37:
480:
An amendment in the Lords to address journalistic concerns by adding "a defence to show that the person engaged in the conduct in question was acting with a view to publication of material by a recognised news publisher" was defeated by a majority of 130 votes. The
Government responded to concerns by
382:
The purpose of this section is to allow prosecutions where a foreign intelligence service is providing a person with financial or other benefits, but where it is not possible to prove a link between the benefit provided and what the person has done – or is expected to do – in return, therefore making
301:
New provisions relating to prohibited places strengthen existing legislation in this area. It includes provisions covering entering, inspecting or being in the vicinity of these places and includes use of unmanned drones, electronic hacking or other modern remote methods. Additional police powers are
440:
Section 56 provides for an offence which is committed when an individual subject to a STPIM contravenes (without reasonable excuse) any measure specified in the notice. The maximum sentence for this offence is 5 years imprisonment. For breeching a measure preventing travel outside the United
Kingdom
341:
conducted for, or intended to benefit a foreign power, resulting in damage (including temporary damage) to any asset (tangible or intangible, including data and electronic systems) which is prejudicial to UK interests. It is intended to be a bespoke, modern offence to tackle state sponsored sabotage
50:
foreign powers; about the award of damages in proceedings relating to national security and the payment of damages at risk of being used for the purposes of terrorism; about the availability of legal aid to persons connected with terrorism; to amend the
Terrorism Act 2000; and for connected purposes.
378:
are introduced in section 17. The first is where a person obtains, accepts or retains a material benefit, and they knew, or ought reasonably to know, that this benefit was provided by or on behalf of a foreign intelligence service. The second offence is where a person agrees to accept (but does not
413:
A person detained under this section has a right to have a named person informed of their detention and to consult a solicitor. In specified circumstances (related to interference of an investigation) the exercise of these rights can be delayed. Biometric data collected during detention under this
365:
Activities "carried out for, or on behalf of, or intended to benefit, a foreign power" fall under this rubric. Foreign interference "is intended to sow discord, manipulate public discourse, discredit the political system, bias the development of policy, and undermine the safety or interests of the
512:
Sections 95 to 102 came into force on royal assent (11 July 2023). Sections 1 to 64 and sections 92 to 94, and schedules 1 to 12, 17 and 18 came into force on 20 December 2023, except that the repeal of section 9(1) of the
Official Secrets Act 1911 does not apply to offences committed before that
427:
Section 39 provides the
Secretary of State with the power to issue a notice putting in place restrictive measures to prevent a person's involvement in foreign power threat activity. These measures are described as "State Threats Prevention and Investigation Measures (STPIMs)" and their framework
391:
This is an offence which is committed when an individual engages in conduct in preparation for the commission of offences certain under other sections of the Act – including the offences covering protected information, trade secrets, prohibited places or sabotage – plus other conduct intended to
350:
The new offence of foreign interference aims to "create a more challenging operating environment for, and to deter and disrupt the activities of, foreign states who seek to undermine UK interests, our institutions, political system, or our rights, and ultimately prejudice our national security".
49:
An Act to make provision about threats to national security from espionage, sabotage and persons acting for foreign powers; about the extra-territorial application of Part 2 of the
Serious Crime Act 2007; for the registration of certain arrangements with, and activities of, specified persons and
253:
The act introduces new offences relating to espionage, prohibited places, sabotage, foreign interference, obtaining benefit from foreign intelligence services, and new powers of arrest and detention and search and seizure. It also introduces a
Foreign Influence Registration Scheme requiring the
449:
This section makes provision for powers of entry, search, seizure and retention in relation to individuals subject to a STPIM. The powers allow for entry and search of an individual's premises and the individual themselves at the time of serving the STPIM notice. They also provide for further
409:
Section 27 of the Act provides the police with the power to arrest and detain (without a warrant) any person suspected to be involved in foreign power threat activity for up to 48 hours initially. This initial period can be extended by a court to a maximum of 14 days detention. In exceptional
292:
The new offence of assisting a foreign intelligence service is committed where a person engages in conduct which is intended to or may materially assist a foreign intelligence service in carrying out UK-related activities. This offence was created to reduce the ability of foreign intelligence
305:
An example is given of "a person taking photographs of staff members as they enter or leave a prohibited place would commit the offence if they did so with a purpose that they knew, or ought reasonably to know, is prejudicial to the safety or interests of the United
Kingdom".
