794:
367:
indicates a deeply entrenched network of illicit activities. These groups are involved in various illegal operations, including the local drug trade and international drug trafficking. The power and influence of these factions, such as the First
Capital Command (PCC) and the Red Command (CV), extend beyond prisons into various urban areas, contributing to the issue. Brazil's extensive borders with major cocaine-producing countries like Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia make it a key transit country for drug trafficking. This geographic situation, combined with socio-economic factors and challenges in law enforcement and judicial systems, creates an environment conducive to the growth of organized crime and drug trafficking.
943:
has been a persistent problem in the
Netherlands for years, and that the fight against it constantly poses complex questions to politics and criminal justice. In 2018, several police detectives stated in a report by the Dutch Police Association that the Netherlands "already exhibited a painful number of characteristics of a narco-state". Minister Grapperhaus of Justice and Security stated in a response that the Netherlands is not a narco-state. After the murder of lawyer Derk Wiersum and crime reporter Peter R. de Vries, the qualification of the Netherlands as a narco-state received new attention.
580:. This caused the United States government to sign an extradiction treaty with Colombia. Escobar's business empire was known for its "reign of terror" as the cartel staged numerous kidnappings, assassinations and bombings around Colombia to ensure its business continuity. Pablo Escobar was shot to death by police in 1993; after the death of Pablo Escobar, the Medellin Cartel began to decline which eventually led to its disbandment. The disbandment of the Medellin Cartel has led to the other three major cartels, especially the
751:
980:
40:
404:
811:, who was abducted, tortured and murdered by a state police officer paid by members of the cartel. Their investigation confirmed the corruption that gripped Mexico in the 1980s and 1990s. However, not only police officers on the payroll obeyed Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and his cartel. Investigations show transactions to high officers in the federal government, such as the Federal Directorate of Security and the Mexican Federal Judicial Police.
495:
790:, Colombian drug cartels established a partnership with Mexican traffickers, finding new routes by which to smuggle cocaine over land into North America. A few small Mexican cartels merged into the Guadalajara cartel, led by Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. The Guadalajara cartel trafficked the cocaine produced by the Colombian Calí cartel, while expanding marijuana production in rural areas of Mexico.
182:. Depending on which properties are assigned to the definition of a failed state, the definition is in accordance with the narco-state. While most narco-states show signs of high rates of corruption, violence and murder, properties that are also assigned to failed states, it is not always clear if violence can be traced back to drug trafficking.
1003:, in exchange for which the US ignored Noriega's illegal activities. Noriega's involvement in drug trafficking grew rapidly in the 1980s, reaching its peak in 1984. The conflict in Colombia and Central American countries gave Noriega the opportunity to transport cocaine to United States. Noriega's regime also formed an alliance with the
762:
Government corruption has been a long-standing problem in Mexico. Drug cartels have been influential in
Mexican politics, contributing large sums of money into Mexican electoral campaigns, supporting candidates sensitive to bribery in order to keep their businesses safe. Since the early 20th century,
255:
The economy's reliance on drug trade and smuggling has led the country to be declared as Europe's only narco-state. Due to the economic collapse in 1990s many
Albanians left the country seeking a better life in western Europe and found opportunities to capitalize on the demand for cocaine, marijuana,
194:
However, recent use of the term narco-state has been questioned by some for being too widely and uncritically applied, particularly following the widespread media attention given to Guinea-Bissau as "the world's first narco-state" in 2008, and should instead refer only to those countries in which the
1292:
are the major destinations of Syria's drug exports. Police officers and security experts calculate that seized captagon constitute merely around 5-10% of total exports originating from Syria in 2021, indicating the presence of a thriving drug industry worth at least 57 billion dollars, an amount ten
366:
Since 1990, the phenomenon of urban violence has intensified. There are currently more than fifty criminal factions in Brazil. Since the 1990s, Brazil has seen a significant increase in urban violence, often linked to drug trafficking and organized crime. The presence of over fifty criminal factions
84:
The term is often seen as ambiguous because of the differentiation between narco-states. The overall description would consist of illegal organisations that either produce, ship or sell drugs and hold a grip on the legitimate institutions through force, bribery or blackmail. This situation can arise
942:
government report. Since then, the question of whether the
Netherlands is actually a narco-state has been asked many times, and the answer depends strongly on which characteristics are attributed to a narco-state. In any case, the size of the drug sector in the Netherlands suggests that drug crime
1158:
were seized in different countries smuggled from Syria, those shipments had sometimes millions of pills of fenethylline, produced in the country since at least 2006. After 2013, captogen production and export in Syria skyrocketed, with the direct support of the Assad regime, and its multi-billion
994:
operated a state sponsored drug trade network which gave Panama a reputation of being a narco-state at the time. Noriega was well known to be involved in illegal drugs and arms trade which was dubbed as his "cash cow". Between 1981 and 1987, the
Noriega regime had a cordial relationship with the
1340:. In June 2024, Jordan thwarted two smuggling attempts, seizing a total of 9.5 million Captagon pills, including 3.1 million pills were intercepted at the Al Omari border crossing with Saudi Arabia, while an additional 1.5 million pills and 143 kg of hashish were seized in the northern city of
450:
and allowed private
British merchants to sell opium to Chinese smugglers for illegal sale in China. This influx of narcotics reversed the Chinese trade surplus, drained the economy of silver, and increased the numbers of opium addicts inside the country, outcomes that seriously worried Chinese
1300:
killed 27 drug smugglers who attempted to infiltrate via the Syrian border. 17,000 packets of hashish and 17 million
Captagon pills were busted during the first quarter of 2022, a figure much higher than during the whole of 2021. Sources from the Jordanian army revealed that the drug trade is
305:
gained its prominence in 1980s, when the demand for cocaine was booming across the Latin
America. Bolivia's most lucrative crop and economic activity in the 1980s was coca, whose leaves were processed clandestinely into cocaine. The country was the second largest grower of coca in the world,
190:
It has been argued that narco-states can be divided into five categories depending on their level of dependence on the narcotics trade and the threat the narcotics trade in said country poses to domestic and international stability. These five categories are (in ascending order): incipient,
1163:
378:. One of aides, who has been charged a 2 million euro fine over cocaine transportation, is being investigated for using an official airplane and the president's credit card for drug-trafficking. During the presidential election of 2022, Bolsonaro supporters made claims regarding
971:, Ortega was said to receive drug money in order to influence the 2008 local elections in the country. Another cable also stated that Nicaraguan officials returned from Venezuela with a briefcase full of cash, indicating potential government involvement with drug cartels.
1015:'s money laundering operations in order to clean his reputation, which gave him a positive image among American government elites. In the late 80's the Noriega regime's relations with the United States deteriorated after Noriega was accused of selling intelligence to
889:
and the
Kuomintang. Khun Sa's operations were said to have dominated the drug trade network in the Golden Triangle area, earning him the title "Opium King". Khun Sa's influence began to decline in 1990's, and he surrendered himself to the authorities in 1996.
919:, later being sent to countries such as the Philippines, the United States, Hong Kong, Thailand, western Africa and others. In 2001, income from illegal drugs amounted to between $ 500 million and $ 1 billion. In 2003, the North Korean owned cargo ship
306:
supplying approximately fifteen percent of the US cocaine market in the late 1980s. Analysts believed that exports of coca paste and cocaine generated between US$ 600 million and US$ 1 billion annually in the 1980s (depending on prices and output).
3465:
595:. However Escobar's ambition in politics was later thwarted after knowledge of his criminal activity was exposed to the representatives, which forced him to resign. This event become the root cause of the assassination of justice minister
317:
in a bloody coup d'état allegedly aided by drug cartels. The dictatorship of García Meza was very well known for its state sponsored drug trafficking activities. García Meza's regime oversaw Bolivia's 13-month period of isolation.
293:, who in 1985 was convicted of trafficking marijuana and cocaine into the United States. Two others members of the Briceño family were also indicted, with prosecutors describing the clan as operating a "family marijuana business".
1963:
David Greene (host, Morning Edition), Hayatullah Hayat (Governor of Helmand Province, Afghanistan), Tom Bowman (reporter), Dianne Feinstein (U.S. Senator, Chair of the Caucus on International Narcotics Control) (6 July 2016).
108:, who managed to combine several small drug trafficking families into one overarching cartel controlling the marijuana production in the rural areas of Mexico while trafficking Colombian cocaine to the US at the same time.
