427: 223: 199: 30: 5160: 611:

In the middle of the seventh century BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruled the entire

10063: 10049: 10024: 9977: 9940: 9926: 9750: 9599: 9552: 9459: 9424: 9296: 9291: 9219: 9193: 9049: 8924: 8918: 8903: 8896: 8850: 8840: 8673: 8618: 8612: 8609: 8555: 8503: 8339: 8273: 8261: 8249: 8237: 8222: 8201: 8120: 8024: 8021: 7995: 7910: 7889: 7877: 7844: 7838: 7808: 7730: 7540: 6892: 6847: 6801: 6795: 6785: 6575: 5675: 5653: 5420: 4878: 4863: 4841: 4645: 4548: 4369: 4300: 4252: 4227: 4217: 4151: 4085: 3998: 3978: 3938: 3880: 3811: 3762: 3650: 3507: 3317: 3260: 3174:

Images, Power, and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy

3172: 3108: 2900: 2875: 1233: 1097: 1084: 809: 434:

name for the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Several near-contemporary texts, such as the

419: 384: 351: 320: 273: 10102: 5340: 3265:(2nd Revised and Expanded ed.). Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press. 346:

in 605 BC. Upon his death that same year, Nabopolassar was succeeded by his son

9961: 9505: 9398: 9287: 9240: 9201: 9144: 9046: 8982: 8900: 8859: 8853: 8843: 8831: 8615: 8603: 8591: 8511: 8400: 8354: 8264: 8234: 8198: 8062: 7907: 7886: 7880: 7871: 7823: 7793: 7775: 7750: 7738: 7650: 7507: 7378: 7229: 7091: 7085: 6988: 6980: 6916: 6889: 6853: 6686: 6453: 6450: 6351: 5759: 5524: 5430: 5407: 5299: 4688: 4638: 4484: 4364: 4222: 3983: 3958: 3933: 3870: 3862: 3842: 3373: 3282:"The Antiochus Cylinder, Babylonian Scholarship and Seleucid Imperial Ideology" 2696:

Brinkman, J. A. (1973). "Sennacherib's Babylonian Problem: An Interpretation".

1092: 757: 654: 650: 3300: 2933: 10301: 10256: 10179: 10164: 10036: 9968: 9848: 9493: 9490: 9243: 9237: 9197: 9153: 9061: 9022: 8856: 8795: 8696: 8693: 8621: 8606: 8567: 8564: 8507: 8446: 8328: 8034: 8027: 8004: 7898: 7892: 7856: 7778: 7734: 7691: 7483: 7381: 7375: 7333: 7232: 7035: 6997: 6770: 6656: 6570: 6380: 6331: 6086: 6070: 5763: 5689: 5650: 5624: 5618: 5579: 5520: 5491: 5216: 4631: 4592: 4426: 4313: 4108: 4103: 3829: 3777: 3767: 3731: 3500: 2988:[The Sons of Kudurru and the Origins of the New Babylonian Dynasty]. 1004: 916: 734: 478: 439: 301: 296: 121: 7118: 3346: 3327: 2855:"The Transition from Neo-Assyrians to Neo-Babylonians: Break or Continuity?" 308:

in Nabopolassar's favor shifted the goals and the possibilities of the war.

10209: 10006: 9884: 9818: 9736: 9727: 9658: 9584: 9487: 9231: 9055: 8909: 8865: 8745: 8670: 8630: 8561: 8558: 8552: 8491: 8443: 8431: 8345: 8322: 8315: 8231: 8225: 8195: 8007: 7979: 7961: 7952: 7901: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7587: 7557: 7363: 7275: 7172: 7109: 7057: 6886: 6611: 6546: 6536: 6447: 6398: 6283: 6263: 6259: 6044: 5908: 5768: 5748: 5701: 5660: 5447: 5402: 5251: 5236: 5115: 5101: 4979: 4603: 4597: 4405: 4389: 4237: 4169: 4123: 4080: 3928: 3918: 3857: 3847: 3739: 3708: 3678: 3209:

Reade, J. E. (1998). "Assyrian eponyms, kings and pretenders, 648-605 BC".

3163: 3070:"The Last Campaign: the Assyrian Way of War and the Collapse of the Empire" 1160: 1072: 1019:

were completely destroyed, with only a handful of sites, such as Assur and

855: 658: 616: 592: 512: 3043: 3002: 10021: 10012: 9867: 9821: 9806: 9797: 9791: 9733: 9635: 9593: 9563: 9560: 9502: 9359: 9311: 9222: 9141: 9138: 9121: 9031: 8846: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8758: 8748: 8736: 8585: 8526: 8479: 8455: 8449: 8440: 8434: 8379: 8342: 8325: 8309: 8243: 8228: 8216: 8204: 8175: 8142: 8139: 8001: 7976: 7973: 7967: 7874: 7835: 7832: 7820: 7805: 7802: 7790: 7697: 7685: 7676: 7625: 7619: 7569: 7566: 7554: 7551: 7487: 7464: 7447: 7433: 7424: 7194: 7123: 7113: 6965: 6950: 6944: 6928: 6925: 6828: 6807: 6717: 6680: 6603: 6444: 6234: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6117: 6103: 6066: 5916: 5825: 5740: 5710: 5696: 5465: 5451: 5396: 5331: 5261: 5231: 5108: 5045: 5003: 4927: 4915: 4894: 4555: 4479: 4474: 4375: 4332: 3948: 3923: 3903: 3875: 3837: 3726: 3703: 3698: 3688: 3281: 1308: 1195: 1112: 1080: 1012: 818: 793: 392: 7187: 3308: 3222: 3141: 3125: 2877:

Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography

2866: 2854: 2572: 953:

In July or August of 614 BC, the Medes mounted attacks on the cities of

10030: 10027: 10009: 9986: 9971: 9965: 9845: 9842: 9800: 9788: 9782: 9767: 9638: 9629: 9626: 9620: 9602: 9572: 9380: 9305: 9246: 9112: 9052: 8915: 8809: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8762: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8476: 8452: 8437: 8373: 8335: 8312: 8306: 8210: 7949: 7781: 7679: 7638: 7628: 7622: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7545: 7515: 7461: 7458: 7271: 7250: 7226: 7202: 7031: 6922: 6919: 6910: 6901: 6820: 6711: 6597: 6552: 6540: 6384: 6222: 6218: 6167: 5988: 5896: 5822: 5818: 5562: 5435: 5385: 5379: 5066: 5052: 5038: 5010: 4948: 4658: 4382: 4247: 3893: 3663: 2737:"Three Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, King of Babylonia (B. C. 625-604)" 2719: 2680: 2656: 1135: 1047: 894: 649:

either ruled by an appointed client king, or by the Assyrian king in a

543: 493: 8181: 2976: 2952: 2760: 2736: 10039: 9982: 9839: 9809: 9803: 9794: 9779: 9773: 9755: 9730: 9608: 9590: 9377: 9374: 9234: 9161: 9147: 9118: 9106: 9028: 8999: 8739: 8733: 8498: 8428: 8385: 8382: 8331: 8114: 8031: 8017: 8014: 7970: 7964: 7946: 7868: 7859: 7829: 7826: 7817: 7799: 7796: 7634: 7631: 7495: 7491: 7467: 7415: 7402: 7372: 7267: 7263: 7141: 7001: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6698: 6615: 6592: 6556: 6441: 6364: 6287: 6279: 6246: 6143: 6127: 6099: 6062: 5931: 5889: 5706: 5585: 5471: 5024: 4996: 4827: 4651: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4489: 4412: 4325: 3772: 3754: 3749: 3693: 3683: 3658: 1024: 883: 867: 838: 813:

attempted reconquest of Nippur failed. Another of Assyria's vassals,

742: 682: 670: 612: 600: 596: 423: 403: 277: 259: 3193: 3092: 2711: 2672: 714:(written from the point of view of the victorious Babylonians); the 9989: 9815: 9776: 9770: 9647: 9228: 9225: 9170: 9167: 9109: 9040: 8990: 8953: 8806: 8348: 8207: 8189: 8172: 8110: 8037: 8011: 7958: 7940: 7850: 7725: 7616: 7607: 7595: 7563: 7527: 7503: 7453: 7421: 7397: 7369: 7339: 7327: 7320: 7306: 7300: 7235: 7145: 7127: 7039: 7017: 7013: 6898: 6824: 6653: 6607: 6584: 6579: 6510: 6505: 6474: 6291: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6082: 6003: 5848: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5656: 5592: 5575: 5346: 5293: 5080: 4586: 4574: 4349: 3885: 3796: 3782: 3744: 3673: 3525: 3243: 3093:"Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631—619 B.C.)" 3069: 2986:"Die Söhne Kudurrus und die Herkunft der neubabylonischen Dynastie" 2968: 2902:

Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean

2837: 2752: 2556: 2539: 1555: 1543: 1105: 942: 788: 746: 632: 624: 555: 339: 305: 10218:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 9207: 3400: 1405: 1403: 1232:

A rare negative portrayal of Nabopolassar has been recovered in a

1171: 972: 845:, an Assyrian ally who aided the Assyrians against the Babylonians 10042: 9870: 9851: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9158: 9103: 8996: 8993: 8941: 8792: 8534: 8473: 8394: 8388: 8129: 8123: 7895: 7865: 7720: 7610: 7575: 7366: 7309: 7210: 7179: 6883: 6432: 6375: 6304: 6199: 6191: 6056: 5991: 5798: 5795: 5780: 5776: 5588: 5582: 5566: 5444: 4562: 3852: 3819: 2926:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Volume I

2859:

Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies

1200: 1008: 962: 958: 946: 738: 604: 415: 363: 316: 288: 218: 183: 90: 7295: 4511: 1478: 9833: 9827: 9785: 9696: 9164: 9115: 8690:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

8488: 8391: 8376: 8360: 8105: 8090: 7955: 7862: 7853: 7787: 7744: 7613: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7499: 7471: 7412: 7303: 7198: 7025: 6904: 6816: 6804: 6435: 6392: 6357: 6338: 6310: 6207: 6139: 6077: 6020: 5972: 5881: 5852: 5808: 5805: 5755: 5685: 5603: 5556: 5506: 5481: 5476: 5455: 5272: 5246: 5221: 3824: 3668: 1400: 1226: 1120: 1068: 1063:

The survivors of Nineveh's fall followed a new Assyrian ruler,

954: 935: 890: 875: 628: 359: 324: 7290: 6842: 6514: 6112: 6107: 5935: 5920: 1282:", were dropped, whereas Nabopolassar assumed others, such as 10033: 10015: 8530: 8136: 8117: 7183: 7094: 7065: 6992: 6724: 6388: 6275: 6194: 6122: 5999: 5995: 5877: 5815: 5811: 5772: 5559: 5501: 5496: 5486: 5459: 5241: 4901: 2802:

The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar

1349: 1020: 931: 879: 730: 547: 312: 7407: 6369: 2124: 2122: 2070: 2068: 2066: 1760: 1758: 1756: 945:

entered Assyria and conquered the region around the city of

8987: 8751: 8678: 8522: 8278: 7389: 7244: 7166: 7007: 6935: 6764: 6650: 6481: 6456: 6344: 6325: 6094: 6052: 6007: 5947: 5885: 5832: 5801: 5730: 5630: 5572: 5569: 5516: 5360: 5352: 5322: 5282: 5266: 5256: 5226: 3014:

The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule

814: 474: 466: 292: 265: 162: 3230:

Rowton, M. B. (1951). "Jeremiah and the Death of Josiah".

