2198:
4777:
2321:
2678:
491:
7894:
2255:
2984:
95:
4526:
5025:
2123:
7803:
2889:
7755:
1860:
81:
3621:. An Anglo-American force of 63,000 men landed in French Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian troops from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean, and prepare an invasion of Italy in 1943. The Allies had hoped that Vichy forces would offer only token resistance to the Allies, but instead they fought hard, incurring heavy casualties. As a French foreign legionnaire put it after seeing his comrades die in an American bombing raid: "Ever since the fall of France, we had dreamed of deliverance, but we did not want it that way".
6777:"The Anglo-Americans again pointed out that the behavior of the French troops caused the most serious difficulties: they were continuously receiving complaints about robberies and homicides, the authenticity of which could not be put in doubt" For the essential, the American archives confirmed the accusations made by the Italian government "The most extraordinary and painful aspect of this issue is the attitude of the French officers. Far from intervening to stop those crimes, they abused the civilian population which were trying to oppose such acts", Tommaso Baris
12526:
7570:
12687:
160:
7608:
3498:
7539:
7513:
11195:
5083:
4861:
2477:
11260:
4309:
3953:
7685:
3478:
2372:
3603:
2836:
3286:
3049:(Kouang-Tchéou-Wan or Fort-Boyard), in South China, remained under the administration of Free France. The Republic of China, after the fall of Paris in 1940, recognised the London-exiled Free French government as Guangzhouwan's legitimate authority and established diplomatic relations with them, something facilitated by the fact that the colony was surrounded by the Republic of China's territory and was not in physical contact with French Indochina. In February 1943 the
7655:
2784:
13989:
7906:
3843:
3736:
7882:
7870:
7725:
1884:
1640:
3323:
4211:
5154:
3245:
1025:
449:
424:
1692:
2041:
1040:
4064:
3117:
11511:
2600:
our common enemy is
Germany. Should we conquer we solemnly declare that we shall restore the greatness and territory of France. For this purpose we must make sure that the best ships of the French Navy are not used against us by the common foe. In these circumstances, His Majesty's Government have instructed me to demand that the French Fleet now at Mers el Kebir and
2574:
2336:
between the creation of the Free French forces in the Summer 1940 and the merger with the Army of Africa in summer 1943, 73,300 men fought for Free France. This included 39,300 French (from metropolitan France and colonial settlers), 30,000 colonial soldiers (mostly from sub-Saharan Africa) and 3,800 foreigners. They were divided up as follows:
2078:"For us Frenchmen, the fact is that a government still exists in France, a government supported by a Parliament established in non-occupied territory and which in consequence cannot be considered irregular or deposed. The establishment elsewhere of another government, and all support for this other government would clearly be rebellion."
3774:. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander in chief, as the more qualified military person of the two. It is questionable that he ordered that many French resistance leaders who had helped Eisenhower's troops be arrested, without any protest by Roosevelt's representative,
4552:, if possible, but this was very difficult because of the large numbers of black West Africans in their ranks. General Leclerc sent a small advance party to enter Paris, with the message that the 2e DB (composed of 10,500 French, 3,600 Maghrebis and about 350 Spaniards in the 9th company of the 3rd Battalion of the
133:
137:
136:
135:
1649:
Historically, an individual became "Free French" by enlisting in the military units organised by the CFN or by employment by the civilian arm of the
Committee. On 1 August 1943 after the merger of CFN and representatives of the former Vichy regime in North Africa to form the CFLN earlier in June, the
4801:
and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French
Liberation Army. It was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation thanks to Lend-Lease, and their number rose to 1 million by the end of the year. French
3556:
You hear, Gentlemen? It is a new evidence that I have always been right! The French are, after us, the best soldiers! Even with its current birthrate, France will always be able to mobilise a hundred divisions! After this war, we will have to find allies able to contain a country which is capable of
2362:
suggests the spirit of the times in the Free French Forces; a commander reproaches one of
Clostermann's comrades for having yellow shoes and a yellow sweater under his uniform, to which the comrade responds: "My Commander, I am a civilian who voluntarily came to fight the war that the soldiers don't
2293:
and the
Pacific island volunteers. It also included the Foreign Legion Brigades. In late September and early October 1944, both the Tirailleurs Sénégalais brigades and Pacific Islanders were replaced by brigades of troops recruited from mainland France. This was also when many new Infantry divisions
2106:
had the means or opportunity to escape. Like all military personnel trapped on the mainland, they were functionally subject to the Pétain government: "French authorities made it clear that those who acted on their own initiative would be classed as deserters, and guards were placed to thwart efforts
4114:
De Gaulle's influence had also grown in France, and in 1942 one resistance leader called him "the only possible leader for the France that fights". Other
Gaullists, those who could not leave France (that is, the overwhelming majority of them), remained in the territories ruled by Vichy and the Axis
3670:
After the signing of the cease-fire, the
Germans lost faith in the Vichy regime, and on 11 November 1942 German and Italian forces occupied Vichy France (Case Anton), violating the 1940 armistice, and triggering the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon on 27 November 1942. In response, the Vichy
2545:
feared that, in German or
Italian hands, the ships of the French Navy would pose a grave threat to the Allies. He therefore insisted that French warships either join the Allies or else adopt neutrality in a British, French, or neutral port. Churchill was determined that French warships would not be
2312:
Before the addition of the assemblies of
Northern Africa and the loss of the runaways who fled France and went to Spain in the spring of 1943 (10,000 according to Jean-Noël Vincent's calculations), a report by the major state general of the Free French Forces in London from October 30, 1942 records
5061:
argued "It will not be enough that, with the help of our dear and admirable Allies, we have got rid of him from our home for us to be satisfied after what happened. We want to enter his territory as it should be, as victors", clearly showing his ambition that France be considered one of the World
3230:
in the first major reverse for the Nazis. Gradually the tide of war began to shift, and with it the perception that Hitler could at last be beaten. Support for Free France began to grow, though the Vichy French forces would continue to resist Allied armies—and the Free French—when attacked by them
2599:
It is impossible for us, your comrades up to now, to allow your fine ships to fall into the power of the German enemy. We are determined to fight on until the end, and if we win, as we think we shall, we shall never forget that France was our Ally, that our interests are the same as hers, and that
2335:
In 2009, in his work on the Free French Forces, Jean-François
Muracciole, a French historian specializing in Free France, reevaluated his count with that of Henri Écochard, while considering that Écochard's list had greatly underestimated the number of colonial combatants. According to Muracciole,
5319:
French India, New Caledonia/New Hebrides and French Polynesia, were totally dependent economically and for their communication on British and Australian goodwill and support for Vichy was not a realistic option. Jean-Marc Regnault and Ismet Kurtovitch, "Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940. Entre
2642:
in Algeria, sinking or crippling three battleships. Because the Vichy government only said that there had been no alternatives offered, the attack caused great bitterness in France, particularly in the Navy (over 1,000 French sailors were killed), and helped to reinforce the ancient stereotype of
2354:
General Leclerc's second armored division included two units of female volunteers: The Rochambeau Group with the Army (dozens of women) and the Woman Service of the Naval Fleet with the Navy (9 women). Their role consisted of administering first aid to the first line of injured soldiers (often to
2316:
In May 1943, citing the Joint Planning Staff, Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac alludes to 79,600 men who constitute ground forces, including 21,500 men from special Syro-Lebanese troops, 2,000 men of color supervised by Free French Forces in northern Palestine, and 650 soldiers assigned to the general
138:
2234:
The ethnic composition of divisions varied. The main common difference, before the period of August to November 1944, was armoured divisions and armour and support elements within infantry divisions were constituted of mainly white French soldiers and infantry elements of infantry divisions were
5053:
had been recognised as the leader of Free France by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill back on 28 June 1940, his GPRF presidency had not resulted from democratic elections. However, two months after the liberation of Paris and one month after the new "unanimity government", the Big Three
3666:
Later that day Darlan ordered a ceasefire and Vichy French forces began, en masse, to join the Free French cause. Initially at least the effectiveness of these new recruits was hampered by a scarcity of weaponry and, among some of the officer class, a lack of conviction in their new cause.
1956:
again broadcast to the French nation saying that in France, "all forms of authority had disappeared" and since its government had "fallen under the bondage of the enemy and all our institutions have ceased to function", that it was "the clear duty" of all French servicemen to fight on.
2550:
3551:
said on 12 June 1942, of the battle: "The United Nations need to be filled with admiration and gratitude, in respect of these French troops and their brave General Koenig". Even Hitler was impressed, announcing to the journalist Lutz Koch, recently returned from Bir Hakeim:
3972:. Together with British and Commonwealth forces, the FFF advanced from the south while the formerly Vichy-loyal Army of Africa advanced from the west together with the Americans. The fighting in Tunisia ended with the Axis forces surrendering to the Allies in July 1943.
4624:
arrived in London from Algiers on Churchill's invitation, and three days before D-Day. Its creation marked the re-establishment of France as a republic, and the official end of Free France. Among its most immediate concerns were to ensure that France did not come under
3720:
on the northern coast of South America—finally joined Free France in the first months of 1943. In November 1943, the French forces received enough military equipment through Lend-Lease to re-equip eight divisions and allow the return of borrowed British equipment.
2903:
By the end of November 1940 French Equatorial Africa was wholly under the control of Free France, but the failures at Dakar had led French West Africa to declare allegiance to Vichy, to which they would remain loyal until the fall of the regime in November 1942.
4008:
Italians civilians on a massive scale during those operations, often under the indifferent eye of their French officers, if not their encouragement. Acts of violence by French troops against civilians continued even after the liberation of Rome. French Marshal
2824:, leaving Éboué with more direct authority over Chad. On 26 August, with the help of his top military official, Éboué pledged his colony's allegiance to Free France. By the end of August, all of French Equatorial Africa (including the League of Nations mandate
1495:'s appeal and reaffirmed their loyalty to Marshall Pétain and the Vichy government. It was only progressively, often with the decisive military intervention of the Allies, that Free France took over more Vichy possessions, securing the majority of colonies by
1992:
existed following the Armistice, as both Free France and Vichy France refrained from making that implicit claim by studiously avoiding using the word "republic" when referring to themselves. In Vichy's case, underlying reasons were compounded by ideals of a
1968:, that the armistice soon to be signed with the Nazis was not merely dishonourable but illegal, and that in signing it, the French government would itself be committing treason. On the other hand, if Vichy was the legal French government as some such as
1824:
was 73 years old and like Pétain, an Anglophobe who viewed Dunkirk as another example of Britain's unreliability as an ally; de Gaulle later recounted he 'gave up hope' when the Germans renewed their attack on 8 June and demanded an immediate Armistice.
2168:, her crew showing little inclination to side with the British in their continued fight against the Nazis. Already obsolete at the start of the war, she would remain in Martinique for the next four years, her aircraft rusting in the tropical climate.
2059:'s call to continue the struggle, few French forces initially pledged their support. By the end of July 1940, only about 7,000 soldiers had joined the Free French Army in England. Three-quarters of French servicemen in Britain requested repatriation.
4788:
By September 1944, the Free French forces stood at 560,000 (including 176,500 White French from North Africa, 63,000 metropolitan French, 233,000 Maghrebis and 80,000 from Black Africa). The GPRF set about raising new troops to participate in the
2911:
was established to organise and administer the imperial possessions under Free French rule, and as an alternative provisional French government. It was constituted of high-ranking officers and the governors of the free colonies, notably governor
2031:
in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason. He, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government and considered Pétain's assumption of power to be an unconstitutional coup d'état.
5118:, in the shape of the Cross of Lorraine combined with an anchor, was raised by subscription as a memorial to sailors on the Free French Naval Forces vessels that sailed from the Firth of Clyde to take part in the Battle of the Atlantic.
1770:. A defensive line was re-established along the Somme but much of the armour was lost in Northern France; they were also crippled by shortages of aircraft, the vast majority incurred when airfields were over-run, rather than air combat.
1944:) was not widely heard that day but, together with his BBC broadcasts in subsequent days and his later communications, came to be widely remembered throughout France and its colonial empire as the voice of national honour and freedom.
132:
3763:) for North and West Africa. He ordered them to cease resisting and co-operate with the Allies, which they did. By the time the Tunisia Campaign was fought, the ex-Vichy French forces in North Africa had been merged with the FFF.
2082:
Equally, few Frenchmen believed that Britain could stand alone. In June 1940, Pétain and his generals told Churchill that "in three weeks, England will have her neck wrung like a chicken". Of France's far-flung empire, only the
1753:
and 140,000 French troops were evacuated from Dunkirk. Neither side viewed this as the end of the battle; French evacuees were quickly returned to France and many fought in the June battles. After being evacuated from Dunkirk,
4776:
2278:
was made up of 65% Mahgrebians and 35% Europeans. The three North African divisions had one brigade of North African soldiers in each division replaced with a brigade of French Forces of the Interior in January 1945. Both the
3756:
The Vichy forces in North Africa had been under Darlan's command and had surrendered on his orders. The Allies recognised his self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (French military and civilian commander-in-chief,
2320:
5049:(Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill), was that the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), established on 3 June 1944, was not recognised as the legitimate representative of France. Even though
4406:(France's largest commercial port) in order to secure a vital supply line for the incoming troops. Most of the German troops there were second-line, consisting mainly of static and occupation units with a large number of
134:
3825:
The CFLN set up a temporary French government in Algiers, raised more troops and re-organised, re-trained and re-equipped the Free French military, in co-operation with Allied forces in preparation of future operations
2677:
5258:
by the 1940s, the Free French government once operating there considered itself to be physically seated within France proper, to the same extent as if it were located in European France, and not a government-in-exile.
2807:
De Gaulle was optimistic that France's colonies in western and central Africa, which had strong trading links with British territories, might be sympathetic to the Free French. Pierre Boisson, the governor-general of
3662:
in April 1942, had negotiated with the Americans for leadership in the invasion. He arrived in Algiers on 10 November, and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the commander of the French African army.
3979:
during 1943–1944, a total of between 70,000 and 130,000 Free French soldiers fought on the Allied side. The French Expeditionary Corps consisted of 60% colonial soldiers, mostly Moroccans and 40% Europeans, mostly
3007:
and the New Hebrides joined Free France in the summer 1940, drawing official American interest. These South Pacific colonies would later provide vital Allied bases in the Pacific Ocean during the war with Japan.
1667:
forces after the June 1940 armistice. Postwar, to settle disputes over the Free French heritage, the French government issued an official definition of the term. Under this "ministerial instruction of July 1953"
4951:
3171:
had assured Churchill that the French units in Syria would rise to the call of Free France, but this was not the case. After bitter fighting, with around 1,000 dead on each side (including Vichy and Free French
4910:(21 April 1945). On 22 April 1945, it captured Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg, where the last Vichy regime exiles, including Marshal Pétain, were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the
490:
2862:. The local authorities were not impressed by the Allied show of strength, and had the better of the naval bombardment which followed, leading to a humiliating withdrawal by the Allied ships. So strong was
3907:
between 22 March 1943, and 9 May 1945, during which time it destroyed 273 enemy aircraft and received numerous orders, citations and decorations from both France and the Soviet Union, including the French
2616:(c) Alternatively if you feel bound to stipulate that your ships should not be used against the Germans lest they break the Armistice, then sail them with us with reduced crews to some French port in the
2211:
The Free French forces included men from the French Pacific Islands. Mainly coming from Tahiti, there were 550 volunteers in April 1941. They would serve through the North African campaign (including the
6883:"Aspect méconnu de la composition de la 2e DB: en avril 1944, celle-ci comporte sur un effectif total de 14 490, une proportion de 25% de soldats nord-africains : 3 600", Christine Levisse-Touzé,
5903:
1348:
2706:
In November 1940, around 1,700 officers and men of the French Navy took advantage of the British offer of repatriation to France, and were transported home on a hospital ship travelling under the
1568:, CFLN) was formed as the provisional government of all French, uniting the disparate forces that opposed the Axis and their collaborators. On 1 August 1943, Free French Forces united with the
3594:, driving Rommel's Afrika Korps out of Egypt and back into Libya. This was the first major success of a Western Allied army against the Axis powers, and marked a key turning point in the war.
2220:
and much of the Liberation of France. In November 1944, 275 remaining volunteers were repatriated and replaced with men of French Forces of the Interior to deal better with the cold weather.
4731:
3880:. The regiment is notable for being the only air combat unit from an Allied western country to participate on the Eastern Front during World War II (except brief interventions from RAF and
1424:
159:
4684:" because of alleged sexual relationships with Germans during the occupation were arrested and had their heads shaved, were publicly exhibited and some were allowed to be mauled by mobs.
4351:, and provided general intelligence to the allied forces. The constant harassment took its toll on the German troops. Large remote areas were no-go zones for them and free zones for the
1766:, the only remaining fully equipped formation in Britain. Contrary to what is often assumed, French morale was higher in June than May and they easily repulsed an attack in the south by
4234:
in the Italian campaign in September 1943, the easily defensible terrain of the narrow peninsula required only a relatively limited number of German troops to protect and occupy their
4426:. Within 12 days the French forces were able to secure both ports, destroying two German Divisions in the process. Then on 12 September, French forces were able to connect to General
2881:
personally surveyed the situation in Chad, the first African colony to join Free France, located on the southern border of Libya, and the battle resulted in free French forces taking
2624:
for instance—where they can be demilitarised to our satisfaction, or perhaps be entrusted to the United States and remain safe until the end of the war, the crews being repatriated.
2546:
in a position to support a German invasion of Britain, though he feared that a direct attack on the French Navy might cause the Vichy regime to actively ally itself with the Nazis.
2066:, voiced the opinion of many of those who decided not to join the Free French forces, when in June 1940, he explained to the exasperated British why he would not order his ships in
12041:
3461:. On 5 November 1942, Annet, at last, surrendered. As in Syria, only a minority of the captured Vichy soldiers chose to join the Free French. After the battle, Free French general
2062:
France was bitterly divided by the conflict. Frenchmen everywhere were forced to choose sides, and often deeply resented those who had made a different choice. One French admiral,
2634:
Gensoul's orders allowed him to accept internment in the West Indies, but after a discussion lasting ten hours, he rejected all offers, and British warships commanded by Admiral
5005:, Germany had been divided into Soviet, American and British occupation zones, but France was then given an occupation zone in Germany, as well as in Austria and in the city of
4324:, bitter fighting led to the almost total destruction of the city, and stalemated the Allies. They had more success in the western American sector of the front, where after the
3211:
until they became independent in 1946 and 1943 respectively. However, despite this success, the numbers of the FFF did not grow as much as had been wished for. Of nearly 38,000
11960:
2156:, en route from the United States loaded with a precious cargo of American fighter and bomber aircraft. Unwilling to return to occupied France, but likewise reluctant to join
4145:
13535:
5957:
2012:
on 24 June; both of these came into force on 25 June. After a parliamentary vote on 10 July, Pétain became the leader of the newly established authoritarian regime known as
12077:
6195:
4371:, but this and numerous other actions behind German lines contributed to a much faster advance following the Provence landings than the Allied leadership had anticipated.
9759:
6824:
3903:, leader of the Free French Forces, who felt it important that French servicemen serve on all fronts in the war. The regiment fought in three campaigns on behalf of the
2355:
stop bleeding) before evacuating them by stretcher to ambulances and then driving these ambulances under enemy fire to care centers several kilometers behind the lines.
1623:, and by end of the war totaled over 1.3 million troops—the fourth-largest Allied army in Europe. The provisional government ruled France until the establishment of the
9504:
2630:
Finally, failing the above, I have the orders from His Majesty's Government to use whatever force may be necessary to prevent your ships from falling into German hands.
15077:
9105:
7898:
2613:
If either of these courses is adopted by you we will restore your ships to France at the conclusion of the war or pay full compensation if they are damaged meanwhile.
6665:
Martin Thomas, "The Discarded Leader: General Henri Giraud and the Foundation of the French Committee of National Liberation", French History (1996) 10#12 pp. 86–111.
4418:. The Allies sustained only relatively light casualties during the amphibious assault, and were soon in an all-out pursuit of a German army in full retreat along the
14754:
11996:
11117:
9121:
13165:
13160:
13013:
12059:
3543:, their lowest ebb in the North African campaign. Koenig defended Bir Hakeim from 26 May to 11 June against superior German and Italian forces led by Generaloberst
12438:
12181:
11951:
4641:
3163:(Operation Exporter), Free French Forces fighting alongside British Commonwealth forces faced substantial numbers of troops loyal to Vichy France—this time in the
1643:
9448:
1915:, she can form a bloc that controls the seas and continue the struggle. She may, like England, draw upon the limitless industrial resources of the United States".
15082:
14534:
13054:
12174:
11769:
11655:
11644:
9044:
9016:
8160:
7086:
5178:
4632:
After the liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944, it moved back to the capital, establishing a new "national unanimity" government on 9 September 1944, including
4088:
2492:, in the shape of the Cross of Lorraine combined with an anchor, was raised by subscription as a memorial to the Free French naval vessels which sailed from the
13120:
15107:
13262:
11096:
9768:
9455:
8582:
13467:
13229:
10071:
9434:
8736:
8361:
5895:
4549:
1722:
cut off the Franco-British strike force in Belgium. By the end of May, the British and French northern armies were trapped in a series of pockets, including
17:
4879:
The French 2nd Armoured Division, tip of the spear of the Free French forces that had participated in the Normandy Campaign and liberated Paris, went on to
13170:
9077:
9023:
8209:
5062:
War II victors just like the Big Three. This perspective was not shared by the western Allies, as was demonstrated in the German Instrument of Surrender's
4438:'s 12th Army Group, which included Patton's Army. For its part, troops from de Lattre's French First Army were the first Allied troops to reach the Rhine.
2851:'s army. From July to November 1940, the FFF would engage in fighting with troops loyal to Vichy France in Africa, with success and failure on both sides.
