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enlarged fighting force (Nader had campaigned against the Kurds and successfully incorporated many of them into his small army). A combined force of 30,000 men lay siege to Mashad with
Sistani and his commander-in-chief Pir Mohammad trapped within the city's walls. Tahmasp had developed a tense relationship with Fathali Khan and matters came to a head on October 10, 1726 when Nader brought Tahmasp an intercepted letter, the damning contents of which provided abundant evidence of a clandestine line of communication between Fathali and Sistani. Nader, fearful that the Qajar contingent may leave if any harm befell their leader, advised Tahmasp to spare his life for the time being. Tahmasp, though agreeing with Nader's judgement, nevertheless had Fathali executed the subsequent day.
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of actual hard fighting, usually when Nader himself was present, but otherwise consisted of skirmishes and raids throughout. The majority of the
Iranian casualties were from the extremity of the weather as well as the outbreak of disease, all of which combined with the indomitable will of the Dagestan people to wage an insurgency and retreat to their distant strongholds when threatened with a pitched battle made the entire war a quagmire for Nader's forces. Ultimately the Dagestan people who had held on in the northern fortresses marched south upon hearing of Nader's assassination and reclaimed most of their lost territories as the Iranian empire crumbled.
1884:(where the Afghans were given a rude introduction to modern warfare by Nader's well-drilled army). The Abdali forces consisted of 15,000 riders under Allahyar Khan, the governor of Herat, concentrated around Kafer Qal'eh and another detachment of 12,000 men led by an impetuous commander by the name of Zulfaqar Khan which was approaching kafer Qal'eh from the south. In the ensuing ebb and flow of marches and counter marches where dozens of skirmishes, charges, feints, ruses and retreats Nader would find himself hard-pressed to keep the upper hand in a constantly changing battlefield environment where even the weather would prove unpredictable.
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Fortunately for Nader a unit of musketeers happened upon the Afghan cavalry encircling his tower and put the enemy to flight. At a later date after crossing over a bridge over
Harrirud, the Iranians beat back a large counterattack by the Afghans forcing them to retire behind the walls of Herat's citadel. On a particular night when Nader was resting in his tent, an Afghan cannon from the citadel walls fired a random shot, lobbing a round ball through the roof of the tent with it landing right next to Nader's bed as he was resting causing his followers to claim he had divine protection.
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2372:, defeating the Iranian under Ibrahim Khan and forcing it to withdraw into the city walls which now came under siege. Although the Abdalis had little chance of actually taking the city as what little artillery they possessed would make hardly any impression on the battlements of Mashad, these events shook Nader who received word that his power base back in Khorasan was under threat. On August 16 Nader left Tabriz behind and marched his force across 2,250 kilometres over the Iranian plateau with lightning speed, bringing him Mashad where he found the Abdalis in headlong retreat.
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Ottomans hold on their newly acquired provinces. Despite support from the Turks, Nader still managed to completely destroy Ashraf's forces in numerous engagements which led to re-establishing the
Safavid state under the nominal rule of Tahmasp II. Istanbul's fears had been realised as Nader would certainly turn to liberating the lost territories of the empire. The Ottomans however had been present in the west of the country for close to a decade and would prove a very formidable challenge to any efforts at their expulsion from what now formed the eastern boundaries of
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2760:. He then, to the accompaniment of the rolling of drums and the blaring of trumpets, unsheathed his great battle sword in a grand flourish to the great and loud acclaim and wild cheers of the Iranian troops present. This was the signal to start the onslaught and carnage. Almost immediately, the fully armed Iranian army of occupation turned their swords and guns on to the unarmed and defenceless civilians in the city. The Iranian soldiers were given full licence to do as they pleased and promised a share of the booty as the city was plundered.
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however the rebellion of Nader's appointed Darya Salar (Admiral), Mohammad Taqi Khan, wreaked havoc amongst the plethora of polities across the
Persian gulf that had been brought under Iranian control and even after the defeat and capture of Mohammad Taqi Khan the Iranian empire was going through a tumultuous period of unrelenting civil strife and internal war due to Nader's increasingly brutal rule which made the empire collapse in the immediate aftermath of his assassination, leading to many of the conquests in the region to be lost.
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1692:. At this juncture however Nader was beset by ever worsening mental health as he slowly deteriorated into insanity and paranoia. His subsequent campaigns against the Lezgis in the northernmost reaches of the Caucasus proved to be less successful and his siege of Baghdad was lifted prematurely due to an uncharacteristic lethargy in Nader's generalship. As Nader continued ruinous policies against the inhabitants of the empire and brutal suppression of dissent he alienated many of his subordinates and close associates. He had his
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Tabriz. Hearing of Ahmad Pasha entering west Iran with the intention of taking
Kermanshah and Hamadan, Tahmasp was now caught in a dire situation. As the Iranian and Ottoman armies came into view of each other numerous letters were being exchanged between Ahmad Pasha and Tahmasp. The Iranian army was largely composed of raw recruits (the veterans campaigning far in the east under Nader) and was formed up in the traditional manner of three divisions making up the centre and the flanks.
2262:. The mountain path was a difficult and snowy route to negotiate and some amongst the soldiers perished but Nader managed to get his 600 men to descend down into the valley behind the Ottoman battlements and without hesitation struck in the dead of night. Completely out-witted by Nader the garrison of Zohab woke up and fled their posts in terror. Nader ordered a new fort to be built and moved south to join the main Iranian army that had left Hamadan and was heading to Baghdad.
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invasion of
Ottoman held Caucasus territory in light of the fact that the Abdali Afghans had rebelled and invaded Khorasan, besieging its provincial capital Mashhad. Gathering and training new recruits during the winter of 1731 in northern Iran he set out eastwards to secure the right flank of the empire. Tahmasp II who sat observantly on the newly regained throne (which he owed to Nader) was cajoled by his courtiers into taking to the field himself. Although
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intense few hours of fighting followed, with the
Ottomans attempting to salvage their left to no avail. The onslaught of the Iranian right cut further into the flesh of the Turk's left wing and the killing of the chief Ottoman Bannerman caused a much demoralised army to turn tail and flee, with Iranian cavalry in pursuit cutting down and imprisoning a large number of men. A clear victory was won, opening the road to Hamadan for Nader's troops.
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divisions, placing himself in the centre. As the two armies came within musket range of each other, a general fire broke out along the entire length of the line, with the smoke created from the muskets & cannon dancing over shallow body of water separating the two armies, obscuring the
Iranians and Ottomans from each other's view. Nader, under the veil of smoke, started strengthening and preparing his right wing for a bold gamble.
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1681:. In one of his most extraordinary campaigns he crossed the Khyber pass with just 10,000 men and subsequently descended down into the Mughal heartland where he engaged the Mughal army and despite being outnumbered six to one, crushed his foes in little over three hours. After he had made the Mughal emperor his vassal and marched to Delhi he looted the city and massacred its population after they revolted against his occupation.
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the rebels and local warlords in a relatively short period of time with the capital Mashad falling into his hands. At this juncture Nader had established himself in the fortress of Kalat north of Mashad and with a mere force of 1,200 men raided
Sistani's territory, although they did not come into direct confrontation Nader had established himself as the only real challenge to Sistani's influence in Khorasan.
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Abu ol-Fayz Khan, who Nader considered to be more accepting of Nader's overlordship. The conflict resulted in the most overwhelming Iranian triumph against the khanates of Central Asia in modern history and with the admixture of his previous annexation in northern India, Nader's empire in the east surpassed all other Iranian empires before it, all the way back to the Sassanians and Achaemenids of antiquity.
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The route of the imperial army allowed him to march on the capital Isfahan which he captured after a 6-month siege that caused unheard misery and loss of life in the city. During the chaos of the Safavid overthrow, the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire seized on this opportunity to annex as much land as they could with Ottoman Turkey taking western Iran and dividing the Caucasus up with the Russians.
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return from the east. However Nader was back in Mashad well before Ashraf had a chance of invading Khorasan. Marching towards Damghan Nader and Ashraf clashed near the village of Mihmandoost where despite being heavily outnumbered the Iranians gave the Afghans a terribly bloody lesson in modern warfare and crushed Ashraf's army forcing him to retire towards Semnan.