2212: 2210: 2208: 2166: 2164: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1845: 1843: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 930:

In May 615 BC, Nabopolassar and the Babylonians assaulted

319:, Assyria's capital. As with Assur before it, Nineveh was 268:, protect the son") was the founder and first king of the 6984: 2741:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

2328: 2326: 2254: 2252: 2239: 2237: 2149: 2119: 2063: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1799: 1753: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1567: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1339: 1337: 1335: 10153:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 2557:"Ba'u-asītu and Kaššaya, Daughters of Nebuchadnezzar II" 2451: 2449: 2436: 2434: 2419: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2008: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1507: 1466: 1437: 1435: 1366: 1364: 941:

In late 615 BC or in 614 BC, the Medes under their king

862:. Nabpolassar then pushed north, reaching as far as the 681:

rebelled. Sin-shumu-lishir took some cities in northern

6621: 5277: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2466: 2464: 2205: 2161: 2139: 2137: 2097: 2095: 1943: 1893: 1840: 1811: 1741: 1729: 1712: 1675: 1531: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1422: 1420: 1418: 701:(pictured), which records the lengths of the reigns of 620: 492:

in Uruk, whose members are attested since the reign of

469:, where Nabopolassar and his family may have originated 391:

kings who had no blood connection to previous royalty;

10132:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

3428:

International Academic Journal of Development Research

2323: 2287: 2249: 2234: 2222: 2039: 2020: 1981: 1964: 1910: 1855: 1828: 1700: 1663: 1610: 1598: 1579: 1490: 1332: 1134:, and in the meantime, the Egyptians took the city of 295:, Nabopolassar revolted against the Neo-Assyrian king 7653:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

2446: 2431: 2407: 2383: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2193: 2176: 2080: 2051: 1931: 1770: 1519: 1432: 1361: 1042: 6721:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

2515: 2488: 2461: 2311: 2299: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2134: 2092: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1787: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1447: 1415: 858:, where he defeated an Assyrian force near the city 5190: 3262:

Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a Legend

1388: 1376: 16:

Founder and first king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire

6524:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 3338:A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities 3334: 3315: 3149:Parker, Richard A.; Dubberstein, Waldo H. (1942). 2476: 2107: 1484: 1409: 3148: 2905:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2395: 2264: 1874: 1355: 1147:stay in Babylon, possibly on account of illness. 538:, and the remaining traces can fit with the name 311:In 614 BC, the Medes brutally sacked the city of 10299: 729:Later works, such as the works of Berossus, the 2990:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 2782:Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur 1067:, possibly Sinsharishkun's son, to the city of 907:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 828: 2636:. In Collins, John J.; Manning, J. G. (eds.). 5176: 3541: 3449:"Royal marriage alliances and noble hostages" 2928:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 27–47. 1286:("mighty king") and the much older Sumerian " 10167:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 10141: 7645:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 6238:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 4513:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224) 3384:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3158:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2661:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2588:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–5. 2540:"The Fourth Year of Hostilities in the Land" 10177: 9394:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5183: 5169: 3548: 3534: 3031: 2509: 1150: 599:was governed by his appointed vassal king 558:, a native Babylonian historian active in 83: 10094:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 6690:"King of the four quarters of the world" 3010: 3001: 2216: 2170: 1958: 1904: 1849: 1822: 1694: 1343: 569: 10265:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 3421: 3152:Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 45 3123: 3067: 3057:Journal of the Ancient Near East Society 3038:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2957:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2950: 2919: 2695: 2610: 2579: 2554: 2537: 2332: 2074: 2045: 2033: 2002: 1975: 1925: 1868: 1805: 1764: 1747: 1723: 1621: 1604: 1592: 1537: 1501: 1441: 1426: 1370: 1046: 971: 910: 832: 787: 692: 582: 573: 456: 10110: 3372: 3353: 3279: 3090: 3076:. New York: New York University Press. 3050: 2898: 2819: 2798: 2631: 2455: 2440: 2425: 2413: 2389: 2377: 2356: 2344: 2293: 2258: 2243: 2228: 2086: 2014: 1990: 1937: 1834: 1781: 1706: 1669: 1525: 1460: 961:and successfully conquered the city of 41:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 10300: 10239: 10237: 10235: 9975: 9205: 9003: 6783: 6774:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 6678: 5602: 3594: 3446: 3398: 3229: 3191: 3170: 2852: 2654: 2470: 2317: 2305: 2199: 2187: 2155: 2128: 2113: 2101: 2057: 1382: 579:II back to Babylon to claim the throne 374: 280:, Nabopolassar's uprising against the 10255: 10100: 10067: 10062: 10053: 10005: 9944: 9939: 9930: 9925: 9916: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9882: 9748: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9700: 9691: 9681: 9676: 9665: 9656: 9550: 9285: 9192: 9090: 9080: 8966: 8814: 8723: 8545: 8538: 8496: 8420: 8398: 8366: 8352: 8321: 8305: 8179: 8151: 8127: 8082: 8043: 7988: 7924: 7757: 7742: 7719: 7706: 7669: 7519: 7476: 7350: 7326: 7318: 7281: 7219: 7208: 7178: 7162: 7131: 7098: 7078: 7056: 7023: 6932: 6864: 6852: 6811: 6723: 6715: 6643: 6424: 6178: 6171: 6133: 6060: 6042: 6011: 5964: 5930: 5915: 5907: 5894: 5875: 5863: 5846: 5830: 5793: 5746: 5720: 5642: 5607: 5535: 5359: 5328: 5321: 5310: 5291: 5164: 4510: 3529: 3208: 2983: 2922:"Antiquarianism, Copying, Collecting" 2873: 2734: 2614:A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75 2521: 2497: 2143: 1793: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1573: 1561: 1549: 1513: 1472: 1394: 1280:king of the Four Corners of the World 452: 10208: 3555: 3258: 3074:Warfare and Culture in World History 2775: 2482: 2401: 2281: 1887: 1735: 1115:, Necho easily defeated the king of 777: 756:(also known as King List 5) and the 10232: 3319:Guide to the Nimroud Central Saloon 2657:"Babylonian Chronology and History" 1184:in 700 BC (top) and 600 BC (bottom) 89:Clay cylinder of Nabopolassar from 13: 10188:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 10107:Chronology of the Neolithic period 9759: 9389: 9206: 9188:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 8973: 8864: 8180: 8152: 8095: 7925: 7532: 7186: 5547: 4877: 3810: 3177:. American Philosophical Society. 2617:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2582:"Neo‐Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire" 1043:Ashur-uballit II and the Egyptians 900: 354:less than a century later. In the 14: 10344: 9764:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 8100:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 5911:("made the land of Elam submit") 4538: 4285: 3198:State Archives of Assyria Studies 3032:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1924). 1313:) rather than "king of Babylon" ( 1057:Hutchinson's Story of the Nations 43: instead of cuneiform script. 10185:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 10111: 10101: 7406: 7294: 7289: 7117: 6846: 6841: 6672: 6518: 6513: 6368: 6267: 6198: 6111: 6106: 5976: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5714: 5364: 5351: 5339: 5304: 5147: 5146: 4455: 1170: 1159: 272:, ruling from his coronation as 21: 10328:7th-century BC monarchs in Asia 10318:7th-century BC kings of Babylon 10249: 10202: 10171: 10157: 10135: 10126: 9182:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 3289:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3232:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2826:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2530: 1257: 1246: 1029: 517: 498: 444: 408: 397: 251: 10117:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 9255:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 8802:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 8726:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 7288:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 3440: 3407:. Princeton University Press. 3401:"Neo-Babylonian Entrepreneurs" 2951:Johnston, Christopher (1901). 2594:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe220 1564:, pp. 128, 130, 131, 134. 1552:, pp. 127, 129, 130, 133. 1: 10087:Muslim conquest of the Levant 9333:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 9276:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 9261:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 9099:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 8969:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 8770:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 8469:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 3053:"Josiah's Bid for Armageddon" 2611:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). 2580:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2016). 2555:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1998). 2538:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1997). 1356:Parker & Dubberstein 1942 1326: 920: 369: 178: 153: 109:23 November 626 BC – July 605 8636:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 5370:(Uruk influence or control) 3512:626 – 605 BC 3109:10.1515/zava.1991.81.1-2.243 3097:Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 2778:"A List of Babylonian Kings" 2699:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 829:Early campaigns into Assyria 522:669–631 BC) in the 640s BC. 260: 7: 9330:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 8369:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8168:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 7715:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 7709:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6969:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 5956:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 5357:(Anonymous "King-priests") 5312:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 3354:Wiseman, Donald J. (1983). 3335:The British Museum (1908). 3316:The British Museum (1886). 3171:Porter, Barbara N. (1993). 3130:Hebrew Union College Annual 3068:Melville, Sarah C. (2011). 1294:" in economical documents. 893:, pushing them back to the 10: 10349: 10122: 9957:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 9384: 9267:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 9151: 9125: 9077:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 8423:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 8188:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 8085:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8047:Second Intermediate Period 6857:(vassal of the Akkadians) 6245: 5390:Early or legendary kings: 3356:Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon 3341:. London: British Museum. 3322:. London: British Museum. 3072:. In Lee, Wayne E. (ed.). 2920:Garrison, Mark B. (2012). 2853:Dalley, Stephanie (2003). 2735:Bruce, Preston P. (1900). 2632:Bedford, Peter R. (2016). 2586:The Encyclopedia of Empire 1270: 904: 784:Revolt of Babylon (626 BC) 781: 688: 595:'s (pictured) reign, when 587:In the latter part of the 250: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10048: 9998: 9995: 9954: 9913: 9879: 9860: 9702:Parthamaspates of Parthia 9688: 9653: 9512: 9480: 9273: 9252: 9179: 9176: 9082:Assyrian conquest of Elam 9075: 8963: 8929: 8863: 8824: 8688: 8677: 8634: 8462:Third Intermediate Period 8277: 8148: 7992:Second Babylonian dynasty 7937:("Old Babylonian Period") 7703: 7655: 7419: 7387: 7359:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 7331: 7315: 7262: 7259: 7242: 7164: 7149: 7108: 7075: 7021: 7005: 6979: 6971: 6942: 6867:First Intermediate Period 6861: 6837: 6793: 6778: 6762: 6737: 6728: 6702: 6697: 6509: 6488: 6469: 6460: 6421: 6396: 6379: 6355: 6342: 6337: 6323: 6308: 6299: 6251: 6227: 6152: 6092: 6075: 6040: 6019: 6013:Early Dynastic Period III 5961: 5945: 5873: 5871: 5860: 5787: 5738: 5728: 5639: 5616: 5532: 5463: 5394: 5377: 5374: 5315: 5288: 5215: 5199: 5144: 4862: 4728: 4719:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 4687: 4672: 4523: 4519: 4506: 4440: 4270: 4168: 4150: 4122: 4094: 4026: 4011: 3795: 3717: 3649: 3634: 3585: 3581: 3561: 3514: 3505: 3497: 3469: 3399:Wunsch, Cornelia (2012). 3301:10.1017/S0075426914000068 3280:Stevens, Kahtryn (2014). 3051:Malamat, Abraham (1973). 3035:The Annals of Sennacherib 2934:10.1002/9781444360790.ch2 2924:. In Potts, D. T. (ed.). 2899:Freeman, Charles (2014). 1266: 1215: 723:Fall of Nineveh Chronicle 229: 217: 207: 189: 169: 149: 145: 135: 117: 105: 97: 82: 57: 52: 10080:Muslim conquest of Egypt 9544:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 9375:Cleopatra VII Philopator 8872:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 7934:First Babylonian dynasty 7672:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 7176:(vassal of the Gutians) 6873:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 5865:Early Dynastic Period II 4013:Middle Babylonian period 3567:List of kings of Babylon 3453:Assyrian empire builders 3422:Yildirim, Kemal (2017). 3378:"Babylonia 605–539 B.C." 3259:Sack, Ronald H. (2004). 3211:Orientalia (NOVA Series) 3124:Olmstead, A. T. (1925). 