94:
2752:
In total during the war, around 50 major ships and a few dozen minor and auxiliary ships were part of the Free French navy. It also included half a dozen
15112:
11356:
9541:
9030:
8646:
6149:
4626:
2197:
1927:'s speech, fearing that such a broadcast could provoke the Pétain government into handing the French fleet over to the Nazis, but British Prime Minister
1068:
11499:
6049:
3893:
or 3rd Fighter Group) in the Free French Air Force, first commanded by Jean Tulasne. The unit originated in mid-1943 during World War II. Initially the
3212:
13115:
8056:
1628:
1537:, before larger commands were established directly under the control of the government-in-exile. On 13 July 1942, "Free France" was officially renamed
4636:, nationalists, socialists, communists and anarchists, and uniting the politically divided Resistance. Among its foreign policy goals was to secure a
12474:
11810:
9427:
8867:
8743:
1102:
7148:
7030:
7011:
6990:
4446:
12492:
11398:
8720:
8100:
7502:
5848:
12422:
12367:
11492:
9157:
8469:
5172:
4545:
11226:
13446:
12514:
8976:
8278:
7493:
5611:
5207:
10989:
6451:
3023:
1324:
14860:
14426:
13690:
13385:
12798:
12282:
11787:
9775:
9738:
9715:
9229:
8151:
8121:
6790:
Tommaso Baris: "Despite the Anglo-American command's request, acts of violence by French troops continued, even after the liberation of Rome"
6753:
6237:
5222:
4611:
4605:
2313:
61,670 combatants in the Army, of which 20,200 were from colonies and 20,000 were from the Levant's special troops (non-Free French forces).
1587:
891:
442:
387:
9490:
6091:
5009:. It was not only the role that France played in the war which was recognised, but its important strategic position and significance in the
4837:"), the front stabilised along Belgium's northern and eastern borders and in Lorraine. From then on it moved at a slower pace, first to the
2171:
Many of the men in the French colonies felt a special need to defend France, their distant "motherland," eventually making up two-thirds of
1988:
in London. A third option might be that neither considered that a fully free, legitimate, sovereign, and independent successor state to the
15092:
15072:
13930:
13801:
9868:
9724:
9708:
9680:
8921:
8128:
7443:
4711:. The Vichy regime's exile ended when Free French forces reached the town and captured its members on 22 April 1945, the same day that the
3100:
and become the dictator of France), other French possessions in the New World were among the last to defect from Vichy to the Allies (with
6169:
5122:
2995:
France also had possessions in Asia and the Pacific, and these far-flung colonies would experience similar problems of divided loyalties.
2518:
13510:
12584:
12479:
12219:
11939:
11248:
10632:
9692:
9604:
9548:
9511:
8786:
4569:
2142:'s call to arms. Most units initially stayed loyal to Vichy, but about 3,600 sailors operating 50 ships around the world joined with the
1650:
FFF and the Army of Africa (constituting a major part of the Vichy regular forces allowed by the 1940 armistice) were merged to form the
5725:
3078:
1829:
was one of a small group of government ministers who favoured continued resistance and Reynaud sent him to London in order to negotiate
12464:
11391:
9597:
8322:
4735:
4645:
4398:(also known as Operation Anvil), the Allied invasion of southern France. The objective of the French 2nd Corps was to capture ports at
2652:
Despite this, some French warships and sailors did remain on the Allied side or join the FNFL later, such as the mine-laying submarine
1872:
1750:
31:
6268:
4506:
was furious about the delay and was unwilling to allow the people of Paris to be slaughtered as had happened in the Polish capital of
15102:
14199:
12430:
11363:
11110:
9731:
8114:
8072:
7460:
3517:, British Empire forces fought a desperate land campaign against the Germans and Italians to prevent the loss of Egypt and the vital
2115:. Many more, however, made their way through long and circuitous routes to French territories overseas, eventually regrouping as the
6392:
3632:
from responding effectively to the allied landings around Algiers the same day, most Vichy figures were arrested (including General
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8764:
8538:
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8167:
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to the use of military means by colonial powers in the western hemisphere and recognised Vichy as the official French government.
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on 15 August 1944 that escalated into a full-scale uprising of the FFI a few days later. As the Allied forces waited near Paris,
3813:
3730:
3659:
3177:
2692:
1559:
1061:
360:
12349:
4583:, surrendered on 25 August, ignoring Hitler's orders to destroy the city and fight to the last man. Jubilant crowds greeted the
4518:
ordered General Leclerc to attack single-handedly without the aid of Allied forces. Eventually, Eisenhower agreed to detach the
3789:, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and which had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by General
2610:(b) Sail with reduced crews under our control to a British port. The reduced crews would be repatriated at the earliest moment.
15097:
14574:
14559:
14476:
12778:
10050:
9562:
8405:
7943:
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4880:
4790:
4767:
1616:
7433:
4745:
2254:
1198:
14327:
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13759:
13605:
13411:
11434:
10653:
10558:
10078:
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9699:
8778:
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8609:
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7417:
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1887:
4 Carlton gardens, London. During WWII the building served as provisional headquarters of the Free French Resistance movement
1095:
711:
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by the Germans. On 20 August, under German military escort, Pétain was forcibly moved to Belfort, and on 7 September to the
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was not an endeavour to be taken lightly. It required extensive preparations such as the construction of artificial ports (
3153:
2788:
2583:. With 22 ships sunk (12 of them German men-of-war) on 22 operational patrols, she achieved the highest kill number of the
1755:
1336:
12407:
4305:
in Normandy on 1 August 1944 together with other follow-on Free French forces, and eventually led the drive toward Paris.
4226:
Opening a "Second Front" was a top priority for the Allies, and especially for the Soviets to relieve their burden on the
15087:
14681:
14444:
14100:
14090:
13853:
13624:
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3804:. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war, and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and
1817:. However, he was not personally popular; significantly, none of his immediate military subordinates joined him in 1940.
829:
12911:
11725:
7123:
6942:
Benjamin Stora, " L'Armée d'Afrique : les oubliés de la libération ", TDC, no 692, 15 mars 1995, Paris, CNDP, 1995.
5013:
as a major democratic, capitalist nation of Western Europe in holding back the influence of communism on the continent.
3096:
playing a key part in that, with him being firmly convinced that the general's aim was to create a South-American style
14529:
13365:
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12014:
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5490:
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5028:
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4126:" (Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur, or FFI). From October 1944 – March 1945, many FFI units were amalgamated into the
4058:
2236:
1620:
1054:
3793:. Democratic rule was restored in French Algeria, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps.
2820:, a subsection of the overall colony. Boisson was soon promoted to "High Commissioner of Colonies" and transferred to
14501:
14486:
13811:
13742:
13593:
12793:
11485:
11126:
10001:
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7193:
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5413:
Alexander, Martin (2007). "After Dunkirk: The French Army's Performance Against 'Case Red', 25 May to 25 June 1940".
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990:
13398:
12561:
12556:
12522:
8267:
6778:
4335:
The invasion was preceded by weeks of intense resistance activity. Coordinated with the massive bombardments of the
3352:
3173:
2419:, patron saint of France, whose symbol it had been, the province where she was born, and now partially annexed into
2332:
According to the tally of Henri Écochard, an ex-Free French Forces serviceman, there were at least 54,500 soldiers.
2243:
were made up of around 75% Europeans and 25% Mahgrebians, which is why the 2e Division Blindée was selected for the
1841:
on the 17th but returned to London the same day when he realised Pétain had already agreed to an armistice with the
14769:
14610:
14564:
13747:
13651:
12745:
12254:
11872:
11163:
10314:
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9215:
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4887:
made by its commanding officer General Leclerc almost four years earlier. The unit under his command, barely above
4558:
made up mainly of Spanish Republican exiles) would be there the following day. This party was commanded by Captain
4413:
4099:
back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to co-ordinate the eight major
3873:
3770:
successor in French Africa with Allied support. This occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and
3526:
3407:
3019:
2874:
2721:
and Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu, played a role in the liberation of French colonies throughout the world including
1480:
or CNF)—formed to govern French territories in central Africa, Asia, and Oceania that had heeded the 18 June call.
1088:
943:
12551:
11734:
8892:
4707:'s GPRF. As a sign of protest over his forced move, Pétain refused to take office, and was eventually replaced by
2151:
13771:
13563:
13503:
13355:
12619:
12546:
11256:
11241:
10687:
10528:
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9275:
8545:
8414:
8382:
7893:
6802:
Reconquérir: 1944-1945. Textes du maréchal Lattre de Tassigny réunis et présentés par Jean-Luc Barre (in French)
4954:
making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe behind the Soviet Union, the US and Britain. The GPRF sent an
3976:
3943:
3695:
3680:
2217:
1496:
1012:
730:
11770:
9062:
8630:
4937:, and cleared and occupied south-western Germany. At the end of the war, the motto of the French First Army was
2461:, which also featured the cross of Lorraine. Modern ships that share the same name as ships of the FNFL—such as
2107:
to get on board ships." In the summer of 1940, around a dozen pilots made it to England and volunteered for the
14789:
14364:
13311:
13217:
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12659:
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11912:
11073:
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7659:
7149:"AIDE IN U.S. LEAVES TO MEET DE GAULLE; Count de Sieyes Will Discuss How 'Free France' May Best Be Served Here"
6722:
6708:
Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer [1, avec Christian Makarian et Dominique Simonnet, publié dans
5684:
5103:
5063:
5036:
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4271:
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3348:
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was potentially a quite substantial threat to British control of the sealanes were she to fall into Axis hands.
2275:
2271:
2267:
2084:
11927:
6145:
4906:, was the first Western Allied unit to reach the Rhône (25 August 1944), the Rhine (19 November 1944) and the
3088:
Mainly because of this and of the often very frosty relations between Free France and the USA (with President
1767:
80:
14712:
14332:
14273:
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12614:
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2627:
If you refuse these fair offers, I must with profound regret, require you to sink your ships within 6 hours.
2578:
2462:
2248:
2087:(on 23 June at the initiative of Georges Colin, honorary consul of the domains) and the Franco-British ruled
1920:
1428:
1007:
1000:
985:
973:
958:
760:
165:
14354:
13903:
4483:
against him, Hitler had given orders to have Paris destroyed should it fall to the Allies, similarly to the
1550:
Exile officially ended after the reconquest of North Africa, when the Free French government relocated from
15040:
14779:
14258:
14095:
13462:
13457:
11207:
11103:
10478:
10432:
9351:
9179:
9164:
9091:
9070:
8888:
8566:
8352:
8345:
8329:
8040:
7999:
7971:
7807:
6443:
Martin Thomas, "Deferring to Vichy in the Western Hemisphere: The St. Pierre and Miquelon Affair of 1941",
6146:
www.france-libre.net, Le site de la France-Libre, "Les origines des FNFL, par l'amiral Thierry d'Argenlieu"
4903:
4344:
4313:
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groups into one organisation. Moulin got their agreement to form the "National Council of the Resistance" (
3869:
3749:
3344:
3258:
3015:
2564:
2240:
2040:
1746:
was only made possible by the resistance of these troops, particularly the French army divisions at Lille.
1460:) exhorting the French people to resist the Nazis and join the Free French Forces. On 27 October 1940, the
13428:
4525:
3105:
1678:
after the Franco-German armistice in 1940 and before 1 August 1943 may correctly be called "Free French".
683:
14897:
14617:
14491:
14481:
14229:
14070:
14018:
13316:
13207:
12627:
12399:
11682:
11349:
11335:
11170:
10494:
10439:
10057:
10029:
9882:
9497:
9476:
8990:
8653:
8559:
8049:
7517:
7027:
7006:
6985:
4943:, referring to the two great German rivers that it had reached and crossed during its combat operations.
4899:
4846:
4340:
3854:
3591:
2284:
1981:
1664:
980:
6312:. Contributions in military studies (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 23–26.
5845:
4730:
As the wartime government of France in 1944–1945, its main purposes were to handle the aftermath of the
2695:, mostly those in the colonies that had remained loyal to Vichy until the end of the regime through the
2449:, two days after assuming the post of chief of the naval and air forces of the Free French, created the
2203:
15067:
14808:
14729:
14496:
14406:
14385:
14085:
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14065:
13992:
13848:
13496:
13018:
12847:
12750:
12459:
12247:
11665:
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11314:
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10968:
10457:
10376:
10321:
10209:
10165:
9815:
9441:
9365:
9260:
9137:
9009:
9002:
8962:
8935:
8667:
8600:
8195:
8006:
7936:
7780:
7768:
7759:
7378:
The RAF's French Foreign Legion: De Gaulle, the British and the Re-emergence of French Airpower 1940-45
5217:
5024:
4994:
4458:
4434:. Toulon and Marseille were soon providing supplies not only to the 6th Army Group but also to General
4431:
4383:
4294:
4014:
4010:
2554:
2122:
1288:
1145:
995:
963:
938:
498:
470:
6779:
Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie. Violences des « libérateurs » durant l'été 1944
6234:
5299:. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71.
2639:
15117:
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14549:
14344:
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13734:
13668:
12783:
12676:
11464:
10870:
10787:
10572:
10425:
10397:
10230:
10135:
9925:
9358:
8425:
8079:
7874:
7729:
7689:
7612:
5603:
5583:
4751:
3827:
3822:, CFLN), which unified the territories controlled by them and was officially founded on 3 June 1943.
3402:
3066:
3062:
2772:
1977:
1731:
1471:
1443:
1300:
1191:
564:
507:
343:
12032:
11987:
8623:
4700:
4278:) to make the Germans believe the invasion would take place where the Channel was at its narrowest.
3577:
n the whole course of the desert war, we never encountered a more heroic and well-sustained defence.
3521:. Here, fighting in the harsh Libyan desert, Free French soldiers distinguished themselves. General
2858:, also known as Operation Menace, an unsuccessful attempt to capture the strategic port of Dakar in
14569:
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14144:
13908:
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13252:
12649:
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10609:
10586:
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8942:
8914:
8907:
8294:
7709:
7204:
Historical Dictionary of World War II France: The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938-1946
6448:
4921:, the very last German major offensive on the western front in January 1945, and in collapsing the
3629:
3564:
3547:, proving that the FFF could be taken seriously by the Allies as a fighting force. British General
3333:
2809:
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2184:
2147:
2096:
2009:
1488:
1283:
526:
11759:
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8639:
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4738:
as a major Ally. It also made several important reforms and political decisions, such as granting
3899:
comprised a group of French fighter pilots sent to aid Soviet forces at the suggestion of Charles
3298:
2888:
1810:
14825:
14707:
14654:
14600:
14554:
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12579:
12005:
11673:
11551:
11031:
10975:
10845:
10705:
10383:
10036:
9932:
9838:
9406:
9267:
9237:
9201:
9186:
9058:
8950:
8928:
8874:
8860:
8842:
8506:
8287:
8015:
7964:
7773:
6088:
5541:
Shlaim, Avi (July 1974). "Prelude to Downfall: The British Offer of Union to France, June 1940".
4888:
4857:
offensive in November 1944, their German opponents believing they had entrenched for the winter.
4637:
4235:
4005:
3989:
3915:
3672:
3337:
2960:
2795:
With metropolitan France firmly under Germany's thumb and the Allies too weak to challenge this,
2707:
2683:
2095:'s call to arms. It was not until late August that Free France would gain significant support in
2063:
1569:
1259:
1203:
968:
953:
948:
641:
13883:
13826:
11978:
11848:
4033:
2223:
The Free French forces also included 5,000 non-French Europeans, mainly serving in units of the
1996:
673:
30:"Fighting France" redirects here. For the collection of magazine articles by Edith Wharton, see
14930:
14892:
14850:
14835:
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14449:
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13951:
13789:
13754:
13685:
13663:
13452:
13416:
13186:
13023:
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12773:
12638:
12594:
12226:
12132:
12111:
11565:
11544:
11537:
11457:
10723:
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10362:
10265:
10158:
10128:
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5016:
Approximately 58,000 men were killed fighting in the Free French forces between 1940 and 1945.
4755:
4442:
4231:
4029:
3884:
units) and the only one to fight together with the Soviets until the end of the war in Europe.
3539:
in June 1942, although they were eventually obliged to withdraw, as Allied forces retreated to
3514:
3451:
3222:
Despite this bleak picture, by the end of 1941, the United States had entered the war, and the
3160:
3050:
3042:
2948:
2908:
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2408:
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1833:. When this plan collapsed, he resigned on 16 June and Pétain became President of the Council.
1727:
1719:
1675:
1651:
1624:
1579:
1506:
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1432:
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374:
329:
187:
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size when it had captured the Italian fort, had grown into a full-strength armoured division.
4599:
2939:
In 1941–1942, the African FFF slowly grew in strength and even expanded operations north into
2294:(12 overall) began to be recruited from mainland France, including the 10th Infantry Division
2235:
mainly made up of colonial soldiers. Nearly all NCOs and officers were white French. Both the
1450:. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Britain and from there broadcast the
14855:
14845:
14637:
14461:
14369:
14304:
13913:
13706:
13680:
13391:
13375:
12541:
12118:
11896:
11370:
11214:
10937:
10780:
10676:
10646:
10602:
10471:
10335:
10300:
10293:
10216:
10114:
9555:
9532:
9379:
8983:
8520:
8260:
8246:
7929:
7802:
7048:
6816:
6478:
4926:
4669:
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4352:
4202:
led to a very rapid German retreat, and by September 1944 most of France had been liberated.
4021:
3947:
3797:
3569:
3502:
2917:
2501:
2224:
2116:
2045:
1989:
1911:"France is not alone! She is not alone! She has a great empire behind her! Together with the
1789:
was known for his willingness to challenge accepted ideas; in 1912, he asked to be posted to
1763:
1739:
1376:
911:
838:
800:
740:
429:
13049:
12935:
8818:
7827:
4629:, preserving the sovereignty of France and freeing Allied troops for fighting on the front.
4620:
or GPRF) was officially created by the CNFL and succeeded it on 3 June 1944, the day before
1859:
1798:
1208:
15062:
14880:
14421:
14359:
14248:
14139:
13695:
13629:
13326:
13106:
13085:
13080:
12808:
12730:
12530:
12261:
12208:
11889:
11586:
11377:
11300:
11038:
10893:
10544:
10501:
10464:
10390:
10200:
10179:
9098:
8575:
8253:
7737:
7471:
6265:
4869:
4491:
4159:
4151:
4139:
3775:
3641:
3536:
3482:
3439:
3081:, despite this being the first French possession in the Americas to join the Allies, which
2761:
2592:
2213:
1985:
1830:
1814:
1735:
1597:
1157:
790:
516:
12892:
7848:
4703:) joined him. There they established a government in exile, challenging the legitimacy of
3458:
1586:
AFL). By June 1944, the AFL numbered more than 500,000, and the CFLN was succeeded by the
1312:
8:
14963:
14920:
14840:
14794:
14671:
14664:
14644:
14605:
14517:
14309:
14278:
14253:
14219:
14121:
14116:
13956:
13700:
13634:
13380:
13350:
13224:
13150:
13145:
13130:
13125:
13075:
12993:
12378:
12328:
12268:
11882:
11328:
11286:
11279:
11156:
10930:
10808:
10764:
10279:
9413:
9172:
8699:
8529:
8513:
8462:
7639:
7625:
7620:
6388:
5255:
5200:
5193:
4739:
4696:
4584:
4538:
4474:
4336:
4290:
4275:
4259:
3618:
3522:
3149:
2768:
2454:
2244:
1965:
1663:
In many sources, Free French describes any French individual or unit that fought against
1609:
1522:
1390:
1264:
1230:
750:
659:
598:
588:
243:
182:
146:
13028:
4043:
2913:
2896:
2813:
2005:
1793:'s regiment, whose maxim 'Firepower kills' was then in stark contrast to the prevailing
14875:
14820:
14774:
14622:
14588:
14172:
13806:
13433:
13003:
12988:
12983:
12951:
12720:
12321:
12139:
12098:
11969:
11863:
11834:
11633:
11412:
11293:
11149:
10982:
10907:
10861:
10831:
10739:
10579:
10237:
10121:
10015:
9966:
9904:
9660:
9611:
9420:
9037:
8692:
8490:
7910:
7841:
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7787:
7742:
7632:
6679:
5566:
5558:
5438:
4959:
4918:
4830:
4247:
4171:
4163:
4091:
under his leadership. He changed the name of his movement to "Fighting French Forces" (
4037:
3831:
3690:
Admiral Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist
3645:
3587:
3490:
3462:
3189:
3129:
3089:
2859:
2718:
2428:
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2188:
1743:
1276:
1223:
13155:
11841:
11707:
4656:
3786:
3637:
3557:
military exploits that astonish the world like they are doing right now in Bir-Hakeim!
1790:
1439:
15021:
15003:
14998:
14983:
14968:
14907:
14870:
14784:
14717:
14695:
14676:
14544:
14471:
14294:
14194:
14080:
14060:
14037:
13966:
13946:
13871:
13578:
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13196:
13191:
13135:
12930:
12887:
12735:
12715:
12705:
12671:
12589:
12300:
12233:
11903:
11510:
11441:
11423:
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10854:
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10696:
10639:
10593:
10537:
10355:
10093:
10085:
10022:
9875:
9469:
8994:
8455:
8434:
8144:
7607:
7582:
7461:
Fights of the population in Gers in the regular army from Nov.8, 1942 to Aug.31, 1944
7413:
7382:
7361:
7316:
7297:
7278:
7253:
7234:
7224:
7189:
7156:
7054:
6957:
6902:
6851:
6625:
6615:
6590:
6580:
6313:
5715:
5570:
5486:
5461:
5442:
5430:
5384:
5300:
5188:
5142:'s Appeal of 18 June 1940 remains one of the most famous speeches in French history.