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crashing out simultaneously breaking the impetus of the Afghans charge and providing adequate persuasion to the Abdalis to fall behind the city walls. Herat now came under an intense bombardment from the Iranian guns and mortars, convincing the governor of Herat, Allahyar Khan, to sue for peace in exchange for recognition of Iran as suzerain of Herat.
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the relief army under Koprulu Pasha. By the time the main Iranian army of 40,000 reached the scene of the battle Nader, despite the enormous disparity in numbers, routed the Ottomans, forcing Istanbul to finally sign a peace recognizing Iranian control of the Caucasus and the border in Mesopotamia already agreed to in the treaty of Zuhab.
1919:
had perfected the art and technique of overcoming fierce cavalry charges by steady infantry formations supported by cannon and guarded by cavalry on the flanks where the combined fire of musketry & cannon-fire would break the charge of the mounted assailants. This tactical system would be put to the ultimate test in the battles of
2099:), after which Nader commenced a rapid forced march westward in the hope of catching the Ottomans off balance. Reaching Ottoman-occupied town of Nahavand via Luristan, Nader put the Turks here to flight towards Hamadan, where, recovering from their initial shock and panic, they regrouped and presented themselves in the valley of
2195:, a mob rebellion had produced a change in leadership bringing Mahmud I to power. Sultan Mahmud I appointed a half-Venetian statesman to command in the east at the head of an army which would prove Tahmasp's undoing. Aiming to cloak the Caucasus under Iranian hegemony as in the time of his forefathers Tahmasp aimed to conquer
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during the previous year had become utterly irrelevant. This gave Nader the political ammunition to force Tahmasp II to abdicate in favour of his infant son Abbas III in effect making Nader the supreme and unchallenged authority in the realm paving the way for his eventual overthrow of the Safavid dynasty altogether.
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him when he was already heavily engaged with Allahyar Khan's men. The impressive campaign however did not result in the Abdali's destruction and Nader followed their retreat eastward until he came in view of Herat where the combined forces of Allahyar & Zulfaqar rode out to meet him in a finale to the campaign.
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Khorasan to Tahmasp as well as gifting Fathali's position to the sole person of Nader as he now took to subdue the remaining Khans and tribes of the province hence further augmenting his forces. His conquest of Khorasan allowed the Safavid loyalist movement to next focus on an expedition further east towards Herat.
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was surprisingly not looted or sacked by Nader's troops. Ibrahim Khan managed to conquer Farah, helping to pacify the region as a whole in addition to Nader's policies of forced migration for many of the tribes involved in the rebellion as well as incorporating many of their fighters into his own armed forces.
2782:"Here and there some opposition was offered, but in most places people were butchered unresistingly. The Persians laid violent hands on everything and everybody. For a long time, streets remained strewn with corpses, as the walks of a garden with dead leaves and flowers. The town was reduced to ashes."
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in August 1745. The war disintegrated. Nader Shah grew insane and started to punish his own subjects, which led to a revolt from early 1745 to June 1746. In 1746 peace was made. The boundaries were unchanged and Baghdad remained in Ottoman hands. Nader Shah dropped his demand for Ja'fari recognition.
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gained numerous strongholds and fortresses from the Dagestan people and pushed them to the very verge of defeat. The Dagestan people however held on in the northernmost reaches of Daghestan and continued to defy Iranian domination. The conflict was fought over many years and only included a few years
2936:
angered Ilbares khan, the leader of Khiva. When Ilbares threatened to make a counterattack Nader ordered hostilities to cease despite his son's successes and later returned victoriously from Delhi to embark on a decisive campaign himself. After annexing Khiva he executed Ilbares and replaced him with
2534:
Nader having besieged many of the key cities and fortresses in the area awaited the arrival of Koprulu Pasha's main army of some 130,000 men according to Nader's court historian Mirza Mehdi Astarabadi, prompting Nader to gather his advance guard of around 15,000 men and march them westwards to engage
2386:
Hussein Hotaki was growing increasingly anxious about his position in Qandahar with Nader approaching Herat, prompting him to enter into negotiations with Nader in which he sent back a few captive Safavid princesses. Hussein sultan's support for his proxy, Zulfaqar Khan, however did not cease or even
2314:
An intense musketry duel was kept up along the entire breadth of the line until Nader ordered his infantry unsheathe their sabres and charge the Ottomans, supporting them with a pincer movement by his cavalry reserve which put Topal Osman's army in a cauldron of Iranian troops. The Turks crumbling in
2245:
As a direct result of Tahmasp II's blunders in his ill-fated invasion of the Ottoman Caucasus all of Nader's previous gains in the theatre were lost and a humiliating treaty had been signed giving away hegemony over the Caucasus to Istanbul. This settlement gave Nader the authority to force Tahmasp's
2210:
There seems to have been an unintentional initiation of musketry by the inexperienced Iranian infantry leading to a pitched battle where the Iranian cavalry on either flank overcame their counterparts but were let down by the nervous infantry in the centre who were easily put to flight by the advance
2078:
Soon the Hotaki conquerors installed a new leader as king through a coup de'tat in which Mahmud I was replaced with a capable cousin of his; Ashraf. Ashraf marched west to put a halt to any further expansion by the Ottomans and to the surprise of many defeated them. The diplomatic outcome however was
1971:
Having delayed a confrontation with Tahmasp long enough, Ashraf found himself threatened by the pretender to the Safavid throne and his young general Nader. Hearing of their expedition against the Abdali of Herat Ashraf decided to march on the capital of Khorasan and capture Mashad before Nader could
1896:
As Allahyar broke away towards Herat Nader dispatched a portion of his army to pursue him but kept the bulk of his men to turn and face the fresh troops under Zulfaqar khan's command, however before Nader engaged Zulfaqar's contingent a sandstorm swept into the area rendering any further fighting all
1704:
against the Ottomans where he annihilated the Ottoman army sent against him, prompting Istanbul to seek terms of peace. He was finally assassinated by a faction of his officers in his own tent. The death of Nader spelt the beginning of an extremely troubled and bloody chapter in Iranian history where
2802:
men, women and children were slaughtered by the Iranian troops during the massacre in the city. Exact casualty figures are uncertain, as after the massacre, the bodies of the victims were simply buried in mass burial pits or cremated in grand funeral pyres without any proper record being made of the
2504:
Failing in their siege artillery capacity the Iranians sent sappers to dig underground to reach the citadels walls from beneath but the Turks received timely intelligence reports revealing the intention of the besiegers. Tunnelling underground the Iranians and Ottomans burrowed into each other's way
2295:
In a cunning ruse Topal drew Nader into a disadvantageous battle where despite losing a quarter of his own men Topal inflicted a crushing defeat on the Iranian army, half of which was destroyed and all its guns lost. This monumental victory allowed the lifting of the siege further to the south where
2214:
Tahmasp was obliged to sign a treaty by which he accepted Ottoman suzerainty over the Caucasus and in exchange he would be given back Tabriz, Hamadan and kermanshah. The conclusion of his incompetence in this foreign venture had resulted in signing one of the most humiliating treaties of his dynasty
2074:
The Ottomans had entered the western regions of the country in the early 1720s when the Hotaki invasion of Mahmud I was launched against the Safavid state. In a decisive engagement near Gulnabad, Mahmud Hotaki managed a surprising victory against a far greater (though severely divided) Iranian army.