3011:Lipschits, Oled (2005). 792:Locations of some major 772: 758:Ptolemaic Canon of Kings 643:Tiglath-Pileser III 10165:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 9908:Province of Mesopotamia 9717:Province of Mesopotamia 9693:Province of Mesopotamia 9668:Roman conquest of Egypt 9509:Antigonus II Mattathias 9303:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 8876:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 7353:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 6879:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 6187:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 5722:Early Dynastic Period I 5645:Second Dynasty of Egypt 4183:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 3126:"The Chaldaean Dynasty" 3091:Na’aman, Nadav (1991). 2984:Jursa, Michael (2007). 2820:Da Riva, Rocío (2017). 2799:Da Riva, Rocío (2013). 1485:The British Museum 1908 1410:The British Museum 1886 1288:king of Sumer and Akkad 1273:Akkadian royal titulary 1151:Nabopolassar victorious 998:lengthy and brutal sack 247:Neo-Babylonian Akkadian 68:King of Sumer and Akkad 9765: 9547:Philip II Philoromaeus 9541:Antiochus XII Dionysus 9535:Demetrius III Eucaerus 9532:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 9523:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 9395: 9363:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 9318:Arsinoe III Philopator 9211: 8979: 8869: 8706:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 8638:Second Dynasty of Isin 8185: 8158: 8101: 7930: 7813:(Non-dynastic usurpers 7537: 7222:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 7191: 7081:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 6646:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 6427:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 6254:Second kingdom of Mari 5967:Third Dynasty of Egypt 5901:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 5553: 5544:First Dynasty of Egypt 4800:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 4793:Seleucus IV Philopator 4765:Seleucus II Callinicus 4137:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 3447:Radner, Karen (2013). 3192:Radner, Karen (2019). 2544:Baghdader Mitteilungen 1324: 1203:, had to be restored. 1180:Political maps of the 1060: 984: 927: 846: 797: 717:Nabopolassar Chronicle 706: 638:Middle Assyrian Empire 608: 580: 570:The Babylonian problem 470: 29:This article contains 10333:Kings of the Universe 10151:The Ancient Near East 10069:Byzantine Mesopotamia 9983:Province of Asoristan 9946:Byzantine Mesopotamia 9763: 9756:Province of Asoristan 9538:Philip I Philadelphus 9526:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 9520:Antiochus VIII Grypus 9517:Seleucus V Philometor 9472:Antiochus VII Sidetes 9466:Antiochus VI Dionysus 9393: 9366:Berenice IV Epiphanea 9327:Ptolemy VI Philometor 9315:Ptolemy IV Philopator 9312:Berenice II Euergetis 9309:Ptolemy III Euergetes 9210: 9128:Neo-Babylonian Empire 9038:Marduk-apla-iddina II 9035:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 9026:Marduk-apla-iddina II 8977: 8932:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 8868: 8589:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 8279:Middle Elamite period 8184: 8156: 8099: 7929: 7536: 7190: 6945:Third kingdom of Mari 6666:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 5741:First kingdom of Mari 5551: 5538:Early Dynastic Period 5380:Proto-Dynastic period 4909:Antiochus VII Sidetes 4772:Seleucus III Ceraunus 4705:Philip III Arrhidaeus 4442:Neo-Babylonian Empire 4344:Marduk-apla-iddina II 4339:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 4320:Marduk-apla-iddina II 3636:Old Babylonian Empire 3003:10.3917/assy.101.0125 2953:"The Fall of Nineveh" 2805:. Walter de Gruyter. 1319: 1098:Ashur-uballit's siege 1050: 975: 914: 836: 791: 712:Babylonian chronicles 696: 586: 577: 460: 329:Babylonian chronicles 287:Of unclear, possibly 270:Neo-Babylonian Empire 100:Neo-Babylonian Empire 10323:Neo-Babylonian kings 9514:Alexander II Zabinas 9378:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 9354:Ptolemy XI Alexander 9336:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 8891:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 8879:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 8703:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 8644:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 8268:Marduk-apla-iddina I 8162:New Kingdom of Egypt 7985:Early Kassite rulers 7279:(Vassals of Ur III) 7260:(Vassals of UR III) 6660:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 6630:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 6181:Old Kingdom of Egypt 4849:Demetrius II Nicator 4208:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 4188:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 4132:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 4036:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 3989:Marduk-apla-iddina I 2640:. Brill Publishers. 1576:, pp. 132, 135. 1292:king of the Universe 1144:Battle of Carchemish 1053:Battle of Carchemish 344:Battle of Carchemish 73:King of the Universe 10019:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 9529:Antiochus X Eusebes 9357:Ptolemy XII Auletes 9348:Ptolemy X Alexander 9342:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 9321:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 9006:Neo-Assyrian Empire 8894:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 8827:Neo-Assyrian Empire 8650:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 8541:Syro-Hittite states 8247:Shagarakti-Shuriash 7920:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 6914:Neferkare Pepiseneb 6813:Akkadian Governors: 5317:Pre-Dynastic period 4814:Antiochus V Eupator 4779:Antiochus III Megas 4307:Tiglath-Pileser III 4272:Neo-Assyrian period 4213:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 4046:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 3954:Shagarakti-Shuriash 3358:. British Academy. 2655:Bertin, G. (1891). 2158:, pp. 140–141. 2131:, pp. 135–136. 1738:, pp. 202–206. 1516:, pp. 131–132. 1475:, pp. 130–131. 1125:Books of Chronicles 737:historians such as 733:, and the works of 703:Babylonian monarchs 554:The ancient author 482:Paul-Alain Beaulieu 375:Origin and ancestry 282:Neo-Assyrian Empire 128:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10245:Sumerian King List 10059:Palaestina Secunda 9936:Palaestina Secunda 9766: 9497:Alexander Jannaeus 9396: 9386:Hellenistic Period 9212: 8980: 8958:Humban-haltash III 8922:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 8870: 8835:Tukulti-Ninurta II 8816:Kingdom of Samaria 8712:Mar-biti-apla-usur 8709:Shirikti-shuqamuna 8679:Neo-Elamite period 8662:Marduk-shapik-zeri 8647:Itti-Marduk-balatu 8628:Tiglath-Pileser II 8625:Ashur-resh-ishi II 8580:Enlil-kudurri-usur 8271:Zababa-shuma-iddin 8256:Kadashman-Harbe II 8241:Kadashman-Enlil II 8186: 8159: 8102: 7931: 7917:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 7914:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 7905:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 7664:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 7538: 7192: 6567:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 5948:Old Elamite period 5840:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 5693:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 5610:Jemdet Nasr period 5554: 4758:Antiochus II Theos 4739:Seleucus I Nicator 4674:Hellenistic period 4569:Nebuchadnezzar III 4160:Mar-biti-apla-usur 4142:Shirikti-shuqamuna 4066:Marduk-shapik-zeri 4041:Itti-Marduk-balatu 3994:Zababa-shuma-iddin 3969:Kadashman-Harbe II 3944:Kadashman-Enlil II 3374:Wiseman, Donald J. 2776:Chen, Fei (2020). 1061: 1017:Khirbet Khatuniyeh 985: 928: 847: 798: 769:political events. 762:Achaemenid Persian 707: 609: 581: 471: 453:Connection to Uruk 356:Hellenistic period 352:fall of his empire 10295: 10294: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10272:978-1-62564-606-4 10257:Unger, Merrill F. 10225:978-0-14-193825-7 10195:978-1-60606-649-2 9962:Province of Egypt 9893:Province of Egypt 9673:Province of Egypt 9415:Antigonid dynasty 9215:Achaemenid Empire 9136:Nebuchadnezzar II 9044:Ashur-nadin-shumi 8913:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 8885:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 8700:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 8668:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 8659:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 8601:Asharid-apal-Ekur 8598:Tiglath-Pileser I 8595:Ashur-resh-ishi I 8583:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 8571:Tukulti-Ninurta I 8518:Kingdom of Israel 8486:Osorkon the Elder 8407:Shutrukid dynasty 8292:Igehalkid dynasty 8259:Adad-shuma-iddina 8253:Enlil-nadin-shumi 8220:Kadashman-Enlil I 8214:Kadashman-harbe I 7658:Sukkalmah dynasty 7522:Isin-Larsa period 7344:Shimashki Dynasty 7070:Puzur-Inshushinak 6669:Netjerkare Siptah 6439:Neferirkare Kakai 5984:Egyptian pyramids 5193:Ancient Near East 5158: 5157: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 4869:(141 BC – AD 224) 4858: 4857: 4835:Demetrius I Soter 4821:Demetrius I Soter 4746:Antiochus I Soter 4668: 4667: 4581:Nebuchadnezzar IV 4514: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4470:Nebuchadnezzar II 4436: 4435: 4266: 4265: 4258:Nabu-suma-ukin II 4243:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 4198:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 4114:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 4076:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 4061:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 4007: 4006: 3974:Adad-shuma-iddina 3964:Enlil-nadin-shumi 3909:Kadashman-Enlil I 3899:Kadashman-Harbe I 3791: 3790: 3630: 3629: 3524: 3523: 3518:Nebuchadnezzar II 3515:Succeeded by 2428:, pp. 78–79. 2077:, pp. 20–21. 2017:, pp. 80–81. 2005:, pp. 19–20. 1808:, pp. 16–17. 1767:, pp. 13–14. 1182:Ancient Near East 1132:Kingdom of Urartu 1101:fate is unknown. 1093:failure at Harran 1055:, as depicted in 1037:Achaemenid Empire 919:to Nabopolassar ( 778:War for Babylonia 766:Ptolemaic dynasty 564:Shamash-shum-ukin 560:Hellenistic times 509:Nabû-kudurri-uṣur 486:Nebuchadnezzar II 461:The ruins of the 432:historiographical 348:Nebuchadnezzar II 258: 240: 239: 203:Nabu-zer-ushabshi 196:Nebuchadnezzar II 140:Nebuchadnezzar II 131: 37:rendering support 10340: 10277: 10276: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10230: 10229: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10178:Thomas, Ariane; 10175: 10169: 10168: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10139: 10133: 10130: 10115: 10105: 10055:Palaestina Prima 10001:Byzantine Empire 9932:Palaestina Prima 9919:Byzantine Empire 9898:Syria Palaestina 9863:Palmyrene Empire 9849:Bahram VI Chobin 9712:Syria Palaestina 9500:Salome Alexandra 9483:Kingdom of Judea 9469:Diodotus Tryphon 9324:Cleopatra I Syra 9300:Ptolemy Keraunos 9068:Ashur-uballit II 9065:Sin-shumu-lishir 9059:Ashur-etil-ilani 9014:Sargonid dynasty 8907:Marduk-apla-usur 8888:Nabu-apla-iddina 8882:Shamash-mudammiq 8838:Ashurnasirpal II 8821:Kingdom of Judah 8665:Adad-apla-iddina 8656:Enlil-nadin-apli 8653:Nebuchadnezzar I 8577:Ashur-nirari III 8574:Ashur-nadin-apli 8412:Shutruk-Nakhunte 8297:Untash-Napirisha 8286:Kidinuid dynasty 7884:Shamshi-Adad III 7592:Dynasty of Larsa 7410: 7298: 7293: 7121: 6974:Shar-Kali-Sharri 6908:Neferkare Tereru 6896:Neferkare Khendu 6850: 6845: 6676: 6635:Kiku-siwe-tempti 6522: 6517: 6372: 6301:Kish III dynasty 6271: 6202: 6115: 6110: 6015:(2600–2340 BCE) 5980: 5943: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5867:(2700–2600 BCE) 5724:(2900–2700 BCE) 5718: 5635:(3100–2700 BCE) 5614:(3100–2900 BCE) 5368: 5355: 5343: 5319:(4000–2900 BCE) 5308: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5150: 5149: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4358:Aššur-nādin-šumi 4283: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4233:Marduk-apla-usur 4203:Nabu-apla-iddina 4193:Shamash-mudammiq 4071:Adad-apla-iddina 4056:Enlil-nadin-apli 4051:Nebuchadnezzar I 4024: 4023: 4020: 4019: 3914:Burna-Buriash II 3808: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3736:Unknown king (?) 