4967:
4895:
4708:
4395:
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4379:
4378:
which had been fighting there was withdrawn from the Italian front, and added to the
4368:
4364:
4360:
4282:
4195:
4080:
4054:
3969:
3939:
3927:
3743:
3676:
3548:
3443:
3200:
3031:
2892:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2649:. Such actions discouraged many French soldiers from joining the Free French forces.
2645:
2542:
2412:
2386:
2298:
The 3rd Armoured Division was also created in May 1945 but saw no combat in the war.
2289:
2228:
2049:
2025:
1969:
1928:
1868:
1854:
1782:
1723:
1695:
1605:
1601:
1451:
1420:
1385:
1317:
1271:
1252:
1247:
1174:
720:
619:
479:
316:
289:
100:
38:
11826:
11716:
6954:
The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning Under Uncertainty
4986:
4811:
4674:(legal purge or cleansing). Some were executed without trial, in "wild cleansings" (
4662:
who hunted the Resistance with the Gestapo—were made prisoners in a post-liberation
4534:
4146:
Military history of France during World War II § Campaign of France (1944–1945)
3625:
2710:. This did not stop the Germans from torpedoing the ship, and 400 men were drowned.
2446:
1547:) to mark the struggle against the Axis both externally and within occupied France.
14935:
14887:
14759:
14734:
14224:
13960:
13784:
13614:
13583:
13570:
13305:
13281:
13247:
13201:
13095:
13090:
12755:
12740:
12392:
11593:
11579:
11342:
11321:
11307:
11059:
11052:
10996:
10660:
10418:
10404:
10307:
10244:
10195:
10008:
9861:
9808:
9618:
9569:
9483:
8706:
8683:
8216:
7702:
6874:, Vingtième Siècle, Revue d'histoire, Année 1998, Volume 58, Numéro 58, pp. 144–146
5711:
5550:
5422:
5131:
5002:
4834:
4815:
4724:
4681:
4562:, and was given the honour to be the first Allied unit to enter Paris ahead of the
4356:
4001:
4000:
in one of the worst mass atrocities committed by Allied troops during the war, the
3993:
3861:
3455:
3264:
3227:
3011:
3004:
2988:
2635:
2524:
2306:
2103:
2102:
Unlike the troops at Dunkirk or naval forces at sea, relatively few members of the
1802:
1718:, rapidly defeating the Dutch and Belgians, while armoured units attacking through
1703:
1530:
1514:
1510:
1237:
1186:
1152:
693:
14397:
14236:
12686:
12023:
8225:
4727:, was also condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
4347:, partisans systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German
3497:
860:
665:
15030:
14993:
14978:
14973:
14915:
14830:
14390:
14131:
13876:
13059:
12998:
12882:
12828:
12190:
12167:
12146:
12086:
11082:
10794:
10709:
10667:
10565:
10508:
10369:
10151:
10142:
9671:
9246:
9222:
8476:
7557:
7376:
7351:
7336:
7329:
7218:
7034:
7015:
6994:
6718:
6473:
6455:
6307:
6272:
6241:
6153:
6095:
5952:
5852:
5688:
4803:
4511:
4454:
4450:
4325:
4321:
4255:
4251:
4199:
4183:
3724:
3614:
3606:
3196:
3145:
3125:
3082:
2870:
2855:
2844:
2825:
2722:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2302:
1864:
1526:
1364:
1167:
1140:
1135:
1130:
849:
239:
171:
119:
61:
14376:
11194:
7552:
7410:
The French Army 1939–45: Free French, Fighting French and the Army of Liberation
7313:
Rock of Contention: Free French and Americans at War in New Caledonia, 1940–1945
6707:
6576:
Panzer battles : a study of the employment of armor in the Second World War
5082:
4860:
4308:
3030:
by the beginning of May. Japanese rule in Indochina lasted until the successful
2658:, whose crew voted almost unanimously to fight alongside Britain, the destroyer
2476:
2287:
brigades. The 1st Free French Division also contained a mixed brigade of French
811:
14953:
14948:
14940:
14764:
14722:
14299:
13923:
13273:
13008:
12922:
12903:
12874:
12839:
12820:
11795:
11089:
10625:
10551:
8589:
8448:
7538:
7526:
7111:
Representations of the Second World War: Ideological Currents in French History
6426:
5554:
5251:
5183:
4978:
4930:
4929:. Operations by the First Army in April 1945 encircled and captured the German
4838:
4659:
4559:
4495:
4423:
4329:
4267:
3952:
3097:
2670:. The first loss of the FNFL occurred on 7 November 1940, when the patrol boat
2493:
1912:
1821:
1394:
1044:
630:
86:
13321:
13101:
7238:
6629:
3644:
finally accepted his self-nomination as high commissioner of North Africa and
3477:
3446:, hoping to prevent its falling into Japanese hands and especially the use of
2517:. Locally, it is also associated with the memory of the loss of the destroyer
2415:
as a symbol of the Free French. This was chosen to recall the perseverance of
1903:, urging French soldiers, sailors and airmen to join in the fight against the
15056:
15035:
14865:
14649:
14337:
13729:
13257:
12453:
12356:
11625:
10900:
8811:
8660:
8499:
7672:
7357:
7160:
7108:
6899:
La Nueve, 24 août 1944 : ces Républicains espagnols qui ont libéré Paris
6108:
5434:
5426:
5320:
légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy",
5159:
4974:
4922:
4823:
4594:
4427:
4243:
3919:
3717:
3633:
3195:
The British did not themselves occupy Syria; rather, the Free French General
3124:
to the Allies, late June 1941. A car carrying Free French commanders General
3000:
2972:
2940:
2439:
2150:(FFNF; in French: FNFL). France's surrender found her only aircraft carrier,
1896:
1715:
1612:
in August 1944, which ushered in the provisional government on French soil.
1295:
1213:
1162:
1029:
770:
265:
253:
7028:"France Excluded from the German Capitulation Signing by the Western Allies"
6594:
5802:
4100:
3454:. Once again the Allied landings faced resistance from Vichy forces, led by
3192:
were eventually defeated by the largely British allied forces in July 1941.
2869:
There was better news in November 1940 when the FFF achieved victory at the
2775:. The French merchant marine siding with the Allies counted over 170 ships.
2371:
1876:
14749:
14454:
14411:
14211:
14182:
13796:
13779:
13287:
13212:
12725:
12335:
12197:
12160:
12153:
11199:
11003:
9289:
9194:
8825:
8188:
7952:
7587:
7396:
7245:
6609:
5927:
5588:
5111:
4934:
4911:
4854:
4688:
4600:
Re-establishment of a provisional French Republic and its government (GPRF)
4480:
4435:
4348:
4072:
3997:
3904:
3877:
3739:
3694:. Although de la Chapelle had been a member of the resistance group led by
3655:
3602:
3561:
3544:
3531:
3447:
3223:
3070:
3046:
2996:
2968:
2829:
2607:(a) Sail with us and continue the fight until victory against the Germans.
2443:
2424:
2088:
2013:
1778:
1711:
1699:
1502:
1484:
1447:
1398:
1380:
878:
609:
303:
6466:
6309:
Tricolor Over the Sahara: The Desert Battles of the Free French, 1940–1942
4363:. For instance, a large number of German units were required to clear the
3960:' (1ere Compagnie de Chasseurs Parachutistes) in the Gabès–Tozeur area of
2835:
14319:
14164:
13472:
13405:
12710:
12525:
12307:
12125:
11259:
10838:
10824:
10486:
9148:
8954:
8308:
7684:
7569:
6574:
6378:
Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. p300
5071:
4982:
4850:
4819:
4573:
4387:
4286:
4285:, the Free French forces numbered around 500,000 strong. 900 Free French
4258:), intensive bombardment of railways and German logistics in France (the
4239:
4127:
4096:
4068:
3985:
3923:
3868:, was a fighter regiment of the Free French Air Force that served on the
3782:
3713:
3401:
Reflecting the growing strength of Free France was the foundation of the
3185:
3133:
2817:
2783:
2746:
2617:
2135:
1842:
1781:
appointed him Under Secretary of State for Defence, a junior post in the
1534:
1406:
220:
4107:). Moulin was eventually captured, and died under brutal torture by the
3285:
2309:, and British SAS were mainly composed of men from metropolitan France.
1080:
14925:
14154:
11802:
10186:
9939:
9918:
8804:
8137:
8065:
7654:
6561:
5295:
quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.).
4873:
4408:
4403:
4302:
4167:
3851:
3709:
3540:
3518:
3506:
3466:
3427:
3101:
2882:
2696:
2621:
2560:
2450:
2376:
2325:
2165:
2143:
2067:
1518:
546:
7449:
6683:
5562:
4925:
in January–February 1945, capturing and destroying most of the German
4576:
were also amongst the first of the Free French forces to enter Paris.
4502:
and his Free French government put General Eisenhower under pressure.
3842:
3735:
14263:
10449:
9854:
9651:
9462:
9253:
9208:
6781:, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire Numéro 2007/1 (no 93), pp 47―61.
6050:"Liste des volontaires des Forces françaises libres d'Henri Écochard"
5107:
5087:
4963:
4950:, the Free French forces comprised 1,300,000 personnel, and included
4716:
4572:
formed from the Free French Navy Fusiliers-Marins that had landed on
4263:
4219:
4187:
3981:
3077:
and a submarine of the FNFL. The action at Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
3035:
3027:
2944:
2753:
2485:
2473:—are entitled to fly the Free French naval jack as a mark of honour.
2127:
2112:
1900:
1806:
1794:
1759:
1371:) was a political entity claiming to be the legitimate government of
13488:
8729:
7277:. Que sais-je (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
5681:
4494:
was planning to by-pass the city. At this time, Parisians started a
3322:
3069:) joined the Free French after an "invasion" on 24 December 1941 by
2283:
and 9th Colonial Infantry Division contained a strong contingent of
1883:
1875:
as pamphlets and plastered on walls as posters by supporters of the
1639:
1483:
Initially, with the exception of French possessions in the Pacific,
1438:
Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal
13918:
8713:
8441:
7905:
6381:
5115:
5091:
5010:
4798:
4633:
4191:
4179:
4116:
3785:
to counsel Giraud and to press him into repeal the Vichy laws. The
3203:
of the Levant, and from this point, Free France would control both
3121:
3074:
2489:
1838:
214:
37:"Les Français Libres" redirects here. For the political party, see
4419:
4210:
3234:
2843:
With these colonies came vital manpower—a large number of African
2802:
2201:
Charles de Gaulle inspecting sailors on the Free French destroyer
27:
1940–1944 government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during WWII
14177:
14045:
7881:
7869:
7512:
7050:
Scotland's Cruel Sea: Heroism and Disaster off the Scottish Coast
5346:
5121:
The memorial is also associated, locally, with the memory of the
5095:
4998:
4958:
to the Pacific to retake French Indochina from the Japanese, but
4720:
4692:
4462:
4301:(2nd Armoured Division or 2e DB)—under General Leclerc—landed at
4115:
occupation forces, building networks of propagandists, spies and
4108:
3208:
2726:
2714:
2458:
1555:
573:
260:
224:
203:
14003:
7266:
Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945
3701:
On 28 December, after a prolonged blockade, the Vichy forces in
3586:
From 23 October to 4 November 1942, Allied forces under general
2604:
shall act in accordance with one of the following alternatives;
2530:
1691:
14466:
14034:
13816:
9330:
7921:
7754:
7724:
7008:
1940–1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 1
6987:
1940–1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 2
6030:
5006:
4907:
4719:. Laval, Vichy's prime minister in 1942–1944, was executed for
4652:
4507:
4399:
4175:
3752:
in January 1943. Churchill and Roosevelt are in the background.
3486:
3164:
2964:
2549:
2394:
2382:
2227:. There were also escaped Spanish Republicans, veterans of the
1904:
1551:
1372:
577:
209:
190:
over unoccupied and liberated territories (after November 1942)
7454:
5932:
Exils et migration: Italiens et Espagnols en France, 1938–1946
5641:
3725:
Creation of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN)
2936:"; Vichy France was a "pseudo government", an illegal entity.
2778:
2745:
in Provence for the liberation of mainland France, and in the
1660:, and all subsequent enlistments were in this combined force.
9518:
4990:
4842:
4699:
in southern Germany, where 1,000 of his followers (including
4663:
4155:
4063:
3204:
3116:
3073:
Emile Muselier and the forces he was able to load onto three
2956:
2952:
2821:
2480:
The Free French Memorial, looking out over the Firth of Clyde
2390:
2274:
were made up of 60% Mahgrebians and 40% Europeans, while the
2017:
1777:
was promoted to brigadier general; on 5 June, Prime Minister
1491:, all the territories of the French colonial empire rejected
198:
7501:
7434:
Composition and situation of the Free French Force in combat
4761:
4644:. This was assured through a large military contribution on
4490:
Mindful of this and other strategic considerations, General
4328:
breakthrough in late July they caught 50,000 Germans in the
4174:. At first hampered by very stiff German resistance and the
4122:
Later, the Resistance was more formally referred to as the "
4013:, claimed that such cases were isolated events exploited by
3079:
created a serious diplomatic incident with the United States
2691:
Most ships that had remained on the Vichy side and were not
2130:
inspecting the Free French forces in England, 24 August 1940
14739:
14149:
13973:
7412:. Men-at-arms Series No. 318. Vol. 2. London: Osprey.
7018:(in French). Charles de Gaulle foundation official website.
6997:(in French). Charles de Gaulle foundation official website.
6331:
6329:
6018:
5631:
5629:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5001:, as he was the commander of the French First Army. At the
4807:
4445:
was covering Alsace-Lorraine (and the Alpine front against
4215:
4071:
and his iconic scarf. He was probably tortured to death by
3411:, CNF) in September 1941 and the official name change from
3215:, just 5,668 men volunteered to join the forces of General
3022:
under nominal Vichy control. On 9 March 1945, the Japanese
2601:
2584:
536:
170:
sky blue = colonies under the control of Free France after
7296:. Histoires D'aujourd'hui (in French). Paris: Tallandier.
7211:
Normandy '44: D-Day and the Epic 77-Day Battle for France
6433:, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, pp. 349–350
6374:
6372:
6370:
6368:
4595:
Provisional republic and the war against Germany and Japan
2959:. In 1942, Leclerc's forces and soldiers from the British
5977:
5975:
5890:
5888:
3505:"leap up from the desert to rush an enemy strong point",
2971:
to join British Commonwealth and other FFF forces in the
2873:(or Battle of Libreville) under the very skilled General
2854:
In September 1940 an Anglo French naval force fought the
2108:
1698:
was an armoured division commander and a minister in the
6952:
Talbot, C. Imlay; Duffy Toft, Monica (24 January 2007).
6924:
6407:
6353:
6326:
6287:
6069:
5661:
France and Britain 1900–1940: Entente & Estrangement
5626:
5499:
3766:
After Admiral Darlan's assassination, Giraud became his
3144:
In 1941, the FFF fought alongside British Empire troops
2573:
1644:
Commemorative medal for voluntary service in Free France
6652:
6650:
6648:
6365:
6188:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5458:
A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle
5179:
List of networks and movements of the French Resistance
4829:
Also in September 1944, the Allies having outrun their
2930:
claimed to represent, or rather, as he put it simply, "
2799:
turned his attention to France's vast overseas empire.
2035:
1505:
troops and served in almost every major campaign, from
8583:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
7466:
6674:
Arthur L. Funk, "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan,'"
6341:
5972:
5923:
5921:
5885:
5759:
5757:
5755:
3613:
Soon afterwards in November 1942, the Allies launched
2812:, was a staunch supporter of the Vichy regime, unlike
1596:, GPRF), which was established in anticipation of the
4449:), the centre was made up of US forces in the south (
4412:
volunteers, and with a single armoured division, the
3636:, chief commander in North Africa, and Vichy admiral
2866:'s sense of failure that he even considered suicide.
1931:, despite his own concerns, agreed to the broadcast.
6645:
6636:
6389:"The Second World War in the French Overseas Empire"
5766:
5327:
5149:
4758:
on 14 October 1946, preparing its new constitution.
4453:) and British and Commonwealth forces in the north (
4032:, with the landing of elements of the reconstituted
2967:. At the end of 1942, Leclerc moved his forces into
2266:
Records for the Italian campaign show that both the
1848:
6936:
6808:
6506:
6198:. Inverclyde Council. 9 August 2017. Archived from
5918:
5898:
Le bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique
5752:
4198:on 14 August 1944, the threat of being caught in a
3219:; the remainder chose to be repatriated to France.
2987:
Insigna of the Free French Forces in the Far East (
1976:and his followers were revolutionaries, unlike the
1749:From 27 May to 4 June, over 200,000 members of the
6170:"The Cross of Lorraine from charles-de-gaulle.org"
5996:Algérie, une mémoire à vif: Ou le caméléon albinos
5942:
5940:
5372:
4723:. Pétain, "Chief of the French State" and hero of
4655:(a paramilitary militia)—which was established by
4617:gouvernement provisoire de la République Française
4190:on 25–31 July 1944. Combined with the landings in
2787:African unit of the Free French forces during the
2453:displaying the French colours with a red cross of
1593:Gouvernement Provisoire de la République française
15078:World War II governments in exile based in London
7463:(1992– O.N.A.C.- S.D. GERS translated in English)
5031:in 1946 after territorial annexations in the East
4205:
3698:, it is believed he was acting as an individual.
3640:). However, Darlan was released and U.S. General
2541:After the fall of France, British Prime Minister
2091:condominium in the Pacific (on 20 July) answered
1801:. He was also a long-time advocate of the modern
15054:
7407:
7183:
6951:
6036:
4651:Several alleged Vichy loyalists involved in the
4591:conducted a now iconic parade through the city.
3760:Commandement en chef français civil et militaire
2828:) had joined Free France, with the exception of
2251:was almost entirely made up of white Frenchmen.
1627:in October 1946, having preempted the country's
859:
7349:
6885:Du capitaine de Hautecloque au général Leclerc?
6872:Du capitaine de Hauteclocque au Général Leclerc
6845:
6490:
6488:
6009:"Le retrait des troupes noires de la 1re Armée"
5937:
3235:Creation of the French National Committee (CNF)
3038:, and the entry of British and Chinese forces.
2943:. In February 1941, Free French Forces invaded
2803:African campaign and the Empire Defence Council
2681:Charles de Gaulle on board the French corvette
2664:, and the then-largest submarine in the world,
2500:. It has plaques commemorating the loss of the
1446:and established a German puppet state known as
15083:Military history of France during World War II
7046:
6701:
5703:
5699:
5697:
5324:, vol. 49, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 2002), p. 84–86
5208:Military history of France during World War II
4548:) requested the Free French force in question
4222:from the city hall's balcony on 20 August 1944
3800:in January 1943 with Roosevelt, Churchill and
2324:French commando troops undergoing training at
15108:States and territories disestablished in 1944
14019:
13504:
12508:
11242:
7937:
7487:
7333:The Second World War – an Illustrated History
6431:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
5745:
5743:
5347:"VRID Mémorial – Un site utilisant WordPress"
5223:Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War
4612:Provisional Government of the French Republic
4606:Provisional Government of the French Republic
4017:to smear allies, particularly French troops.
3933:
3617:in the west, an invasion of Vichy-controlled
2693:scuttled with the main French fleet in Toulon
2531:Mers El Kébir and the fate of the French Navy
1960:This would form the essential legal basis of
1831:the proposed union between France and Britain
1588:Provisional Government of the French Republic
1096:
1062:
443:Provisional Government of the French Republic
14395:
14374:
14234:
7401:All Hell Let Loose, The World at War 1939–45
7053:. Black & White Publishing. p. 21.
7040:
6485:
5994:Brahim Senouci, Préface de Stéphane Hessel.
5839:
5534:
5290:
5284:
5198:
5173:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action
4938:
4841:and then in the early months of 1945 to the
4754:, and lasted until the establishment of the
4743:
4675:
4667:
4615:
4563:
4553:
4044:
3909:
3894:
3888:
3817:
3758:
3628:by the French resistance that prevented the
3418:
3412:
2931:
2921:
2756:of naval infantry and commandos, as well as
2401:
1994:
1939:
1762:on 2 June to reform the BEF, along with the
1671:instruction ministérielle du 29 juillet 1953
1669:
1655:
1591:
1573:
1563:
1542:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1431:, and gained strategic footholds in several
1414:
144:
116:
53:
7439:Bibliography about 1st Free French Division
6814:
6799:
5983:Le Corps expéditionnaire français en Italie
5694:
4826:until the German capitulation in May 1945.
4570:1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos
3968:The Free French forces participated in the
3351:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3273:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3053:invaded and occupied the leased territory.
2916:of Chad. Its creation was announced by the
2779:Struggle for control of the French colonies
2595:was provided an ultimatum by the British:
2001:stamping out France's republican heritage.
15113:States and territories established in 1940
14026:
14012:
13511:
13497:
12515:
12501:
11249:
11235:
7944:
7930:
7494:
7480:
7408:Sumner, Ian; Vauvillier, François (1998).
7291:
7272:
7263:
6930:
6731:
6614:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 417.
6572:
6413:
6359:
6335:
6293:
6075:
6024:
5740:
5635:
5510:
2839:A Chadian soldier fighting for Free France
2138:was better able to immediately respond to
2004:On 22 June 1940, Marshal Pétain signed an
1103:
1089:
1069:
1055:
158:
32:Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort
7350:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007).
6846:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007).
5902:. Museum of the Order of the Liberation.
5601:
5412:
5322:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
4883:on 23 November 1944, thus fulfilling the
4762:Campaigns in France and Germany 1944–1945
4214:Charles de Gaulle speaks as president of
3389:Learn how and when to remove this message
3371:Learn how and when to remove this message
2999:and the French South Pacific colonies of
2231:. In August 1944, they numbered 350 men.
1631:and secured its status as a major power.
1110:
7503:Governments in exile during World War II
7395:
6896:
6737:
5282:
5276:
5081:
5054:recognised the GPRF on 23 October 1944.