322:
distanced themselves from García Meza's regime and halted some aid to Bolivia due to the regime's relationship with drug cartels. García Meza's time in office was short-lived as he was overthrown and replaced by General
2255:"Bolivian Accused of Heading Drug Cartel Convicted: Crime: Jorge Roca Suarez is found guilty of cocaine, tax and money-laundering charges in his second trial. Authorities say verdict sends a message to traffickers"
925:
was intercepted importing heroin into Australia. The ship was suspected of being involved in smuggling almost 125 kilograms (276 lb) of the drug into Australia, with an estimated street value of A$ 160 million.
1356:
has been labeled a narco-state, due to the relations between some Venezuelan government officials to drug cartels and criminal factions all across Latin America. For example, former vice president of Venezuela
906:
has made the North Korean regime rely on illicit activities such as the drug trade to support its economy. The North Korean regime was known to have operated drug trading activities varying from opium to
4011:
568:
which were later processed in Colombia. The Medellin Cartel gained prominence in the 1980s when the cartel amassed $ 60 million worth of fortune from drug trade to the United States, mainly focused on
881:
became involved in the opium trade in Burma. Most of the opium produced by the former Kuomintang soldiers was shipped south to Thailand. One of the most notorious figures in Myanmar drug business was
669:, who was a congressman. Tony Hernández was captured in 2018 in the United States and was accused of conspiracy of cocaine trafficking to the US in 2019. Also Fabio Lobo, the son of former president
587:
During the drug war, major Colombian cartels were known to be influencing Colombian politicians and warlords alike. In order to flex his muscle, Escobar went to politics and ran as candidate for the
1313:
proxy militias based in Syria's southern regions. Officials in the Jordanian army described the rise in drug smuggling as part of an "undeclared war" waged to subvert "families, morals and values".
2508:
3637:
3966:
2423:
2323:
1361:
has been accused of supporting drug trafficking and helping Mexican drug cartels. El Aissami has been sanctioned by the United States since 2017. The nephews and sons of Venezuela's president
3875:
163:
efforts to impose laws on the Afghan opium production, the early 2000s incumbent Afghan governments shielded the opium trade from foreign policies as much as possible. As of 2021, Syria's
967:
dynasty. In 1980s, the Sandinista government was accused of helping Pablo Escobar's Medellin Cartel by giving him access to a drug trafficking corridor within Nicaragua. According to the
1492:
97:. Escobar managed to take over control of most of the police forces in Medellín and surrounding areas through bribery and coercion, allowing him to expand his drug trafficking business.
4034:
3362:
1336:, killing Marai al-Ramthan, a major drug kingpin in the country who co-ordinated the captagon trafficiking operations. Another round of air attacks struck a major drug factory in the
4070:
728:. In the same month, 5.3 million Captagon pills hidden in fruits imported from Lebanon were seized by authorities in Saudi Arabia. In May 2021, Lebanese authorities confiscated
4272:
In other words, narco-capitalism played a major role in saving the world financial system from collapse, highlighting the ties between lumpen capital and barbarous imperialism
462:
against China between 1839 and 1842, further humilliating the country and forcing it to open its ports to the drug trade, and ruined the career of Zexu. The British also kept
826:, elected in 2000, had been the first Mexican president from outside the PRI. However, despite Calderón's efforts, the PRI was returned to power in 2012 with the election of
3832:
3789:
3572:
807:(DEA), to fight a war on drugs within their own borders and beyond. The DEA office in Mexico received extra resources to investigate the murder of one of their own agents,
350:; it amassed $ 400 million annually. The cocaine shipped from the Bolivian Amazon to Colombia was valued at $ 9,000 per kilogram. In 1988, Suárez Goméz was arrested by the
915:
sanctioned the creation of opium farms in the country. The methamphetamine trade dates back to around the 1990s, with the regime known to have trafficked drugs to China's
1751:
271:
has been described as a narco-state in Mexican media owing to close links between Belizean authorities and Mexican drug cartels. The country was a base of operations for
4186:
Blackman, Shane (3 October 2010). "Drug war politics: Governing culture through prohibition, intoxicants as customary practice and the challenge of drug normalisation".
3294:
2511:
13 April 2012 "Analysts told the AP that in Guinea-Bissau, traffickers have bought off members of the government and military, turning the country into a 'narcostate.'"
1773:
858:
is the second-largest opium producing nation in the world, only behind Afghanistan. The opium trade network in Myanmar indirectly created a network widely known as the
100:
Currently, scholars argue that the term "narco-state" is oversimplified because of the underlying networks running the drug trafficking organisations. For example, the
1237:
being smuggled out of Syria. According to the Centre for Operational Analysis and Research (COAR), Syrian seized drugs in 2020 had the value of no less than $ 3.4bn.
256:
guns, and other illegal items and substances causing an increase in Albanian gang related violence both within their country and globally mainly in countries such as
4134:
3219:
3107:
2728:
2297:
4012:"Handing over Italian mafia boss:Handing over Italian mafia boss: Tahrir al Sham's "security assurances" to West Tahrir al-Sham's "security assurances" to West"
3317:
3250:
2350:
1031:
Panama and capture Noriega, ending his regime. Noriega was later trialed in three countries; France, the United States, and Panama. He eventually died in 2017.
4019:
1507:
1116:
to call Syria "the world's newest narcostate". The drug exports allow the Syrian government to generate hard currency, pay daily wages for the deteriorating
469:
New attempts were made from China to control the opium addiction, which derived in a jointed operation between the English and the French (after the ruinous
4093:
3943:
3766:
4107:
2023:
1124:
has turned Syria into "the global epicentre of Captagon production, which is now more industrialised, adaptive, and technically sophisticated than ever."
1060:
has been arrested twice in three different countries and is currently serving 16 years imprisonment in the United States on a charge of drug trafficking.
3645:
736:, destined for Australia. In the same month, Lebanese customs at Beirut Airport seized 60 tonnes of hashish, intended to be exported to the Netherlands.
3974:
3614:
3659:
3409:
1796:
599:. In contrast to the Medellin Cartel, the Cali Cartel adopted a more subtle approach on influencing local politicians. In 1994, the outgoing president
2770:
2554:
626:, in West Africa, has been called a narco-state due to government officials often being bribed by traffickers to ignore the illegal trade. Colombian
3713:
3028:
4056:
3860:
3817:
3600:
4232:
3883:
1265:
685:
Since 2017, a sudden surge in crystal meth production and smuggling from Iran has contributed to a drug epidemic in neighboring Iraq and Turkey.
650:
questioned the effectiveness of money from the United States, the European Union, and the United Nations designated to combat the illegal trade.
4042:
3370:
774:
During the 1980s and 1990s, the drug trade in Mexico accelerated. Before the 1980s most of Mexico produced marijuana and a small amount of
4300:
4078:
1632:
1159:
dollar profits exceeded the total GDP. By 2020, Syria had become the world's biggest centre of captogen production, sales and exports.
1260:. The unit controls manufacturing facilities, packing plants, and smuggling networks all across Syria (which have started to also move
1272:
and to border crossings with Jordan and Lebanon. The captagon industry is also supported by the Iran-backed Shia fundamentalist group
3483:
2466:
480:
This wars make the British Empire the first successful narco-state in history, and was key to the development of its economic power.
4207:
4327:
2919:
2540:
1965:
346:, a Bolivian drug cartel tied to Pablo Escobar's Medellin Cartel. The organization was founded in the 1970s and mainly focused in
3920:
3898:
1407:
178:
Ongoing discussions divide scholars into separate groups either claiming or disclaiming the resemblance between narco-states and
866:, in the area around the Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand border. Opium production in Myanmar dates back to during the period of the
2655:
1759:
767:, forged ties with various groups in order to gain political influence. Among them were drug traffickers. The ties between the
588:
3843:
3800:
3583:
3081:
1822:
1596:
Kenney, Michael (2007). "The Architecture of Drug Trafficking: Network Forms of Organisation in the Colombian Cocaine Trade".
434:, as the British couldn't produce anything of value to the Chinese market. Thus, british silver flowed into China through the
4265:
3695:
3533:
3432:
3302:
3205:
3186:
3167:
2913:
2174:
1866:
1832:
1781:
1734:
834:
797:
470:
272:
4164:
2046:
968:
956:
608:
2283:
3988:
3227:
1382:
1131:
between 1976–2005, the Assad regime used its proxies in Lebanon for establishing its multi-billion dollar drug industry.