1918:
With the Abdalis in Herat brought into orbit the road now lay open to the heartland of the Iranian empire and the liberation of Isfahan seemed feasible given the successes of the previous campaigns. Nader had also demonstrated the effectiveness of his military system and through numerous engagements
3059:
agreed to divide the northwest and the Caspian region of Iran, but with the advent of Nader Shah, the Russians and the Turks withdrew from the region. Nader Shah waged war against the Ottomans from 1730 to 1736 but it ended with a stalemate. Nader Shah afterwards turned east and declared war on the
2951:
The conflict between the Iranian Empire & the Dagestan people was intermittently fought through the mid-1730s during Nader's first campaign in the Caucasus until the very last years of his reign and assassination in 1747. The incredibly difficult terrain of the northern Caucasus region made the
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had captured vast swathes of territory in Central and Northern India. Its ruler, Muhammad Shah, proved unable to stop the disintegration of the empire. The imperial court administration was corrupt and weak whereas the country was extremely rich whilst Delhi's prosperity and prestige was still at a
2310:
Making an almost fantastical recovery from his seemingly irreplaceable losses Nader rebuilt his army in an incredibly short amount of time and invaded Ottoman Iraq once more. After some minor frontier skirmishing he sent Haji Beg Khan to lure out Topal Pasha which he succeeded in doing. The Ottoman
2218:
On discovering the cataclysmic events that had unfolded in the west Nader abandoned any further conquest in the east to return to Isfahan with much justified anger at the Shah's inept statesmanship which must have been all the more infuriating as Nader's impressive achievements against the Ottomans
2182:
and many other historians accuse Tahmasp of being motivated primarily by jealousies caused by his illustrious commander-in-chief's incessant victories there is reason to suspect his decision was in fact induced by court intrigue amongst the imperial entourage eager to have their Shah outshine Nader
2082:
As Nader and Ashraf came head-to-head in a conflict that would decide the fate of the country, the Ottomans wisely supported Ashraf against the Safavid loyalists as a resurgent Iran under an ambitious and talented general who would be flushed with the success of conquest would not bode well for the
1900:
The entire campaign thus far had been a chain of skirmishes, marches and counter marches where Nader excelled as a quick thinking commander who outwitted his foes at every corner despite at times seemingly caught in near impossible situations such as when news of Zulfaqar's imminent arrival reached
1892:
The battle of Kafer Qal'eh resulted in a tactical victory for Nader after which Allahyar Khan was pursued and re-engaged. At the height of the battle Nader's scouts brought word of Zulfaqar Khans approach prompting Nader to carry out an ingenious ruse. A column of Iranian troops was sent on a march
1836:
but could not stay in the region permanently as those areas not under Afghan control were unremittingly coming under the marching boots of Ottoman soldiers invading from the west. Tahmasp was chased from the west of the country and in Astarabad found a loyal if difficult subject warlord by the name
1661:) into his service. After having subdued north-west Iran as well as neutralising the Abdali Afghans to the east and turning Tahmasp II into a vassal, Nader marched against the Hotaki Afghans in occupation of the rest of the country. In a series of incredible victories the Afghans were decimated and
2411:
The siege of the citadel was hence resumed with the Afghan's sending peace emissaries once they realised their predicament. The negotiations lasted a long while but were eventually concluded, giving Zulfaqar Khan and his brother a chance to escape to Qandahar whilst Herat came under occupation but
2407:
Under the treaty signed by both sides Allahyar Khan was returned his governorship of Herat with Zulfaqar Khan being exiled to Farah. Nader did not however militarily occupy the citadel – an action which would prove a terrible mistake when 4,000 fighters came down from Farah and stoked the fires of
2254:
Ottoman held Iraq seemed a peculiar choice for Nader's invasion as all the western territories of Iran were restored under the ignominious treaty signed by Tahmasp with the Caucasus under Turkish control. Axworthy speculates that Nader intended to seize Baghdad as a bargaining chip in exchange for
2177:
being lost. The result of this particular military catastrophe was still overturned with Nader's return from the east but would have much more significant impact on the Safavid dynasty itself as Tahmasp II sealed his own fate by initiating this ill-fated expedition. Nader had to cancel his planned
2164:
on August 12, crushing an army sent (too late) to reinforce Tabriz. The Turkish prisoners were treated kindly, with Nader freeing many of the Pashas, dispatching them with messages of peace to Constantinople (Istanbul). In a lightning campaign Nader had reincorporated all the main provinces of the
2024:
Nader liberated Isfahan and soon after received Tahmasp II outside the main city gates where the Shah expressed his gratitude to Nader. The city had been devastated by the Afghans leaving very little in terms of riches for when Nader arrived. Tahmasp famously wept when he saw what had befallen the
1840:
Deciding that it was too soon to march on Isfahan to liberate the heartland of Iran they would begin in Khorasan where they could forge alliances and rally more troops under their banner. Marching toward Khorasan they came into contact with Nader whose loyalty they acquired along with his now much
1823:
A courtier in Isfahan by the name of Malek Mahmoud Sistani reached an accord with the Hotaki Afghan conquerors in which he would set up an independent kingdom in Khorasan in exchange for his recognition of Mahmud as Shah of Iran. Sistani entered Khorasan and managed to regain most of Khorasan from
2001:
Requesting urgent support from the Ottoman Empire Ashraf sought to counter the Iranian army's thrust towards Isfahan. The Ottomans keen to hold Ashraf in power instead of seeing a resurgent Iran on their eastern frontier were all too eager to help with both guns and artillerymen. At the battle of
1844:
The Qajar contingent however remained with the Loyalist army despite Fathali's beheading and ironically it was a betrayal on the other side of the conflict that brought the siege to an end where Pir Mohammad allowed Nader to infiltrate the city walls forcing Sistani to take refuge in the citadel,
2979:
The Afsharid Conquest of the Persian Gulf was an imperial venture by the Iranian Empire, ruled by Nader Shah, to establish Iran as the hegemon of the Persian gulf and its surroundings. The numerous campaigns that were undertaken were initially very successful and achieved a great many objectives
2065:
Nader's first Ottoman Campaign was his first against perhaps his most formidable of adversaries, namely the Ottomans, where he proved triumphant in conquest. The great successes of his expedition, however, were rendered null when Shah Tahmasp II decided to take personal command of the theatre in
1986:
Ashraf retreated west where he set up a well thought out ambush in the Khwar pass where he hoped the Iranians, flushed with their recent triumph, would be surprised and dealt a heavy blow. Nader upon discovering the ambush encircled and then completely destroyed it with whatever remnants fleeing
2394:
just a few short kilometres from Herat itself, whence they fanned out and to take hold of the towers and strongholds in Herat's environs. During one of these nights Nader's small entourage of a mere eight musketeers were trapped in an isolated tower when Seidal Khan carried out a surprise raid.