328:
has the power to designate additional sites as prohibited places through secondary legislation. This power has been used to designate places connected to the civil nuclear industry (including ships used to carry nuclear material) as additional prohibited places.
395:
A Home Office policy paper describes a military contractor with security clearance researching foreign diplomats in London, with the intention of sharing sensitive information in exchange for money, as a hypothetical example of a preparatory conduct offence.
3437:
366:
UK." There are also provisions targeting foreign interference in elections by increasing penalties for existing electoral offences when foreign interference is involved. The foreign interference offence carries a maximum sentence of 14 years.
288:
The new offence of obtaining or disclosing trade secrets relates to the disclosure to a foreign power of a UK trade secret (defined in s.2(2)). The maximum penalty is a term of imprisonment not exceeding 14 years and/or a fine.
930:
1045:
639:
302:
provided for ordering a person to cease their activity or move away from the place. Failure to comply with these police powers is an offence with a maximum penalty of three months imprisonment.
1730:
219:
In a press release, the government stated that "The new powers will help ensure that the UK remains the hardest operating environment for malign activity undertaken by foreign actors", quoting
453:
In addition, a power to retain items allows for items found to be tested, retained and used as evidence. With the exception of searches for compliance purposes, no warrant is required.
392:
benefit a foreign state which involve serious violence, endangerment of life or serious risk to the public. Preparatory acts include where another person will commit the act itself.
285:
personnel training foreign militaries was an example of conduct which could involve "disclosing protected information" and would therefore constitute an offence under this section.
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
700:
481:
modifying the wording of certain offences, including amendments to replace 'reasonably possibly may' with 'likely to', with the intention of clarifying the scope of offences.
88:
60:
230:
The core measures put in place by the act came into force on 20 December 2023 and were described at the time as "the most significant reform of espionage law in a century".
477:, deputy chair of Telegraph newspapers, told the House of Lords that he was concerned the draft legislation could “potentially criminalise” reporters and whistleblowers.
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receive) these material benefits. Where material benefits are obtained, the maximum sentence is 14 years, when they are merely accepted it is 10 years.
3525:
273:
The offence of obtaining or disclosing protected information replaces provisions in prior
Official Secrets Acts, and increases the maximum sentence to
3490:
2239:
3627:
3562:
3518:
227:
as saying "The
National Security Act is a game changing update to our powers. We now have a modern set of laws to tackle today’s threats."
3465:
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1931:
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1269:
1217:
1083:
996:
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55:
3606:
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485:
278:
84:
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2259:
1177:
484:
The act has been criticised in Chinese media outlets, which claimed that it was comparable to or stricter than the
209:
680:
610:
3485:
756:
414:
section can be retained for a maximum of 5 years in total, regardless of if a person is charged or acquitted.
3589:
309:
As originally introduced, the Bill did not include places owned, controlled or used for the functions of the
812:
500:
The bill was introduced as number 7 for the 2022-23 session, receiving its first reading on 11 May 2022 and
3543:
1262:
701:"Former Armed Forces personnel training foreign militaries could be prosecuted under National Security Act"
590:
784:
321:
in the set of prohibited places. These were added when the Bill was amended in the Public Bill Committee.
293:
agencies to carry out hostile activities against the UK, extending beyond traditional espionage activity.
314:
216:
national security against espionage, interference in the political system, sabotage, and assassination.
1345:
567:
254:
registration of arrangements for political influence activities in the UK directed by a foreign power.
450:
searches relating to suspicion of absconding, for compliance purposes and for public safety purposes.
441:
a sentence of 10 years imprisonment can be imposed and the grounds of reasonable excuse are excluded.
3584:
1278:
540:
534:
528:
522:
242:
238:
234:
187:
156:
151:
146:
931:"Obtaining a material benefit from a foreign intelligence service: National Security Bill factsheet"
1947:
1292:
410:
circumstances the maximum detention period can be extended to 28 days using emergency legislation.