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3556:Kings of Babylon 3550: 3543: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3498:Preceded by 3493: 3486: 3476:Chaldean dynasty 3467: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3435: 3418: 3395: 3369: 3350: 3331: 3312: 3286: 3276: 3255: 3226: 3205: 3188: 3167: 3157: 3145: 3120: 3103:(1–2): 243–267. 3087: 3064: 3047: 3028: 3007: 3005: 2980: 2947: 2916: 2895: 2882:Brill Publishers 2870: 2849: 2816: 2795: 2772: 2731: 2692: 2651: 2628: 2607: 2576: 2551: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2174: 2168: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2132: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1979: 1973: 1962: 1956: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1908: 1902: 1891: 1885: 1872: 1866: 1853: 1847: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1768: 1762: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1445: 1439: 1430: 1424: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1261: 1259: 1250: 1248: 1209:Nabu-shum-lishir 1174: 1163: 1065:Ashur-uballit II 1033: 1031: 925: 922: 837:Bust of Pharaoh 679:Sin-shumu-lishir 675:Ashur-etil-ilani 645:in 729 BC. 521: 519: 502: 500: 490:political family 448: 446: 428:Chaldean dynasty 412: 410: 402:560–556 BC) and 401: 399: 263: 257:romanized: 256: 254: 253: 224:Chaldean dynasty 200:Nabu-shum-lishir 180: 176: 159: 155: 125: 112: 87: 50: 49: 31:cuneiform script 25: 24: 10348: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10290: 10281: 10280: 10273: 10254: 10250: 10242: 10233: 10226: 10207: 10203: 10196: 10176: 10172: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10127: 10064:Byzantine Syria 10050:Byzantine Egypt 10025:Farrukh Hormizd 9985: 9981: 9978:Sasanian Empire 9964: 9960: 9941:Byzantine Syria 9927:Byzantine Egypt 9866: 9758: 9754: 9751:Sasanian Empire 9671: 9576:Mithridates III 9556: 9553:Parthian Empire 9486: 9425:Seleucid Empire 9422: 9412: 9388: 9297:Ptolemy I Soter 9295: 9292:Ptolemaic Egypt 9264: 9258: 9218: 9200: 9196: 9194:Kings of Byblos 9185: 9157: 9131: 9102: 9096: 9070: 9050:Mushezib-Marduk 9020:Tiglath-Pileser 9018: 9009: 8986: 8972: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8927: 8925:Nabu-mukin-zeri 8919:Nabu-nadin-zeri 8904:Marduk-bel-zeri 8897:Baba-aha-iddina 8874: 8851:Adad-nirari III 8841:Shalmaneser III 8830: 8819: 8818: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796:Menkheperre Ini 8773: 8766: 8765: 8729: 8715:Nabû-mukin-apli 8692: 8681:(1100–540 BCE) 8674:Nabu-shum-libur 8642: 8619:Ashur-nirari IV 8613:Ashurnasirpal I 8610:Shamshi-Adad IV 8556:Ashur-uballit I 8551: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8504:Kings of Byblos 8502: 8472: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8427: 8426: 8410: 8404: 8372: 8359: 8358: 8340:Neferneferuaten 8300: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8282:(1500–1100 BCE) 8274:Enlil-nadin-ahi 8262:Adad-shuma-usur 8250:Kashtiliashu IV 8238:Kadashman-Turgu 8223:Burnaburiash II 8202:Kashtiliash III 8194: 8171: 8165: 8135: 8134:(1600–1260 BCE) 8133: 8103: 8094: 8088: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8030: 8025:Peshgaldaramesh 8020: 8010: 8000: 7996:Sealand Dynasty 7993: 7990: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7945: 7938: 7936: 7911:Ashur-nirari II 7890:Puzur-Ashur III 7878:Shamshi-Adad II 7849: 7847: 7845:Adaside dynasty 7842: 7841: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7763: 7754: 7748: 7737: 7733: 7731:Kings of Byblos 7729: 7723: 7712: 7675: 7662: 7661: 7643:Uruk VI dynasty 7641: 7590: 7541:Dynasty of Isin 7531: 7525: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7457: 7451: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7362: 7356: 7338: 7299: 7287: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7249: 7239: 7225: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7182: 7175: 7171: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7103:(2150–2000 BCE) 7084: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7016: 7012: 7000: 6996: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6938: 6893:Djedkare Shemai 6882: 6876: 6870: 6856: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6802:Sargon of Akkad 6800: 6799: 6796:Akkadian Empire 6788:(2340–2150 BCE) 6786:Akkadian Period 6773: 6769: 6757: 6753: 6732: 6720: 6710: 6706: 6689: 6685: 6671: 6649: 6628: 6626: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6555: 6551: 6539: 6535: 6523: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6473: 6464: 6431: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6350: 6349: 6333: 6330: 6318: 6314: 6303: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6249:(2500-539 BCE) 6237: 6233: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6051: 6049: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5954: 5953: 5952:(2700–1500 BCE) 5951: 5899: 5888: 5851:("conqueror of 5837: 5821: 5814: 5804: 5790: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5736: 5733: 5713: 5649: 5648: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5613: 5555: 5541: 5528: 5469: 5400: 5389: 5383: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5336:(4000–3100 BCE) 5335: 5329: 5303: 5297: 5269: 5250: 5240: 5213: 5211: 5195: 5189: 5159: 5154: 5128: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4864:Parthian period 4854: 4842:Alexander Balas 4724: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4664: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4515: 4494: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4432: 4398:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 4370:Mushezib-Marduk 4301:Nabu-mukin-zeri 4294: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4262: 4253:Nabu-nadin-zeri 4228:Marduk-bel-zeri 4218:Baba-aha-iddina 4178:Nabû-mukin-apli 4164: 4146: 4118: 4090: 4086:Nabu-shum-libur 4017: 4016: 4015: 4003: 3999:Enlil-nadin-ahi 3979:Adad-shuma-usur 3939:Kadashman-Turgu 3881:Kashtiliash III 3801: 3800: 3799: 3787: 3763:Peshgaldaramesh 3713: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3557: 3554: 3520: 3511: 3508:King of Babylon 3503: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3472: 3457: 3455: 3443: 3438: 3415: 3392: 3366: 3284: 3273: 3238:(10): 128–130. 3185: 3155: 3084: 3025: 3017:. Eisenbrauns. 2944: 2913: 2892: 2813: 2792: 2712:10.2307/1359421 2673:10.2307/3678045 2648: 2625: 2604: 2533: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2510:Luckenbill 1924 2508: 2504: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2265: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2177: 2169: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2135: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1965: 1957: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1911: 1903: 1894: 1886: 1875: 1867: 1856: 1848: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1771: 1763: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1448: 1440: 1433: 1425: 1416: 1408: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1369: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1275: 1269: 1256: 1251:305–281 BC) or 1245: 1218: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1153: 1045: 1028: 977:Fall of Nineveh 923: 909: 903: 901:Fall of Assyria 831: 810:king of Babylon 786: 780: 775: 691: 572: 516: 497: 455: 443: 407: 396: 385:son of a nobody 377: 372: 321:brutally sacked 274:king of Babylon 202: 198: 182: 174: 161: 157: 124: 110: 93: 77: 63:King of Babylon 46: 45: 44: 35:Without proper 26: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10346: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10308:650s BC births 10293: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10271: 10248: 10231: 10224: 10201: 10194: 10180:Potts, Timothy 10170: 10156: 10134: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10109: 10098: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10004: 9997: 9993: 9992: 9974: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9881: 9877: 9876: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9663: 9662: 9655: 9654:30 BCE–116 CE 9651: 9650: 9588:Mithridates IV 9570:Mithridates II 9549: 9511: 9506:Aristobulus II 9479: 9475: 9474: 9399:Argead dynasty 9383: 9288:Argead dynasty 9284: 9280: 9279: 9271: 9270: 9250: 9249: 9241:Artaxerxes III 9204: 9202:Kings of Sidon 9191: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9150: 9145:Labashi-Marduk 9124: 9089: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9047:Nergal-ushezib 9002: 8983:Black Pharaohs 8965: 8961: 8960: 8928: 8901:Ninurta-apla-X 8862: 8860:Ashur-nirari V 8854:Shalmaneser IV 8844:Shamshi-Adad V 8832:Adad-nirari II 8823: 8813: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8676: 8633: 8616:Shalmaneser II 8604:Ashur-bel-kala 8592:Mutakkil-Nusku 8548:Middle Assyria 8544: 8537: 8512:Kings of Sidon 8495: 8419: 8418:1155–1025 BCE 8415: 8414: 8401:Elamite Empire 8397: 8364: 8363: 8355:Hittite Empire 8351: 8319: 8318: 8303: 8302: 8276: 8265:Meli-Shipak II 8235:Nazi-Maruttash 8199:Burnaburiash I 8178: 8150: 8149:1531–1155 BCE 8146: 8145: 8126: 8081: 8041: 8040: 7987: 7923: 7908:Enlil-Nasir II 7887:Ashur-nirari I 7881:Ishme-Dagan II 7872:Sharma-Adad II 7824:Ashur-apla-idi 7815:1735–1701 BCE) 7794:Ashur-apla-idi 7776:Shamshi-Adad I 7771:1808–1736 BCE) 7756: 7751:Yamhad dynasty 7741: 7739:Kings of Sidon 7718: 7705: 7704:1800–1595 BCE 7701: 7700: 7667: 7666: 7654: 7518: 7508:Puzur-Ashur II 7475: 7418: 7385: 7384: 7379:Mentuhotep III 7348: 7347: 7330: 7325: 7317: 7316:2025-1763 BCE 7313: 7312: 7284:Ur III dynasty 7280: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7241: 7230:Neferkare VIII 7218: 7214: 7213: 7206: 7205: 7177: 7163: 7161: 7148: 7134:Gutian dynasty 7130: 7106: 7105: 7097: 7092:Nebkaure Khety 7086:Meryibre Khety 7077: 7073: 7072: 7055: 7022: 7020: 7004: 6977: 6976: 6970: 6941: 6931: 6917:Neferkamin Anu 6890:Neferkare Neby 6863: 6859: 6858: 6854:Lugal-ushumgal 6851: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6810: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6761: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6727: 6722: 6714: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6687:Lugalannemundu 6677: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6618: 6601: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6559: 6543: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6454:Djedkare Isesi 6451:Menkauhor Kaiu 6423: 6419: 6418: 6395: 6378: 6354: 6352:Pabilgagaltuku 6341: 6336: 6322: 6311:Akshak dynasty 6307: 6298: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6226: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6151: 6136:Enun-dara-anna 6131: 6130: 6091: 6074: 6059: 6041: 6039: 6017: 6016: 6010: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5944: 5929: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5904: 5893: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5844: 5843: 5829: 5792: 5785: 5784: 5760:Kullassina-bel 5745: 5737: 5726: 5725: 5719: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5615: 5606: 5601: 5552:Narmer Palette 5534: 5533:3100–2900 BCE 5530: 5529: 5462: 5392: 5391: 5376: 5375:3200–3100 BCE 5372: 5371: 5358: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5309: 5290: 5289:4000–3200 BCE 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5191:Rulers of the 5188: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5095:Parthamaspates 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4942:Mithridates II 4938: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4639:Artaxerxes III 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4525:Persian period 4517: 4516: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4485:Labashi-Marduk 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4420:Sîn-šumu-līšir 4416: 4409: 4402: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4365:Nergal-ushezib 4362: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4223:Ninurta-apla-X 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959:Kashtiliash IV 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3934:Nazi-Maruttash 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3871:Burnaburiash I 3868: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3843:Kashtiliash II 3840: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3802:(1729–1157 BC) 3797:Kassite period 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3641:(1894–1595 BC) 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3419: 3414:978-0691154527 3413: 3396: 3390: 3370: 3365:978-0197261002 3364: 3351: 3332: 3313: 3277: 3271: 3256: 3244:10.1086/371028 3227: 3217:(2): 255–265. 