2343:
As the Iranian empire set about re-incorporating the lost territories to the west, Hussein sultan of Qandahar intrigued the Abdalis of Herat to raise against their masters while the main Iranian forces were arrayed against the Ottomans thousands of kilometres to the west. The governor of Herat,
2146:
Nader gave the order for a sudden thrust by his right flank across the stream. The Iranians appeared from the billowing cloud of smoke that had concealed their advance and threw the Ottomans, who were dazzled by the unexpected appearance of the enemy seemingly out of thin air, into disarray. An
2039:
Nader set out from Isfahan heading towards Shiraz where Ashraf was busy raking together what he could with the support of some of the local Arab tribes. At this juncture there was no realistic hope for a revival of Afghan fortunes and near Zarghan the Iranian engaged and decimated the last army
1909:
When battle was joined for the final time in view of Herat itself the action was uncannily similar to the previous engagements between the Iranians and the Abdalis except that on this particular occasion the frontal charge of the Abdalis was firmly halted by muskets of the Iranian line infantry
2398:
The final decisive engagement took place outside the city when Zulfaqar Khan and Seidal Khan agreed to a joint coordinated attack against the Iranians. The attack was decimated when Nader sent a flanking force round the Afghans and himself rode directly against their front with a large body of
2206:
Hakimoghlu Khan reacted immediately by setting out to break the siege of Yerevan. Realizing Tahmasp had not taken any precaution to guard his line of communication southwards Hakimoghlu cut Tahmasp's logistical line to Tabriz forcing him to withdraw break of the siege and take the road back to
2131:
Now Nader faced an adversary who in many respects mirrored the Iranian army's own composition in structure as well as constituent unit types. The Turks had drawn themselves up parallel to a stream flowing through the valley, on the other side of which Nader deployed his men into three separate
1853:
The defeated Malek Mahmoud Sistani was surprisingly treated with courtesy and in a show of reconciliatory mercy allowed to spend the rest of his life as a sage (Though he was executed the following year when he became suspect in Nader's eyes). The results of the siege had gifted the capital of
1672:
Nader had managed to restore the western frontier of Iran as well as reimposed Iranian suzerainty over most of the Caucasus. The legitimacy which his astonishing military achievements brought him allowed a bloodless coup against the Safavid monarchy in which he had the unanimous support of the
2280:
with a residue force of 7,000 the main Iranian army marched on until they defeated an Ottoman army near Baghdad and then proceeded to encircle the city itself in preparation for a siege after a hard fought campaign of manoeuvre were Nader managed to cross the Tigris. Ahmad Pasha would prove a
2500:
The mountains to the north in Avarestan made any pursuit of the defeated foe a daunting prospect especially considering the approach of winter, so Nader chose to turn west and besiege Ganja where he was drawn into an intense effort to capture the surprisingly formidable fortress. The Iranian
2744:
When a rumour spread that Nader had been assassinated by a female guard at the Red Fort, some Indians attacked and killed Iranian troops during the riots that broke out on the night of 21 March. Nader, furious at the killings, retaliated by ordering his soldiers to carry out the notorious
2123:
The Ottoman force arrayed in front of the Iranian army was of a different nature altogether from all the previous foes the Iranian army had faced up to this point. The Afghan and tribal opponents of Nader had been almost completely devoid of any infantry or artillery units (excluding
2661:
Nader had asked Muhammad Shah to close the Mughal frontiers around Kabul so that the Afghan rebels he was fighting against, may not seek refuge in Kabul. Even though the Emperor agreed, he practically took no action. Nader seized upon this as a pretext for war. Together with his
2325:
which required his immediate attention. Therefore, Baghdad was yet again saved from falling into Iranian hands. The campaign itself did not decide the fate of the war but set the stage for Nader's Caucasus campaign in 1735 where through a shattering defeat of the Ottomans at
2538:
The crushing defeat at Baghavard also provided sufficient persuasion to retreat for the 50,000 Crimean Tatars who were commanded by the Turkish Sultan to march south along the coast of the Black Sea descending down into the Caucasus in order to aid Koprulu Pasha's forces.
2255:
the Caucasus but with Baghdad being such a strategic prize in itself it is rather doubtful any civil exchange of territory was held in mind at the time at all. Despite the unexpected choice of theatre the Ottomans in the region were well prepared to receive the Iranians.
3309:
But Nader's derangement in the last five years of his life meant that his military innovations turned Persia into a desert rather than modernizing the country. His insatiable demands for cash to pay his world-beating army brought about his own downfall and that of his
2505:
whence they came to grips in hand-to-hand combat. The Iranians were able to detonate six charges killing 700 Ottoman defenders but still failed in their main object of destroying the citadels walls. The Iranians also lost some 30 to 40 men themselves.
2626:
Nader Shah became the official Iranian monarch in 1736, and founded the Afsharid dynasty in that year overthrowing the last puppet safavid shah after the successful campaign of 1730–35. In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the
1879:
The conflict also bears significance in terms of the effects of Nader's army perfecting its tactical system through experience gained from going up against deadly light cavalry armies, something that would prove of incalculable importance in the
2670:(Heraclius II), who took part in the expedition as a commander leading a contingent of Georgian troops, the long march had begun. He defeated his Afghan enemies fleeing into the Hindu Kush and also seized major cities in the region such as
2618:
2211:
of the Janissaries which now turned to aid their mounted comrades in a counter-attack on the Iranian horsemen routing them in turn also. Tabriz also fell to Hakimoghlu Khan with Ahmad Pasha complementing his gains by capturing Hamadan.
1870:
The Conquest of Afghanistan by Nader Shah consisted of a series of intermittent and fluid engagements culminating in the finale of Nader's military operations against the Abdali Afghans. Nader having recently concluded a successful
2159:
along with its 10,000 imprisoned Iranian soldiers, Nader gained Kermanshah, thus liberating large swathes of western Iran from Ottoman rule. Leaving behind a fortified position, he now moved his army to Azerbaijan, where he took
2786:
Muhammad Shah was forced to beg for mercy. These horrific events were recorded in contemporary chronicles such as the Tarikh-e-Hindi of Rustam Ali, the Bayan-e-Waqai of Abdul Karim and the Tazkira of Anand Ram Mukhlis.
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very much reconciliatory as the Ottomans promised recognition of Ashraf as the legitimate Shah of Iran in exchange for Ashraf's acknowledgement of Ottoman rule in their new territories in the Caucasus and western Iran.
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Nader's last years are characterised by wandering his own empire in a series of barbaric campaigns in which rebellions were put down in the most brutal and cruel manner. One of his very last major battles was a
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engaged and routed a joint Ottoman and Crimean Tatar force in the south east Caucasus Nader cut their line of retreat further west dealing them another crippling blow, scattering them into the mountains north.
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against his own monarch and prince, the badly humiliated Tahmasp II, set out from Mashad on May 4, 1729 making sure the Shah also accompanied him on this journey where he could be kept under close supervision.
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artillery was still severely lacking in strong siege guns and consisted mostly of field batteries which were effective in battles but unable to make significant impact against city walls and battlements.
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After the conclusion of the siege of Isfahan Mahmud sent a contingent of his Afghans to subdue Qazvin where a new Safavid pretender Tahmasp had risen and proclaimed himself Shah. He was forced to flee
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round Allahyar Khan's army with their victory drums & horns sounding loudly which led him to believe that Zulfaqar Khan's men had already been defeated forcing him to beat another hasty retreat.
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Revolts swept through the province during the 1720s as a direct consequence of the Afghan revolt in the eastern provinces of the empire which eventually led to an invasion led by the Hotaki leader
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falling in August 1734 freeing up the Iranian forces to march west and lay siege to Ganja. The battlements of Ganja as well as its garrison of 14,000 soldiers provided a formidable defence. After
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unsatisfactory and sent an enormous army consisting of 50,000 cavalry, 30,000 janissaries and 40 cannon to be commanded by Koprulu Pasha foe the defence of Ottoman possessions in the region.
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An Iranian slave in captivity in central Asia. The Khanates beyond the Iranian Empires border carried out regular raids into the border towns and villages which they would sack and loot.
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The city was sacked for several days. An enormous fine of 20 million rupees was levied on the people of Delhi. Muhammad Shah handed over the keys to the royal treasury, and lost the
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Nader Shah's victory against the weak and crumbling Mughal Empire in the far East meant that he could afford to turn back and resume war against Iran's archrival, the neighbouring
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capital. The city was greatly reduced both in terms of population and in terms of wealth. The people took vengeance on those Afghans who were found hiding throughout the city.
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Finally, after many hours of desperate pleading by the Mughals for mercy, Nader Shah relented and signalled a halt to the bloodshed by sheathing his battle sword once again.
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In the aftermath of the Safavid restoration Nader campaigned in the western and northern reaches of the empire to regain territory lost to the Ottomans and Russians. After a
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Isfahan (here depicted from the north-to-south direction), as the capital of Iran, was the ultimate objective of Nader's campaign for the liberation of Iran from Hotaki rule
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advance guard was set upon drowned under the waves of a ferocious ambush after which Nader gathered his men and marched directly against the main Ottoman army nearby.
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Ahmad Pasha- having heard of Topal Osman's victory -came out with an enthusiastic garrison to chase away the 12,000 Iranians left to maintain the blockade of Baghdad.
1953:, managed to seize Tahmasp II as his vassal. As for Afghan rule, the Ghilzai Afghans were ejected from the Iranian Plateau permanently and in the following years were
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was the subjugation of Afghanistan in its entirety. The result of the annexation of Afghanistan by Nader's empire was that he now had a direct path to the invasion of
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The Iranian occupation led to price rises in the city. The city administrator attempted to fix prices at a lower level and Iranian troops were sent to the market at
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The Safavid restoration to the throne of Iran took place in the latter part of 1729 by a series of battles fought between Nader, Tahmasp's commander-in-chief and
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To achieve a modicum of surprise Nader decided upon a march through the mountains as opposed to a direct advance against the fortified border town of Zohab near
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the face of this manoeuvre found that not even the presence of the old fox in the person of Topal Pasha could rally them and fled leaving all their guns.