374:'s family has been linked to so called "milícias", composed of police officers and other government officials engaged in
3553:
2270:"After Nephew Steals Business, Suarez Gomez Winds Up in Jail: Treachery, Police Pressure Ended Bolivia Drug King's Rule"
2191:"After Nephew Steals Business, Suarez Gomez Winds Up in Jail: Treachery, Police Pressure Ended Bolivia Drug King's Rule"
2034:
2024:
https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/ecuador-investigates-prison-agency-after-killings-suspects-candidate-2023-10-07/
1120:, finance private militias and hire mercenaries. Centre of Operational Analysis and Research reported in 2021 that the
3732:
3334:
3267:
2401:
607:
scandal in which he was accused of being funded by drug money, allegedly from the Cali Cartel for his campaign in the
3393:
2937:
793:
768:
764:
327:. García Meza was convicted in absentia for his human rights violations in Bolivia, and he was later extradited from
4208:"Seattle Police Officer Arrested as Part of a Drug Conspiracy Transporting Large Amounts of Marijuana to East Coast"
2824:
2213:
335:, was extradited to the United States to serve his sentence for drug trafficking in a United States federal prison.
3876:"Monday Briefing: Assad's narco-state enriches itself as Syrians face a spiraling economic and humanitarian crisis"
1028:
859:
850:
105:
17:
4180:
Now what they have is a narco-economy. If they do not get corruption sorted they can slip into being a narco-state
4211:
3951:
3774:
2634:
1992:
1289:
1052:
in the Netherlands to 11 years' imprisonment after being convicted of trafficking 474 kg (1,045 lb) of
1024:
804:
644:
noted that Guinea-Bissau's lack of prisons, poor policing, and poverty attracted the traffickers. An article in
2235:
808:
510:
489:
1012:
3622:
2616:
1245:
763:
drug trafficking had been tolerated by the Mexican government. Since 1929, the dominant party of Mexico, the
2960:
2509:
Washington Post newspaper: Guinea-Bissau coup: Prime minister arrested for helping drug trade, military says
2073:
1804:
2902:
Illicit: North Korea's Evolving Operations to Earn Hard Currency, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
1136:
1128:
745:
379:
93:(named after his birthplace) during most of the 1970s and 1980s, producing and trafficking cocaine to the
4352:
2598:
1321:
863:
319:
2572:
2269:
2190:
4240:
2788:
Kramer, Tom (2015). "The Current State of Counternarcotics Policy and Drug Reform Debates in Myanmar".
2254:
674:
443:
2751:
Bonner, Robert C. (July–August 2010). "The New Cocaine Cowboys. How to Defeat Mexico's Drug Cartels".
2324:"Investigação aponta possíveis cúmplices de militar que transportava cocaína na comitiva de Bolsonaro"
1189:
seized more than 84 million Captogen tablets worth a billion dollars, shipped from the Syrian port of
1508:
An Afghan 'Narco-State'?: Dynamics, Assessment and Security Implications of the Afghan Opium Industry
1465:
1433:
1329:
339:
1276:. Overall, $ 5.7 billion worth of Captagon exports from Syria were seized across the world in 2021.
771:
and the drug lords sustained an alliance with the drug traffickers and sanctioned their activities.
662:
3501:
2440:
1174:
386:
351:
94:
1193:, leading to international outcry. The case was tied to Camorra Mafia, a crime syndicate based in
276:
243:. Opium production and trafficking are known to have funded the Taliban's military activities and
2710:"جمارك المطارأحبطت محاولة تصدير 60 كيلو غراما من مادة الحشيش مخبأة ضمن ادوات للزينة الى امستردام"
1470:
1135:
was labeled as a narco-state by the United States for nearly a decade until 1997. Throughout the
899:
592:
347:
1493:
Islamic State of Afghanistan: Rebuilding a Macroeconomic Framework for Reconstruction and Growth
1333:
1297:
822:, began a government armed effort to fight the drug cartels in Mexico. Calderón's predecessor,
534:
2099:
3010:
Crijns, J. H., & van der Meij, P. P. J. (2019). Nederland als narcostaat?(Redactioneel).
1478:
952:
3333:
3266:
2208:
1112:. As of 2021, the export of illegal drugs eclipsed the country's legal exports, leading the
838:
827:
4357:
4135:"Trump Administration praised by democracy activists for calling Venezuela a 'narco-state'"
2522:
2377:"Folha de S.Paulo - PF investiga envolvimento de Collor com máfia e traficantes - 17/03/97"
1891:
1677:
1366:
1150:, the Assad regime began mass production of drugs within Syria, and officers fed their men
983:
596:
314:
223:
globally, and more than 95% of the European supply. Most of the opium was smuggled through
995:
United States due to a mutual interest where the Noriega administration helped arming the
65:) is a political and economic term applied to countries where all legitimate institutions
8:
4347:
4215:
1412:
1402:
878:
3134:
2900:
2376:
1980:
Afghanistan's poppy production… accounts for more than 91 percent of the world's heroin.
331:
in 1995 and sentenced to serve 30 years in a Bolivian prison. His collaborator, Colonel
310:
78:
4362:
4050:
2851:
2805:
2146:
1936:
1613:
1069:
542:
538:
244:
195:
narcotics trade is state-sponsored and constitutes the majority of a country's overall
172:
101:
70:
31:
3928:
3906:
3833:"The Captagon Threat: A Profile of Illicit Trade, Consumption, and Regional Realities"
3790:"The Captagon Threat: A Profile of Illicit Trade, Consumption, and Regional Realities"
3573:"The Captagon Threat: A Profile of Illicit Trade, Consumption, and Regional Realities"
2298:"Família Bolsonaro acumula indícios de envolvimento com milicianos; relembre os casos"
1538:"Democratisation via elections in an African 'narco state'? The case of Guinea-Bissau"
819:
338:
The 1980s coup was said to have been financed by Bolivia's most notorious drug baron,
332:
90:
4305:
4261:
4199:
3854:
3811:
3740:
3594:
3529:
3440:
3389:
3325:
3258:
2909:
2138:
1940:
1872:
1862:
1828:
1730:
1617:
1566:
1358:
1337:
1257:
1048:
874:
355:
2809:
2673:
666:
343:
290:
286:
4287:
4195:
3108:"Nicaragua accused of helping Colombian drug lords to establish trafficking routes"
2797:
2729:"Mexico drug cartel's grip on politicians and police revealed in Texas court files"
2130:
1928:
1605:
1578:
1545:
1397:
1147:
1117:
920:
867:
815:
750:
710:
661:
has been labeled as a narco-state due to drug trafficking involvement of President
573:
474:
2121:
Healy, Kevin (1991). "Political Ascent of Bolivia's Peasant Coca Leaf Producers".
1932:
1582:
1459:
1043:
979:
127:. These new routes proved to be more profitable and successful than shipping from
3523:
2771:"El Chapo paid $ 100m bribe to former Mexican president Peña Nieto, witness says"
2284:"Mapa das facções criminosas no Brasil | Infográficos | Gazeta do Povo"
1856:
1392:
1277:
1226:
1202:
1170:
1073:
1004:
908:
549:
526:
514:
459:
232:
3525:
Illicit Trade in Conflict-affected Countries of the Middle East and North Africa
1268:, provides protection for factories and along smuggling routes to the port city
375:
219:
production. As of 2021, Afghanistan's harvest produces more than 90% of illicit
143:
into actual narco-states. While cocaine was transported through Western Africa,
81:
which was seen to be primarily financed with the help of narcotics traffickers.
2709:
1362:
1249:
1186:
1166:
1085:
1020:
991:
916:
706:
702:
646:
600:
431:
371:
324:
280:
124:
47:
4291:
3996:
1876:
1609:
1154:, which they called "Captain Courage." Several shipments containing tonnes of
673:, was arrested by DEA agents in Haiti in 2015. All of them are members of the
4341:
3744:
3660:"Egyptian customs seize large drug shipment from Syria in port of Alexandria"
3444:
3329:
3262:
2558:
2471:
2142:
1332:
launched its first ever airstrikes targeting a building in Shuaib village of
1089:
1057:
1023:, Noriega's most prominent critic, reported Noriega's drug operations to the
964:
960:
670:
623:
553:
499:
435:
179:
156:
140:
128:
86:
66:
2006:
1007:. However, in 1984, Noriega began to reduce his drug operation by targeting
911:. The regime's drug trade network dates back to the 1970s, when then leader
3714:"Turkish UAV drone stops 1.5 tons of marijuana being smuggled out of Syria"
2801:
1896:
1281:
1261:
1229:, as being favored by smugglers. In May 2021, Turkish security forces used
1155:
1151:
1143:
in Lebanon, the Assad regime was the Middle East's main source of hashish.