5023:
4859:
4775:
4524:
4307:
4250:) and an underwater pipeline across the
4209:
4062:
3984:. They took part in the fighting on the
3951:
3841:
3734:
3601:
3496:
3476:
3115:
3111:
2982:
2887:
2834:
2782:
2676:
2572:
2548:
2475:
2370:
2319:
2253:
2196:
2121:
2039:
1882:
1858:
1690:
1638:
12789:French Committee of National Liberation
11472:French Committee of National Liberation
7593:French Committee of National Liberation
7374:
7216:
6839:
6815:deRochemont, Richard (24 August 1942).
6607:
6460:
6347:
6305:
6235:Mers-el-Kebir: A Battle Between Friends
5948:"Liberation of Paris: The hidden truth"
5789:The Travellers' Dictionary of Quotation
5647:
5485:(1993 ed.). Penguin. p. 150.
5455:
5213:List of French possessions and colonies
5041:A point of strong disagreement between
5019:
4997:led the French delegation at Berlin on
4818:in ports along the Atlantic coast like
4133:
3864:, founded at the suggestion of Charles
3819:Comité Français de Libération Nationale
3814:French Committee of National Liberation
3731:French Committee of National Liberation
3652:, who refused to recognise his status.
3472:
2978:
2687:at Greenock, Scotland, 24 December 1942
1565:Comité français de Libération nationale
1560:French Committee of National Liberation
1525:. Free French units also served in the
14:
15055:
12779:French Civil and Military High Command
9798:
9776:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
7310:
7129:from the original on 10 September 2017
7075:"Sarkozy Marks Anniversary of General
6848:Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1
6611:Case Red: The Collapse of France, 1940
6467:When the US wanted to take over France
6220:Jordan, John and Robert Dumas (2009),
5985:. Histoire et collections, 2003. p. 31
5803:"Le Domaine français de Sainte-Hélène"
5540:
5333:
4810:, and besieging the heavily fortified
4768:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine
4468:
4457:). On the left flank, Canadian forces
4049:and National Council of the Resistance
2674:struck a mine in the English Channel.
2351:Free French Forces committees: 1,900.
1517:operated as an auxiliary force to the
14007:
13518:
13492:
12496:
11788:Organisation de résistance de l'armée
11435:Charles de Gaulle during World War II
11230:
10654:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
10079:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
9725:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
9681:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
8779:Rape during the occupation of Germany
7925:
7861:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies
7475:
7184:Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1996).
6742:. Harper & Brothers. p. 348.
6425:
6395:from the original on 11 February 2007
5663:, London, New York, 1996, p. 249
5480:
5370:
4970:before they could arrive in theatre.
4812:French Atlantic coast submarine bases
4537:on 26 August 1944, the day after the
3034:which was led by communist-dominated
2427:, and as a response to the symbol of
1879:. This could be a dangerous activity.
1867:during the war, reproductions of the
1501:The Free French fought both Axis and
1084:
18:National Committee of the Free French
13931:Things named after Charles de Gaulle
12864:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
11451:Departmental Committee of Liberation
9769:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
8794:Rape during the liberation of France
7089:from the original on 19 October 2017
6800:De Tassigny, Jean de Lattre (1985).
6579:. New York: Ballantine. p. 79.
5602:de Gaulle, Charles (28 April 2007).
4898:that had landed in Provence was the
4736:continue to wage war against Germany
4394:. That was the force that conducted
4083:gradually grew in strength. General
3465:was appointed High Commissioner for
3440:attacked the strategically important
3349:adding citations to reliable sources
3316:
3279:
3238:
3132:enters the city, escorted by French
3041:From June 1940 until February 1943,
2699:Axis invasion and occupation of the
2366:
2036:Beginnings of the Free French forces
15093:Armies in exile during World War II
13854:Union of Democrats for the Republic
5906:from the original on 29 August 2018
5704:Pierre Goubert (20 November 1991).
5675:
5614:from the original on 31 August 2013
5057:In his liberation of Paris speech,
4579:The military governor of the city,
4376:French Expeditionary Corps in Italy
4238:in northern Italy. However, as the
4119:to harass and discomfit the enemy.
3996:. In what came to be known as the
3685:French Expeditionary Corps in Italy
3679:until April 1943, when they joined
3430:support to the CNF on 24 November.
3228:stopping the Germans outside Moscow
3020:most of the war the colony remained
2737:in non-Free French territories, in
2296:and many Alpine Infantry Divisions.
1521:and, in the North Atlantic, to the
1389:, Free France was established as a
24:
12685:
11509:
11479:National Council of the Resistance
9995:German invasion of the Netherlands
8268:Weather events during World War II
7343:
7292:Muracciole, Jean-François (2009).
7273:Muracciole, Jean-François (1996).
7047:Robert Jeffrey (6 November 2014).
6850:. Facts on File Inc. p. 363.
6482:, May 2003 (English, French, etc.)
6113:www.marinettes-et-rochambelles.com
5960:from the original on 21 April 2009
5825:Free French Africa in World War II
5379:(2007 ed.). Penguin. p.
5283:Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre
5168:France during the Second World War
5029:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
4772:Western Allied invasion of Germany
4402:(France's largest naval port) and
4059:National Council of the Resistance
3597:
3581:
2963:captured parts of the province of
2725:in French north Africa, escorting
1674:), only those who served with the
25:
15129:
14033:
13594:French Military Mission to Poland
12794:Provisional Consultative Assembly
12431:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération
12408:Mémorial de la France combattante
11486:Provisional Consultative Assembly
10633:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
7427:
7220:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
6976:Sumner and Vauvillier 1998, p. 38
4966:took advantage by the successful
4845:in increments. For instance, the
4638:French occupation zone in Germany
4522:in support of the French attack.
4105:Conseil National de la Résistance
3812:then became co-presidents of the
3658:, a general who had escaped from
3254:This section has multiple issues.
3226:had also joined the Allied side,
2703:and Tunisia, changed sides then.
2638:attacked French ships during the
2348:Communications in France: 5,700;
1849:De Gaulle rallies the Free French
1584:Armée française de la Libération,
1393:in London in June 1940 after the
1375:following the dissolution of the
15103:1944 disestablishments in France
13988:
13987:
12524:
11873:Organisation civile et militaire
11258:
11193:
7951:
7904:
7892:
7880:
7868:
7801:
7753:
7723:
7683:
7653:
7606:
7568:
7537:
7511:
7450:Flags and Ensigns of Free France
7250:The Armed Forces of World War II
7141:
7101:
7067:
6956:. Routledge, 2007. p. 227.
6887:, Editions Complexe, 2000, p.243
6804:. Éditions Plon. pp. 32–33.
5728:from the original on 27 May 2013
5604:"The flame of French resistance"
5460:. Allen Lane. pp. 110–111.
5152:
4746:École nationale d'administration
4680:). Women accused of "horizontal
4359:that provided ideal terrain for
4152:liberation of continental France
3874:European Theatre of World War II
3837:
3677:fought in Tunisia for six months
3527:1st Free French Infantry Brigade
3321:
3284:
3243:
3056:
3018:in September 1940, although for
2875:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque
2847:, who would form the nucleus of
1657:Armée française de la Libération
1615:The AFL took part in the Allied
1038:
1023:
489:
447:
422:
130:
93:
79:
15073:France–United Kingdom relations
7457:(Free French Forces foundation)
7381:. London; New York: Continuum.
7188:(in French). Paris: Gallimard.
7021:
7000:
6979:
6970:
6945:
6915:
6890:
6877:
6864:
6827:from the original on 3 May 2016
6793:
6784:
6771:
6746:
6688:
6676:Journal of Contemporary History
6668:
6659:
6601:
6566:
6546:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6497:
6437:
6419:
6299:
6278:
6256:
6247:
6227:
6214:
6162:
6139:
6126:
6101:
6089:différentes évaluations des FFL
6081:
6042:
6001:
5988:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5830:
5817:
5795:
5780:
5749:Axelrod & Kingston, p. 362.
5672:Axelrod & Kingston, p. 373.
5666:
5653:
5595:
5577:
5543:Journal of Contemporary History
5525:
5516:
5483:The Price of Glory; Verdun 1916
5474:
5449:
3988:, distinguishing themselves at
3944:Italian campaign (World War II)
3609:landings in Morocco and Algeria
3481:The FFF's tenacious defence at
3262:or discuss these issues on the
14365:Government of National Defense
10880:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
8576:Territorial changes of Germany
8484:Indonesian National Revolution
7177:
6573:Mellenthin, F. W. von (1971).
5406:
5397:
5375:To Lose a Battle; France, 1940
5364:
5339:
5313:
5244:
5235:
5037:German Instrument of Surrender
4917:They participated in stopping
4814:that remained Hitler-mandated
4713:3rd Algerian Infantry Division
4627:allied military administration
4289:landed as part of the British
4206:Normandy and Provence landings
4093:Forces Françaises Combattantes
4046:Forces Françaises Combattantes
3493:at El Alamein from succeeding.
2411:suggested the adoption of the
2276:4th Moroccan Infantry Division
2272:2nd Moroccan Infantry Division
2268:3rd Algerian Infantry Division
2178:
2146:and formed the nucleus of the
2085:French domains of Saint Helena
2020:being the seat of government.
1600:. The AFL participated in the
1467:Conseil de défense de l'Empire
272:Chairman of National Committee
13:
1:
15098:1940 establishments in France
14274:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
14269:War of the Spanish Succession
13468:Mediterranean and Middle East
13371:End of World War II in Europe
12634:French Forces of the Interior
12416:Museum of National Resistance
11700:French Forces of the Interior
10273:Japanese invasion of Thailand
10224:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
9988:German invasion of Luxembourg
8362:Mediterranean and Middle East
6543:, édition La Pléiade, p. 260.
5805:(in French). 13 November 2009
5265:
4485:planned destruction of Warsaw
4441:While on the right flank the
4124:French Forces of the Interior
4087:set a plan to bring together
3926:for its participation in the
3850:Yak-3 preserved at the Paris
3703:French Somaliland were ousted
3675:joined the Allied side. They
3660:military captivity in Germany
3590:, including the FFI, won the
3450:'s harbour as a base for the
3433:
3213:Vichy French prisoners of war
3182:6th Foreign Infantry Regiment
2713:The FNFL, commanded first by
2379:and French naval honour jack.
2301:The Free French units in the
1634:
1429:French Forces of the Interior
361:National Liberation Committee
10180:Invasion of the Soviet Union
9869:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
9180:Independent State of Croatia
7353:Encyclopedia of World War II
7268:. Queens Printer for Canada.
6447:(1997) 19#4 pp 809–835.
6445:International History Review
6222:French Battleships 1922–1956
6134:Une vie pas comme les autres
5998:. L'Harmattan, 2008, page 84
5707:The Course of French History
5270:
5254:was long considered part of
5086:The Free French memorial on
4904:French 1st Armoured Division
4750:, and laying the grounds of
3696:Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie
3178:13th Demi-Brigade (D.B.L.E.)
2044:Émile Fayolle, pilot of the
1947:
7:
12628:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
12480:Righteous Among the Nations
11928:Union des femmes françaises
11683:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
11171:End of World War II in Asia
11011:Western invasion of Germany
10518:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
10495:Second Battle of El Alamein
10058:Hundred Regiments Offensive
10030:Battle of the Mediterranean
9883:Italian invasion of Albania
8050:Air warfare of World War II
7275:Histoire de la France libre
7223:. Oxford University Press.
6306:Bimberg, Edward L. (2002).
6013:Revue historique des armées
5934:, L'Harmattan, 1994, p. 590
5145:
5068:occupation zones in Germany
4864:A plaque commemorating the
4782:2nd French Armored Division
4555:Régiment de Marche du Tchad
3986:Winter Line and Gustav Line
3808:. Henri Giraud and Charles
3592:Second battle of El Alamein
2717:Emile Muselier and then by
2126:General de Gaulle and King
1751:British Expeditionary Force
1629:occupation by Allied forces
1606:invasion of southern France
10:
15134:
15088:National liberation armies
14755:French subdivisions by GDP
14502:2022 presidential election
14487:2017 presidential election
13904:Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle
13849:Rally of the French People
13812:1965 presidential election
13536:Names and terms of address
13019:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
12751:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
12644:French Expeditionary Corps
11920:Housewives' demonstrations
11097:Naval bombardment of Japan
10458:First Battle of El Alamein
10377:Battle of Christmas Island
10322:Japanese invasion of Burma
10086:Italian invasion of Greece
10002:German invasion of Belgium
9974:German invasion of Denmark
9947:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
9816:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
8073:Comparative military ranks
7467:First Free French Division
5787:Yapp, Peter, p. 235.
5555:10.1177/002200947400900302
5297:La vie musicale sous Vichy
5218:Danish collaborator trials
5175:, the intelligence service
5034:
4995:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
4989:who represented France at
4894:The spearhead of the Free
4765:
4603:
4533:(2e DB) parading down the
4472:
4384:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
4242:had shown, assaulting the
4143:
4137:
4052:
4011:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
3937:
3934:Tunisia, Italy and Corsica
3928:Battle of the Niemen River
3922:awarded the unit the name
3781:Later, the Americans sent
3728:
3438:In June 1942, the British
3426:The United States granted
2949:capturing the Italian fort
2534:
2358:The following anecdote by
2182:
2164:instead sought harbour in
1852:
1686:
1681:
36:
29:
15016:
14906:
14816:
14807:
14703:
14694:
14596:
14587:
14525:
14516:
14437:
14318:
14287:
14259:Second Hundred Years' War
14210:
14163:
14130:
14109:
14101:Liberalism and radicalism
14053:
14044:
13983:
13939:
13894:
13862:
13839:
13770:
13722:
13645:
13613:
13604:
13553:
13544:
13526:
13442:
13412:1946 legislative election
13341:
13298:
13271:
13238:
13179:
13068:
13042:
12976:
12960:
12944:
12920:
12901:
12872:
12856:
12837:
12818:
12807:
12784:French National Committee
12764:
12696:
12683:
12677:French Forces of the West
12570:
12537:
12448:
12366:
12292:
12207:
12097:
11938:
11643:
11520:
11507:
11465:French National Committee
11422:
11274:
11186:
11018:Bratislava–Brno offensive
10958:
10949:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
10686:
10573:Allied invasion of Sicily
10527:
10426:Aleutian Islands campaign
10398:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
10345:
10336:Greek famine of 1941–1944
10231:Second Battle of Changsha
10136:German invasion of Greece
10104:
9981:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
9956:
9894:
9789:
9670:
9396:
9306:
9147:
8850:
8841:
8599:
8424:
8316:North and Central Pacific
8277:
8039:
8032:
7959:
7860:
7799:
7751:
7721:
7681:
7651:
7604:
7566:
7535:
7509:
7264:Munholland, Kim (2007) .
7033:29 September 2011 at the
6901:. Le Cherche Midi, 2011.
6897:Mesquida, Evelyn (2011).
6284:Hastings, Max, p. 125-126
6275:on ordredelaliberation.fr
6244:, Military History Online
5687:27 September 2011 at the
5077:
4752:social security in France
4544:The Allied High Command (
4459:cleared the Channel coast
4369:eventually succeeded with
4130:to regularise the units.
3862:Normandie-Niemen Regiment
3403:French National Committee
3159:In June 1941, during the
3130:Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme
3063:Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
3026:and took full control of
2328:in Scotland, 17 July 1943
1891:On 18 June 1940, General
1871:were distributed through
1820:The new French commander
1608:, ultimately leading the
1472:French National Committee
1433:French colonies in Africa
1337:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1121:
401:
397:
384:
371:
356:
344:French National Committee
339:
326:
313:
309:
299:
295:
283:
279:
271:
259:
249:
235:
194:
178:
157:
153:("Song of the Partisans")
111:
75:
70:
48:
14530:Administrative divisions
13909:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize
13429:Trial of Philippe Pétain
13356:1945 municipal elections
13253:Liberation of Strasbourg
12343:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade
12276:Liberation of Strasbourg
11691:FTP–Foreign Labour Force
11610:Companions of Liberation
11603:1st Free French Division
10610:Allied invasion of Italy
10587:Solomon Islands campaign
10329:Third Battle of Changsha
9926:First Battle of Changsha
9832:Second Sino-Japanese War
8765:German military brothels
8631:United States war crimes
7710:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
7217:Jackson, Julian (2001).
7014:16 December 2008 at the
6993:16 December 2008 at the
6817:"The French Underground"
6608:Forczyk, Robert (2017).
6476:, Annie Lacroix-Riz, in
6472:27 November 2010 at the
6454:4 September 2015 at the
6233:Kappes, Irwin J. (2003)
5855:. Retrieved October 2012
5792:. Retrieved October 2012
5691:. Retrieved October 2012
5481:Horne, Alistair (1962).
5456:Jackson, Julian (2018).
5427:10.1177/0968344507075873
5371:Horne, Alistair (1969).
5228:
5074:cemented this ambition.
4993:on 7 May, while General
4948:end of the war in Europe
4902:. Its leading unit, the
4816:stay-behind "fortresses"
4802:forces were fighting in
4520:4th US Infantry Division
4266:such as creating entire
4262:), and the wide-ranging
4166:aimed at establishing a
4158:, 6 June 1944, with the
3796:Giraud took part in the
3565:Friedrich von Mellenthin
3408:Comité national français
3184:near Damascus). General
3092:'s profound distrust of
2947:, again led by Leclerc,
2810:French Equatorial Africa
2758:naval aviation squadrons
2591:On 3 July 1940, Admiral
2537:Free French Naval Forces
2317:headquarters in London.
2281:1st Free French Division
2185:French Equatorial Africa
2148:Free French Naval Forces
2097:French Equatorial Africa
2010:a similar one with Italy
1938:'s "Appeal of 18 June" (
1477:Comité national français
1416:Forces françaises libres
848:
810:
640:
629:
608:
14750:Franc (former currency)
14355:Coup of 2 December 1851
14328:Long nineteenth century
13146:Liberation of Marseille
11032:Second Guangxi campaign
10887:Philippines (1944–1945)
10384:Battle of the Coral Sea
10287:Fall of the Philippines
9933:Battle of South Guangxi
9839:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
9238:Italian Social Republic
7668:Grand Duchess Charlotte
7403:. London: Harper Press.
7375:Bennett, G. H. (2011).
6758:Monte Cassino Belvédère
6754:"General Mark W. Clark"
6738:W. Clark, Mark (1950).
6678:(1973) 8#2 pp. 81–117.
6271:12 January 2014 at the
6136:, éd. Flammarion, 2005.
6037:Crémieux-Brilhac (1996)
6015:, no 2, 1993, p. 34-46.
5584:"A Mesmerising Oratory"
4740:women the right to vote
4230:. While Italy had been
4020:In September 1943, the
3916:Order of the Red Banner
3708:After these successes,
3231:until the end of 1942.
2961:Long Range Desert Group
2907:On 27 October 1940 the
2708:International Red Cross
2640:attack on Mers-el-Kébir
2511:, and of the submarine
2175:'s Free French Forces.
1923:had reservations about
1714:invaded France and the
231:) (after November 1942)
218:) (until November 1942)
168:for color descriptions;
14770:Science and technology
14427:Provisional Government
14396:
14375:
14235:
13952:Operation Resurrection
13790:Algiers putsch of 1961
13691:Provisional Government
13686:Brazzaville Conference
13664:Empire Defense Council
13386:Provisional Government
13050:Liberation of Saint-Lô
13024:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
13004:Liberation of Limousin
12968:Battle of Mont Mouchet
12952:Liberation of Limousin
12848:Syria–Lebanon campaign
12799:Provisional Government
12774:Empire Defense Council
12690:
12639:French Liberation Army
12475:Networks and movements
12439:Free France Foundation
12400:Medal of the Righteous
12283:Provisional Government
12227:French Liberation Army
12133:Empire Defense Council
12112:Brazzaville Conference
12033:Les Lettres Françaises
11988:Les Éditions de Minuit
11566:French Liberation Army
11514:
11458:Empire Defense Council
10617:Armistice of Cassibile
10412:Battle of Dutch Harbor
10363:Battle of the Java Sea
10266:Attack on Pearl Harbor
10166:Syria–Lebanon campaign
10159:Battle of South Shanxi
10129:Invasion of Yugoslavia
9912:Battle of the Atlantic
9526:Korean Liberation Army
9232:(until September 1943)
9189:(until September 1944)
9167:(until September 1944)
7311:Stacey, C.P. (2007) .
6717:1 October 2013 at the
6521:Hastings, Max, p. 403.
5851:3 October 2012 at the
5650:, p. 31, 134–135.