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Nader's absence, forcing a furious Nader to return and rectify the situation after forcing Tahmasp's abdication in favour of his infant son Abbas III.
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forcing a response from the Ottoman 'Saraskar' Koprulu Pasha. Istanbul had found the preliminary negotiations by Ahmad Pasha, governor of Ottoman
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The Campaign of Tahmasp was a failed attempt to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus which ended in a disastrous defeat with all of
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lessen – in fact a Ghilzai force of at least a few thousand strong commanded by Mohammad Seidal Khan was sent from Qandahar to support him.
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cavalry. The defeat caused Seidal Khan's departure which in turn led to the remaining defenders of Herat asking for terms of submission.
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stubborn defender of the city and held out until the approach of a relief effort in the form of an army of 80,000 under Topal Pasha.
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initiated the Ottoman-Iranian War (1743–1746), in which Muhammad Shah closely cooperated with the Ottomans until his death in 1748.
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regions. Nader expanded Iranian hegemony in central Asia to such extents that they surpassed even the old Iranian empires of the
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Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748
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employed an Ottoman force in a futile attempt to undermine the Iranian influence and dislodge Nader's Georgian allies, Princes
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who gained a few notable victories in this theatre while Nader was still invading India to the south. Reza Qoli's invasions of
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It has been estimated that during the course of six hours in one day, 22 March 1739, something like 20,000 to 30,000
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although this seemed to weigh little on his mind as he soon returned to Isfahan to resume a magnificently opulent lifestyle.
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rebellion once more. Allahyar Khan was pressured despite his reluctance to join the revolt. Allahyar Khan was also exiled.
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together. The keys to the capital of Delhi were surrendered to Nader. He entered the city on 20 March 1739 and occupied
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Allahyar Khan was obliged to flee Herat and was given refuge by Nader's brother Ibrahim Khan. The Abdalis soon invaded
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was pleased and dispatched an ambassador but before he could arrive, Nader Shah was assassinated by his own officers.
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but impossible, thereby providing a cover under which the Abdali forces managed to withdraw towards Herat unmolested.
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high. Nader Shah, attracted by the country's wealth, sought plunder like so many other foreign invaders before him.
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and the Caucasus which ended in an Iranian victory allowing Nader to recast Iranian hegemony over almost the entire
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on 13 February 1739, Nader led his army to victory over the Mughals, Muhammad Shah surrendered and both entered
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The Mughal empire had been weakened by ruinous wars of succession in the three decades following the death of
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A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century
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abdication and resume the war against the Turks by launching an invasion of Ottoman Iraq and Mesopotamia.
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by Nader's veteran troops going up against the very best of the cavalry the oriental world had to offer.
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to the extreme weakness of the Mughal Empire and the possibility of expanding to fill the power vacuum.
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Ashraf commanded, with historical sources disagreeing on his exact fate in the aftermath of the battle.
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svat soucek, a history of inner asia page 195: in 1740 Nader Shah, the new ruler of Iran, crossed the
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in Iran for a period of three years following his return. Nader Shah's victory against the crumbling
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and, accepting the submission of Muhammad Hakim Bi which was then formalized by the acquiescence of
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On March 9, 1730, the Iranian army exited Shiraz and in a leisurely manner celebrated the new year (
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Bandar-e-Bushehr, historically one of Persia's most important port cities around the Persian gulf
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continuous civil war engulfed the nation for over half a century before the establishment of the
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After Nader put down the revolt in Afghanistan, he was able to continue his invasion of the
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The Persian Empire expands to its greatest extent since antiquity and subsequently collapses
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Murche-Khort the Afghans were yet again decisively defeated forcing Ashraf to flee south.
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Iranian ruling elite. Nader Shah's first campaign as the monarch of the newly established
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himself, proceeded to attack Khiva. When rebellions broke out in 1743 upon the death of
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A map of the Kheibar campaign, illustrating Nader's incredible 80 kilometre flank-march
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3473:"AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722–1922)"
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On the morning of 22 March, the Shah rode out in full armour and took a seat at the
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A military diagram demonstrating the key manoeuvres in the campaign of Afghanistan
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Resurgence & Eventual Collapse of Persian Hegemony throughout Central Eurasia
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task of subduing the Dagestan people an extremely challenging one. Despite this
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and would eventually capture the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle.
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were Tahmasp found himself scoring a victory over an Ottoman army near Yerevan.
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to suppress a revolt. He returned afterwards and routed an Ottoman army at the
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was the last major field battle Nader fought in his spectacular military career
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in 1624, but the Ottomans had recaptured Mosul in 1625 and Bagdad in 1638. The
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mountains into Northern India, which, at that time, was under the rule of the
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Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the
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Nader shah watching the dead bodies of his soldiers murdered by Delhi people
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and besieged Mosul on 14 September 1743. The siege lasted for 40 days. The
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was preparing for a holy war against Iran, he turned eastward. He captured
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Diamond taken by Nader Shah, along with many other gems, as a trophy of war
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Nader Shah at the Sack of Delhi – Battle scene with Nader Shah on horseback
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An artist's illustration of an Armenian-Iranian border town in the Caucasus
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Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record
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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant
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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant
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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant
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in March 1739. His army had easily defeated the Mughals at the battle at
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The Sword of Persia:Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
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in the East meant that he could afford to turn to the West and face the
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before the end of year as the Mughals mustered their army against him.
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by Nader whence they were once again absorbed into the Iranian empire.
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had fallen under Ottoman control since 1722 with the collapse of the
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state. The first target of the campaign was the reconquering of the
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Nader's decisive victory at Baghavard destroyed any hope of the
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of Roshan-ud-dowla near the Kotwali Chabutra in the middle of
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Nader however could not pursue his impressive conquest due to
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Nader Shah dreamed of an empire which would stretch from the
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The plunder seized from Delhi was so rich that Nader stopped
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and other Delhi mosques. The next day, the Shah held a great
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with a fifty-five thousand strong army, eventually attacking
1641:. His campaigns originated from the overthrow of the Iranian
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In early 1744 Nader Shah resumed his offensive and besieged
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to give battle in the hope of ending the Iranian advance on
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had resulted in peace for 85 years. After the fall of the
2713:. Coins were struck, and prayers said, in his name in the
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The Iranian army arrived during April 1731 in the town of
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was very much taken by Qandahar's assurances and support.
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27:
Military campaigns of Iranian general and king Nader Shah
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During the mid-eighteenth century the Iranian empire of
2835:("Mountain of Light" and "Sea of Light," respectively)
2348:, who was confirmed in his position by Nader after his
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Nader's return to the empire signaled new wars in the
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3064:, in order to refund his wars against the Ottomans..
3594:, (trans: Nilüfer Epçeli) Yeditepe Yayınları, 2009,
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2749:(qatl = killing, aam = publicly, in open) of Delhi.
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300:
Invasion of & partial annexation of Mughal India
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3479:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33
2119:a military diagram of the battle of Malayer valley
1857:
1653:by the Afghans, a claimant to the Safavid throne,
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2967:Afsharid Conquests in the Persian Gulf & Oman
2916:embarked upon the conquest and annexation of the
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3035:. The Iranians had captured Baghdad in 1623 and
2139:The battle of Malayer Valley opened the road to
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1937:Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne
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3653:History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now
3339:History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now
3250:History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now
2631:, he, then, began to launch raids across the
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320:Outbreak of Numerous Rebellions in the Empire
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1795:'s impression of a gunpowder depot near old
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3043:in 1639 between the Ottoman Empire and the
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1755:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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312:'s Psychological & Mental Deterioration
2549:Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire
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1619:
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2900:Capture of Samarkand by Nader Shah Afshar
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1775:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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3516:This section: Axworthy pp.1–16, 175–210
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1914:Strategic & Tactical Ramifications
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2330:, Istanbul was brought to its knees.