1140:
1121:
886:
640:
612:
604:
522:
164:
3363:"The Syrian Economy at War: Captagon, Hashish, and the Syrian Narco-State"
2987:"Nederland is volgens rechercheurs hard op weg een 'narcostaat' te worden"
2691:
1365:
are also being accused of financing drug trades and being involved in the
755:
39:
4108:"US accuses Venezuelan vice-president of role in global drug trafficking"
2828:
2555:"Will drug conspiracy allegations end US support for Honduras president?"
2424:
Dismantling Colombia's New Illegal Armed Groups: Lessons from a Surrender
1387:
1370:
1101:
1081:
1008:
935:
912:
903:
823:
627:
581:
530:
212:
167:
is regarded as the world's largest narco-state; with an estimated global
152:
144:
1550:
1256:, among other drugs, reinforcing Syria's status as a narco-state on the
403:
1310:
1206:
1105:
713:
stated that Lebanon had become a transit country for drug trafficking.
577:
398:
3696:"'A dirty business': how one drug is turning Syria into a narco-state"
3295:"'A dirty business': how one drug is turning Syria into a narco-state"
2746:
2744:
2742:
2523:"How a tiny West African country became the world's first narco state"
2150:
1892:"How a tiny West African country became the world's first narco state"
1567:"From Pablo to Osama: Counter-terrorism Lessons from the War on Drugs"
1537:
1431:
The terms are standard words with the prefix "narco-", defined by the
1301:
financed by a well-funded network of armed militias. In May 2022, the
1042:
has been labeled as a narco-state due to the involvement of President
4094:"Jordan intercepts millions of Captagon pills bound for Saudi Arabia"
3112:
2494:
Deans, Bob (2 March 1996). "U.S. Cuts Colombia Aid Over Drug Issue".
1531:
1529:
1353:
1341:
1317:
1273:
1234:
1000:
783:
463:
439:
438:, which confined incoming foreign trade to the southern port city of
423:
120:
3967:"Jordan says Iran-linked groups in Syria wage drug war along border"
3220:"NOVA – detail – Nieuws – Hoge raad bevestigt veroordeling bouterse"
2938:"Drug Trafficking from North Korea: Implications for Chinese Policy"
2852:"Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma"
1827:(4th ed.). New Brunswick & London: Transaction Publishers.
1320:
Bruno Carbone, leader of the Camorra syndicate, was captured by the
1108:. Another major drug which is manufactured and smuggled globally is
494:
4236:
4138:
3139:
3029:"Nederland narcostaat? Dit wordt er met drugs verdiend in ons land"
2986:
2739:
2134:
1253:
1214:
1097:
1039:
725:
717:
698:
697:
since the 1960s. In 2014, Lebanese authorities seized 25.4 million
658:
557:
506:
458:
The actions of Zexu offended the British, which imposed a war, the
452:
407:
240:
228:
168:
4278:
Pine, Jason (2007). "Economy of speed: The new narco-capitalism".
3899:"Captagon: Jordan's undeclared war against Syria drug traffickers"
1526:
545:
were also said to be involved in drug trafficking in the country.
473:) to further the British interests in China. This resulted in the
4071:"Jordan behind attack that killed drug trafficker in Syria: SOHR"
3677:
3384:
Tanter, Raymond (1999). "1: Personality, Politics and Policies".
2674:"Lebanon vows to punish drug smugglers as Saudi import ban bites"
1269:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1162:
1109:
1093:
1077:
1053:
996:
882:
855:
787:
779:
733:
729:
721:
694:
631:
569:
561:
518:
509:
drug cartels became major producers, processors and exporters of
302:
257:
132:
74:
560:. Most of the imported drugs are originated from countries like
3410:"Removing Syria from the Narcotics List: A Signal to Damascus?"
2692:"شاهد: لحظة استخراج "الكوكايين" من المكدوس اللبناني قبل تصديره"
1302:
1285:
1194:
939:
775:
635:
552:
was once the largest drug cartel operating in Colombia, led by
447:
328:
268:
220:
116:
115:, leading to new routes being discovered from Colombia through
112:
43:
3466:"Meet Captagon, the nightmare drug fuelling Syria's civil war"
2573:"Crystal meth pours into Iraq across porous borders with Iran"
1642:. México Center: Rice University's Institute for Public Policy
1213:, while the second shipment had 6 tonnes and was found at the
786:. After the US shut down the routes that entered the state of
171:
export worth 30-57 billion dollars annually. Revenue from the
2427:
1919:
Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2016). "The myth of the narco-state".
1325:
1132:
415:
224:
216:
148:
136:
3921:"Jordanian army says it killed 27 drug smugglers from Syria"
3678:"بـ30 مليون جنيه.. ضبط 6 أطنان حشيش داخل حاوية بميناء دمياط"
833:
During the court hearing for the most wanted cartel leader,
466:
as a prize from China, to further develop their dependency.
175:
accounts for around 90% of the revenue of the Assad regime.
85:
in different forms. For instance, Colombia, where drug lord
3054:
2351:"Moraes ordena retirada de fake news que ligam Lula ao PCC"
1678:"The New Cocaine Boys. How to Defeat Mexico's Drug Cartels"
1369:. In November 2017, the United States ambassador to the UN
1309:
of launching a "drug war" against the country, through its
1306:
1046:
and his family in drug trafficking. Bouterse was sentenced
1016:
565:
419:
236:
160:
30:"Narco-capitalism" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3638:"The Islamic State Isn't Behind Syria's Amphetamine Trade"
3547:
3545:
2656:"Four tonnes of cannabis found in cupcake-making machines"
1752:"How Syria became the world's most profitable narco state"
1710:
Schweich, Thomas (2008). "Is Afghanistan a Narco-state?".
841:
had accepted a $ 100 million bribe from the drug kingpin.
289:, elected prime minister of Belize in 2020, is the son of
3193:
3174:
3135:"Wikileaks: Nicaragua's Ortega 'financed by drugs money'"
1816:
1814:
1727:
Syria 2011-2013: Revolution and Tyranny Before the Mayhem
1230:
584:, to seize the opportunity to expand their trade routes.
427:
196:
1072:
run by associates and relatives of the Syrian dictator,
818:
in 2006, initiated by Mexico's newly elected president,
4301:"Seattle pot-shop mural: art, or ad appealing to kids?"
3615:"Is the Syrian Regime the World's Biggest Drug Dealer?"
3542:
3484:"Italian police seize €1bn amphetamine haul from Syria"
1630:
1264:). The division's security bureau, headed by Maj. Gen.
716:
In April 2021, Greek authorities seized four tonnes of
3155:
3082:"Hoogste baas politie: 'Nederland is geen narcostaat'"
1967:
Afghan Governor Wants Government To Control Poppy Crop
1861:. Latham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 48–61.
1811:
1373:
accused Venezuela of being a "dangerous narco-state".
1252:, oversees much of the production and distribution of
3944:"We cannot ignore Syria's emergence as a narco-state"
3767:"We cannot ignore Syria's emergence as a narco-state"
3554:"Illegal Financing and Security of Militia Logistics"
2100:"Former Belize Minister Arrested In Alleged Pot Plot"
1797:"Syria's emerging drug empire is not going away soon"
1139:
when they controlled the cannabis cultivation in the
963:, took the national government of Nicaragua from the
615:
to cut Colombian aid and later revoke Samper's visa.
521:. The drug trade in Colombia was monopolized by four
3558:
Iran-Backed Militia in Syria: Profiles and Functions
2173:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHudsonHanratty1991 (
3831:Rose, Söderholm, Caroline, Alexander (April 2022).
3788:Rose, Söderholm, Caroline, Alexander (April 2022).
3571:Rose, Söderholm, Caroline, Alexander (April 2022).
1665:. London, Delhi, New York & Sydney: Bloomsbury.
3357:
3355:
3353:
2777:. 15 January 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
2123:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
1458:
1177:, oversees the operations of Syria's drug industry
1076:. The industry is run by a clandestine network of
430:) created a trade imbalance between China and the
3989:"Italy arrests drug trafficker captured in Syria"
2467:"El proceso 8.000, a 21 años del escándalo mayor"
1663:El Narco. The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels
410:, chinese pioneer against the British drug trade
358:continued his business until his arrest in 1990.
4339:
4035:"Airstrikes kill well-known Syrian drug kingpin"
2898:
2886:Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948
1457:
1437:as "associated with the trade in illegal drugs".