5291:
5285:
5199:
5123:French destroyer
5099:
5032:
4973:At that time, General
4952:around forty divisions
4939:
4876:
4785:
4780:French tankers of the
4744:
4701:Louis-Ferdinand Céline
4676:
4668:
4616:
4564:
4554:
4541:
4443:French liberation army
4317:
4232:knocked out of the war
4223:
4076:
4045:
3965:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3887:The unit was the GC3 (
3857:
3818:
3759:
3753:
3712:and Martinique in the
3692:Bonnier de La Chapelle
3648:, a move that enraged
3624:After 8 November 1942
3610:
3579:
3559:
3510:
3494:
3452:Imperial Japanese Navy
3419:
3413:
3161:Syria-Lebanon campaign
3141:
3051:Imperial Japanese Army
2992:
2932:
2922:
2909:Empire Defence Council
2900:
2840:
2792:
2731:Battle of the Atlantic
2688:
2632:
2588:
2570:
2563:commissioned in 1937,
2502:Flower-class corvettes
2498:Battle of the Atlantic
2481:
2442:No. 2 of 3 July 1940,
2402:
2398:
2329:
2285:Tirailleurs Sénégalais
2263:
2208:
2193:French colonial empire
2131:
2052:
2006:armistice with Germany
1995:
1940:
1888:
1880:
1707:
1702:government during the
1670:
1656:
1652:French Liberation Army
1646:
1617:advance through France
1592:
1580:French Liberation Army
1574:
1564:
1543:
1476:
1466:
1462:Empire Defense Council
1456:
1444:negotiate an armistice
1415:
1368:
1125:Africa and Middle East
684:Valois-Angoulême kings
388:Provisional Government
375:Brazzaville Conference
330:Empire Defense Council
188:Provisional government
145:
117:
54:
13914:Fifth French Republic
13681:Casablanca Conference
13376:Victory in Europe Day
13055:Battle of Mont Gargan
12912:Liberation of Corsica
12689:
12665:4th Moroccan Mountain
12660:3rd Algerian Infantry
12655:2nd Moroccan Infantry
12423:Museums and memorials
12119:Brazzaville manifesto
11760:Ceux de la Résistance
11751:Ceux de la Libération
11513:
10781:Second Battle of Guam
10677:Bengal famine of 1943
10647:Second Battle of Kiev
10603:Battle of the Dnieper
10472:Kokoda Track campaign
10301:Battle of Wake Island
10173:East African campaign
10115:Battle of South Henan
9760:atrocities by Germans
9533:Korean Volunteer Army
8507:Occupation of Germany
8261:Music in World War II
7781:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
7769:Władysław Raczkiewicz
6696:The Politics of Torch
6512:Hastings, Max, p. 81.
6479:Le Monde diplomatique
6240:12 March 2016 at the
6152:13 April 2016 at the
6109:"Les Filles de la DB"
5846:History Learning Site
5351:www.vrid-memorial.com
5241:August–September 1940
5138:To this day, General
5085:
5035:Further information:
5027:
4985:, but it was General
4863:
4779:
4604:Further information:
4581:Dietrich von Choltitz
4531:2nd Armoured Division
4528:
4465:on 4 September 1944.
4447:German-occupied Italy
4339:and supported by the
4311:
4218:to the population of
4213:
4184:broke out of Normandy
4089:the fragmented groups
4066:
4022:liberation of Corsica
3955:
3948:Liberation of Corsica
3938:Further information:
3845:
3798:Casablanca conference
3750:Casablanca Conference
3738:
3729:Further information:
3681:the campaign in Italy
3605:
3575:
3567:wrote in his mémoirs
3554:
3500:
3480:
3154:East African Campaign
3119:
3112:Syria and East Africa
2986:
2918:Brazzaville Manifesto
2891:
2838:
2789:East African campaign
2786:
2680:
2597:
2576:
2552:
2523:which blew up at the
2479:
2404:Capitaine de corvette
2374:
2323:
2257:
2200:
2125:
2117:Free French Air Force
2046:Free French Air Force
2043:
1886:
1862:
1811:4th Armoured Division
1805:ideas applied by the
1764:1st Canadian Division
1694:
1642:
1307:Indian Ocean and Asia
430:French Third Republic
236:Common languages
185:(until November 1942)
14575:World Heritage Sites
14492:Coronavirus pandemic
13884:Vive le Québec libre
13827:Later life and death
13696:Liberation of France
13630:Battle of Montcornet
13625:4th Armored Division
13361:Advance to the Rhine
13166:Battle of Montélimar
13161:Liberation of Guéret
13141:Liberation of Toulon
13014:Liberation of Guéret
12731:Dwight D. Eisenhower
12531:Liberation of France
12262:Liberation of France
11979:Défense de la France
11849:Confrérie Notre-Dame
11067:Surrender of Germany
10545:Battle of West Hubei
10502:Guadalcanal campaign
10465:Battle of Stalingrad
10391:Battle of Madagascar
9158:Albania protectorate
8945:(formerly Swaziland)
8654:Wehrmacht war crimes
8470:Expulsion of Germans
8254:Art and World War II
8152:British contribution
8101:Governments in exile
7202:Gordon, Bertram M.
7155:. 20 February 1941.
6656:Hastings, Max, p.376
6642:Hastings, Max, p.375
6530:Hastings, Max, p.136
6253:Hastings, Max, p.125
6132:Pierre Clostermann,
6094:4 March 2016 at the
5882:Hastings, Max, p. 74
5777:Hastings, Max, p.126
5104:Free French Memorial
5020:World War II victory
4946:In May 1945, by the
4791:advance to the Rhine
4732:occupation of France
4587:. French forces and
4492:Dwight D. Eisenhower
4355:so-called after the
4160:invasion of Normandy
4140:Liberation of France
4134:Liberation of France
3832:German Atlantic wall
3642:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3537:Battle of Bir Hakeim
3503:Foreign Legionnaires
3473:Battle of Bir Hakeim
3345:improve this section
3176:fratricide when the
3174:Foreign Legionnaires
3146:against the Italians
3083:doctrinally objected
2979:Asia and the Pacific
2733:, in supporting the
2593:Marcel-Bruno Gensoul
2496:to take part in the
2393:Lorraine cross, the
2241:1er Division Blindée
2214:Battle of Bir Hakeim
1997:Révolution nationale
1986:governments in exile
1919:Some members of the
1815:Battle of Montcornet
1809:, and commanded the
1736:Saint-Valery-en-Caux
1598:liberation of France
1425:Nazi-occupied France
892:Provisional Republic
674:Valois-Orléans kings
14713:Automotive industry
14497:2021 labor protests
14254:Peace of Westphalia
14122:History of Normandy
14117:History of Brittany
13957:Order of Liberation
13635:Battle of Abbeville
13366:Invasion of Germany
13230:Battle of Meximieux
13225:Battle of Arracourt
13187:Liberation of Nancy
13151:Liberation of Paris
13131:Battle of La Ciotat
13126:Battle of Port Cros
13091:Liberation of Brest
13076:Battle for Brittany
12994:Battle of Cherbourg
12379:Order of Liberation
12329:Charles Delestraint
12269:Liberation of Paris
12078:La Vérité française
12069:Témoignage chrétien
11157:Potsdam Declaration
11046:Italy (Spring 1945)
10809:Liberation of Paris
10259:Siege of Sevastopol
9270:(until August 1944)
9173:Wang Jingwei regime
8995:from September 1943
8955:from September 1944
8893:from September 1944
8753:Romanian war crimes
8744:Persecution of Jews
8730:Croatian war crimes
8700:Japanese war crimes
8514:Occupation of Japan
8463:First Indochina War
8175:Military production
8087:Declarations of war
7640:Georgios Papandreou
7626:Emmanouil Tsouderos
7294:Les Français libres
6539:Charles de Gaulle,
5956:. 31 January 2007.
5873:Bennett, pp. 13–18.
5763:Hastings, Max, p.80
5292:Chant des Partisans
5256:Metropolitan France
5201:Chant des Partisans
5194:Roger E. Brunschwig
4956:expeditionary force
4881:liberate Strasbourg
4797:, using the FFI as
4795:invasion of Germany
4697:Sigmaringen enclave
4642:permanent UNSC seat
4585:Liberation of Paris
4565:2e Division Blindée
4539:Liberation of Paris
4475:Liberation of Paris
4469:Liberation of Paris
4415:11. Panzer-Division
4337:Transportation Plan
4299:2e Division Blindée
4291:Special Air Service
4281:By the time of the
4276:Operation Bodyguard
4260:Transportation Plan
3958:French Squadron SAS
3619:French North Africa
3523:Marie Pierre Koenig
3513:Throughout 1942 in
3150:Italian East Africa
2991:), Langlade Mission
2877:(General Leclerc).
2409:Thierry d'Argenlieu
2397:of the Free French.
2249:5e Division Blindée
2245:Liberation of Paris
2237:2e Division Blindée
1966:government in exile
1773:On 1 June, Charles
1621:invasion of Germany
1610:liberation of Paris
1523:Royal Canadian Navy
1391:government-in-exile
183:Government-in-exile
147:Chant des Partisans
14780:Telecommunications
14482:2015 Paris attacks
14345:Revolution of 1848
14173:Visigothic Kingdom
13434:Klaus Barbie trial
13171:Liberation of Nice
12989:Battle of Carentan
12984:Operation Overlord
12721:Bernard Montgomery
12691:
12322:Pierre Brossolette
12140:Free French Africa
11634:Free French Africa
11538:Free French Forces
11515:
11150:Surrender of Japan
10983:Battle of Iwo Jima
10832:Belgrade offensive
10238:Siege of Leningrad
10122:Battle of Shanggao
10051:British Somaliland
10016:Dunkirk evacuation
9967:Norwegian campaign
9905:Invasion of Poland
9732:Japanese prisoners
8693:Italian war crimes
8624:British war crimes
8539:Soviet occupations
8323:South-West Pacific
8210:Allied cooperation
8168:Military equipment
7828:Slobodan Jovanović
7788:Tomasz Arciszewski
7774:Władysław Sikorski
7743:Johan Nygaardsvold
7633:Sofoklis Venizelos
7446:(France-Libre.net)
7444:FFF fighting units
7315:. Berghahn Books.
7153:The New York Times
6921:Hastings, Max, 557
6541:Mémoires de guerre
6202:on 9 November 2017
5823:Jennings, Eric T.
5129:which sank at the
5100:
5033:
4919:Operation Nordwind
4877:
4786:
4542:
4318:
4264:military deception
4248:Operation Mulberry
4224:
4216:interim government
4172:Operation Overlord
4170:for the forces of
4164:amphibious assault
4077:
4038:Operation Vesuvius
4026:Italian occupation
3966:
3890:Groupe de Chasse 3
3858:
3754:
3646:French West Africa
3611:
3588:Bernard Montgomery
3511:
3495:
3491:flanking manoeuvre
3463:Paul Legentilhomme
3420:France combattante
3297:. You can help by
3190:Army of the Levant
3142:
3061:In North America,
2993:
2901:
2860:French West Africa
2841:
2816:, the governor of
2793:
2771:of anti-submarine
2719:Philippe Auboyneau
2689:
2589:
2571:
2482:
2429:national-socialism
2399:
2360:Pierre Clostermann
2330:
2264:
2260:1st Spahi Regiment
2209:
2189:French West Africa
2132:
2111:to help fight the
2064:René-Émile Godfroy
2053:
1889:
1881:
1799:Attaque à outrance
1744:Dunkirk evacuation
1708:
1647:
1558:. From there, the
1544:France combattante
1411:Free French Forces
1045:History portal
541: until 50 BC
317:de Gaulle's appeal
15068:Charles de Gaulle
15050:
15049:
15012:
15011:
14803:
14802:
14690:
14689:
14682:Political parties
14618:Foreign relations
14583:
14582:
14512:
14511:
14295:French Revolution
14249:Thirty Years' War
14230:Absolute monarchy
14195:Kingdom of France
14091:Foreign relations
14071:Political history
14001:
14000:
13967:Trente Glorieuses
13947:French Resistance
13872:Appeal of 18 June
13842:political parties
13835:
13834:
13755:1958 constitution
13718:
13717:
13520:Charles de Gaulle
13486:
13485:
13423:Trente Glorieuses
13399:Épuration sauvage
13337:
13336:
13197:Operation Undergo
13192:Operation Astonia
13136:Provence landings
12936:Battle of Glières
12931:Battle of Vercors
12893:Battle of Réunion
12888:Tunisian campaign
12736:Raymond O. Barton
12716:Winston Churchill
12706:Charles de Gaulle
12490:
12489:
12460:French Resistance
12315:Emmanuel d'Astier
12301:Charles de Gaulle
12248:General de Lattre
12220:Kieffer commandos
12042:Libération (nord)
11442:Appeal of 18 June
11268:French Resistance
11224:
11223:
11182:
11181:
11025:Battle of Okinawa
10924:Burma (1944–1945)
10758:Mariana and Palau
10538:Tunisian campaign
10356:Fall of Singapore
10280:Fall of Hong Kong
10023:Battle of Britain
9876:Operation Himmler
9785:
9784:
9449:Dutch East Indies
9085:Southern Rhodesia
8837:
8836:
8737:Genocide of Serbs
8640:German war crimes
8617:Soviet war crimes
8610:Allied war crimes
8456:Division of Korea
8435:Chinese Civil War
8233:Strategic bombing
8145:Manhattan Project
7919:
7918:
7583:Charles de Gaulle
7419:978-1-8553-2707-8
7388:978-1-4411-8978-3
7367:978-0-8160-6022-1
7322:978-1-8454-5300-8
7303:978-2-8473-4596-4
7284:978-2-1304-7520-0
7230:978-0-1982-0706-1
7079:'s BBC Broadcast"
7060:978-1-84502-887-9
6931:Muracciole (1996)
6908:978-2-7491-2046-1
6870:Olivier Forcade,
6857:978-0-8160-6022-1
6621:978-1-4728-2442-4
6076:Muracciole (2009)
6027:, pp. 34–35.
6025:Muracciole (2009)
6007:Gilles Aubagnac.
5721:978-0-415-06671-6
5306:978-2-87027-864-2
5189:Jacques de Sieyes
4968:August Revolution
4960:Japan surrendered
4896:French First Army
4709:Fernand de Brinon
4677:épuration sauvage
4646:the western front
4479:After the failed
4396:Operation Dragoon
4392:US 6th Army Group
4380:French First Army
4374:The main part of
4365:maquis du Vercors
4361:guerrilla warfare
4283:Normandy Invasion
4196:Operation Dragoon
4081:French Resistance
4055:French Resistance
4030:Italian armistice
4028:began, after the
4015:German propaganda
4002:Moroccan Goumiers
3977:campaign in Italy
3970:Tunisian Campaign
3940:Tunisian campaign
3549:Claude Auchinleck
3525:and his unit—the
3459:Armand Léon Annet
3444:French Madagascar
3399:
3398:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3315:
3314:
3277:
3201:High Commissioner
3180:clashed with the
3032:August Revolution
2743:Operation Dragoon
2739:Operation Neptune
2735:French Resistance
2543:Winston Churchill
2413:Cross of Lorraine
2367:Cross of Lorraine
2345:Aviation: 3,200;
2290:Troupes de marine
2229:Spanish Civil War
2050:Battle of Britain
1970:Julian T. Jackson
1929:Winston Churchill
1873:underground means
1855:Appeal of 18 June
1696:Charles de Gaulle
1602:Normandy landings
1575:L'Armée d'Afrique
1489:Equatorial Africa
1452:Appeal of 18 June
1419:), supported the
1386:Charles de Gaulle
1383:. Led by General
1357:
1356:
1349:Wallis and Futuna
1079:
1078:
1030:France portal
923:
922:
820:
819:
731:Kingdom of France
721:French Revolution
712:Long 19th century
702:
701:
650:
649:
620:Kingdom of France
555:
554:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
435:
434:
351:24 September 1941
290:Charles de Gaulle
285:• 1940–1944
139:
127:
101:Cross of Lorraine
39:Aymeric Chauprade
16:(Redirected from
15125:
15118:Former republics
14814:
14813:
14730:Economic history
14701:
14700:
14594:
14593:
14523:
14522:
14401:
14380:
14279:Seven Years' War
14244:Wars of Religion
14240:
14225:House of Bourbon
14220:Early modern era
14200:Fundamental laws
14076:Military history
14051:
14050:
14028:
14021:
14014:
14005:
14004:
13991:
13990:
13961:Resistance Medal
13785:Constantine Plan
13707:Épuration légale
13660:Administrations
13611:
13610:
13590:Interwar period
13584:Battle of Dinant
13551:
13550:
13513:
13506:
13499:
13490:
13489:
13392:Épuration légale
13344:
13306:Atlantic pockets
13282:Atlantic pockets
13248:Battle of Alsace
13202:Atlantic pockets
13096:Atlantic pockets
13034:Battle of Ushant
13029:Maquis de Saffré
12816:
12815:
12767:
12756:Philippe Kieffer
12746:Philippe Leclerc
12741:George S. Patton
12699:
12585:Commando Kieffer
12573:
12529:
12528:
12517:
12510:
12503:
12494:
12493:
12441:
12434:
12425:
12418:
12411:
12402:
12395:
12393:Resistance Medal
12388:
12381:
12359:
12352:
12350:Jean-Pierre Lévy
12345:
12338:
12331:
12324:
12317:
12310:
12303:
12285:
12278:
12271:
12264:
12257:
12250:
12243:
12236:
12229:
12222:
12200:
12193:
12184:
12177:
12170:
12168:March battalions
12163:
12156:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12128:
12121:
12114:
12090:
12081:
12072:
12063:
12054:
12051:Libération (sud)
12045:
12036:
12027:
12018:
12009:
12000:
11991:
11982:
11973:
11964:
11955:
11931:
11922:
11915:
11906:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11876:
11867:
11858:
11851:
11844:
11837:
11830:
11821:
11814:
11805:
11798:
11791:
11782:
11775:
11772:
11763:
11754:
11745:
11738:
11735:Musée de l'Homme
11729:
11720:
11711:
11702:
11693:
11686:
11677:
11668:
11661:
11658:
11636:
11629:
11620:
11614:
11605:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11575:
11568:
11561:
11554:
11547:
11540:
11533:
11502:
11495:
11488:
11481:
11474:
11467:
11460:
11453:
11444:
11437:
11415:
11408:
11401:
11394:
11387:
11380:
11373:
11366:
11359:
11352:
11345:
11338:
11331:
11324:
11317:
11310:
11303:
11296:
11289:
11282:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11251:
11244:
11237:
11228:
11227:
11217:
11210:
11203:
11200:World portal
11198:
11197:
11173:
11166:
11159:
11152:
11143:
11136:
11129:
11120:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11092:
11085:
11076:
11069:
11062:
11060:Prague offensive
11055:
11053:Battle of Berlin
11048:
11041:
11034:
11027:
11020:
11013:
11006:
10999:
10997:Vienna offensive
10992:
10985:
10978:
10976:Battle of Manila
10971:
10951:
10942:
10933:
10926:
10917:
10910:
10903:
10896:
10889:
10882:
10875:
10866:
10857:
10850:
10841:
10834:
10827:
10820:
10811:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10783:
10776:
10769:
10760:
10753:
10744:
10735:
10726:
10719:
10717:Korsun–Cherkassy
10712:
10701:
10679:
10670:
10663:
10656:
10649:
10642:
10635:
10628:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10598:
10589:
10582:
10575:
10568:
10561:
10559:Bombing of Gorky
10554:
10547:
10540:
10520:
10513:
10504:
10497:
10490:
10481:
10474:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10421:
10419:Battle of Midway
10414:
10407:
10405:Battle of Gazala
10400:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10372:
10365:
10358:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10315:Battle of Borneo
10310:
10308:Malayan campaign
10303:
10296:
10289:
10282:
10275:
10268:
10261:
10254:
10252:Bombing of Gorky
10247:
10245:Battle of Moscow
10240:
10233:
10226:
10219:
10212:
10205:
10189:
10182:
10175:
10168:
10161:
10154:
10145:
10138:
10131:
10124:
10117:
10097:
10088:
10081:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10018:
10011:
10009:Battle of France
10004:
9997:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9969:
9949:
9942:
9935:
9928:
9921:
9914:
9907:
9885:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9862:Munich Agreement
9857:
9850:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9818:
9811:
9796:
9795:
9778:
9771:
9762:
9755:
9748:
9747:Soviet prisoners
9741:
9734:
9727:
9718:
9711:
9702:
9695:
9688:
9687:German prisoners
9683:
9663:
9654:
9647:
9640:
9635:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9607:
9600:
9593:
9586:
9579:
9572:
9565:
9558:
9551:
9544:
9535:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9479:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9451:
9444:
9437:
9430:
9423:
9416:
9409:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9368:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9319:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9271:
9263:
9256:
9249:
9240:
9233:
9225:
9218:
9216:French Indochina
9211:
9204:
9197:
9190:
9182:
9175:
9168:
9160:
9140:
9131:
9124:
9115:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9063:from August 1944
9054:
9047:
9040:
9033:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8986:
8979:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8946:
8938:
8931:
8924:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8896:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8848:
8847:
8828:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8789:
8774:
8767:
8760:
8755:
8746:
8739:
8732:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8707:Nanjing Massacre
8702:
8695:
8686:
8684:Nuremberg trials
8677:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8592:
8585:
8578:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8525:
8516:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8444:
8437:
8417:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8288:Asia and Pacific
8270:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8219:
8217:Mulberry harbour
8212:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8059:
8052:
8037:
8036:
8025:
8018:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7923:
7922:
7909:
7908:
7897:
7896:
7885:
7884:
7873:
7872:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7835:Miloš Trifunović
7832:
7825:
7819:Prime Minister:
7806:
7805:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7772:Prime Minister:
7758:
7757:
7741:Prime Minister:
7728:
7727:
7714:
7707:
7703:Dirk Jan de Geer
7701:Prime Minister:
7698:Queen Wilhelmina
7688:
7687:
7671:Prime Minister:
7658:
7657:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7624:Prime Minister:
7611:
7610:
7597:
7573:
7572:
7556:Prime Minister:
7542:
7541:
7525:Prime Minister:
7516:
7515:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7473:
7472:
7455:France-Libre.net
7423:
7404:
7392:
7371:
7330:Taylor, A. J. P.
7326:
7307:
7288:
7269:
7242:
7209:Holland, James.
7199:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7128:
7121:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7085:. 17 June 2010.
7078:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7044:
7038:
7037:. Reims Academy.
7025:
7019:
7004:
6998:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6949:
6943:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6894:
6888:
6881:
6875:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6705:
6699:
6694:Arthur L. Funk,
6692:
6686:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6643:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6570:
6564:
6550:
6544:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6483:
6464:
6458:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6324:
6323:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6245:
6231:
6225:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6172:. Archived from
6166:
6160:
6159:
6143:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6105:
6099:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6052:. Archived from
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6005:
5999:
5992:
5986:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5944:
5935:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5892:
5883:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5856:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5828:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5799:
5793:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5764:
5761:
5750:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5712:Psychology Press
5701:
5692:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5664:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5599:
5593:
5592:, 29 April 2007.