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2882:Nader's Indian campaign alerted the
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1753:adding citations to reliable sources
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1605:at its greatest extent, in 1741–1745
400:Numerous clients & vassal states
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2368:itself and marched on its capital,
1837:of Fathali Khan of the Qajar clan.
1828:Tahmasp II and the siege of Mashhad
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1618:
268:Expulsion of the Ottomans from Iran
258:Expulsion of the Hotaki from Persia
24:
3669:Warfare of the early modern period
3637:Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein (2008).
3573:http://librarun.org/book/63545/195
3372:Axworthy, Michael (28 July 2006).
3262:Michael Axworthy (December 2007).
2561:Iran (1736–47) and founder of the
2183:and thereby lessen his influence.
25:
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2187:The Campaign and Siege of Yerevan
1663:Tahmasp II returned to the throne
3694:Wars involving Georgia (country)
3618:, p. 193. Taylor & Francis,
2442:region, reconquering it for the
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2191:At this time in Constantinople,
1951:the debacle in northern Khorasan
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1506:Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani
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3592:Geschiste des Osmanichen vol IV
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3420:. March 7, 2012. Archived from
3031:. He demanded the surrender of
3010:Treaty of Constantinople (1736)
2050:Western Persia campaign of 1730
1858:Conquest of Western Afghanistan
1665:as a restored Safavid monarch.
45:needs additional citations for
3526:Naimur Rahman Farooqi (1989).
3331:
3315:
3255:
3226:
3208:
2896:Nader's Central Asian Campaign
2690:. Nader advanced to the river
327:Collapse of the Persian Empire
316:Military Setbacks in Daghestan
13:
1:
3341:, p. 371. Etela'at Publishing
3202:
2990:Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46)
2793:
2778:In the words of the Tazkira:
2229:Nader's Mesopotamian Campaign
1670:bitter war lasting five years
3679:Wars involving Afsharid Iran
2961:Invasion of the Persian Gulf
2851:Nader Shah sitting upon the
2842:
2803:numbers cremated or buried.
2111:The Battle of Malayer Valley
1845:surrendering shortly after.
1581:Garmsirat Revolts of 1746-47
295:Conquest of the Persian Gulf
7:
3689:Wars involving Safavid Iran
3612:Allen, William Edward David
3532:. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli
3155:
2724:
2595:
894:Mohammad Seidal Khan (
323:Assassination of Nader Shah
10:
3715:
3644:Axworthy, Michael (2009).
3631:
3232:Axworthy, Michael (2009).
3067:
2987:
2964:
2944:
2893:
2806:
2599:
2546:
2527:
2488:Khanate, with its capital
2453:
2419:
2379:
2303:
2288:
2269:
2226:
2047:
2032:
2029:End of Afghan rule in Iran
2009:
1994:
1979:
1964:
1934:
1804:Rebellion & Separation
1586:Zafaranlu Uprising of 1747
1576:Muscat Uprising of 1746-47
1500:Rebellions & Civil War
1155:Haji Dawood Myushkyurskogo
1023:
1007:
998:
979:
968:
949:
936:
923:
557:Sadozai Sultanate of Herat
418:
3283:10.1080/00210860701667720
2947:Nader's Dagestan campaign
2855:after his victory at the
2709:'s imperial suite in the
2250:The Strike into Kurdistan
2091:Nader marches on Nahavand
1214:
578:
351:
290:End of the Hotaki Dynasty
165:
151:
139:
134:
69:"Campaigns of Nader Shah"
3264:"The Army of Nader Shah"
3197:Treaty of Constantinople
3012:, by demanding that the
3008:attempted to ratify the
2890:Conquest of Central Asia
2422:Caucasus Campaign (1735)
2416:Conquest of the Caucasus
2403:Allahyar Khan's Betrayal
2241:Near East before the war
2044:Campaign of Western Iran
1967:Battle of Damghan (1729)
1711:Agha-Mohammad Khan Qajar
1012:Mehmet Yegen Pasha
305:Conquest of Central Asia
273:Conquest of the Caucasus
3699:Campaigns of Nader Shah
3684:History of the Caucasus
3505:
3378:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3359:Encyclopædia Britannica
3114:Hajji Hossein Al Jalili
2763:Areas of Delhi such as
2524:The Battle of Yeghevārd
2306:Battle of Kirkuk (1733)
2272:Siege of Baghdad (1733)
1611:campaigns of Nader Shah
1571:Sistan Uprising of 1746
1441:Battle of Chenab (1739)
1206:Campaigns of Nader Shah
1028:Abdollah Pasha Jebhechi
3674:18th-century conflicts
3651:Ghafouri, Ali (2008).
3460:University of Michigan
3248:Ghafouri, Ali (2008).
3081:
3002:
2976:
2909:
2860:
2820:
2784:
2734:
2623:
2615:
2473:
2431:
2382:Herat Campaign of 1731
2339:Zulfaqar Khan's Revolt
2242:
2143:
2120:
2070:The Ottoman occupation
2062:
2021:
1997:Battle of Murche-Khort
1991:Battle of Murche-Khort
1867:
1849:Aftermath of the Siege
1800:
1606:
1556:Fars Rebellion of 1744
1546:Khoy Revolt of 1743-46
1449:Central Asian Campaign
985:Köprülü Abdullah Pasha
579:Commanders and leaders
18:Nader's Campaigns
3655:, Etela'at Publishing
3452:David Marshall Lang.
3412:"When the dead speak"
3337:Ghafouri, Ali(2008).
3252:. Etela'at Publishing
3078:Battle of Kars (1745)
3075:
2997:
2974:
2941:Conquest of Daghestan
2907:
2875:. The Ottoman Sultan
2850:
2814:
2780:
2732:
2621:
2613:
2602:Battle of Khyber pass
2508:Nader also blockaded
2463:
2456:Siege of Ganja (1734)
2429:
2236:
2223:Mesopotamian Campaign
2138:
2118:
2057:
2019:
2012:Liberation of Isfahan
2006:Liberation of Isfahan
1961:Battle of Mihmandoost
1882:battle of Mihmandoost
1865:
1799:(eighteenth century).
1790:
1600:
1566:Kerman Revolt of 1746
1521:Kartli Revolt of 1736
1511:Bakhtiyari Rebellions
1470:Persian Gulf Campaign
1366:Mesopotamian Campaign
1337:West Persian Campaign
283:Establishment of the
3216:"FLAGS i. Of Persia"
3027:declared war on the
2494:Tahmasp Khan Jalayer
2300:The Battle of Kirkuk
2285:The Battle of Samara
1982:Battle of Khwar Pass
1976:Ambush at Khwar pass
1949:who had, ever since
1905:Subjugation of Herat
1749:improve this section
1717:Conquest of Khorasan
1561:Qajar revolt of 1744
1531:Balkh Revolt of 1741
1218:Fall of the Safavids
1116:Muzaffar Khan
1104:Nisar Muhammad Khan
825:Zulfaqar Khan Abdali
816:Allahyar Khan Abdali
634:Mohammad Khan Baloch
549:Emirate of Muhammara
142:Ottoman–Persian Wars
54:improve this article
3220:Enyclopedia Iranica
2530:Battle of Yeghevārd
2360:The siege of Mashad
2266:Crossing the Tigris
2165:Iranian heartland.
2060:Kermanshah Province
1931:Safavid Restoration
1620:لشکرکشیهای نادرشاه
1541:Revolt of Sam Mirza
1296:Safavid restoration
1284:2nd Afghan Campaign
1267:1st Afghan Campaign
1094:Sa’ad ud-Din Khan,
1084:Qamar-ud-Din Khan,
974:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha
514:Sultanate of Muscat
219:Indian Subcontinent
146:Mughal–Persian Wars
3578:2015-06-10 at the
3139:, but returned to
3082:
3060:Moghul Empire and
3003:
2984:Second Ottoman War
2977:
2910:
2884:East India Company
2861:
2821:
2735:
2624:
2616:
2474:
2472:army on the field.