389:, have been investigated for mobster relations.
354:and sentenced to 15 years in prison; his nephew
4255:
3830:
3787:
3570:
3350:
1633:"The Evolution of Cartels in Mexico, 1980-2015"
1293:times greater than the regime's yearly budget.
1181:One of the largest drug seizures occurred in a
4032:
3731:Hubbard, Ben; Saad, Hwaida (5 December 2021).
3551:
3316:Hubbard, Ben; Saad, Hwaida (5 December 2021).
3249:Hubbard, Ben; Saad, Hwaida (5 December 2021).
2168:
2035:The Inside Story of Europe's First Narco-State
803:The US established a special force, named the
4033:Mrou, Chehayeb, Bassem, Kareem (8 May 2023).
2935:
2047:"Belize among places El Chapo did 'business'"
2007:"Afghanistan: How do the Taliban make money?"
1970:(Radio broadcast). NPR. Event occurs at 0:10
191:developing, serious, critical, and advanced.
4114:. London. Associated Press. 14 February 2017
4055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3859:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3816:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3733:"On Syria's Ruins, a Drug Empire Flourishes"
3599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3318:"On Syria's Ruins, a Drug Empire Flourishes"
3251:"On Syria's Ruins, a Drug Empire Flourishes"
1495:(Report). International Monetary Fund. 2003.
1092:, operating across the regions of Syria and
778:. Cocaine mostly reached the US through the
556:which focused its operations in the city of
477:between 8 October 1856 and 24 October 1860.
385:Other politicians, such as former president
3730:
3388:. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan. p. 39.
3315:
3248:
3166:sfn error: no target: CITEREFScranton1991 (
3055:"Grapperhaus: Nederland is geen narcostaat"
2822:
2816:
1858:Drug Trafficking and International Security
754:Mexican soldiers during a confrontation in
3964:
3386:Rogue Regimes: Terrorism and Proliferation
2348:
2330:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 February 2021
1824:Mexico: Narco-Violence and a Failed State?
1197:. In November 2020, two drug shipments of
111:Over time, the cocaine market expanded to
50:, following his arrest by U.S. authorities
3288:
3286:
3204:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDinges1990 (
3185:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDinges1990 (
2985:KleinJan, Gerrit-Jan (20 February 2018).
1549:
4256:Petras, James; Veltmeyer, Henry (2016).
4185:
4165:"Afghan opium cultivation hits a record"
3724:
3509:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
3161:
3079:
2984:
2520:
2182:
2074:"Ex-Belize minister held on drug counts"
1999:
1889:
1709:
1161:
978:
792:
749:
541:. However some guerilla warlords in the
493:
402:
38:
4230:
4162:
4132:
4009:
3105:
2958:
2883:
2541:"How Not to Fix an African Narco-State"
2304:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 April 2022
1820:
1724:
1535:
1512:Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence
1408:State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)
837:, it was alleged that former president
765:Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
611:. The scandal caused then US president
14:
4340:
3941:
3873:
3764:
3383:
3292:
3283:
3199:
3180:
2925:from the original on 3 September 2014.
2787:
2750:
2430:. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
2252:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2097:
1985:
1918:
1912:
1676:Bonner, Robert C. (July–August 2010).
1675:
1660:
1595:
1564:
1505:
1205:, the first shipment which arrived to
720:hidden in dessert-making machinery at
73:. The term was first used to describe
4328:"The Economics of Cocaine Capitalism"
4298:
4091:
3896:
3427:
3425:
3423:
2849:
2726:
2493:
2120:
2071:
1729:. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 354.
724:, which was en route from Lebanon to
471:Anglo-French blockade of Buenos Aires
414:.In the 18th century, the demand for
4277:
4258:Beyond Neoliberalism: A World to Win
4092:Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (5 June 2024).
4010:Ibrahim, Hassan (30 November 2022).
3965:Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (24 May 2022).
2892:
2267:
2188:
1794:
1749:
1479:participating institution membership
969:United States diplomatic cables leak
957:Sandinista National Liberation Front
609:1994 Colombian presidential election
382:alleged links to criminal factions.
3635:
2268:LONG, WILLIAM R. (31 August 1988).
2189:Long, William R. (31 August 1988).
2157:
1854:
1383:Crack epidemic in the United States
1244:reported in December 2021 that the
938:was labelled as a narco-state in a
24:
4163:Abrashi, Fisnik (16 August 2006).
4156:
3995:. 15 November 2022. Archived from
3874:Lister, Charles (9 January 2023).
3621:. 14 December 2022. Archived from
3420:
2635:"Regional Report on the Near East"
2349:Patriolino, Luana (18 July 2022).
693:Illegal drugs trading pervaded in
342:. Suárez Goméz was the founder of
283:, along with Mexico and Honduras.
131:and turned African states such as
25:
4374:
4321:
4133:Evansky, Ben (14 November 2017).
3942:Lister, Charles (29 April 2022).
3927:. 27 January 2022. Archived from
3765:Lister, Charles (29 April 2022).
3582:. pp. 26, 27. Archived from
2936:Yong-an Zhang (3 December 2010).
2727:Agren, David (10 November 2017).
1201:coming from Syria were seized by
442:. To counter this imbalance, the
392:
155:using the revenues to fund their
4299:Young, Bob (25 November 2017) .
4200:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00324.x
4126:
4100:
4085:
4063:
4026:
4003:
3981:
3958:
3935:
3913:
3897:Knell, Yolande (18 April 2022).
3890:
3867:
3824:
3781:
3433:"Syria has become a narco-state"
3080:Driessen, Camil (24 July 2021).
2959:Sanders, Ewoud (4 August 2019).
2735:– via www.theguardian.com.
2236:"Bolivian Drug Lord Is Captured"
1774:"Syria has become a narco-state"
1027:. The United States would later
851:Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)
618:
4212:Drug Enforcement Administration
3842:. pp. 2–39. Archived from
3799:. pp. 2–39. Archived from
3758:
3706:
3688:
3670:
3652:
3629:
3607:
3564:
3515:
3494:
3476:
3458:
3402:
3377:
3369:. 27 April 2021. Archived from
3309:
3242:
3212:
3127:
3099:
3073:
3047:
3021:
3004:
2978:
2952:
2929:
2877:
2843:
2790:Journal of Drug Policy Analysis
2781:
2763:
2720:
2702:
2684:
2666:
2648:
2627:
2609:
2591:
2565:
2547:
2533:
2514:
2502:
2498:. Cox News Service. p. A1.
2487:
2459:
2433:
2416:
2394:
2369:
2342:
2316:
2290:
2276:
2261:
2253:NEWTON, JIM (6 February 1993).
2246:
2228:
2201:
2114:
2098:Marris, Martin (9 April 1985).
2091:
2065:
2039:
2028:
2017:
1956:
1947:
1883:
1848:
1788:
1766:
1750:Wood, Paul (19 November 2022).
1743:
1718:
1703:
1669:
1025:Drug Enforcement Administration
805:Drug Enforcement Administration
630:used the West African coast as
69:by the power and wealth of the
3684:(in Arabic). 22 November 2020.
3106:Strange, Hannah (1 May 2010).
2214:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2072:Cosco, Joseph (9 April 1985).
1993:"The Taliban Are Breaking Bad"
1795:Haid, Haid (7 February 2022).
1780:. 24 July 2021. Archived from
1654:
1624:
1589:
1558:
1499:
1485:
1451:
1425:
1068:Syria is home to a burgeoning
929:
893:
490:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
455:to fight the illegal traffic.
207:
13:
1:
3636:Fox, Tessa (10 August 2020).
3552:Behram Özdemir, Ömer (2022).
3293:Chulov, Martin (7 May 2021).
2961:"Nederland is een narcostaat"
2825:"Opium History, 1858 to 1940"
2642:Council of the European Union
2521:Vulliamy, Ed (9 March 2008).
2441:"History of Drug Trafficking"
2422:International Crisis Group. "
2404:. WGBH educational foundation
1933:10.1080/13562576.2015.1052348
1890:Vulliamy, Ed (9 March 2008).
1631:J.D. Saldaña & T. Payan.
1583:10.1080/00396338.2003.9688585
1444:
1316:In March 2022, international
4214:. 8 May 2017. Archived from
4077:. 8 May 2023. Archived from
2644:. 13 April 2015. p. 26.
1506:Weiner, Matt (August 2004).
1347:
1185:port in July 2020, when the
1137:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
1019:. It was also reported that
946:
746:Illegal drug trade in Mexico
505:Beginning in the mid-1970s,
260:, the UK, Italy and France.