5581:
5575:
5574:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5497:
5496:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5378:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5259:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5204:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5141:
5132:Tail of the Bank
5060:
5052:
5044:
5003:Yalta Conference
4942:
4835:Red Ball Express
4749:
4706:
4679:
4673:
4670:épuration légale
4623:
4619:
4590:
4567:
4557:
4517:
4505:
4501:
4386:—and joined the
4357:maquis shrubland
4236:new puppet state
4086:
4048:
4006:raped and killed
3994:Operation Diadem
3956:Members of the '
3913:
3911:Légion d'Honneur
3902:
3898:
3892:
3867:
3848:Normandie-Niemen
3821:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3792:
3773:
3762:
3746:
3651:
3456:Governor-General
3422:
3416:
3394:
3387:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3325:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3288:
3280:
3269:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3218:
3170:
3138:Gardes Tcherkess
3095:
3016:invaded by Japan
3012:French Indochina
3005:French Polynesia
2989:French Indochina
2935:
2929:
2925:
2880:
2865:
2850:
2798:
2791:in February 1941
2741:in Normandy and
2636:James Somerville
2525:Tail of the Bank
2407:
2375:The Free French
2363:want to fight!"
2326:Achnacarry House
2307:Soviet Air Force
2297:
2218:Italian Campaign
2174:
2159:
2141:
2104:French Air Force
2094:
2073:
2070:harbour to join
2058:
2023:
2000:
1975:
1963:
1955:
1943:
1941:Appel du 18 juin
1937:
1926:
1894:
1836:
1828:
1803:armoured warfare
1788:
1776:
1710:On 10 May 1940,
1704:Battle of France
1673:
1659:
1595:
1577:
1567:
1546:
1531:Soviet Air Force
1515:Free French Navy
1494:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1457:Appel du 18 juin
1418:
1409:forces with the
1401:. It joined the
1388:
1116:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1026:
919:
835:
834:
717:
716:
670:
669:
631:Direct Capetians
570:
569:
513:
512:
493:
483:
465:
464:
451:
450:
439:
438:
426:
425:
419:
418:
403:
402:
363:
352:
346:
162:
150:
141:
140:
125:
124:
97:
83:
65:
57:
46:
45:
21:
15133:
15132:
15128:
15127:
15126:
15124:
15123:
15122:
15053:
15052:
15051:
15046:
15045:
15026:
15008:
14989:Public holidays
14902:
14861:Life expectancy
14799:
14686:
14579:
14508:
14477:Great Recession
14450:Fourth Republic
14445:1900 to present
14433:
14350:Second Republic
14314:
14283:
14206:
14159:
14126:
14105:
14040:
14032:
14002:
13997:
13979:
13935:
13896:
13890:
13877:Bayeux speeches
13864:
13858:
13841:
13840:Governments and
13831:
13822:1969 referendum
13802:1962 referendum
13766:
13739:1958 elections
13735:May 1958 crisis
13714:
13649:
13641:
13616:
13600:
13546:
13540:
13522:
13517:
13487:
13482:
13438:
13417:Fourth Republic
13342:
13333:
13294:
13267:
13240:
13234:
13175:
13156:Maillé massacre
13064:
13060:Operation Cobra
13038:
12999:Battle for Caen
12972:
12956:
12940:
12916:
12897:
12883:Operation Torch
12868:
12852:
12833:
12829:Battle of Gabon
12810:
12803:
12765:
12760:
12697:
12692:
12681:
12650:1st Free French
12571:
12566:
12533:
12523:
12521:
12491:
12486:
12485:
12444:
12437:
12428:
12421:
12414:
12405:
12398:
12391:
12384:
12377:
12369:
12362:
12355:
12348:
12341:
12334:
12327:
12320:
12313:
12306:
12299:
12288:
12281:
12274:
12267:
12260:
12255:General Leclerc
12253:
12246:
12239:
12232:
12225:
12218:
12210:
12203:
12196:
12191:Operation Marie
12189:
12180:
12173:
12166:
12159:
12152:
12147:French Cameroon
12145:
12138:
12131:
12124:
12117:
12110:
12102:
12100:
12093:
12087:La Voix du Nord
12084:
12075:
12066:
12057:
12048:
12039:
12030:
12021:
12012:
12003:
11994:
11985:
11976:
11967:
11958:
11949:
11941:
11934:
11925:
11918:
11911:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11870:
11861:
11856:
11847:
11840:
11833:
11824:
11817:
11808:
11801:
11794:
11785:
11778:
11768:
11757:
11748:
11741:
11732:
11726:Mouvements unis
11723:
11714:
11708:Libération-Nord
11705:
11698:
11689:
11680:
11671:
11664:
11654:
11646:
11639:
11632:
11623:
11612:
11608:
11601:
11592:
11585:
11578:
11573:
11564:
11557:
11550:
11543:
11536:
11529:
11516:
11505:
11498:
11491:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11440:
11433:
11425:
11418:
11411:
11404:
11397:
11390:
11383:
11376:
11369:
11362:
11355:
11348:
11341:
11334:
11327:
11320:
11313:
11306:
11299:
11292:
11285:
11278:
11270:
11264:
11257:
11255:
11225:
11220:
11213:
11206:
11192:
11190:
11178:
11169:
11162:
11155:
11148:
11139:
11132:
11125:
11116:
11111:Atomic bombings
11109:
11102:
11095:
11088:
11081:
11072:
11065:
11058:
11051:
11044:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11016:
11009:
11002:
10995:
10988:
10981:
10974:
10967:
10954:
10947:
10936:
10929:
10922:
10913:
10906:
10899:
10892:
10885:
10878:
10869:
10860:
10853:
10844:
10837:
10830:
10823:
10814:
10807:
10802:Eastern Romania
10800:
10795:Warsaw Uprising
10793:
10788:Tannenberg Line
10786:
10779:
10774:Western Ukraine
10772:
10763:
10756:
10747:
10738:
10729:
10722:
10715:
10704:
10695:
10682:
10675:
10666:
10659:
10652:
10645:
10638:
10631:
10624:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10592:
10585:
10578:
10571:
10566:Battle of Kursk
10564:
10557:
10550:
10543:
10536:
10523:
10516:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10484:
10477:
10470:
10463:
10456:
10447:
10438:
10431:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10370:St Nazaire Raid
10368:
10361:
10354:
10341:
10334:
10327:
10320:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10292:
10285:
10278:
10271:
10264:
10257:
10250:
10243:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10194:
10185:
10178:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10152:Anglo-Iraqi War
10150:
10143:Battle of Crete
10141:
10134:
10127:
10120:
10113:
10100:
10091:
10084:
10077:
10072:Eastern Romania
10070:
10063:
10056:
10049:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10007:
10000:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9965:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9903:
9890:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9846:
9837:
9830:
9823:
9814:
9807:
9781:
9774:
9767:
9758:
9751:
9746:
9737:
9730:
9723:
9714:
9707:
9698:
9691:
9686:
9679:
9666:
9659:
9650:
9643:
9638:
9633:Western Ukraine
9631:
9624:
9617:
9610:
9603:
9596:
9589:
9582:
9577:Northeast China
9575:
9568:
9561:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9531:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9503:
9496:
9489:
9482:
9475:
9468:
9461:
9454:
9447:
9440:
9433:
9426:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9302:
9295:
9288:
9281:
9276:Slovak Republic
9274:
9266:
9259:
9252:
9247:Empire of Japan
9245:
9236:
9228:
9221:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9185:
9178:
9171:
9163:
9156:
9143:
9136:
9127:
9120:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9069:
9057:
9050:
9043:
9036:
9029:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8949:
8941:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8913:
8906:
8899:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8833:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8803:
8792:
8777:
8770:
8763:
8759:Sexual violence
8758:
8751:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8698:
8691:
8682:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8629:
8622:
8615:
8608:
8595:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8544:
8537:
8528:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8489:
8482:
8477:Greek Civil War
8475:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8433:
8420:
8413:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8381:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8328:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8302:South-East Asia
8300:
8293:
8286:
8273:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8161:Military awards
8159:
8150:
8143:
8136:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8064:
8055:
8048:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7986:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7955:
7950:
7920:
7915:
7903:
7891:
7879:
7867:
7856:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7818:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7771:
7752:
7747:
7740:
7738:King Haakon VII
7722:
7717:
7712:
7705:
7700:
7682:
7677:
7670:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7623:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7567:
7562:
7555:
7536:
7531:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7430:
7420:
7389:
7368:
7356:. Vol. 1.
7346:
7344:Further reading
7339:, London, 1975.
7337:Hamish Hamilton
7323:
7304:
7285:
7231:
7196:
7186:La France libre
7180:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7119:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7092:
7090:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7045:
7041:
7035:Wayback Machine
7026:
7022:
7016:Wayback Machine
7005:
7001:
6995:Wayback Machine
6984:
6980:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6950:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6909:
6895:
6891:
6882:
6878:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6828:
6813:
6809:
6798:
6794:
6789:
6785:
6776:
6772:
6762:
6760:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6740:Calculated Risk
6736:
6732:
6726:
6719:Wayback Machine
6712:du 14 mars 2002
6706:
6702:
6693:
6689:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6587:
6571:
6567:
6551:
6547:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6486:
6474:Wayback Machine
6465:
6461:
6456:Wayback Machine
6442:
6438:
6427:Olson, James S.
6424:
6420:
6414:Munholland 2007
6412:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6366:
6360:Munholland 2007
6358:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6336:Munholland 2007
6334:
6327:
6320:
6304:
6300:
6294:Munholland 2007
6292:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6273:Wayback Machine
6262:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6242:Wayback Machine
6232:
6228:
6219:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6196:"War Memorials"
6194:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6154:Wayback Machine
6144:
6140:
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6096:Wayback Machine
6086:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6059:
6057:
6056:on 16 June 2011
6048:
6047:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6006:
6002:
5993:
5989:
5980:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5953:The Independent
5946:
5945:
5938:
5926:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5864:Bennett, p. 13.
5863:
5859:
5853:Wayback Machine
5844:
5840:
5836:Bennett, p. 16.
5835:
5831:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5767:
5762:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5722:
5714:. p. 298.
5702:
5695:
5689:Wayback Machine
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5659:P. M. H. Bell,
5658:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5636:Munholland 2007
5634:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5600:
5596:
5582:
5578:
5539:
5535:
5531:Jackson, p. 112
5530:
5526:
5522:Jackson, p. 110
5521:
5517:
5511:Munholland 2007
5509:
5500:
5493:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5454:
5450:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5286:La Marseillaise
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5139:
5080:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5039:
5022:
4804:Alsace-Lorraine
4799:military cadres
4774:
4766:Main articles:
4764:
4742:, founding the
4704:
4657:Sturmbannführer
4621:
4608:
4602:
4597:
4588:
4550:to be all-white
4515:
4512:Warsaw uprising
4503:
4499:
4477:
4471:
4455:21st Army Group
4451:12th Army Group
4422:valley and the
4382:—under General
4326:Operation Cobra
4322:battle for Caen
4256:Operation Pluto
4252:English Channel
4208:
4200:pincer movement
4148:
4142:
4136:
4084:
4061:
4053:Main articles:
4051:
3950:
3936:
3914:and the Soviet
3900:
3865:
3840:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3790:
3787:Cremieux decree
3771:
3744:
3733:
3727:
3683:as part of the
3649:
3638:François Darlan
3615:Operation Torch
3607:Operation Torch
3600:
3598:Operation Torch
3584:
3582:First successes
3509:, 12 June 1942.
3475:
3436:
3395:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3342:
3326:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3295:needs expansion
3289:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3216:
3197:Georges Catroux
3168:
3126:Georges Catroux
3114:
3106:until July 1943
3093:
3059:
3024:launched a coup
2981:
2927:
2923:La France libre
2878:
2871:Battle of Gabon
2863:
2856:Battle of Dakar
2848:
2845:colonial troops
2826:French Cameroun
2805:
2796:
2781:
2723:Operation Torch
2539:
2533:
2421:Alsace-Lorraine
2385:rhomboid field
2380:
2369:
2342:Naval: 12,500;
2303:Royal Air Force
2295:
2195:
2181:
2172:
2157:
2139:
2092:
2071:
2056:
2038:
2021:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1950:
1935:
1924:
1921:British Cabinet
1892:
1865:Occupied France
1857:
1851:
1834:
1826:
1786:
1774:
1689:
1684:
1637:
1625:Fourth Republic
1619:and subsequent
1539:Fighting France
1527:Royal Air Force
1492:
1442:led efforts to
1440:Philippe Pétain
1427:, known as the
1384:
1358:
1353:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1075:
1039:
1037:
1024:
1022:
1017:
925:
924:
917:
902:Fourth Republic
883:
850:Interwar period
832:
822:
821:
781:Second Republic
714:
704:
703:
662:
652:
651:
567:
557:
556:
510:
481:
474:
448:
423:
390:
380:8 February 1944
377:
364:
359:
350:
347:
342:
332:
319:
286:
223:
219:
208:
186:
174:
172:Operation Torch
169:
152:
142:
131:
128:
120:La Marseillaise
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
90:
89:
84:
66:
59:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15131:
15121:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15048:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15038:
15033:
15027:
15025:
15024:
15018:
15017:
15014:
15013:
15010:
15009:
15007:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14945:Cultural icons
14943:
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14933:
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14777:
14772:
14767:
14765:Stock exchange
14762:
14757:
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14704:
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14603:
14597:
14591:
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14584:
14581:
14580:
14578:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14565:National parks
14562:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14542:
14540:Climate change
14537:
14532:
14526:
14520:
14514:
14513:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14506:
14505:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14484:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14462:Fifth Republic
14459:
14458:
14457:
14447:
14441:
14439:
14435:
14434:
14432:
14431:
14430:
14429:
14424:
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14404:
14403:
14402:
14388:
14383:
14382:
14381:
14370:Third Republic
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14341:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14324:
14322:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14312:
14307:
14305:First Republic
14302:
14300:Napoleonic era
14297:
14291:
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14284:
14282:
14281:
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14160:
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14157:
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14147:
14145:Greek colonies
14142:
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14127:
14125:
14124:
14119:
14113:
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14063:
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13999:
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13954:
13949:
13943:
13941:
13937:
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13934:
13933:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13924:Gaullist Party
13916:
13911:
13906:
13900:
13898:
13892:
13891:
13889:
13888:
13879:
13874:
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13568:
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13548:
13542:
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13538:
13533:
13531:Foreign policy
13527:
13524:
13523:
13516:
13515:
13508:
13501:
13493:
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13480:
13475:
13470:
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13460:
13455:
13450:
13447:WW II theatres
13443:
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13436:
13431:
13426:
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13414:
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13232:
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13088:
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13046:
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13036:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13009:Tulle massacre
13006:
13001:
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12991:
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12805:
12804:
12802:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12770:
12768:
12766:Administration
12762:
12761:
12759:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
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12713:
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12657:
12652:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12600:3rd Army Corps
12597:
12587:
12582:
12580:Army of Africa
12576:
12574:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12538:
12535:
12534:
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12512:
12505:
12497:
12488:
12487:
12484:
12483:
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12462:
12456:
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12449:
12446:
12445:
12443:
12442:
12435:
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12363:
12361:
12360:
12353:
12346:
12339:
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12325:
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12251:
12244:
12237:
12230:
12223:
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12194:
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12186:
12185:
12178:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12129:
12122:
12115:
12107:
12105:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12091:
12082:
12073:
12064:
12055:
12046:
12037:
12028:
12019:
12015:Front National
12010:
12001:
11992:
11983:
11974:
11965:
11956:
11946:
11944:
11936:
11935:
11933:
11932:
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11831:
11822:
11815:
11806:
11799:
11792:
11783:
11766:
11765:
11764:
11755:
11746:
11743:National Front
11739:
11730:
11721:
11717:Libération-Sud
11712:
11703:
11696:
11695:
11694:
11678:
11669:
11651:
11649:
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11640:
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11606:
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11598:
11597:
11590:
11583:
11571:
11570:
11569:
11562:
11555:
11552:Army of Africa
11548:
11534:
11526:
11524:
11518:
11517:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11475:
11468:
11461:
11454:
11447:
11446:
11445:
11430:
11428:
11420:
11419:
11417:
11416:
11409:
11402:
11395:
11388:
11381:
11374:
11367:
11360:
11353:
11346:
11339:
11332:
11325:
11318:
11311:
11304:
11297:
11290:
11283:
11275:
11272:
11271:
11254:
11253:
11246:
11239:
11231:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11218:
11211:
11204:
11187:
11184:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11167:
11160:
11146:
11145:
11144:
11130:
11127:South Sakhalin
11123:
11122:
11121:
11107:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11079:
11078:
11077:
11063:
11056:
11049:
11042:
11035:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10986:
10979:
10972:
10964:
10962:
10956:
10955:
10953:
10952:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10927:
10920:
10919:
10918:
10904:
10897:
10890:
10883:
10876:
10867:
10858:
10851:
10842:
10835:
10828:
10821:
10812:
10805:
10798:
10791:
10784:
10777:
10770:
10761:
10754:
10745:
10736:
10727:
10720:
10713:
10702:
10692:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10680:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10664:
10650:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10606:
10599:
10590:
10583:
10576:
10569:
10562:
10555:
10552:Battle of Attu
10548:
10541:
10533:
10531:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10521:
10514:
10505:
10498:
10491:
10482:
10475:
10468:
10461:
10454:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10436:
10422:
10415:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10366:
10359:
10351:
10349:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10318:
10311:
10304:
10297:
10294:Battle of Guam
10290:
10283:
10276:
10269:
10262:
10255:
10248:
10241:
10234:
10227:
10220:
10217:Battle of Kiev
10213:
10206:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10176:
10169:
10162:
10155:
10148:
10147:
10146:
10132:
10125:
10118:
10110:
10108:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10054:
10047:
10040:
10033:
10026:
10019:
10012:
10005:
9998:
9991:
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9915:
9908:
9900:
9898:
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9887:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9865:
9858:
9844:
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9842:
9835:
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9804:
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9793:
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9783:
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9779:
9772:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9756:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9728:
9721:
9720:
9719:
9716:United Kingdom
9712:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9684:
9676:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9664:
9657:
9656:
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9480:
9473:
9466:
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9445:
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9355:
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9327:
9320:
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9304:
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9301:
9300:
9293:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9264:
9257:
9250:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9226:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9198:
9191:
9183:
9176:
9169:
9161:
9153:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9134:
9133:
9132:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9113:British Empire
9106:United Kingdom
9102:
9095:
9088:
9081:
9074:
9067:
9055:
9048:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8999:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8966:
8959:
8947:
8939:
8932:
8925:
8922:Czechoslovakia
8918:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8856:
8854:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8822:
8819:Rape of Manila
8815:
8808:
8801:
8790:
8775:
8768:
8756:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8740:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8696:
8689:
8688:
8687:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8671:
8657:
8650:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8605:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8590:United Nations
8586:
8579:
8572:
8571:
8570:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8535:
8526:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8449:Decolonization
8445:
8438:
8430:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8395:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8379:
8372:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8349:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8213:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8141:
8134:
8133:
8132:
8125:
8122:United Kingdom
8118:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8045:
8043:
8034:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7968:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7949:
7948:
7941:
7934:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7901:
7889:
7877:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7812:
7810:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7764:
7762:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7734:
7732:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7694:
7692:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7664:
7662:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7621:King George II
7617:
7615:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7590:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7548:
7546:
7544:Czechoslovakia
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7527:Hubert Pierlot
7522:
7520:
7507:
7506:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7447:
7441:
7436:
7429:
7428:External links
7426:
7425:
7424:
7418:
7405:
7393:
7387:
7372:
7366:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7327:
7321:
7308:
7302:
7289:
7283:
7270:
7261:
7243:
7229:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7194:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7140:
7100:
7066:
7059:
7039:
7020:
6999:
6978:
6969:
6962:
6944:
6935:
6923:
6914:
6907:
6889:
6876:
6863:
6856:
6838:
6823:. p. 86.
6807:
6792:
6783:
6770:
6745:
6730:
6700:
6687:
6667:
6658:
6644:
6635:
6620:
6600:
6585:
6565:
6545:
6532:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6484:
6459:
6436:
6429:, ed. (1991),
6418:
6406:
6380:
6364:
6352:
6350:, p. 391.
6340:
6325:
6318:
6298:
6286:
6277:
6255:
6246:
6226:
6213:
6187:
6161:
6138:
6125:
6100:
6080:
6068:
6041:
6039:, p. 548.
6029:
6017:
6000:
5987:
5971:
5936:
5917:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5857:
5838:
5829:
5816:
5794:
5779:
5765:
5751:
5739:
5720:
5693:
5674:
5665:
5652:
5640:
5625:
5594:
5576:
5533:
5524:
5515:
5498:
5492:978-0140170412
5491:
5473:
5467:978-1846143519
5466:
5448:
5421:(2): 226–227.
5415:War in History
5405:
5396:
5390:978-0141030654
5389:
5363:
5338:
5336:, p. 373.
5326:
5312:
5305:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5252:French Algeria
5243:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:France Forever
5181:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5147:
5144:
5079:
5076:
5021:
5018:
4987:François Sevez
4979:chief of staff
4940:Rhin et Danube
4931:XVIII SS Corps
4839:Siegfried Line
4784:in August 1944
4763:
4760:
4687:On 17 August,
4660:Joseph Darnand
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4560:Raymond Dronne
4535:Champs Elysées
4496:general strike
4473:Main article:
4470:
4467:
4424:Route Napoleon
4330:Falaise pocket
4207:
4204:
4138:Main article:
4135:
4132:
4050:
4042:
4034:French I Corps
3935:
3932:
3839:
3836:
3726:
3723:
3673:Army of Africa
3599:
3596:
3583:
3580:
3570:Panzer Battles
3529:—resisted the
3474:
3471:
3435:
3432:
3423:in July 1942.