3206: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3146: 3121: 3088: 3083:978-0814752784 3082: 3065: 3048: 3029: 3024:978-1575060958 3023: 3008: 2996:(1): 125–136. 2981: 2969:10.2307/592409 2948: 2943:978-1444360790 2942: 2917: 2912:978-0199651917 2911: 2896: 2891:978-9004265615 2890: 2871: 2850: 2838:10.1086/690464 2817: 2812:978-1614515876 2811: 2796: 2791:978-9004430921 2790: 2773: 2753:10.1086/369369 2747:(3): 178–186. 2732: 2693: 2652: 2647:978-9004330184 2646: 2629: 2624:978-1405188999 2623: 2608: 2603:978-1118455074 2602: 2577: 2567:(2): 173–201. 2552: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2524:, p. 185. 2514: 2502: 2500:, p. 183. 2487: 2475: 2460: 2445: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2296:, p. 183. 2286: 2263: 2261:, p. 230. 2248: 2246:, p. 182. 2233: 2231:, p. 275. 2221: 2217:Lipschits 2005 2204: 2202:, p. 141. 2192: 2190:, p. 128. 2175: 2171:Lipschits 2005 2160: 2148: 2146:, p. 260. 2133: 2118: 2106: 2091: 2079: 2062: 2060:, p. 135. 2050: 2038: 2019: 2007: 1995: 1993:, p. 229. 1980: 1963: 1959:Lipschits 2005 1942: 1930: 1909: 1905:Lipschits 2005 1892: 1873: 1854: 1850:Lipschits 2005 1839: 1837:, p. 263. 1827: 1823:Lipschits 2005 1810: 1798: 1796:, p. 133. 1786: 1769: 1752: 1750:, p. 195. 1740: 1728: 1726:, p. 386. 1711: 1709:, p. 255. 1699: 1695:Lipschits 2005 1674: 1672:, p. 243. 1662: 1660:, p. 212. 1650: 1648:, p. 208. 1638: 1636:, p. 209. 1626: 1609: 1597: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1540:, p. 198. 1530: 1518: 1506: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1446: 1431: 1414: 1399: 1397:, p. 134. 1387: 1375: 1360: 1348: 1344:Lipschits 2005 1330: 1328: 1325: 1268: 1265: 1217: 1214: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1044: 1041: 905:Main article: 902: 899: 830: 827: 782:Main article: 779: 776: 774: 771: 764:kings and the 754:Uruk King List 699:Uruk King List 690: 687: 651:personal union 571: 568: 540:Nabû-apla-uṣur 454: 451: 389:Neo-Babylonian 381:mâr lā mammâna 376: 373: 371: 368: 338:under Pharaoh 261:Nabû-apla-uṣur 238: 237: 231: 227: 226: 221: 215: 214: 213:Nabû-apla-uṣur 211: 205: 204: 193: 187: 186: 171: 167: 166: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 119: 115: 114: 107: 103: 102: 95: 94: 88: 80: 79: 76: 75: 70: 65: 59: 55: 54: 39:, you may see 27: 20: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10345: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10313:605 BC deaths 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10274: 10268: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10227: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10210:Roux, Georges 10205: 10197: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10174: 10166: 10160: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10074: 10073: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10056: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10037:Yazdegerd III 10035: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10003: 10002: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9979: 9973: 9970: 9969:Sahralanyozan 9967: 9963: 9958: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9933: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9912: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9781: 9778: 9775: 9772: 9769: 9762: 9757: 9753: 9752: 9745: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9725:Mithridates V 9723: 9722:Sinatruces II 9718: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9645:Artabanus III 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9625: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9615:Tiridates III 9613: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9558:Mithridates I 9555: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9510: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9494:Aristobulus I 9492: 9491:John Hyrcanus 9489: 9485: 9484: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9460:Alexander III 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9445:Antiochus III 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9408: 9405: 9404:Alexander III 9401: 9400: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9339:Cleopatra III 9337: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9322: 9319: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9244:Artaxerxes IV 9242: 9239: 9238:Artaxerxes II 9236: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9198:Kings of Tyre 9195: 9189: 9184: 9183: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9154:Median Empire 9149: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9087: 9086: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9063: 9062:Sinsharishkun 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9015: 9008: 9007: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8984: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899:(five kings) 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8857:Ashur-Dan III 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8697:Ea-mukin-zeri 8695: 8694:Simbar-shipak 8691: 8686:1025–934 BCE 8685: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8639: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8622:Ashur-rabi II 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8607:Eriba-Adad II 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8568:Shalmaneser I 8566: 8565:Adad-nirari I 8563: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8508:Kings of Tyre 8505: 8501: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8447:Ramesses VIII 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8362: 8357: 8356: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8329:Amenhotep III 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8280: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8098: 8092: 8087: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8035:Melamkurkurra 8033: 8029: 8028:Ayadaragalama 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8005:Itti-ili-nibi 8003: 7999: 7997: 7986: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7899:Ashur-shaduni 7897: 7894: 7893:Enlil-nasir I 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7857:Sharma-Adad I 7855: 7852: 7848:1700–722 BCE) 7846: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7779:Ishme-Dagan I 7777: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7735:Kings of Tyre 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7692:Amenemhat III 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7665: 7660: 7659: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7535: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7484:Puzur-Ashur I 7481: 7480: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7391: 7390:Third Eblaite 7386: 7383: 7382:Mentuhotep IV 7380: 7377: 7376:Mentuhotep II 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7335: 7329: 7324: 7322: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7233:Wahkare Khety 7231: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7170: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101:Ur III period 7096: 7093: 7090: 7089:Neferkare VII 7087: 7083: 7082: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7036:Ur-Ningirsu I 7033: 7029: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6571:Lugal-kisalsi 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5960: 5957: 5950: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5764:Nangishlishma 5761: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5732: 5731:First Eblaite 5727: 5723: 5717: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690:Seth-Peribsen 5688: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5651:Hotepsekhemwy 5647: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619:Proto-Elamite 5612: 5611: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5521:Double Falcon 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5153: 5143: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5088:Vologases III 5085: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5074:Artabanus III 5071: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4888:Mithridates I 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4698:Alexander III 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4646:Artaxerxes IV 4643: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4632:Artaxerxes II 4629: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Shamash-eriba 4591: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4428: 4427:Sinsharishkun 4424: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4314:Shalmaneser V 4311: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4109:Ea-mukin-zeri 4107: 4105: 4104:Simbar-shipak 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018:(1157–732 BC) 4014: 4010: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890:Kadashman-Sah 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830:Kashtiliash I 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778:Melamkurkurra 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3768:Ayadaragalama 3766: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3732:Itti-ili-nibi 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608:foreign ruler 3603: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3501:Sinsharishkun 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3471:Nabopolassar 3468: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3434:(1): 128–130. 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3391:0-521-22717-8 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3272:1-57591-079-9 3268: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3184:9780871692085 3180: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063:(1): 267–279. 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2992:(in German). 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2485:, p. 84. 