215:was very well known for its
7:
2599:"Is Lebanon a Narco-State?"
1821:Grayson, George W. (2011).
1376:
1322:Syrian Salvation Government
1034:
1013:Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela
653:
483:
451:officials, which appointed
418:luxury goods (particularly
202:
106:Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo
77:following the 1980 coup of
27:Political and economic term
10:
4379:
3528:. OECD. 2022. p. 37.
3414:The Washington Institution
2850:Scott, Peter Dale (2010).
2169:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
1328:by November. In May 2023,
1070:black market drug industry
885:, who was also trained by
848:
844:
743:
688:
675:National Party of Honduras
589:Chamber of Representatives
487:
444:British East India Company
396:
296:
250:
29:
4292:10.1215/08992363-2006-041
4231:opendna (20 March 2002).
2899:Greitens, Sheena (2014).
2617:"Lebanon's Captagon boom"
2357:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1855:Kan, Paul Rexton (2016).
1610:10.1080/17440570701507794
1466:Oxford English Dictionary
1434:Oxford English Dictionary
1221:became under scrutiny of
974:
835:Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán
798:Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán
739:
361:
320:The Reagan administration
273:Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán
263:
4233:"The Narco-State Cometh"
3754:– via NYTimes.com.
3502:"World Drug Report 2009"
2884:Lintner, Bertil (1999).
2859:The Asia-Pacific Journal
2716:(in Arabic). 7 May 2021.
2698:(in Arabic). 6 May 2021.
1565:Kenney, Michael (2003).
1418:
1063:
591:under the banner of the
523:drug trafficking cartels
387:Fernando Collor de Mello
352:Bolivian National Police
291:Elijio "Don Joe" Briceño
185:
95:United States of America
2940:. Brookings Institution
2496:San Francisco Chronicle
2402:"The Colombian Cartels"
2209:"Suárez Gómez, Roberto"
1471:Oxford University Press
1344:at the Syrian borders.
1209:, included 2 tonnes of
900:international isolation
862:, a term coined by the
809:Enrique "Kiki" Camarena
680:
446:began to grow opium in
348:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
159:. Despite American and
2802:10.1515/jdpa-2015-0017
2621:executive-magazine.com
1725:Bishara, Azmi (2022).
1536:Kohnert, Dirk (2010).
1334:As-Suwayda Governorate
1233:to stop 1.5 tonnes of
1178:
987:
934:As early as 1996, the
800:
759:
663:Juan Orlando Hernández
502:
411:
151:in the rural areas of
51:
3948:Middle East Institute
3880:Middle East Institute
3771:Middle East Institute
3560:. Orsam. p. 303.
2381:www1.folha.uol.com.br
2272:– via LA Times.
2257:– via LA Times.
1661:Grillo, Ioan (2012).
1296:In January 2022, the
1246:4th Armoured Division
1173:and commander of the
1169:, younger brother of
1165:
1129:occupation of Lebanon
1096:. It mainly produces
1084:, crime families and
982:
953:Nicaraguan Revolution
796:
753:
709:. In April 2015, the
497:
406:
277:Ismael Zambada García
42:
4096:. The National News.
3999:on 15 November 2022.
3625:on 15 December 2022.
3511:. 2009. p. 127.
2051:Breaking Belize News
1784:on 15 February 2022.
1762:on 17 November 2022.
1640:Scholarship.rice.edu
1367:Narcosobrinos affair
1203:Egyptian authorities
990:The dictatorship of
984:Operation Just Cause
879:Kuomintang loyalists
873:In aftermath of the
638:increased policing.
603:was involved in the
597:Rodrigo Lara Bonilla
340:Roberto Suárez Goméz
315:Lidia Gueiler Tejada
313:overthrew President
173:illicit drug exports
4330:by Rensselaer Lee,
4218:on 26 December 2017
4169:The Washington Post
4022:on 6 December 2022.
3931:on 1 February 2022.
3840:New Lines Institute
3797:New Lines Institute
3666:. 22 November 2020.
3580:New Lines Institute
3416:. 10 November 1997.
3373:on 2 February 2022.
3338:on 28 December 2021
3305:on 1 February 2022.
3271:on 28 December 2021
3202:, pp. 298–299.
3183:, pp. 125–127.
1953:Felbab-Brown p. 113
1469:(Online ed.).
1413:State cartel theory
1403:Philippine Drug War
1305:government accused
593:Liberal Alternative
4353:Illegal drug trade
3886:on 9 January 2023.
3737:The New York Times
3718:The Jerusalem Post
3648:on 11 August 2020.
3322:The New York Times
3255:The New York Times
3061:. 20 February 2018
2623:. 8 February 2016.
2240:The New York Times
2171:, pp. 124–126
1921:Space & Polity
1712:The New York Times
1330:Jordanian airforce
1324:and extradited to
1298:Jordanian military
1217:port. The port of
1179:
988:
839:Enrique Peña Nieto
828:Enrique Peña Nieto
801:
760:
543:Colombian conflict
503:
412:
301:The drug trade in
235:countries such as
104:in Mexico, led by
102:Guadalajara Cartel
71:illegal drug trade
52:
32:anarcho-capitalism
4306:The Seattle Times
4267:978-1-317-17464-6
4243:on 20 August 2016
4210:(Press release).
4188:Sociology Compass
3909:on 18 April 2022.
3849:on 12 April 2022.
3806:on 12 April 2022.
3777:on 29 April 2022.
3589:on 12 April 2022.
3535:978-92-64-34526-3
3230:on 5 October 2013
3143:. 7 December 2010
2915:978-0-9856480-2-2
2888:. Silkworm Books.
2823:Alfred W. McCoy.
2579:. 17 October 2022
2286:. 3 January 2019.
2013:. 27 August 2021.
1868:978-1-4422-4758-1
1834:978-1-4128-1551-2
1736:978-0-7556-4542-8
1477:(Subscription or
1359:Tareck el Aissami
1338:Daraa Governorate
1258:Mediterranean sea
1175:Republican Guards
875:Chinese civil war
370:Former president
356:Jorge Roca Suarez
309:In 1980, General
139:, and (later on)
67:become penetrated
16:(Redirected from
4370:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4295:
4274:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4239:. Archived from
4227:
4225:
4223:
4203:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4046:
4041:. Archived from
4030:
4024:
4023:
4018:. Archived from
4007:
4001:
4000:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3973:. Archived from
3962:
3956:
3955:
3950:. Archived from
3939:
3933:
3932:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3905:. Archived from
3894:
3888:
3887:
3882:. Archived from
3871:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3848:
3837:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3805:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3773:. Archived from
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3644:. Archived from
3633:
3627:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3439:. 19 July 2021.
3429:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3359:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3332:. Archived from
3313:
3307:
3306:
3301:. Archived from
3290:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3265:. Archived from
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3226:. Archived from
3216:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2907:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2827:. Archived from
2820:
2814:
2813:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2680:. 25 April 2021.
2670:
2664:
2663:
2662:. 23 April 2021.
2652:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2561:. 5 August 2019.
2551:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2053:. 4 January 2019
2043:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1807:on 4 March 2022.
1803:. Archived from
1792:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:. Archived from
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1462:
1455:
1438:
1429:
1398:Narcokleptocracy
1148:Syrian Civil War
868:Konbaung dynasty
816:Mexican Drug War
711:European Council
665:and his brother
475:Second Opium War
311:Luis García Meza
79:Luis García Meza
59:narco-capitalism
21:
18:Narco-capitalism
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4338:
4337:
4324:
4311:
4309:
4268:
4246:
4244:
4221:
4219:
4206:
4194:(10): 841–855.
4173:
4171:
4159:
4157:Further reading
4154:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4090:
4086:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4048:
4047:
4031:
4027:
4008:
4004:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3977:on 4 June 2022.
3963:
3959:
3940:
3936:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3895:
3891:
3872:
3868:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3729:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3634:
3630:
3619:Vice World News
3613:
3612:
3608:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3382:
3378:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3314:
3310:
3291:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2831:on 4 April 2007
2821:
2817:
2786:
2782:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2753:Foreign Affairs
2749:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2577:Washington Post
2571:
2570:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2475:. 23 April 2015
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2428:CrisisGroup.org
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2242:. 22 July 1988.