3397:
3396:
3379:
3378:
3329:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3199:was appointed
3188:and his Vichy
3113:
3110:
3058:
3055:
3043:the concession
2980:
2977:
2804:
2801:
2780:
2777:
2646:perfide Albion
2553:A very modern
2532:
2529:
2494:Firth of Clyde
2484:A monument on
2447:Émile Muselier
2368:
2365:
2339:Army: 50,000;
2262:in Egypt, 1941
2258:North African
2225:Foreign Legion
2180:
2177:
2080:
2079:
2037:
2034:
2016:, the town of
2008:, followed by
1990:Third Republic
1949:
1946:
1917:
1916:
1913:British Empire
1869:18 June appeal
1853:Main article:
1850:
1847:
1822:Maxime Weygand
1783:French cabinet
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1636:
1633:
1578:) to form the
1570:Army of Africa
1497:November 1942.
1403:Allied nations
1395:Fall of France
1377:Third Republic
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
983:
978:
977:
976:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
932:
931:
927:
926:
921:
920:
914:
912:Fifth Republic
908:
907:
904:
898:
897:
894:
888:
887:
884:
882:
881:
876:
870:
867:
866:
863:
856:
855:
852:
845:
844:
841:
839:Third Republic
833:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
817:
814:
807:
806:
803:
801:Third Republic
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
783:
777:
776:
773:
767:
766:
763:
757:
756:
753:
747:
746:
743:
741:First Republic
737:
736:
733:
727:
726:
723:
715:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
680:
679:
676:
663:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
647:
644:
637:
636:
633:
626:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
605:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
568:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
552:
551:50 BC – 486 AD
549:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
531:600 BC – 49 BC
529:
527:Greek colonies
523:
522:
519:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
495:
494:
486:
485:
476:
475:
468:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
445:
436:
433:
432:
427:
415:
414:
409:
399:
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395:
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391:
385:
382:
381:
378:
372:
369:
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365:
357:
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353:
348:
340:
337:
336:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
300:Historical era
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
263:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
237:
233:
232:
196:
192:
191:
180:
176:
175:
163:
155:
154:
151:" (unofficial)
129:
109:
108:
99:
92:
91:
85:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
52:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15130:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15060:
15058:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15028:
15023:
15020:
15019:
15015:
15005:
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15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
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14972:
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14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
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14913:
14911:
14909:
14905:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14882:
14879:
14878:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14826:Birth control
14824:
14822:
14819:
14818:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14806:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14748:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14724:
14721:
14720:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14705:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14693:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14652:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14612:
14609:
14608:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14601:Constitutions
14599:
14598:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14586:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14527:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14515:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14464:
14463:
14460:
14456:
14453:
14452:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14442:
14440:
14436:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14409:
14408:
14405:
14400:
14399:
14398:Années folles
14394:
14393:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14379:
14378:
14373:
14372:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14360:Second Empire
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14342:
14339:
14338:July Monarchy
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14325:
14323:
14321:
14317:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14292:
14290:
14286:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14239:
14238:
14237:Ancien Régime
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14217:
14215:
14213:
14209:
14201:
14198:
14197:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14184:
14181:
14180:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14166:
14162:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14137:
14135:
14133:
14129:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14114:
14112:
14108:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14058:
14056:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14043:
14039:
14036:
14029:
14024:
14022:
14017:
14015:
14010:
14009:
14006:
13994:
13986:
13985:
13982:
13976:
13975:
13971:
13969:
13968:
13964:
13962:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13944:
13942:
13938:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13901:
13899:
13893:
13887:
13885:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13869:
13867:
13861:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13846:
13844:
13838:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13807:Élysée Treaty
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13782:
13781:
13778:
13777:
13775:
13773:
13769:
13761:
13758:
13757:
13756:
13753:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13740:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13730:Levant Crisis
13728:
13727:
13725:
13721:
13709:
13708:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13698:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13648:
13644:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13627:
13626:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13618:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13603:
13595:
13592:
13591:
13589:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13565:
13562:
13561:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13549:
13543:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13528:
13525:
13521:
13514:
13509:
13507:
13502:
13500:
13495:
13494:
13491:
13479:
13478:Sino Japanese
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13463:Eastern Front
13461:
13459:
13458:Western Front
13456:
13454:
13451:
13448:
13445:
13444:
13441:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13424:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13407:
13403:
13401:
13400:
13396:
13394:
13393:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13348:
13346:
13340:
13328:
13327:Saint-Nazaire
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13301:
13297:
13289:
13286:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13279:
13277:
13275:
13270:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13258:Colmar Pocket
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13245:
13243:
13237:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13184:
13182:
13178:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13108:
13107:Saint-Nazaire
13105:
13103:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13078:
13077:
13074:
13073:
13071:
13067:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13045:
13041:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12975:
12969:
12966:
12965:
12963:
12959:
12953:
12950:
12949:
12947:
12943:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12926:
12924:
12919:
12913:
12910:
12909:
12907:
12905:
12900:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12878:
12876:
12871:
12865:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12855:
12849:
12846:
12845:
12843:
12841:
12836:
12830:
12827:
12826:
12824:
12822:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12806:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12771:
12769:
12763:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12695:
12688:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12629:
12625:
12621:
12620:32nd Infantry
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12595:Cavalry Corps
12593:
12592:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12577:
12575:
12569:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12539:
12536:
12532:
12527:
12518:
12513:
12511:
12506:
12504:
12499:
12498:
12495:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:Categories: (
12457:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12447:
12440:
12436:
12433:
12432:
12427:
12424:
12420:
12417:
12413:
12410:
12409:
12404:
12401:
12397:
12394:
12390:
12387:
12383:
12380:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12371:
12365:
12358:
12357:Pierre Villon
12354:
12351:
12347:
12344:
12340:
12337:
12333:
12330:
12326:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12309:
12305:
12302:
12298:
12297:
12295:
12291:
12284:
12280:
12277:
12273:
12270:
12266:
12263:
12259:
12256:
12252:
12249:
12245:
12242:
12238:
12235:
12231:
12228:
12224:
12221:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12212:
12206:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12188:
12183:
12179:
12176:
12172:
12171:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12158:
12155:
12151:
12148:
12144:
12141:
12137:
12134:
12130:
12127:
12123:
12120:
12116:
12113:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12104:
12096:
12089:
12088:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12047:
12044:
12043:
12038:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12011:
12008:
12007:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11993:
11990:
11989:
11984:
11981:
11980:
11975:
11972:
11971:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11948:
11947:
11945:
11943:
11937:
11930:
11929:
11924:
11921:
11917:
11914:
11910:
11905:
11901:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11887:
11884:
11880:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11868:
11866:
11865:
11864:Armée secrète
11860:
11859:
11855:
11850:
11846:
11843:
11839:
11836:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11823:
11820:
11816:
11813:
11812:
11807:
11804:
11800:
11797:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11784:
11781:
11777:
11776:
11773:
11767:
11762:
11761:
11756:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11744:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11719:
11718:
11713:
11710:
11709:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11692:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11676:
11675:
11670:
11667:
11663:
11662:
11659:
11653:
11652:
11650:
11648:
11642:
11635:
11631:
11628:
11627:
11626:Radio Londres
11622:
11618:
11611:
11607:
11604:
11600:
11595:
11591:
11588:
11584:
11581:
11577:
11576:
11572:
11567:
11563:
11560:
11556:
11553:
11549:
11546:
11542:
11541:
11539:
11535:
11532:
11528:
11527:
11525:
11523:
11519:
11512:
11501:
11497:
11494:
11490:
11487:
11483:
11480:
11476:
11473:
11469:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11455:
11452:
11448:
11443:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11427:
11421:
11414:
11410:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11396:
11393:
11389:
11386:
11382:
11379:
11375:
11372:
11368:
11365:
11361:
11358:
11354:
11351:
11347:
11344:
11340:
11337:
11333:
11330:
11326:
11323:
11319:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11302:
11298:
11295:
11291:
11288:
11284:
11281:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11269:
11261:
11252:
11247:
11245:
11240:
11238:
11233:
11232:
11229:
11216:
11212:
11209:
11205:
11202:
11201:
11196:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11172:
11168:
11165:
11161:
11158:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11142:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11134:Kuril Islands
11131:
11128:
11124:
11119:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11108:
11105:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11087:
11084:
11080:
11075:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11064:
11061:
11057:
11054:
11050:
11047:
11043:
11040:
11036:
11033:
11029:
11026:
11022:
11019:
11015:
11012:
11008:
11005:
11001:
10998:
10994:
10991:
10987:
10984:
10980:
10977:
10973:
10970:
10966:
10965:
10963:
10961:
10957:
10950:
10946:
10941:
10940:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10928:
10925:
10921:
10916:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10905:
10902:
10901:Syrmian Front
10898:
10895:
10891:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10868:
10865:
10864:
10859:
10856:
10852:
10849:
10848:
10847:Market Garden
10843:
10840:
10836:
10833:
10829:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10813:
10810:
10806:
10803:
10799:
10796:
10792:
10789:
10785:
10782:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10762:
10759:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10746:
10743:
10742:
10737:
10734:
10733:
10728:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10714:
10711:
10707:
10706:Monte Cassino
10703:
10700:
10699:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10689:
10685:
10678:
10674:
10669:
10665:
10662:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10651:
10648:
10644:
10641:
10637:
10634:
10630:
10627:
10623:
10618:
10614:
10613:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10588:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10574:
10570:
10567:
10563:
10560:
10556:
10553:
10549:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10483:
10480:
10476:
10473:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10459:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10413:
10409:
10406:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10392:
10388:
10385:
10381:
10378:
10374:
10371:
10367:
10364:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10344:
10337:
10333:
10330:
10326:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10312:
10309:
10305:
10302:
10298:
10295:
10291:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10277:
10274:
10270:
10267:
10263:
10260:
10256:
10253:
10249:
10246:
10242:
10239:
10235:
10232:
10228:
10225:
10221:
10218:
10214:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10202:
10197:
10193:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10181:
10177:
10174:
10170:
10167:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10149:
10144:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10133:
10130:
10126:
10123:
10119:
10116:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10103:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10076:
10073:
10069:
10066:
10065:Baltic states
10062:
10059:
10055:
10052:
10048:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10013:
10010:
10006:
10003:
9999:
9996:
9992:
9989:
9985:
9982:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9968:
9964:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9948:
9944:
9941:
9937:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9923:
9920:
9916:
9913:
9909:
9906:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9893:
9884:
9880:
9877:
9873:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9859:
9856:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9822:
9817:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9788:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9766:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9745:
9740:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9726:
9722:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9709:United States
9706:
9701:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9690:
9689:
9685:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9645:Quốc dân Đảng
9642:
9641:
9637:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9609:
9606:
9602:
9599:
9595:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9571:
9567:
9564:
9560:
9557:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9543:
9539:
9534:
9530:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9516:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9495:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9464:
9460:
9457:
9453:
9450:
9446:
9443:
9439:
9436:
9432:
9429:
9425:
9422:
9418:
9415:
9411:
9408:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9388:
9384:
9381:
9377:
9374:
9370:
9367:
9363:
9360:
9356:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9345:Liechtenstein
9342:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9298:
9297:Collaboration
9294:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9239:
9235:
9234:
9231:
9227:
9224:
9220:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9199:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9181:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9139:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:United States
9119:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9049:
9046:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8985:
8981:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8937:
8933:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8840:
8827:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8812:Comfort women
8809:
8806:
8802:
8799:
8796: /
8795:
8791:
8788:
8785: /
8784:
8781: /
8780:
8776:
8773:
8772:Camp brothels
8769:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8757:
8754:
8750:
8745:
8741:
8738:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8685:
8681:
8676:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:The Holocaust
8658:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8647:forced labour
8644:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8515:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8500:Marshall Plan
8497:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8485:
8481:
8478:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8460:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8446:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8416:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8354:
8353:Eastern Front
8350:
8347:
8346:Western Front
8343:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8331:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8265:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8240:Puppet states
8237:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8223:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8182:Naval history
8179:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8130:
8129:United States
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7942:
7940:
7935:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7850:
7843:
7842:Božidar Purić
7836:
7829:
7822:
7821:Dušan Simović
7817:
7816:King Peter II
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7804:
7798:
7789:
7782:
7775:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7726:
7720:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7673:Pierre Dupong
7669:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7650:
7641:
7634:
7627:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7609:
7603:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7514:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7492:
7490:
7485:
7483:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7397:Hastings, Max
7394:
7390:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7358:Facts on File
7355:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7259:
7258:0-5175-4478-4
7255:
7251:
7247:
7246:Mollo, Andrew
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7195:2-0707-3032-8
7191:
7187:
7182:
7181:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7125:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7104:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7070:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7043:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7024:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7003:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6982:
6973:
6965:
6963:9781134210886
6959:
6955:
6948:
6939:
6933:, p. 67.
6932:
6927:
6918:
6910:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6880:
6873:
6867:
6859:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6803:
6796:
6787:
6780:
6774:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6741:
6734:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6662:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6586:0-345-32158-8
6582:
6578:
6577:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6542:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6491:
6489:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6416:, p. 19.
6415:
6410:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6362:, p. 17.
6361:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6338:, p. 15.
6337:
6332:
6330:
6321:
6319:9780313316548
6315:
6311:
6310:
6302:
6296:, p. 14.
6295:
6290:
6281:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6259:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6230:
6223:
6217:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6176:on 2 May 2006
6175:
6171:
6165:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6135:
6129:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6084:
6078:, p. 36.
6077:
6072:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6014:
6010:
6004:
5997:
5991:
5984:
5981:Paul Gaujac.
5978:
5976:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5891:
5889:
5879:
5870:
5861:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5833:
5827:. p. 66.
5826:
5820:
5804:
5798:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5700:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5678:
5669:
5662:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5638:, p. 11.
5637:
5632:
5630:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5513:, p. 10.
5512:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5400:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5367:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5160:France portal
5150:
5143:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5114:, in western
5113:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:. The French
5065:
5055:
5048:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4975:Alphonse Juin
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:Colmar Pocket
4920:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:Oath of Kufra
4882:
4875:
4871:
4870:the cathedral
4867:
4866:Oath of Kufra
4862:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4824:Saint-Nazaire
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4756:IVth Republic
4753:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4691:was taken to
4690:
4685:
4683:
4682:collaboration
4678:
4672:
4671:
4666:known as the
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4428:George Patton
4425:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4367:, which they
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4314:Western Front
4310:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4244:Atlantic Wall
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:Eastern Front
4221:
4217:
4212:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4182:, the Allies
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3990:Monte Cassino
3987:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3920:Joseph Stalin
3917:
3912:
3906:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:Eastern Front
3863:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3838:Eastern Front
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:against Italy
3823:
3820:
3815:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3776:Robert Murphy
3769:
3764:
3761:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3719:
3718:French Guiana
3715:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3634:Alphonse Juin
3631:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3489:'s attempted
3488:
3484:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3393:
3390:
3375:
3372:
3364:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3330:This section
3328:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3293:This section
3291:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:North America
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:New Caledonia
2998:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2973:Run for Tunis
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:Italian Libya
2937:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2800:
2790:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:, one aboard
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:Le Triomphant
2657:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2557:
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2015:
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1895:spoke to the
1885:
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861:Années folles
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692:
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82:
74:
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63:
56:
47:
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40:
33:
19:
14931:Coat of arms
14921:Architecture
14893:Social class
14851:Homelessness
14836:Demographics
14790:Trade unions
14723:Central bank
14665:criminal law
14628:Human rights
14611:presidential
14455:Algerian War
14438:Contemporary
14416:
14412:Vichy France
14407:World War II
14377:Belle Époque
14310:First Empire
14212:Early Modern
14183:West Francia
13972:
13965:
13881:
13863:Speeches and
13797:Fouchet Plan
13780:Algerian War
13743:presidential
13705:
13646:
13606:World War II
13575:World War I
13421:
13404:
13397:
13390:
13351:End of Vichy
12726:Henri Giraud
12626:
12429:
12406:
12336:Henri Frenay
12198:Ubangi-Shari
12161:French Gabon
12154:French Congo
12085:
12076:
12067:
12058:
12049:
12040:
12031:
12022:
12013:
12006:Franc-Tireur
12004:
11995:
11986:
11977:
11968:
11959:
11950:
11926:
11890:Jade-Fitzroy
11871:
11862:
11825:
11809:
11786:
11758:
11749:
11733:
11724:
11715:
11706:
11681:
11674:Franc-Tireur
11672:
11624:
11530:
11521:
11265:
11208:Bibliography
11191:
11004:Project Hula
10969:Vistula–Oder
10938:
10871:
10862:
10846:
10816:
10765:
10749:
10740:
10731:
10697:
10594:
10509:
10485:
10448:
10199:
10092:
10037:North Africa
9739:Soviet Union
9693:Soviet Union
9619:Soviet Union
9387:Vatican City
9290:Vichy France
9195:German Reich
9092:Soviet Union
9078:South Africa
9071:Sierra Leone
9024:Newfoundland
8969:
8843:Participants
8826:Marocchinate
8530:
8521:
8491:
8369:North Africa
8330:Indian Ocean
8189:Nazi plunder
8080:Cryptography
7953:World War II
7849:Ivan Šubašić
7588:Henri Giraud
7574:
7553:Edvard Beneš
7409:
7400:
7377:
7352:
7332:
7312:
7293:
7274:
7265:
7249:
7219:
7213:(2019) 720pp
7210:
7203:
7185:
7164:. Retrieved
7152:
7143:
7131:. Retrieved
7114:
7110:
7103:
7091:. Retrieved
7082:
7069:
7049:
7042:
7023:
7007:
7002:
6986:
6981:
6972:
6953:
6947:
6938:
6926:
6917:
6898:
6892:
6884:
6879:
6871:
6866:
6847:
6841:
6829:. Retrieved
6820:
6810:
6801:
6795:
6786:
6773:
6761:. Retrieved
6757:
6748:
6739:
6733:
6709:
6703:
6695:
6690:
6675:
6670:
6661:
6638:
6610:
6603:
6575:
6568:
6553:
6552:Koch, Lutz,
6548:
6540:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6508:
6503:Mollo, p.144
6499:
6494:Taylor, p.93
6477:
6462:
6444:
6439:
6430:
6421:
6409:
6397:. Retrieved
6383:
6355:
6348:Jackson 2001
6343:
6308:
6301:
6289:
6280:
6258:
6249:
6229:
6221:
6216:
6204:. Retrieved
6200:the original
6190:
6178:. Retrieved
6174:the original
6164:
6141:
6133:
6128:
6116:. Retrieved
6112:
6103:
6083:
6071:
6058:. Retrieved
6054:the original
6044:
6032:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5995:
5990:
5982:
5962:. Retrieved
5951:
5931:
5928:Pierre Milza
5908:. Retrieved
5897:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5841:
5832:
5824:
5819:
5807:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5782:
5730:. Retrieved
5706:
5677:
5668:
5660:
5655:
5648:Jackson 2001
5643:
5616:. Retrieved
5608:The Guardian
5607:
5597:
5589:The Guardian
5587:
5579:
5549:(3): 27–63.
5546:
5542:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5482:
5476:
5457:
5451:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5403:Taylor, p.58
5399:
5374:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5350:
5341:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5296:
5278:
5246:
5237:
5137:
5130:
5127: (1931)
5125:Maillé Brézé
5124:
5120:
5101:
5094:, overlooks
5056:
5040:
5015:
4972:
4945:
4935:Black Forest
4916:
4912:Hohenzollern
4893:
4878:
4855:coup de main
4828:
4787:
4729:
4689:Pierre Laval
4686:
4650:
4631:
4609:
4578:
4543:
4489:
4481:20 July plot
4478:
4440:
4436:Omar Bradley
4414:
4407:
4390:to form the
4373:
4349:supply lines
4334:
4319:
4287:paratroopers
4280:
4270:armies like
4225:
4149:
4121:
4113:
4104:
4092:
4078:
4073:Klaus Barbie
4019:
3998:Marocchinate
3974:
3967:
3905:Soviet Union
3886:
3878:1st Air Army
3859:
3847:
3824:
3795:
3780:
3767:
3765:
3755:
3740:Henri Giraud
3716:—as well as
3707:
3700:
3689:
3669:
3665:
3656:Henri Giraud
3654:
3623:
3612:
3585:
3576:
3568:
3562:Generalmajor
3560:
3555:
3545:Erwin Rommel
3532:Afrika Korps
3530:
3515:North Africa
3512:
3501:Free French
3448:Diego-Suarez
3437:
3425:
3414:France Libre
3406:
3400:
3385:
3367:
3358:
3343:Please help
3331:
3303:
3299:adding to it
3294:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3256:Please help
3253:
3224:Soviet Union
3221:
3194:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3128:and General
3120:The fall of
3104:holding out
3087:
3071:Rear Admiral
3067:Newfoundland
3060:
3047:Guangzhouwan
3040:
3010:
2997:French India
2994:
2969:Tripolitania
2938:
2906:
2902:
2868:
2853:
2842:
2830:French Gabon
2806:
2794:
2763:
2751:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2682:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2644:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2579:
2565:
2555:
2540:
2520:Maillé Brézé
2519:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2483:
2469:
2463:
2444:Vice Admiral
2437:
2425:Nazi Germany
2400:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2300:
2288:
2265:
2233:
2222:
2210:
2207:in June 1942
2202:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2133:
2101:
2089:New Hebrides
2081:
2061:
2054:
2027:
2014:Vichy France
2003:
1984:, and other
1959:
1952:On 19 June,
1951:
1933:
1918:
1890:
1819:
1779:Paul Reynaud
1772:
1748:
1720:the Ardennes
1712:Nazi Germany
1709:
1662:
1648:
1614:
1583:
1549:
1538:
1507:North Africa
1500:
1482:
1470:)—later the
1448:Vichy France
1437:
1410:
1405:in fighting
1399:Nazi Germany
1381:World War II
1369:France libre
1360:
1359:
1318:
1289:
1253:
1243:Saint-Marcel
1224:
1219:Mont Mouchet
1192:
1168:
1146:
1112:
1033:
991:Christianity
879:Vichy France
873:
830:20th century
812:Belle Époque
751:First Empire
664:
660:Early modern
610:West Francia
599:Carolingians
589:Merovingians
412:Succeeded by
411:
406:
335:11 July 1940
322:18 June 1940
304:World War II
228:
213:
202:
112:
55:France libre
43:
15063:Free France
15041:WikiProject
14856:Immigration
14846:Health care
14708:Agriculture
14660:enforcement
14417:Free France
14386:World War I
14333:Restoration
14320:Late Modern
14190:Middle Ages
14165:Middle Ages
14150:Celtic Gaul
13748:legislative
13647:Free France
13560:Early life
13554:Before WWII
13406:Tripartisme
13381:Victory Day
13317:La Rochelle
13208:La Rochelle
12711:Jean Moulin
12672:Second Army
12646:Divisions:
12615:1st Armored
12557:Netherlands
12368:Museums and
12308:Jean Moulin
12126:French Chad
11940:Underground
11883:Jade-Amicol
11531:Free France
11522:Free France
11426:and control
11322:Netherlands
10939:Bodenplatte
10825:Gothic Line
10044:West Africa
9591:Philippines
9570:Netherlands
9435:Czech lands
9373:Switzerland
9317:Afghanistan
9261:Philippines
9129:Puerto Rico
9045:Philippines
9031:New Zealand
9017:Netherlands
8970:Free France
8721:Prosecution
8522:Osoaviakhim
8392:West Africa
8376:East Africa
8023:Conferences
7899:Philippines
7852:(1944–1945)
7845:(1943–1944)
7831:(1942–1943)
7824:(1941–1942)
7791:(1944–1945)
7784:(1943–1944)
7777:(1939–1943)
7767:President:
7713:(1940–1945)
7690:Netherlands
7643:(1944–1945)
7629:(1941–1944)
7596:(1943–1945)
7551:President:
7178:Works cited
7133:9 September
7093:9 September
6831:20 November
6727:(in French)
6399:27 February
6266:Paul Vibert
6263:(in French)
6158:(in French)
5334:Stacey 2007
5098:, Scotland.