2484: 2479: 2473:, p. 25. 2472: 2467: 2465: 2458:, p. 72. 2457: 2452: 2450: 2443:, p. 73. 2442: 2437: 2435: 2427: 2422: 2416:, p. 79. 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2392:, p. 80. 2391: 2386: 2380:, p. 77. 2379: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2359:, p. 75. 2358: 2353: 2347:, p. 12. 2346: 2341: 2335:, p. 35. 2334: 2333:Olmstead 1925 2329: 2327: 2320:, p. 41. 2319: 2314: 2308:, p. 40. 2307: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2219:, p. 20. 2218: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2173:, p. 19. 2172: 2167: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2110: 2104:, p. 27. 2103: 2098: 2096: 2089:, p. 97. 2088: 2083: 2076: 2075:Melville 2011 2071: 2069: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2048:, p. 52. 2047: 2046:Yildirim 2017 2042: 2036:, p. 20. 2035: 2034:Melville 2011 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2003:Melville 2011 1999: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1978:, p. 19. 1977: 1976:Melville 2011 1972: 1970: 1968: 1961:, p. 18. 1960: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1940:, p. 81. 1939: 1934: 1928:, p. 18. 1927: 1926:Melville 2011 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1907:, p. 17. 1906: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1871:, p. 17. 1870: 1869:Melville 2011 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1852:, p. 16. 1851: 1846: 1844: 1836: 1831: 1825:, p. 15. 1824: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1806:Melville 2011 1802: 1795: 1790: 1784:, p. 76. 1783: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1765:Melville 2011 1761: 1759: 1757: 1749: 1748:Beaulieu 2018 1744: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1724:Beaulieu 1997 1720: 1718: 1716: 1708: 1703: 1697:, p. 13. 1696: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1624:, p. 90. 1623: 1622:Brinkman 1973 1618: 1616: 1614: 1607:, p. 89. 1606: 1605:Brinkman 1973 1601: 1595:, p. 13. 1594: 1593:Melville 2011 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1538:Beaulieu 1998 1534: 1528:, p. 78. 1527: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1504:, p. 16. 1503: 1502:Melville 2011 1498: 1496: 1494: 1487:, p. 10. 1486: 1481: 1474: 1469: 1463:, p. 56. 1462: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1444:, p. 20. 1443: 1442:Johnston 1901 1438: 1436: 1428: 1427:Beaulieu 2016 1423: 1421: 1419: 1412:, p. ix. 1411: 1406: 1404: 1396: 1391: 1385:, p. 50. 1384: 1379: 1373:, p. 43. 1372: 1371:Garrison 2012 1367: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1346:, p. 14. 1345: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1300:Sinsharishkun 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1264: 1254: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1183: 1173: 1162: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1040: 1038: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:Dur-Sharrukin 1001: 999: 993: 991: 982: 978: 974: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 918: 917:Sinsharishkun 913: 908: 898: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 851: 844: 840: 835: 826: 822: 820: 816: 811: 806: 802: 795: 790: 785: 770: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 735:ancient Greek 732: 727: 725: 724: 719: 718: 713: 704: 700: 695: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 663: 660: 656: 652: 646: 644: 639: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 576: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 514: 510: 506: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 479:Assyriologist 476: 468: 464: 459: 450: 441: 440:Sinsharishkun 437: 436:Uruk prophecy 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 405: 394: 390: 386: 382: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 302:Median Empire 298: 297:Sinsharishkun 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 248: 244: 235: 232: 228: 225: 222: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 201: 197: 194: 192: 188: 185: 172: 168: 164: 152: 148: 144: 141: 138: 134: 129: 123: 122:Sinsharishkun 120: 116: 108: 104: 101: 96: 92: 86: 81: 78: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 56: 51: 48: 42: 38: 34: 32: 10261: 10251: 10215:Ancient Iraq 10214: 10204: 10184: 10173: 10159: 10150: 10137: 10128: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10007:Ardashir III 9999: 9976: 9917: 9885:Roman Empire 9883: 9861: 9819:Yazdegerd II 9749: 9740:Artabanus IV 9737:Vologases VI 9728:Vologases IV 9659:Roman Empire 9657: 9642:Vologases II 9618:Artabanus II 9612:Artabanus II 9597:Tiridates II 9585:Phraates III 9551: 9488:Simon Thassi 9481: 9463:Demetrius II 9451:Antiochus IV 9442:Seleucus III 9436:Antiochus II 9423: 9413: 9410:Alexander IV 9397: 9385: 9369:Ptolemy XIII 9351:Berenice III 9345:Cleopatra IV 9286: 9283:331–141 BCE 9274: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9232:Artaxerxes I 9213: 9180: 9177:539–331 BCE 9152: 9133:Nabopolassar 9132: 9126: 9097: 9091: 9088:626–539 BCE 9056:Ashurbanipal 9011: 9010: 9004: 8967: 8964:745–609 BCE 8930: 8910:Eriba-Marduk 8871: 8825: 8800: 8768: 8767: 8757: 8746:Shoshenq III 8724: 8721:911–745 BCE 8689: 8671:Marduk-zer-X 8635: 8631:Ashur-dan II 8562:Arik-den-ili 8559:Enlil-nirari 8553:Eriba-Adad I 8546: 8539: 8516: 8497: 8492:Psusennes II 8467: 8466: 8460: 8444:Ramesses VII 8432:Ramesses III 8421: 8405: 8399: 8367: 8353: 8334: 8323:Amenhotep II 8316:Thutmose III 8290: 8284: 8281: 8232:Kurigalzu II 8226:Kara-hardash 8196:Agum-Kakrime 8187: 8166: 8160: 8128: 8111:'Aper-'Anati 8109: 8104: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8008:Damqi-ilishu 7991: 7980:Samsu-Ditana 7962:Sin-muballit 7953:Sin-muballit 7932: 7902:Ashur-rabi I 7767:Shamshi-Adad 7764: 7758: 7743: 7713: 7707: 7695:Amenemhat IV 7689:Senusret III 7683:Amenemhat II 7670: 7656: 7642: 7591: 7588:Damiq-ilishu 7558:Lipit-Eshtar 7539: 7520: 7477: 7445: 7441: 7425:Shakkanakkus 7388: 7364:Mentuhotep I 7357: 7351: 7332: 7319: 7282: 7276:Puzur-Ishtar 7243: 7238: 7220: 7173:Lugalannatum 7165: 7132: 7099: 7079: 7058:Hishep-Ratep 7024: 7006: 6943: 6933: 6887:Neferkare II 6877: 6871: 6865: 6812: 6794: 6784: 6763: 6716:Invasion by 6679: 6644: 6620: 6612:Enannatum II 6576:E-iginimpa'e 6545: 6537:Igrish-Halam 6448:Nyuserre Ini 6425: 6399:Awan dynasty 6397: 6356: 6343: 6324: 6309: 6300: 6284:Ishtup-Ishar 6264:Iku-Shamagan 6260:Ikun-Shamash 6252: 6230:Ur I dynasty 6228: 6221: 6210: 6185: 6179: 6153: 6134: 6093: 6076: 6061: 6043: 6002: 5994: 5965: 5946: 5909:Enmebaragesi 5895: 5876: 5847: 5838: 5831: 5794: 5789: 5769:En-tarah-ana 5754: 5747: 5739: 5729: 5705: 5702:Neferkasokar 5700: 5695: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5643: 5623: 5617: 5608: 5596: 5591: 5542: 5536: 5523: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5450: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5403:Finger Snail 5401: 5395: 5378: 5347:Anu Ziggurat 5330: 5298: 5292: 5210:Territories/ 5123:Artabanus IV 5121: 5116:Vologases VI 5114: 5107: 5102:Vologases IV 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5032:Artabanus II 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980:Phraates III 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4717: 4712:Alexander IV 4710: 4703: 4696: 4679:(331–141 BC) 4657: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4604:Artaxerxes I 4602: 4598:Bel-shimanni 4585: 4573: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4530:(539–331 BC) 4465:Nabopolassar 4464: 4447:(626–539 BC) 4425: 4418: 4411: 4406:Ashurbanipal 4404: 4396: 4395: 4390:Ashurbanipal 4388: 4381: 4374: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4331: 4324: 4312: 4305: 4277:(732–626 BC) 4238:Eriba-Marduk 4081:Marduk-zer-X 3929:Kurigalzu II 3919:Kara-hardash 3867:Unknown king 3858:Harba-Shipak 3848:Urzigurumash 3834:Unknown king 3740:Damqi-ilishu 3709:Samsu-Ditana 3679:Sin-Muballit 3614: 3607: 3604:Kings 3572:Royal titles 3506: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3456:. Retrieved 3452: 3431: 3427: 3404: 3381: 3355: 3337: 3318: 3292: 3288: 3261: 3235: 3231: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3173: 3151: 3133: 3129: 3100: 3096: 3073: 3060: 3056: 3034: 3013: 2993: 2989: 2960: 2956: 2925: 2901: 2876: 2858: 2832:(1): 75–92. 2829: 2825: 2801: 2781: 2744: 2740: 2706:(2): 89–95. 2703: 2697: 2664: 2660: 2637: 2613: 2585: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2543: 2531:Bibliography 2517: 2512:, p. 9. 2505: 2478: 2456:Da Riva 2013 2441:Stevens 2014 2426:Da Riva 2017 2421: 2414:Da Riva 2017 2409: 2404:, p. 5. 2397: 2390:Da Riva 2017 2385: 2378:Da Riva 2017 2357:Da Riva 2017 2352: 2345:Wiseman 1983 2340: 2313: 2301: 2294:Wiseman 1991 2289: 2284:, p. 8. 2259:Wiseman 1991 2244:Wiseman 1991 2229:Malamat 1973 2224: 2195: 2151: 2109: 2087:Freeman 2014 2082: 2053: 2041: 2015:Da Riva 2017 2010: 1998: 1991:Wiseman 1991 1938:Da Riva 2017 1933: 1890:, p. 7. 1835:Na’aman 1991 1830: 1801: 1789: 1782:Da Riva 2017 1743: 1731: 1707:Na’aman 1991 1702: 1670:Na’aman 1991 1665: 1653: 1641: 1629: 1600: 1569: 1557: 1545: 1533: 1526:Da Riva 2017 1521: 1509: 1480: 1468: 1461:Bedford 2016 1429:, p. 4. 1390: 1378: 1358:, p. 9. 1351: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1296: 1283: 1276: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1205: 1193: 1189: 1129: 1110: 1103: 1089: 1076: 1073:crown prince 1062: 1056: 1002: 994: 986: 976: 952: 940: 929: 915:Letter from 888: 864:Khabur River 856:Balikh River 852: 848: 823: 807: 803: 799: 794:Mesopotamian 751: 728: 721: 715: 708: 668: 664: 647: 610: 593:Ashurbanipal 589:Neo-Assyrian 553: 539: 535: 531: 527: 524: 513:Ashurbanipal 508: 472: 462: 380: 378: 333: 310: 286: 243:Nabopolassar 242: 241: 98:King of the 58: 53:Nabopolassar 47: 28: 10147:Simpson, W. 10075:639–651 CE 10022:Azarmidokht 10013:Khosrow III 9996:628–641 CE 9952:618–628 CE 9914:395–618 CE 9880:273–395 CE 9868:Vaballathus 9858:270–273 CE 9822:Hormizd III 9807:Yazdegerd I 9798:Ardashir II 9792:Adur Narseh 9746:224–270 CE 9734:Vologases V 9708:117–224 CE 9689:116–117 CE 9636:Vardanes II 9633:Vologases I 9624:Gotarzes II 9594:Phraates IV 9564:Hyspaosines 9503:Hyrcanus II 9478:141–30 BCE 9457:Demetrius I 9454:Antiochus V 9448:Seleucus IV 9439:Seleucus II 9433:Antiochus I 9420:Antigonus I 9372:Ptolemy XIV 9360:Cleopatra V 9142:Neriglissar 9139:Amel-Marduk 9122:Psamtik III 9093:Late Period 9032:Sennacherib 9023:Shalmaneser 8950:Tammaritu I 8847:Shammuramat 8790:Takelot III 8787:Osorkon III 8784:Shoshenq VI 8759:Pedubast II 8749:Shoshenq IV 8737:Shoshenq II 8586:Ashur-dan I 8527:Ish-bosheth 8480:Psusennes I 8456:Ramesses XI 8450:Ramesses IX 8441:Ramesses VI 8435:Ramesses IV 8380:Ramesses II 8343:Tutankhamun 8326:Thutmose IV 8310:Thutmose II 8244:Kudur-Enlil 8229:Nazi-Bugash 8217:Kurigalzu I 8205:Ulamburiash 8176:Amenhotep I 8157:Tutankhamun 8143:Parshatatar 8140:Shuttarna I 8073:Seventeenth 8002:Ilum-ma-ili 7977:Ammi-saduqa 7974:Ammi-ditana 7968:Samsu-iluna 7875:Erishum III 7836:Adad-salulu 7833:Ipqi-Ishtar 7821:Ashur-dugul 7806:Adad-salulu 7803:Ipqi-Ishtar 7791:Ashur-dugul 7760:Old Assyria 7755:(Amorites) 7698:Sobekneferu 7686:Senusret II 7677:Amenemhat I 7649:Sîn-iribam 7626:Sin-Iqisham 7620:Sin-Iddinam 7570:Erra-imitti 7567:Lipit-Enlil 7555:Ishme-Dagan 7552:Iddin-Dagan 7488:Shalim-ahum 7479:Old Assyria 7465:Yasmah-Adad 7442:Lim Dynasty 7434:Hanun-Dagan 7430:Hitial-Erra 7195:Ur-Ningirsu 7151:Kuda (Uruk) 7124:Ishgum-Addu 7114:Ishtup-Ilum 6966:Ishma-Dagan 6951:Shakkanakku 6929:Neferirkare 6926:Neferkauhor 6829:Ili-ishmani 6808:Manishtushu 6771:Lugalzagesi 6767:III dynasty 6751:Puzur-Nirah 