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1884:
1869:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1819:
1812:
1801:The Arab Weekly
1793:
1789:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1685:Foreign Affairs
1680:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1594:
1590:
1563:
1559:
1534:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1393:Narco-submarine
1379:
1352:More recently,
1350:
1278:Southern Europe
1248:, commanded by
1227:American police
1171:Bashar al-Assad
1104:popular in the
1100:, an addictive
1074:Bashar al-Assad
1066:
1037:
1005:Medellin Cartel
977:
949:
932:
909:methamphetamine
896:
860:Golden Triangle
853:
847:
820:Felipe Calderón
748:
742:
701:tablets at the
691:
683:
656:
621:
550:Medellin Cartel
535:Norte del Valle
492:
486:
460:First Opium War
401:
395:
364:
333:Luis Arce Gómez
299:
266:
253:
233:Golden Crescent
210:
205:
188:
91:Medellín Cartel
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4336:
4335:
4332:COSMOS Journal
4323:
4322:External links
4320:
4319:
4318:
4296:
4286:(2): 357–366.
4280:Public Culture
4275:
4266:
4253:
4228:
4204:
4183:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4125:
4099:
4084:
4081:on 9 May 2023.
4062:
4045:on 8 May 2023.
4025:
4002:
3980:
3957:
3954:on 3 May 2022.
3934:
3912:
3889:
3866:
3823:
3780:
3757:
3723:
3720:. 17 May 2021.
3705:
3687:
3669:
3651:
3642:Foreign Policy
3628:
3606:
3563:
3541:
3534:
3514:
3493:
3490:. 1 July 2020.
3475:
3472:. 2 June 2017.
3457:
3419:
3401:
3394:
3376:
3349:
3308:
3282:
3241:
3211:
3192:
3173:
3154:
3126:
3098:
3072:
3046:
3035:. 12 July 2021
3020:
3003:
2977:
2951:
2928:
2914:
2891:
2876:
2842:
2815:
2780:
2762:
2738:
2719:
2701:
2683:
2665:
2647:
2626:
2608:
2605:. 9 July 2016.
2590:
2564:
2546:
2532:
2513:
2501:
2486:
2458:
2432:
2415:
2393:
2368:
2341:
2315:
2302:Brasil de Fato
2289:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2227:
2200:
2181:
2156:
2135:10.2307/166043
2113:
2090:
2064:
2038:
2027:
2016:
1998:
1984:
1955:
1946:
1911:
1882:
1867:
1847:
1833:
1810:
1787:
1765:
1742:
1735:
1717:
1702:
1668:
1653:
1623:
1588:
1577:(3): 187–206.
1557:
1525:
1498:
1484:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1363:Nicolas Maduro
1349:
1346:
1250:Maher al-Assad
1242:New York Times
1187:Italian police
1167:Maher al-Assad
1114:New York Times
1065:
1062:
1036:
1033:
1021:Hugo Spadafora
992:Manuel Noriega
976:
973:
948:
945:
931:
928:
917:Jilin Province
895:
892:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
758:in August 2007
744:Main article:
741:
738:
707:Port of Beirut
690:
687:
682:
679:
667:Tony Hernández
655:
652:
647:Foreign Policy
620:
617:
601:Ernesto Samper
488:Main article:
485:
482:
432:British Empire
397:Main article:
394:
393:British Empire
391:
372:Jair Bolsonaro
363:
360:
344:La Corporación
325:Celso Torrelio
298:
295:
287:Johnny Briceño
281:Sinaloa Cartel
265:
262:
252:
249:
209:
206:
204:
201:
187:
184:
125:Western Africa
48:Manuel Noriega
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4375:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:. Routledge.
4259:
4254:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3702:. 7 May 2021.
3701:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:The Economist
3434:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3397:
3395:0-312-21786-2
3391:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3164:, p. 13.
3163:
3162:Scranton 1991
3158:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2939:
2932:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2560:
2559:Insight Crime
2556:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2474:
2473:
2472:El Espectador
2468:
2462:
2447:. 31 May 2017
2446:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:(1): 87–121.
2128:
2124:
2117:
2101:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1778:The Economist
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1756:The Spectator
1753:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Ghassan Bilal
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Assad dynasty
1088:loyal to the
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1058:Dino Bouterse
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:Dési Bouterse
1041:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
985:
981:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:Daniel Ortega
958:
954:
944:
941:
937:
927:
924:
923:
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
842:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
757:
752:
747:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
686:
678:
676:
672:
671:Porfirio Lobo
668:
664:
660:
651:
649:
648:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Guinea-Bissau
619:Guinea-Bissau
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Pablo Escobar
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:illegal drugs
508:
501:
500:Pablo Escobar
496:
491:
481:
478:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Canton System
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
400:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
316:
312:
307:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
259:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
200:
198:
192:
183:
181:
180:failed states
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:guerrilla war
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Guinea-Bissau
138:
134:
130:
129:North-America
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:Pablo Escobar
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:narco-economy
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4331:
4310:. Retrieved
4304:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4257:
4245:. Retrieved
4241:the original
4220:. Retrieved
4216:the original
4191:
4187:
4179:
4172:. Retrieved
4168:
4142:. Retrieved
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:The Guardian
4111:
4102:
4087:
4079:the original
4074:
4065:
4043:the original
4038:
4028:
4020:the original
4015:
4005:
3997:the original
3992:
3983:
3975:the original
3970:
3960:
3952:the original
3947:
3937:
3929:the original
3924:
3915:
3907:the original
3902:
3892:
3884:the original
3879:
3869:
3844:the original
3839:
3826:
3801:the original
3796:
3783:
3775:the original
3770:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3736:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3700:The Guardian
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3646:the original
3641:
3631:
3623:the original
3618:
3609:
3584:the original
3579:
3566:
3557:
3524:
3522:"4: Syria".
3517:
3508:
3496:
3488:The Guardian
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3436:
3413:
3404:
3385:
3379:
3371:the original
3366:
3340:. Retrieved
3335:the original
3321:
3311:
3303:the original
3299:The Guardian
3298:
3273:. Retrieved
3268:the original
3254:
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3223:
3214:
3195:
3176:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3138:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3111:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3032:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2931:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2862:
2858:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:the original
2818:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2775:The Guardian
2774:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2733:The Guardian
2732:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2696:lomazoma.com
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2576:
2567:
2549:
2535:
2527:The Guardian
2526:
2516:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2354:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2301:
2292:
2278:
2263:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2194:
2184:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2078:Sun-Sentinel
2077:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2050:
2041:
2030:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1987:
1979:
1972:. Retrieved
1966:
1958:
1949:
1927:(1): 26–38.
1924:
1920:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1897:The Guardian
1895:
1885:
1857:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1823:
1805:the original
1800:
1790:
1782:the original
1777:
1768:
1760:the original
1755:
1745:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1688:
1684:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1639:
1626:
1601:
1598:Global Crime
1597:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1551:10419/118635
1544:(Preprint).
1541:
1516:. Retrieved
1511:
1501:
1487:
1464:
1453:
1432:
1427:
1351:
1315:
1295:
1282:North Africa
1262:crystal meth
1241:
1239:
1180:
1156:amphetamines
1152:fenethylline
1145:
1141:Beqaa Valley
1126:
1122:Assad regime
1113:
1086:business men
1082:drug cartels
1067:
1047:
1038:
989:
950:
933:
921:
897:
887:Burmese Army
872:
854:
832:
813:
802:
773:
761:
715:
692:
684:
657:
645:
641:The Guardian
639:
628:drug cartels
622:
613:Bill Clinton
605:Proceso 8000
586:
547:
513:, primarily
504:
479:
468:
457:
413:
384:
369:
365:
337:
308:
300:
285:
267:
254:
211:
193:
189:
177:
165:Assad regime
110:
99:
83:
62:
58:
54:
53:
36:
4358:Drug policy
4016:Enab Baladi
3750:29 December
3682:elnabaa.net
3664:SyriacPress
3450:11 February
3200:Dinges 1990
3181:Dinges 1990
3147:19 February
3119:19 February
2944:3 September
2451:11 February
2220:29 November
1388:Mafia state
1371:Nikki Haley
1290:Gulf States
1146:During the
1127:During its
1102:amphetamine
1049:in absentia
1009:Jorge Ochoa
936:Netherlands
930:Netherlands
913:Kim Il Sung
904:North Korea
902:imposed on
894:North Korea
824:Vicente Fox
582:Cali Cartel
539:North Coast
498:Mugshot of
376:narcotrafic
213:Afghanistan
208:Afghanistan
153:Afghanistan
145:the Taliban
55:Narco-state
4348:Capitalism
4342:Categories
4075:Al Jazeera
3342:6 December
3275:6 December
3033:RTL Nieuws
2583:25 October
2479:8 November
2386:27 January
2361:27 January
2334:27 January
2308:27 January
1904:28 January
1877:1026718619
1604:(3): 233.