5072:West Berlin
4983:French army
4851:Belfort Gap
4849:seized the
4833:tail (the "
4820:La Rochelle
4574:Sword Beach
4510:during the
4388:US 7th Army
4295:SAS Brigade
4240:Dieppe raid
4178:terrain of
4128:French Army
4097:Jean Moulin
4095:) and sent
4075:personally.
4069:Jean Moulin
4067:Picture of
3975:During the
3783:Jean Monnet
3748:during the
3714:West Indies
3507:Bir Hacheim
3186:Henri Dentz
3152:during the
2914:Félix Éboué
2897:Félix Éboué
2818:French Chad
2814:Félix Éboué
2764:Indomitable
2747:Pacific War
2729:during the
2618:West Indies
2417:Joan of Arc
2179:Composition
2136:French Navy
2028:in absentia
1934:In France,
1843:Axis Powers
1756:Alan Brooke
1535:British SAS
1361:Free France
1113:Free French
944:Health care
874:Free France
761:Restoration
565:Middle Ages
537:Celtic Gaul
480:History of
407:Preceded by
393:3 June 1944
367:3 June 1943
221:Brazzaville
103:(1940–1944)
50:Free France
15057:Categories
14984:Philosophy
14969:Literature
14881:secularism
14677:Parliament
14472:2005 riots
14422:Liberation
14288:Revolution
14155:Roman Gaul
14140:Prehistory
14096:Journalism
13897:depictions
13895:Legacy and
13865:statements
13772:Presidency
13760:referendum
13564:Birthplace
13241:March 1945
13239:Nov 1944 -
13086:Saint-Malo
12945:March 1944
12590:First Army
12552:Luxembourg
12386:Companions
12209:Liberation
12060:Résistance
12024:L'Humanité
11952:Bir-Hakeim
11835:Mithridate
11811:CdL Cinéma
11803:Comet Line
11647:operations
11587:Bir Hakeim
11413:Yugoslavia
11371:Luxembourg
11039:West Hunan
10872:Pointblank
10201:Silver Fox
10187:Summer War
9940:Winter War
9919:Phoney War
9700:Azerbaijan
9661:Yugoslavia
9556:Luxembourg
9398:Resistance
9138:Yugoslavia
9003:Luxembourg
8805:Sook Ching
8601:War crimes
8203:Technology
8196:Opposition
8138:Lend-Lease
8115:Australian
8108:Home front
8066:Blitzkrieg
8016:Casualties
8007:Commanders
7979:Operations
7808:Yugoslavia
7660:Luxembourg
7558:Jan Šrámek
7239:1179786074
7115:core.ac.uk
6630:1002657539
6562:B008DHD4LY
6206:9 November
6180:25 October
6118:24 October
6060:5 December
5964:31 January
5610:. London.
5266:References
4927:XIXth Army
4874:Strasbourg
4529:Leclerc's
4432:Third Army
4409:Osttruppen
4404:Marseilles
4353:maquisards
4303:Utah Beach
4168:bridgehead
4144:See also:
4101:Résistance
3982:Pied-Noirs
3852:Le Bourget
3710:Guadeloupe
3630:19th Corps
3541:El Alamein
3519:Suez canal
3485:prevented
3483:Bir Hakeim
3467:Madagascar
3442:colony of
3434:Madagascar
3428:Lend-Lease
3259:improve it
3134:Circassian
3102:Martinique
2920:that day.
2883:Libreville
2754:battalions
2701:zone libre
2697:Case Anton
2622:Martinique
2577:Submarine
2566:Strasbourg
2561:battleship
2535:See also:
2470:Triomphant
2451:naval jack
2387:is defaced
2377:naval jack
2183:See also:
2166:Martinique
2144:Royal Navy
2068:Alexandria
1877:Résistance
1758:landed in
1635:Definition
1519:Royal Navy
1511:Indochina.
1421:resistance
1284:Strasbourg
1265:Marseilles
1158:Bir Hakeim
580:settlement
547:Roman Gaul
517:Prehistory
261:Demonym(s)
166:map legend
126:(official)
14841:Education
14795:Transport
14645:Judiciary
14606:Elections
14560:Mountains
14518:Geography
14264:Louis XIV
14054:Overviews
13723:1945–1958
13652:Campaigns
13615:Battle of
13343:Aftermath
13180:Sept 1944
13043:July 1944
12370:Memorials
12211:of France
11657:Movements
11545:Air Force
11378:Macedonia
11364:Lithuania
11104:Manchuria
10990:Indochina
10766:Bagration
10210:Lithuania
9855:Anschluss
9652:Viet Minh
9549:Lithuania
9491:Hong Kong
9254:Manchukuo
9209:Azad Hind
8868:Australia
8668:Aftermath
8531:Paperclip
8426:Aftermath
8226:Total war
8094:Diplomacy
8057:In Europe
7252:. Crown.
7166:2 October
7161:0362-4331
7077:de Gaulle
6721:, on the
6710:l'Express
6556:, (1950)
6087:Voir les
5910:28 August
5571:159722519
5443:153751513
5435:1477-0385
5271:Citations
5140:de Gaulle
5108:Lyle Hill
5088:Lyle Hill
5064:First Act
5059:de Gaulle
5051:de Gaulle
5047:Big Three
5043:de Gaulle
4964:Viet Minh
4914:dynasty.
4900:Ist Corps
4847:Ist Corps
4717:Stuttgart
4705:de Gaulle
4634:Gaullists
4622:de Gaulle
4589:de Gaulle
4516:De Gaulle
4504:De Gaulle
4500:de Gaulle
4461:, taking
4293:'s (SAS)
4220:Cherbourg
4188:Avranches
4154:began on
4117:saboteurs
4085:de Gaulle
3901:de Gaulle
3876:with the
3866:de Gaulle
3810:de Gaulle
3806:de Gaulle
3802:de Gaulle
3791:de Gaulle
3772:de Gaulle
3745:de Gaulle
3650:de Gaulle
3405:(French:
3361:June 2020
3332:does not
3306:June 2014
3265:talk page
3217:de Gaulle
3169:De Gaulle
3136:cavalry (
3094:de Gaulle
3090:Roosevelt
3075:corvettes
3036:Viet Minh
3028:Indochina
2945:Cyrenaica
2933:La France
2928:de Gaulle
2926:was what
2893:De Gaulle
2885:, Gabon.
2879:De Gaulle
2864:de Gaulle
2849:de Gaulle
2797:de Gaulle
2773:Catalinas
2762:HMS
2556:Dunkerque
2486:Lyle Hill
2173:de Gaulle
2158:de Gaulle
2140:de Gaulle
2128:George VI
2113:Luftwaffe
2093:de Gaulle
2072:de Gaulle
2057:de Gaulle
2022:De Gaulle
1974:de Gaulle
1962:de Gaulle
1954:de Gaulle
1948:Armistice
1936:de Gaulle
1925:de Gaulle
1901:BBC radio
1893:de Gaulle
1835:De Gaulle
1827:De Gaulle
1807:Wehrmacht
1795:orthodoxy
1787:De Gaulle
1775:de Gaulle
1760:Cherbourg
1493:de Gaulle
1325:Indochina
1115:campaigns
1013:Territory
906:1946–1958
896:1944–1946
886:1940–1944
865:1920–1929
854:1919–1939
843:1870–1940
816:1871–1914
805:1870–1940
795:1852–1870
785:1848–1852
775:1830–1848
765:1814–1830
755:1804–1814
745:1792–1804
735:1791–1792
725:1789–1799
698:1589–1792
688:1515–1589
678:1498–1515
646:1328–1498
250:Religion
71:1940–1944
15031:Category
14964:Language
14876:Religion
14821:Abortion
14775:Taxation
14672:Military
14633:Intersex
14623:Politics
14589:Politics
14391:Interwar
14086:Economic
14081:Language
14066:Timeline
13993:Category
13919:Gaullism
13886: !"
13579:5th Army
13545:Life and
13453:Atlantic
13299:May 1945
13121:Égletons
13069:Aug 1944
12977:Jun 1944
12961:May 1944
12857:Dec 1941
12811:campaign
12234:1st Army
11997:L'Espoir
11961:Bulletin
11842:Morhange
11780:Alliance
11771:Networks
11645:Domestic
11424:Creation
11406:Slovakia
11301:Bulgaria
11215:Category
11164:document
11074:document
10931:Ardennes
10915:Budapest
10863:Crossbow
10741:Overlord
10580:Smolensk
9791:Timeline
9626:Slovakia
9612:Thailand
9463:Ethiopia
9428:Bulgaria
9352:Portugal
9283:Thailand
9165:Bulgaria
8943:Eswatini
8936:Ethiopia
8889:Bulgaria
8714:Unit 731
8675:Response
8492:Keelhaul
8442:Cold War
8415:Americas
8406:timeline
8399:Atlantic
8279:Theaters
7911:Thailand
7399:(2011).
7248:(1981).
7124:Archived
7087:Archived
7031:Archived
7012:Archived
6991:Archived
6825:Archived
6763:29 March
6725:website
6715:Archived
6595:14816982
6470:Archived
6452:Archived
6393:Archived
6269:Archived
6238:Archived
6150:Archived
6092:Archived
5958:Archived
5904:Archived
5849:Archived
5726:Archived
5685:Archived
5618:27 March
5612:Archived
5250:Because
5146:See also
5116:Scotland
5112:Greenock
5092:Greenock
5045:and the
5011:Cold War
4977:was the
4868:in near
4831:logistic
4793:and the
4343:and the
4192:Provence
4180:Normandy
3830:and the
3768:de facto
3122:Damascus
2895:meeting
2769:squadron
2767:and one
2490:Greenock
2457:, and a
2455:Lorraine
2055:Despite
1839:Bordeaux
1837:flew to
1732:Boulogne
1604:and the
1290:Nordwind
1277:Dompaire
1272:Lorraine
1225:Overlord
1147:Exporter
1008:Taxation
986:Religion
981:Politics
974:Consorts
969:Monarchs
964:Military
959:Medicine
635:987–1328
624:987–1792
578:Frankish
576:and the
499:Timeline
471:a series
469:Part of
229:de facto
215:de facto
15022:Outline
15004:Theatre
14999:Symbols
14959:Gardens
14949:Fashion
14941:Cuisine
14908:Culture
14898:Welfare
14871:Poverty
14809:Society
14785:Tourism
14745:Exports
14718:Banking
14696:Economy
14655:history
14550:Islands
14545:Borders
14178:Francia
14132:Ancient
14110:Regions
14061:History
14046:History
13940:Related
13473:Pacific
13322:Lorient
13312:Dunkirk
13218:Dunkirk
13102:Lorient
12698:Leaders
12542:Belgium
12470:Members
12293:Leaders
11904:Vercors
11857:Others:
11613:
11574:Battles
11399:Romania
11336:Germany
11329:Estonia
11315:Denmark
11294:Belgium
11287:Austria
11280:Albania
11141:Shumshu
10908:Hungary
10855:Estonia
10839:Lapland
10817:Dragoon
10750:Neptune
10732:Ichi-Go
10698:Tempest
10640:Changde
10595:Cottage
10487:Jubilee
10196:Finland
10094:Compass
9800:Prelude
9753:Finland
9639:Vietnam
9605:Romania
9477:Germany
9456:Estonia
9442:Denmark
9421:Belgium
9414:Austria
9407:Albania
9338:Ireland
9324:Andorra
9308:Neutral
9268:Romania
9202:Hungary
9187:Finland
9059:Romania
8951:Finland
8929:Denmark
8875:Belgium
8861:Algeria
8567:Romania
8553:Hungary
8309:Pacific
8033:General
7987:Leaders
7972:Battles
7965:Outline
7887:Denmark
7875:Austria
7518:Belgium
6224:, p 77.
5732:6 March
5682:bbm.org
5096:Gourock
5070:and in
4999:V-E day
4981:of the
4933:in the
4889:company
4721:treason
4693:Belfort
4463:Antwerp
4320:In the
4316:in 1944
4109:Gestapo
3962:Tunisia
3872:of the
3687:(FEC).
3535:at the
3353:removed
3338:sources
3209:Lebanon
2951:at the
2899:in Chad
2727:convoys
2715:Admiral
2684:Roselys
2672:Poulmic
2667:Surcouf
2514:Surcouf
2459:cockade
2438:In his
2389:with a
2216:), the
2204:Léopard
1982:Belgian
1813:at the
1724:Dunkirk
1700:Reynaud
1687:Prelude
1682:History
1556:Algiers
1379:during
1343:Oceania
1319:Crimson
1313:Réunion
1254:Dragoon
1248:Vercors
1209:Glières
1199:Corsica
1175:Tunisia
1001:Judaism
939:Economy
918:present
614:843–987
603:751–987
593:481–751
574:Francia
508:Ancient
386:•
373:•
358:•
341:•
328:•
315:•
225:Algiers
204:de jure
195:Capital
113:Anthem:
15036:Portal
14936:Cinema
14916:Anthem
14888:Racism
14866:People
14760:Mining
14735:Energy
14570:Rivers
14535:Cities
14467:May 68
14038:topics
14035:France
13817:May 68
13617:France
13571:Family
13547:career
13263:Bitche
13116:Lioran
13081:Rennes
12809:French
12572:Forces
12562:Norway
12454:Portal
12241:2nd DB
12182:Second
12103:Africa
12101:French
11970:Combat
11897:Maquis
11796:Brutus
11666:Combat
11594:Gazala
11580:Koufra
11392:Poland
11385:Norway
11357:Latvia
11343:Greece
11118:Debate
11090:Taipei
11083:Borneo
10661:Tarawa
9848:Europe
9809:Africa
9598:Poland
9584:Norway
9563:Malaya
9542:Latvia
9484:Greece
9470:France
9366:Sweden
9331:Bhutan
9052:Poland
9038:Norway
9010:Mexico
8977:Greece
8963:France
8901:Canada
8882:Brazil
8852:Allies
8798:Serbia
8787:Poland
8560:Poland
8546:Baltic
8339:Europe
8041:Topics
7993:Allied
7838:(1943)
7760:Poland
7730:Norway
7706:(1940)
7636:(1944)
7613:Greece
7575:France
7416:
7385:
7364:
7319:
7300:
7281:
7256:
7237:
7227:
7206:(1998)
7192:
7159:
7057:
6960:
6905:
6854:
6698:(1974)
6684:259995
6682:
6628:
6618:
6593:
6583:
6560:
6554:Rommel
6449:online
6316:
5809:6 July
5718:
5569:
5563:260024
5561:
5489:
5464:
5441:
5433:
5387:
5356:6 June
5303:
5078:Legacy
5007:Berlin
4908:Danube
4806:, the
4725:Verdun
4653:Milice
4640:and a
4568:. The
4508:Warsaw
4400:Toulon
4297:; the
4176:bocage
4162:, the
3946:, and
3924:Niemen
3896:groupe
3855:museum
3626:putsch
3487:Rommel
3165:Levant
3065:(near
2965:Fezzan
2558:-class
2509:Mimosa
2505:Alyssa
2431:, the
2395:emblem
2383:argent
2247:. The
2191:, and
2026:tried
1791:Pétain
1742:. The
1728:Calais
1676:Allies
1552:London
1533:, and
1487:, and
1373:France
1365:French
1260:Toulon
1181:Europe
1034:·
1032:
930:Topics
642:Valois
583:
521:
482:France
473:on the
275:
266:French
244:others
240:French
210:London
179:Status
115:
62:French
58:
14994:Sport
14979:Music
14974:Media
14831:Crime
14555:Lakes
13701:Paris
13288:Royan
13213:Royan
12902:Sept
12547:Italy
12465:Films
12175:First
11942:media
11913:Women
11350:Italy
11308:Czech
10894:Leyte
10724:Narva
10710:Anzio
10668:Makin
10626:Burma
10510:Torch
10479:Rzhev
10433:Kiska
9519:Korea
9505:Japan
9498:Italy
9380:Tibet
9359:Spain
9230:Italy
8991:Italy
8984:India
8908:China
8783:Japan
8383:Italy
8295:China
8247:Women
7127:(PDF)
7120:(PDF)
6680:JSTOR
5567:S2CID
5559:JSTOR
5545:. 3.
5439:S2CID
5229:Notes
4991:Reims
4853:in a
4843:Rhine
4715:took
4664:purge
4546:SHAEF
4420:Rhône
4272:FUSAG
4268:dummy
4156:D-Day
4024:from
3882:USAAF
3846:FAFL
3205:Syria
3098:junta
2957:Kufra
2953:oasis
2822:Dakar
2655:Rubis
2580:Rubis
2464:Rubis
2391:gules
2162:Béarn
2153:Béarn
2018:Vichy
1978:Dutch
1905:Nazis
1740:Lille
1503:Vichy
1485:India
1231:Paris
1193:Husky
1169:Torch
1153:Kufra
1141:Keren
1136:Gabon
1131:Dakar
1036:
996:Islam
954:LGBTQ
916:1958–
199:Paris
14954:Flag
14740:Euro
14638:LGBT
13974:Ngol
13959:and
13674:CFLN
13274:1945
13272:Apr
12923:1944
12921:Jan
12904:1943
12875:1942
12873:Nov
12840:1941
12838:Jun
12821:1940
12819:Nov
12099:Free
11617:List
11559:Navy
11500:DGER
11493:BCRA
10960:1945
10688:1944
10529:1943
10450:Blue
10440:Attu
10347:1942
10106:1941
9958:1940
9896:1939
9825:Asia
9672:POWs
9512:Jews
9223:Iraq
9149:Axis
9099:Tuva
8915:Cuba
8000:Axis
7414:ISBN
7383:ISBN
7362:ISBN
7317:ISBN
7298:ISBN
7279:ISBN
7254:ISBN
7235:OCLC
7225:ISBN
7190:ISBN
7168:2022
7157:ISSN
7135:2017
7095:2017
7055:ISBN
6958:ISBN
6903:ISBN
6852:ISBN
6833:2011
6821:Life
6765:2021
6626:OCLC
6616:ISBN
6591:OCLC
6581:ISBN
6558:ASIN
6401:2007
6314:ISBN
6208:2017
6182:2015
6120:2018
6062:2020
5966:2007
5912:2018
5811:2019
5734:2011
5716:ISBN
5620:2010
5487:ISBN
5462:ISBN
5431:ISSN
5385:ISBN
5358:2023
5301:ISBN
5102:The
4962:and
4822:and
4808:Alps
4770:and
4734:and
4610:The
4312:The
4150:The
4079:The
4057:and
3860:The
3742:and
3336:any
3334:cite
3207:and
3014:was
2602:Oran
2585:FNFL
2507:and
2467:and
2381:The
2270:and
2239:and
2134:The
2024:was
1899:via
1738:and
1665:Axis
1513:The
1407:Axis
1301:Alps
1238:Elba
164:See
87:Flag
14926:Art
14650:Law
13669:CNF
12610:5th
12605:4th
11827:Fer
11819:CLD
7083:BBC
6723:LDH
5551:doi
5423:doi
5381:604
5289:et
5110:in
5106:on
4872:of
4430:'s
4345:OSS
4341:SOE
4194:of
4186:at
3992:in
3417:to
3347:by
3301:.
3148:in
3108:).
3045:of
2955:of
2488:in
2423:by
2109:RAF
1964:'s
1863:In
1797:of
1554:to
1509:to
1423:in
1397:to
1214:Ist
949:Law
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13308::
13284::
13204::
13098::
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