6466:Ishar-Malik 6445:Shepseskare 6235:Mesannepada 6160:Nin-kisalsi 6148:Lugal-kitun 6118:Meskalamdug 6104:Ur-Pabilsag 5917:Aga of Kish 5826:Barsal-nuna 5711:Khasekhemwy 5697:Neferkara I 5676:Weneg-Nebty 5654:Nebra/Raneb 5466:Lower Egypt 5452:Scorpion II 5397:Upper Egypt 5349:, 4000 BCE) 5332:Uruk period 5109:Vologases V 5060:Vologases I 5046:Gotarzes II 5004:Phraates IV 4935:Artabanus I 4928:Hyspaosines 4916:Phraates II 4895:Phraates II 4556:Cambyses II 4480:Neriglissar 4475:Amel-Marduk 4376:Sennacherib 4333:Sennacherib 3984:Meli-Shipak 3949:Kudur-Enlil 3924:Nazi-Bugash 3904:Kurigalzu I 3876:Ulamburiash 3863:Shipta'ulzi 3838:Abi-Rattash 3727:Ilum-ma-ili 3704:Ammi-Saduqa 3699:Ammi-Ditana 3689:Samsu-iluna 3615:vassal king 3458:26 November 3441:Web sources 2471:Dalley 2003 2318:Porter 1993 2306:Wunsch 2012 2200:Radner 2019 2188:Rowton 1951 2156:Radner 2019 2129:Radner 2019 2114:Radner 2013 2102:Dalley 2003 2058:Radner 2019 1383:Bertin 1891 1284:šarru dannu 1253:Antiochus I 1196:Sennacherib 1013:Imgur-Enlil 981:John Martin 544:patronymics 393:Neriglissar 264:, meaning " 118:Predecessor 10302:Categories 10031:Khosrow IV 10028:Hormizd VI 10010:Shahrbaraz 9987:Khosrow II 9972:Shahrbaraz 9966:Shahrbaraz 9846:Khosrow II 9843:Hormizd IV 9801:Shapur III 9789:Hormizd II 9783:Bahram III 9768:Ardashir I 9639:Pacorus II 9630:Vonones II 9627:Meherdates 9621:Vardanes I 9606:Orodes III 9603:Phraates V 9582:Sinatruces 9430:Seleucus I 9407:Philip III 9381:Arsinoe IV 9306:Arsinoe II 9247:Darius III 9113:Psamtik II 9053:Esarhaddon 8946:Ummanigash 8916:Nabonassar 8810:Bakenranef 8781:Pedubast I 8778:Takelot II 8775:Harsiese A 8763:Osorkon IV 8755:Shoshenq V 8743:Osorkon II 8731:Shoshenq I 8477:Amenemnisu 8453:Ramesses X 8438:Ramesses V 8386:Amenmesses 8374:Ramesses I 8336:Smenkhkare 8313:Hatshepsut 8307:Thutmose I 8211:Karaindash 7950:Sumu-la-El 7782:Mut-Ashkur 7773:(Amorites) 7680:Senusret I 7639:Rim-Sin II 7629:Silli-Adad 7623:Sin-Eribam 7585:Suen-magir 7582:Ur-du-kuga 7579:Iter-pisha 7573:Enlil-bani 7561:Ur-Ninurta 7549:Shu-Ilishu 7546:Ishbi-Erra 7516:Erishum II 7462:Yahdun-Lim 7459:Yaggid-Lim 7272:Tura-Dagan 7251:Utu-hengal 7227:Meryhathor 7203:Nam-mahani 7169:II dynasty 7138:(21 kings) 7032:Puzer-Mama 7028:II dynasty 7010:IV dynasty 6923:Neferkaure 6920:Qakare Ibi 6911:Neferkahor 6902:Neferkamin 6821:Ilshu-rabi 6712:Ishqi-Mari 6708:Ikun-Ishar 6704:Enna-Dagan 6624:II dynasty 6598:Bara-irnun 6553:Puzur-Suen 6549:IV dynasty 6541:Irkab-Damu 6486:(3 kings) 6412:Ukkutahesh 6385:Meskiagnun 6381:A'annepada 6328:II dynasty 6223:Thamphthis 6219:Shepseskaf 6168:Lugal-dalu 6067:Udulkalama 6047:II dynasty 5989:Sekhemkhet 5897:Lugalbanda 5823:Melem-Kish 5819:En-me-nuna 5604:Canaanites 5598:Horus Bird 5563:Neithhotep 5436:Scorpion I 5386:Naqada III 5067:Pacorus II 5053:Vonones II 5039:Vardanes I 5018:Orodes III 5011:Phraates V 4986:Piriustana 4973:Sinatruces 4955:Asi'abatar 4949:Gotarzes I 4659:Darius III 4383:Esarhaddon 4248:Nabonassar 3894:Karaindash 3664:Sumu-la-El 3204:: 135–142. 2880:. Leiden: 2561:Orientalia 2550:: 367–394. 2522:Bruce 1900 2498:Bruce 1900 2144:Reade 1998 1794:Jursa 2007 1658:Frahm 2014 1646:Frahm 2014 1634:Frahm 2014 1574:Jursa 2007 1562:Jursa 2007 1550:Jursa 2007 1514:Jursa 2007 1473:Jursa 2007 1395:Jursa 2007 1327:References 1315:šar Bābili 1309:šakkanakki 1271:See also: 1242:Seleucus I 1136:Carchemish 895:Little Zab 494:Esarhaddon 424:Babylonian 370:Background 10143:Hallo, W. 10040:Peroz III 9874:Antiochus 9840:Khosrow I 9810:Shapur IV 9804:Bahram IV 9795:Shapur II 9780:Bahram II 9774:Hormizd I 9731:Osroes II 9609:Vonones I 9591:Orodes II 9567:Artabanus 9235:Darius II 9162:Phraortes 9148:Nabonidus 9119:Ahmose II 9107:Psamtik I 9000:Tanutamun 8849:(regent) 8740:Takelot I 8734:Osorkon I 8499:Phoenicia 8483:Amenemope 8429:Setnakhte 8383:Merneptah 8332:Akhenaten 8115:Sakir-Har 8053:Sixteenth 8032:Akurduana 8018:Gulkishar 8015:Shushushi 7971:Abi-eshuh 7965:Hammurabi 7947:Sumu-abum 7869:Shu-Ninua 7860:Iptar-Sin 7830:Sin-namir 7827:Nasir-Sin 7818:Puzur-Sin 7800:Sin-namir 7797:Nasir-Sin 7651:Sîn-gāmil 7647:Sîn-kāšid 7635:Rim-Sin I 7632:Warad-Sin 7512:Naram-Sin 7496:Erishum I 7492:Ilu-shuma 7468:Zimri-Lim 7416:Indilimma 7403:Ibbit-Lim 7373:Intef III 7336:invasions 7323:invasions 7268:Ili-Ishar 7264:Iddi-ilum 7257:2100 BCE 7247:V dynasty 7217:2125 BCE 7155:Puzur-ili 7142:La-erabum 7076:2150 BCE 7002:Shu-turul 6995:(3 years) 6962:Shu-Dagan 6862:2200 BCE 6839:Naram-Sin 6835:2250 BCE 6779:2340 BCE 6745:2350 BCE 6739:Luh-ishan 6734:Urukagina 6730:Lugalanda 6699:Isar-Damu 6695:2370 BCE 6641:2380 BCE 6616:Enentarzi 6604:Enannatum 6593:Gishakidu 6557:Ur-Zababa 6533:Adub-Damu 6529:2400 BCE 6502:2425 BCE 6496:Napilhush 6484:invasions 6462:Enar-Damu 6442:Neferefre 6422:2450 BCE 6365:Ur-Nanshe 6360:I dynasty 6347:I dynasty 6288:Ikun-Mari 6247:Phoenicia 6243:2500 BCE 6176:2575 BCE 6144:Melamanna 6128:Akalamdug 6100:A-Imdugud 6063:Ur-Nungal 6050:(5 kings) 6037:Baba-Damu 6033:Ibbi-Damu 5962:2600 BCE 5932:Gilgamesh 5890:Iltasadum 5861:2700 BCE 5835:I dynasty 5788:2800 BCE 5751:I dynasty 5707:Hudjefa I 5640:2900 BCE 5586:Semerkhet 5578:(regent) 5565:(regent) 5472:Hedju Hor 5300:Naqada II 5025:Vonones I 4997:Orodes II 4991:Teleuniqe 4967:Ispubarza 4828:Timarchus 4807:Antiochus 4786:Antiochus 4652:Nidin-Bel 4625:Darius II 4618:Sogdianus 4611:Xerxes II 4490:Nabonidus 4413:Kandalanu 4326:Sargon II 3773:Akurduana 3755:Gulkishar 3750:Shushushi 3694:Abi-Eshuh 3684:Hammurabi 3659:Sumu-abum 3376:(2003) . 3295:: 66–88. 3252:162308322 3136:: 29–55. 3117:159785150 2963:: 20–22. 2861:: 25–28. 2846:222433095 2784:. BRILL. 2769:170339859 2728:163623620 2689:164087631 2483:Sack 2004 2402:Sack 2004 2282:Sack 2004 1888:Sack 2004 1736:Chen 2020 1077:mar šarri 1025:Nabonidus 884:Euphrates 868:Psamtik I 839:Psamtik I 743:Herodotus 683:Babylonia 671:Kandalanu 613:Near East 601:Kandalanu 597:Babylonia 404:Nabonidus 278:Babylonia 177:BC (aged 136:Successor 10259:(2014). 10212:(1992). 10182:(2020). 10149:(1971). 9990:Kavad II 9816:Bahram V 9777:Bahram I 9771:Shapur I 9648:Osroes I 9579:Orodes I 9573:Gotarzes 9561:Phraates 9226:Darius I 9223:Cambyses 9171:Astyages 9168:Cyaxares 9110:Necho II 9041:Bel-ibni 8991:Shebitku 8954:Indabibi 8807:Tefnakht 8349:Horemheb 8208:Agum III 8190:Kassites 8173:Ahmose I 8038:Ea-gamil 8022:DIŠ+U-EN 8012:Ishkibal 7959:Apil-Sin 7941:Amorites 7851:Bel-bani 7726:Biblical 7617:Nur-Adad 7608:Gungunum 7596:Naplanum 7564:Bur-Suen 7528:Amorites 7504:Sargon I 7454:Amorites 7398:Amorites 7370:Intef II 7340:Kindattu 7328:Ibbi-Sin 7307:Amar-Sin 7301:Ur-Nammu 7236:Merykare 7128:Apil-kin 7040:Pirig-me 7018:Ur-gigir 7014:Ur-nigin 6954:dynasty) 6899:Merenhor 6825:Epirmupi 6654:Userkare 6608:Entemena 6585:Ur-Lumma 6580:Meskigal 6511:Eannatum 6506:Kun-Damu 6490:Shushun- 6475:Enakalle 6334:kushanna 6320:Undalulu 6292:Iblul-Il 6216:Menkaure 6212:Bikheris 6205:Djedefre 6164:Me-durba 6089:shaengur 6083:En-hegal 6071:Labashum 6029:Agur-lim 6025:Abur-lim 6004:Qahedjet 5849:Enmerkar 5681:Wadjenes 5671:Horus Sa 5666:Nubnefer 5657:Nynetjer 5631:Susa III 5593:Sneferka 5576:Merneith 5294:Naqada I 5152:Category 5081:Osroes I 4961:Orodes I 4752:Seleucus 4587:Xerxes I 4575:Darius I 4549:Cyrus II 4350:Bel-ibni 3886:Agum III 3783:Ea-gamil 3759:DIŠ+U-EN 3745:Ishkibal 3674:Apil-Sin 3347:70331064 3328:15159756 3309:43286072 3223:43076393 3142:23502505 2867:23629850 2667:: 1–52. 2573:43076387 1238:colophon 1234:Seleucid 1106:Necho II 943:Cyaxares 747:Xenophon 720:and the 633:Arameans 625:Borsippa 623:, Uruk, 556:Berossus 420:Assyrian 416:Chaldean 340:Necho II 306:Cyaxares 289:Chaldean 252:𒀭𒉺𒀀𒉽 209:Akkadian 10043:Narsieh 9871:Zenobia 9852:Vistahm 9837:Kavad I 9831:Kavad I 9825:Peroz I 9813:Khosrow 9159:Deioces 9116:Wahibre 9104:Necho I 8997:Taharqa 8994:Shabaka 8978:Taharqa 8942:Teumman 8793:Rudamun 8535:Solomon 8474:Smendes 8395:Twosret 8389:Seti II 8130:Mitanni 8124:Khamudi 8078:Dynasty 8068:Dynasty 8058:Dynasty 7896:Nur-ili 7866:Lullaya 7769:dynasty 7721:Abraham 7611:Abisare 7576:Zambiya 7470:(Queen 7422:Amorite 7393:Kingdom 7367:Intef I 7334:Elamite 7321:Amorite 7310:Shu-Sin 7211:Tirigan 7180:Ur-Baba 7110:Nûr-Mêr 7048:Lu-gula 7044:Lu-Baba 6958:Ididish 6939:Kingdom 6936:Eblaite 6934:Second 6884:Menkare 6759:Shu-Sin 6755:Ishu-Il 6683:dynasty 6663:Pepi II 6596:(Queen 6482:Elamite 6433:Userkaf 6376:Akurgal 6305:Ku-Baba 6121:(Queen 6057:Mesilim 5992:Sanakht 5982:(First 5799:Zuqaqip 5796:Kalumum 5781:Kalibum 5777:Puannum 5734:Kingdom 5583:Anedjib 5567:Hor-Aha 5512:Nat-Hor 5445:Iry-Hor 5441:Shendjw 5413:Pen-Abu 5361:Susa II 4563:Bardiya 3853:Agum II 3820:Gandash 3621:female) 3596:Dynasty 3164:2600410 2720:1359421 2681:3678045 1260: 1249: 1201:Esagila 1113:Megiddo 1032: 1009:Tarbisu 963:Tarbisu 959:Nineveh 947:Arrapha 924: 860:Gablinu 739:Ctesias 689:Sources 605:Assyria 520: 505:Kudurru 501: 447: 411: 400: 364:Babylon 317:Nineveh 234:Kudurru 219:Dynasty 184:Babylon 91:Babylon 10269: 10222: 10192: 9834:Jamasp 9828:Balash 9786:Narseh 9697:Trajan 9695:under 9229:Xerxes 9165:Madyes 9029:Sargon 8489:Siamun 8392:Siptah 8377:Seti I 8361:Ugarit 8106:Semqen 8091:Hyksos 8063:Abydos 7956:Sabium 7863:Bazaya 7854:Libaya 7788:Asinum 7785:Rimush 7745:Yamhad 7637:(...) 7614:Sumuel 7605:Zabaia 7602:Samium 7599:Emisum 7500:Ikunum 7472:Shibtu 7413:Immeya 7304:Shulgi 7199:Ur-gar 7159:Ur-Utu 7026:Lagash 6905:Nikare 6817:Eshpum 6805:Rimush 6657:Pepi I 6492:tarana 6436:Sahure 6416:Hishur 6393:Balulu 6358:Lagash 6339:Mug-si 6332:Ensha- 6280:Sa'umu 6208:Khafre 6192:Snefru 6140:Mes-he 6087:Lugal- 6078:Lagash 6021:Sagisu 5973:Djoser 5882:Tizqar 5853:Aratta 5809:Arwium 5806:Mashda 5756:Jushur 5686:Senedj 5625:period 5557:Narmer 5507:Wazner 5482:Hsekiu 5477:Ny-Hor 5456:Narmer 5426:Canide 5417:Animal 5323:Susa I 5273:Lagash 5247:Akshak 5222:Canaan 4922:Ubulna 3825:Agum I 3669:Sabium 3587:Period 3492:605 BC 3488: 3485:658 BC 3411: 3388: 3362: 3345: 3326: 3307: 3269: 3250: 3221: 3181: 3162: 3140: 3115: 3080: 3044:506728 3042: 3021: 2977:592409 2975: 2940: 2909: 2888: 2865: 2844: 2809: 2788: 2767: 2761:527907 2759: 2726: 2718: 2687: 2679: 2644: 2621: 2600: 2571: 1311:Bābili 1267:Titles 1227:Marduk 1216:Legacy 1140:Kimuhu 1121:Josiah 1069:Harran 1059:(1900) 1021:Arbela 990:Rahilu 983:(1829) 967:Amytis 955:Nimrud 936:Takrit 891:Tigris 876:Levant 796:cities 655:Greece 629:Nippur 360:Marduk 325:Nimrud 304:under 230:Father 175: 158: 111: 10034:Boran 10016:Boran 9903:Syria 9683:Syria 9678:Judea 9220:Cyrus 8938:Urtak 8531:David 8137:Kirta 8121:Apepi 8118:Khyan 7839:Adasi 7809:Adasi 7437:(...) 7184:Gudea 7146:Si'um 7095:Setut 7066:Khita 7052:Ka-ku 6993:Ilulu 6989:Nanum 6981:Igigi 6725:Ukush 6627:Nanni 6389:Elulu 6276:Ansud 6195:Khufu 6123:Puabi 6000:Khaba 5996:Nebka 5878:Zamug 5816:Balih 5812:Etana 5773:Babum 5560:Menes 5502:Neheb 5497:Thesh 5487:Khayu 5460:Menes 5421:Stork 5252:Akkad 5242:Assur 5217:Egypt 5212:dates 4902:Rinnu 3490:Died: 3483:Born: 3305:JSTOR 3285:(PDF) 3248:S2CID 3219:JSTOR 3156:(PDF) 3138:JSTOR 3113:S2CID 2973:JSTOR 2863:JSTOR 2842:S2CID 2765:S2CID 2757:JSTOR 2724:S2CID 2716:JSTOR 2685:S2CID 2677:JSTOR 2569:JSTOR 1322:gods. 1236:-era 1117:Judah 1081:Ashur 932:Assur 880:Medes 872:Egypt 843:Egypt 773:Reign 731:Bible 591:king 548:Eanna 532:nâsir 422:or a 418:, an 336:Egypt 313:Assur 191:Issue 106:Reign 10267:ISBN 10243:Per 10220:ISBN 10190:ISBN 9600:Musa 9290:and 8988:Piye 8752:Pami 8523:Saul 7448:Mari 7245:Uruk 7167:Umma 7062:Helu 7008:Uruk 6998:Dudu 6765:Uruk 6718:Mari 6681:Adab 6651:Teti 6562:Urur 6547:Kish 6457:Unas 6408:Tata 6404:Peli 6345:Umma 6326:Uruk 6316:Unzi 6296:Nizi 6155:Adab 6053:Uhub 6045:Kish 6008:Huni 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