2432:
2350:the war of in 1729
2320:a growing uprising
2243:
2169:Tahmasp's Campaign
2151:Nader pivots north
2144:
2121:
2063:
2022:
1868:
1801:
1607:
1477:Second Ottoman War
1354:Tahmasp's Campaign
1231:Battle of Gulnabad
1166:Muhammad Khan Avar
573:Kingdom of Kakheti
466:Khanate of Bukhara
3600:978-975-6480-19-9
3322:Axworthy, Michael
2815:A replica of the
2543:Conquest of India
2468:joining the main
2450:Strategic Context
2155:After liberating
2035:Battle of Zarghan
1987:towards Isfahan.
1888:The Road to Herat
1785:
1784:
1777:
1594:
1593:
1526:Derajat Rebellion
1516:Rebellion of 1733
1463:Battle of Andalal
1456:Dagestan Campaign
1388:Caucasus Campaign
1330:First Ottoman War
1243:Khorasan Campaign
1171:
1170:
1064:Khan Dauran VII,
955:Topal Osman Pasha
696:Ahmad Shah Abdali
569:Kingdom of Kartli
481:Khanate of Kokand
360:Empires of Persia
347:
346:
331:Persian Civil War
277:Overthrow of the
215:Arabian Peninsula
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3706:
3626:
3609:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3506:Marshman, P. 200
3503:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:Edward G. Browne
3469:
3463:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3293:. Archived from
3268:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3212:
3122:Givi Amilakhvari
2857:Battle of Karnal
2721:in the capital.
2699:Battle of Karnal
2678:on June 19, and
2606:Battle of Karnal
2563:Afsharid dynasty
2323:in southern Iran
2291:Battle of Samara
2180:Michael Axworthy
1780:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1729:
1721:
1702:battle near Kars
1675:Afsharid dynasty
1636:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1436:Sindh Expedition
1426:Battle of Karnal
1371:Siege of Baghdad
1261:Afghan Campaigns
1236:Siege of Isfahan
1226:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:Abu ol-Fayz Khan
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1076:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
1000:
993:
983:
982:
981:
972:
971:
970:
963:
953:
952:
951:
940:
939:
938:
927:
926:
925:
919:
908:
907:
906:
898:
893:
892:
891:
883:
873:
872:
871:
864:
863:
862:
855:
854:
853:
846:
845:
844:
833:
832:
831:
824:
823:
822:
815:
814:
813:
805:Givi Amilakhvari
803:
797:
788:
782:
775:Nassrollah Mirza
773:
767:
766:
758:
752:
751:
743:
737:
736:
728:
722:
721:
720:
711:
705:
704:
694:
688:
687:
679:
673:
672:
664:
658:
657:
649:
643:
642:
632:
626:
625:
615:
609:
608:
596:
590:
589:
539:
530:
521:
512:
511:
510:
501:
500:
499:
490:
489:
488:
477:Khanate of Khiva
475:
474:
473:
464:
463:
462:
453:
444:
443:
433:
432:
422:
421:
420:
411:
410:
409:
388:
372:
371:
285:Afsharid dynasty
167:
166:
156:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3659:
3658:
3641:, Donyaye Ketab
3634:
3629:
3610:
3606:
3590:Nicolae Jorga:
3589:
3585:
3580:Wayback Machine
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3417:Hindustan Times
3410:
3409:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3370:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3271:Iranian Studies
3266:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3192:Treaty of Ganja
3172:Afsharid Empire
3158:
3120:, where Prince
3070:
3049:Safavid dynasty
3041:Treaty of Zuhab
2992:
2986:
2969:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2930:Reza Qoli Mirza
2902:
2894:Main articles:
2892:
2845:
2809:
2796:
2727:
2608:
2600:Main articles:
2598:
2551:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2458:
2452:
2424:
2418:
2405:
2384:
2378:
2362:
2341:
2336:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2252:
2231:
2225:
2189:
2171:
2153:
2113:
2093:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1939:
1933:
1916:
1907:
1890:
1860:
1851:
1830:
1806:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1746:
1730:
1719:
1643:Safavid dynasty
1603:Afsharid Empire
1595:
1590:
1446:
1414:Indian Campaign
1400:Siege of Iravan
1220:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1067:1st Mir Bakhshi
1058:
1049:
1040:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
989:
977:
976:
966:
965:
959:
947:
946:
934:
933:
921:
920:
904:
902:
901:
889:
887:
886:
869:
867:
866:
860:
858:
857:
851:
849:
848:
847:Mohammad Seidal
842:
840:
839:
829:
827:
826:
820:
818:
817:
811:
809:
792:
777:
761:
760:
746:
745:
731:
730:
718:
716:
715:
699:
698:
682:
681:
667:
666:
665:Fath Ali Kayani
652:
651:
637:
636:
620:
619:
617:Tahmasp Jalayer
603:
602:
584:
571:
567:
565:Elisu Sultanate
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
534:
525:
523:Imamate of Oman
516:
508:
506:
505:
497:
495:
494:
486:
484:
483:
479:
471:
469:
468:
460:
458:
457:
448:
446:Crimean Khanate
438:
437:
427:
426:
416:
415:
407:
405:
396:
392:
382:
380:
378:(prior to 1736)
376:
366:
339:
253:
241:
187:Iranian Plateau
157:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3648:, I. B. Tauris
3642:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3604:
3583:
3569:Muhammad Hakim
3552:
3550:Axworthy p.xvi
3543:
3518:
3509:
3498:
3489:
3464:
3445:
3435:
3398:
3384:
3364:
3343:
3330:
3328:. I. B. Tauris
3314:
3254:
3238:
3236:. I. B. Tauris
3225:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Russian Empire
3179:
3177:Ottoman Empire
3174:
3169:
3167:Safavid Empire
3164:
3157:
3154:
3145:battle of Kars
3094:Constantinople
3069:
3066:
3057:Ottoman Empire
3045:Safavid Empire
3029:Ottoman Empire
2988:Main article:
2985:
2982:
2965:Main article:
2962:
2959:
2945:Main article:
2942:
2939:
2891:
2888:
2853:Peacock Throne
2844:
2841:
2825:Peacock Throne
2808:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2754:Sunehri Masjid
2726:
2723:
2686:and capturing
2655:Maratha Empire
2629:Hotaki dynasty
2597:
2594:
2586:North Caucasus
2582:Ottoman Empire
2565:, invaded the
2544:
2541:
2528:Main article:
2525:
2522:
2466:Crimean Tatars
2454:Main article:
2451:
2448:
2436:Ottoman Empire
2420:Main article:
2417:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2380:Main article:
2377:
2376:Siege of Herat
2374:
2361:
2358:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2304:Main article:
2301:
2298:
2289:Main article:
2286:
2283:
2270:Main article:
2267:
2264:
2251:
2248:
2227:Main article:
2224:
2221:
2201:Chokhur-e Sa'd
2197:Chokhur-e Sa'd
2188:
2185:
2170:
2167:
2152:
2149:
2112:
2109:
2092:
2089:
2071:
2068:
2058:Western Iran,
2048:Main article:
2045:
2042:
2033:Main article:
2030:
2027:
2010:Main article:
2007:
2004:
1995:Main article:
1992:
1989:
1980:Main article:
1977:
1974:
1965:Main article:
1962:
1959:
1935:Main article:
1932:
1929:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1889:
1886:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1829:
1826:
1805:
1802:
1793:Eugène Flandin
1783:
1782:
1733:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1647:Hotaki Afghans
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1494:Battle of Kars
1491:
1486:
1484:Siege of Mosul
1466:
1465:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1056:Burhan-ul-Mulk
876:Hussain Hotaki
865:Zebardust Khan
856:Nasrullah Khan
807:
759:Adineh Mostafi
581:
580:
576:
575:
435:Safavid Empire
424:Ottoman Empire
413:Hotaki dynasty
403:
402:
401:
354:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
333:
332:
329:
324:
321:
318:
313:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
275:
270:
265:
260:
247:
243:
242:
181:
179:
175:
174:
171:
163:
162:
149:
148:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3711:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3624:0-7100-6959-6
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:Abulfayz Khan
3562:
3556:
3547:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3493:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3424:on 2012-04-13
3423:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3387:
3385:9781850437062
3381:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3300:on 2016-03-03
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3187:Mughal Empire