1518:28 January
1481:required.)
1445:References
1311:Khomeinist
1207:Alexandria
1118:state army
1106:Arab world
1056:. His son
951:After the
732:hidden in
578:California
399:Opium Wars
245:insurgency
44:Panamanian
4363:Oligarchy
4051:cite news
3993:Arab News
3745:0362-4331
3445:0013-0613
3330:0362-4331
3263:0362-4331
3224:novatv.nl
3113:The Times
3018:(5), 4-6.
3012:Strafblad
2678:Arab News
2603:Gulf News
2143:0022-1937
1941:142714114
1618:143677315
1354:Venezuela
1348:Venezuela
1342:Ar-Ramtha
1318:drug lord
1303:Jordanian
1274:Hezbollah
1235:marijuana
1001:Nicaragua
959:, led by
947:Nicaragua
784:Caribbean
756:Michoacán
515:marijuana
507:Colombian
464:Hong Kong
440:Guangzhou
424:porcelain
279:with his
147:produced
121:Venezuela
4237:Kuro5hin
4139:Fox News
3925:BBC News
3903:BBC News
3855:cite web
3812:cite web
3595:cite web
3140:BBC News
3091:4 August
3065:4 August
3039:4 August
2996:4 August
2970:4 August
2920:Archived
2869:30 April
2810:78645580
2660:Euronews
2355:Política
2195:LA Times
2083:23 April
2011:BBC News
1900:. London
1571:Survival
1542:EconStor
1514:(Report)
1460:"narco-"
1377:See also
1288:and the
1254:Captagon
1223:European
1215:Damietta
1098:captagon
1078:warlords
1040:Suriname
1035:Suriname
955:, the
782:and the
726:Slovakia
718:cannabis
699:Captagon
659:Honduras
654:Honduras
574:New York
558:Medellin
527:Medellin
484:Colombia
453:Lin Zexu
408:Lin Zexu
241:Pakistan
229:Faizabad
203:Examples
169:Captagon
89:ran the
4312:14 July
4247:14 July
4222:14 July
4144:14 July
4118:14 July
4039:AP News
3971:Reuters
2445:History
1270:Latakia
1219:Latakia
1211:hashish
1199:hashish
1191:Latakia
1183:Palermo
1110:hashish
1094:Lebanon
1054:cocaine
1011:'s and
997:Contras
986:in 1989
922:Pong Su
883:Khun Sa
877:, some
856:Myanmar
845:Myanmar
788:Florida
780:Bahamas
734:Makdous
730:cocaine
722:Piraeus
703:airport
695:Lebanon
689:Lebanon
632:Jamaica
570:Florida
562:Bolivia
519:cocaine
416:Chinese
303:Bolivia
297:Bolivia
258:Ecuador
251:Albania
231:to the
133:Nigeria
75:Bolivia
46:leader
4334:, 1996
4264:
4174:4 July
3743:
3532:
3470:cbc.ca
3443:
3392:
3328:
3261:
3234:9 June
3059:nos.nl
2912:
2865:(44–2)
2808:
2408:25 May
2151:166043
2149:
2141:
1974:6 July
1939:
1875:
1865:
1831:
1733:
1695:11 May
1646:12 May
1616:
1286:Turkey
1195:Naples
1029:invade
975:Panama
965:Somoza
940:French
776:heroin
740:Mexico
636:Panama
576:, and
537:, and
448:Bengal
426:, and
380:Lula's
362:Brazil
329:Brazil
269:Belize
264:Belize
221:heroin
117:Brazil
113:Europe
57:(also
3847:(PDF)
3836:(PDF)
3804:(PDF)
3793:(PDF)
3587:(PDF)
3576:(PDF)
3505:(PDF)
2991:Trouw
2923:(PDF)
2906:(PDF)
2855:(PDF)
2835:4 May
2806:S2CID
2796:(1).
2638:(PDF)
2147:JSTOR
2106:8 May
2057:8 May
1937:S2CID
1840:9 May
1681:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1614:S2CID
1475:
1419:Notes
1326:Italy
1133:Syria
1064:Syria
225:Herat
217:opium
186:Usage
149:opium
137:Ghana
4314:2019
4262:ISBN
4249:2019
4224:2019
4176:2016
4146:2019
4120:2019
4057:link
3861:link
3818:link
3752:2021
3741:ISSN
3601:link
3530:ISBN
3452:2022
3441:ISSN
3390:ISBN
3367:COAR
3344:2021
3326:ISSN
3277:2021
3259:ISSN
3236:2012
3206:help
3187:help
3168:help
3149:2022
3121:2022
3093:2021
3067:2021
3041:2021
3016:2019
2998:2021
2972:2021
2946:2014
2910:ISBN
2871:2022
2837:2007
2759:(4).
2585:2022
2481:2016
2453:2022
2410:2020
2388:2023
2363:2023
2336:2023
2310:2023
2222:2016
2175:help
2139:ISSN
2108:2023
2102:. AP
2085:2021
2059:2023
1976:2016
1906:2018
1873:OCLC
1863:ISBN
1842:2020
1829:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1697:2020
1648:2020
1520:2018
1307:Iran
1240:The
1231:UAVs
1225:and
1017:Cuba
898:The
814:The
705:and
681:Iran
634:and
566:Peru
564:and
548:The
531:Cali
517:and
420:silk
275:and
239:and
237:Iran
227:and
161:NATO
123:and
4288:doi
4196:doi
3086:NRC
2965:NRC
2798:doi
2714:NNA
2426:",
2131:doi
1929:doi
1691:(4)
1606:doi
1579:doi
1546:hdl
999:in
864:CIA
769:PRI
428:tea
197:GDP
119:or
61:or
4344::
4303:.
4284:19
4282:.
4270:.
4235:.
4190:.
4178:.
4167:.
4137:.
4110:.
4073:.
4053:}}
4049:{{
4037:.
4014:.
3991:.
3969:.
3946:.
3923:.
3901:.
3878:.
3857:}}
3853:{{
3838:.
3814:}}
3810:{{
3795:.
3769:.
3739:.
3735:.
3716:.
3698:.
3680:.
3662:.
3640:.
3617:.
3597:}}
3593:{{
3578:.
3556:.
3544:^
3507:.
3486:.
3468:.
3435:.
3422:^
3412:.
3365:.
3352:^
3324:.
3320:.
3297:.
3285:^
3257:.
3253:.
3222:.
3137:.
3110:.
3084:.
3057:.
3031:.
3014:,
2989:.
2963:.
2918:.
2908:.
2861:.
2857:.
2804:.
2794:10
2792:.
2773:.
2757:89
2755:.
2741:^
2731:.
2712:.
2694:.
2676:.
2658:.
2640:.
2619:.
2601:.
2575:.
2557:.
2525:.
2469:.
2443:.
2379:.
2353:.
2328:G1
2326:.
2300:.
2238:.
2211:.
2193:.
2159:^
2145:.
2137:.
2127:33
2125:.
2076:.
2049:.
2009:.
1978:.
1935:.
1925:20
1923:.
1894:.
1871:.
1813:^
1799:.
1776:.
1754:.
1689:89
1687:.
1683:.
1638:.
1612:.
1600:.
1575:45
1573:.
1569:.
1540:.
1528:^
1510:.
1463:.
1284:,
1280:,
1080:,
870:.
830:.
677:.
572:,
533:,
529:,
525::
422:,
247:.
199:.
135:,
4316:.
4294:.
4290::
4251:.
4226:.
4202:.
4198::
4192:4
4148:.
4122:.
4059:)
3863:)
3820:)
3603:)
3538:.
3454:.
3398:.
3346:.
3279:.
3238:.
3208:)
3189:)
3170:)
3151:.
3123:.
3095:.
3069:.
3043:.
3000:.
2974:.
2948:.
2873:.
2863:8
2839:.
2812:.
2800::
2587:.
2543:.
2529:.
2483:.
2455:.
2412:.
2390:.
2365:.
2338:.
2312:.
2224:.
2197:.
2179:.
2177:)
2153:.
2133::
2110:.
2087:.
2061:.
1995:.
1943:.
1931::
1908:.
1879:.
1844:.
1739:.
1714:.
1699:.
1650:.
1620:.
1608::
1602:8
1585:.
1581::
1554:.
1548::
1522:.
1473:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