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3062:invaded India
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2833:Darya-ye Noor
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2354:Zulfaqar Khan
2351:
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2346:Allahyar Khan
2334:Afghan Revolt
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2237:A map of the
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2018:
2013:
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1988:
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1973:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Ashraf Hotaki
1938:
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1810:Mahmud Hotaki
1798:
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1743:
1739:
1734:This section
1732:
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1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:Qajar dynasty
1703:
1697:
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1686:central Asian
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1648:
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1634:جنگهای نادری
1630:
1626:
1625:Naderian Wars
1616:
1612:
1604:
1601:A map of the
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1551:Kartli Revolt
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1489:Siege of Kars
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1431:Sack of Delhi
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1114:Khwaja Ashura
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1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:Muhammad Shah
1033:
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836:Ashraf Hotaki
808:
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729:Haji Beg Khan
727:
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686:
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671:
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650:Lotf Ali Khan
648:
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561:Shaki Khanate
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455:Mughal Empire
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390:Afsharid Iran
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135:Naderian Wars
133:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3615:
3607:
3591:
3586:
3555:
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3528:
3521:
3512:
3501:
3496:Axworthy p.8
3492:
3481:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3454:
3448:
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3415:
3389:. Retrieved
3374:
3367:
3355:"Nader Shah"
3338:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3308:
3302:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3274:
3270:
3257:
3249:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3134:
3083:
3022:
3004:
2978:
2950:
2911:
2881:
2862:
2822:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2769:Dariba Kalan
2762:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2696:
2660:
2641:
2625:
2590:Central Asia
2579:
2552:
2537:
2533:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2475:
2433:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2363:
2342:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2294:
2275:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2190:
2172:
2154:
2145:
2130:
2126:Murche-Khort
2122:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2038:
2023:
2000:
1985:
1970:
1940:
1925:Murche-Khort
1917:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1869:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1822:
1807:
1771:
1762:
1747:Please help
1735:
1698:
1683:
1679:Mughal India
1667:
1624:
1610:
1608:
1499:
1498:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1412:
1411:
1328:
1327:
1313:Murche-Khort
1294:
1293:
1272:Kafer Qal'eh
1260:
1259:
1241:
1240:
1216:
1204:
1165:
1154:
1144:Ilbares Khan
1143:
1132:
1119:
1105:
1095:
1086:Grand Vizier
1073:
1065:
1035:
1015:
990:
960:
941:
928:
909:
874:
834:
790:Heraclius II
744:Ibrahim Khan
597:
393:
383:
377:
374:Safavid Iran
365:
359:
358:
357:
352:Belligerents
250:
249:
231:Indus Valley
211:Persian Gulf
158:Portrait of
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2715:Jama Masjid
2674:on May 31,
1536:Kish mutiny
1421:Khyber Pass
1221: [
1003:Ahmad Pasha
545:Arab tribes
394:(post 1736)
338:Territorial
235:Transoxiana
207:Caspian Sea
191:Mesopotamia
3663:Categories
3483:2010-09-24
3304:2015-11-11
3277:(5): 646.
3203:References
3112:of Mosul,
3025:Nader Shah
3020:of Islam.
2954:Nader Shah
2914:Nader Shah
2829:Koh-i-Noor
2817:Koh-i Noor
2794:Casualties
2747:qatl-e-aam
2707:Shah Jehan
2633:Hindu Kush
2555:Nader Shah
2547:See also:
2276:Besieging
1955:re-annexed
1921:Mihmandust
1765:March 2023
1655:Tahmasp II
1639:Nader Shah
1623:), or the
1308:Khwar pass
1277:Herat 1729
911:Tahmasp II
680:Latif Khan
599:Nader Shah
310:Nader Shah
223:Hindu Kush
173:1720s–1747
160:Nader Shah
80:newspapers
3561:Amu Darya
3291:159949082
3150:The Porte
3141:Daghestan
3090:Bosphorus
3023:In 1743,
2843:Aftermath
2739:Paharganj
2668:Erekle II
2644:Aurangzeb
2328:Baghavard
1736:does not
1690:Sassanids
1405:Yeghevārd
1106:Sher Jung
1096:Mir Atish
930:Ahmed III
713:Riza Quli
532:Hyderabad
195:Kurdistan
110:June 2024
3614:(1932),
3602:, p. 371
3576:Archived
3324:(2009).
3310:dynasty.
3156:See also
3126:Teimuraz
3055:and the
2918:Khanates
2877:Mahmud I
2873:Ottomans
2865:taxation
2837:diamonds
2725:Massacre
2711:Red Fort
2680:Peshawar
2666:subject
2664:Georgian
2651:Marathas
2596:Invasion
2553:Emperor
2490:Shamakhi
2478:Caucasus
2440:Caucasus
2366:Khorasan
2087:empire.
1873:campaign
1814:Gulnabad
1659:Khorasan
1342:Nahavand
1289:Qandahar
1255:Sabzevar
943:Mahmud I
279:Safavids
239:Khwarezm
203:Anatolia
199:Caucasus
183:Khorasan
178:Location
140:Part of
3632:Sources
3536:6 April
3462:) p 142
3428:9 March
3391:26 June
3118:Georgia
3088:to the
3068:The war
3033:Baghdad
3014:Ja'fari
2922:Bukhara
2807:Plunder
2773:corpses
2697:At the
2653:of the
2559:Shah of
2518:Baghdad
2510:Yerevan
2486:Shirvan
2482:Safavid
2470:Ottoman
2446:state.
2444:Safavid
2392:Noghreh
2239:Ottoman
2157:Hamadan
2141:Hamadan
2105:Hamadan
2101:Malayer
1757:removed
1742:sources
1651:Isfahan
1645:by the
1629:Persian
1615:Persian
1376:Samarra
1359:Yerevan
1347:Malayer
1323:Zarghan
1318:Isfahan
1303:Damghan
1120:†
1074:†
1016:†
991:†
961:†
879: (
553:Ardalan
340:changes
94:scholar
3622:
3598:
3382:
3289:
3130:Erekle
3102:Kirkuk
3053:Russia
2999:Tabriz
2800:Indian
2719:durbar
2688:Lahore
2684:Punjab
2672:Ghazni
2575:Karnal
2557:, the
2514:Tiflis
2370:Mashad
2278:Kirkuk
2162:Tabriz
2097:Nowruz
1923:&
1834:Qazvin
1797:Tehran
1709:under
1381:Kirkuk
1250:Sangan
1070:
987:
957:
914:
492:Lezgis
246:Result
227:Punjab
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3298:(PDF)
3287:S2CID
3267:(PDF)
3110:Pasha
3106:Arbil
3098:ulema
3086:Indus
3037:Mosul
3006:Nader
2934:Khiva
2926:Khiva
2703:Delhi
2692:Indus
2676:Kabul
2648:Hindu
2571:Delhi
2085:their
1947:Nader
1818:siege
1393:Ganja
1225:]
503:Avars
101:JSTOR
87:books
3620:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3538:2012
3430:2012
3393:2014
3380:ISBN
3137:Kars
3128:and
3076:The
3018:sect
2924:and
2898:and
2831:and
2767:and
2604:and
2588:and
2512:and
2476:The
1740:any
1738:cite
1694:heir
1609:The
541:Oudh
170:Date
144:and
73:news
3279:doi
2920:of
1791:An
1751:by
897:POW
882:POW
56:by
3665::
3475:.
3414:.
3401:^
3357:.
3346:^
3307:.
3285:.
3275:40
3273:.
3269:.
3241:^
3218:.
3132:.
3104:,
3051:,
2639:.
2592:.
2107:.
1820:.
1713:.
1631::
1617::
1223:fa
363::
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
3540:.
3486:.
3432:.
3395:.
3361:.
3281::
3222:.
2859:.
1778:)
1772:(
1767:)
1763:(
1759:.
1745:.
1627:(
1613:(
1196:e
1189:t
1182:v
900:)
885:)
798:/
783:/
768:/
753:/
738:/
723:/
706:/
689:/
674:/
659:/
644:/
627:/
610:/
591:/
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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