465:
sessions and information gained from these sessions can be shared with the intelligence services.
1255:
1074:"National Security Act 2023 (Prevention and Investigation Measures) (Polygraph) Regulations 2023"
1046:"State threats prevention and investigation measures (STPIMs): National Security Bill factsheet"
180:
3402:
1806:
205:
3422:
2231:
546:
44:
461:
Individuals subject to an STPIM can be required by the Secretary of State to participate in
3428:
3413:
1297:
351:
Three conditions which must all be met in order for the prosecution to be successful are:
8:
3497:
1833:
375:
1124:
3408:
1212:
1208:"National Security Act 2023 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provision) Regulations 2023"
1078:
991:
986:
845:
191:
133:
3451:
1717:
1312:
1105:"National security bill may have 'chilling effect' on investigative journalism in UK"
659:
274:
115:
3599:
3554:
3535:
651:
369:
3594:
1207:
1185:
1073:
840:
489:
428:
largely replicates the existing Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (
282:
173:
3424:
342:
conducted against the UK. The offence carries a sentence of life imprisonment.
325:
213:
75:
473:
There were concerns about the impact of the bill on investigative journalism.
3621:
663:
358:
the conduct must be in some way illegitimate, for example coercive behaviour;
267:
190:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1109:
501:
224:
105:
640:"'State threats', security, and democracy: the National Security Act 2023"
383:
it difficult to prove that the person has committed an espionage offence.
1302:
1241:
685:
266:: obtaining or disclosing protected information, obtaining or disclosing
71:
1178:"Is the UK's new security act comparable with Hong Kong's security law?"
841:"National Security (Prohibited Places) (Civil Nuclear) Regulations 2023"
655:
3476:
474:
462:
263:
338:
1018:"Powers of arrest and detention: National Security Bill factsheet"
1247:
374:
Two new offences relating to obtaining material benefits from a
370:
Obtaining a material benefit from a foreign intelligence service
1154:
1050:
1022:
963:
935:
907:
876:
733:
705:
615:
595:
572:
813:"National Security Bill (as amended in Public Bill Committee)"
89:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department
1142:
492:
stated these claims as misleading for lacking wider context.
355:
the accused person's conduct must be towards a certain goal;
1010:
951:
429:
318:
757:"NATIONAL SECURITY BILL EXPLANATORY NOTES (as introduced)"
729:"Prohibited places: National Security Bill 2022 factsheet"
1150:"Journalistic freedoms: National Security Bill factsheet"
310:
220:
903:"Foreign interference: National Security Bill factsheet"
721:
417:
959:"Preparatory conduct: National Security Bill factsheet"
923:
404:
212:
which introduced new measures intended to strengthen
361:
the conduct must meet the "foreign power condition".
3552:
675:
673:
864:
591:"News story – National Security Bill becomes law"
3619:
270:, and assisting a foreign intelligence service.
670:
1038:
495:
2266:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1263:
805:
3466:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
987:"National Security Act 2023: Section 27"
897:
895:
872:"Sabotage: National Security Bill factsheet"
611:"New national security laws come into force"
585:
583:
262:The act contains three offences relating to
79:
3502:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
777:
3526:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
1270:
1256:
92:
892:
580:
568:"Collection – National Security Act 2023"
2264:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
785:"National Security Bill (as introduced)"
749:
603:
543:– repealed and replaced by the NSA 2023.
537:– repealed and replaced by the NSA 2023.
531:– repealed and replaced by the NSA 2023.
345:
3628:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2023
3620:
386:
188:Text of the National Security Act 2023
3514:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
1251:
637:
418:Prevention and investigation measures
181:Text of statute as originally enacted
174:History of passage through Parliament
3585:United Kingdom statutory instruments
337:The act introduces a new offence of
296:
1125:"National Security Bill Division 2"
405:Section 27 (Arrest without warrant)
13:
1277:
456:
14:
3639:
1235:
681:"National Security Act Factsheet"
233:The act repeals and replaces the
210:Parliament of the United Kingdom
35:
3486:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
1200:
1170:
1117:
1097:
1066:
979:
833:
507:
486:Hong Kong national security law
3590:Scottish statutory instruments
693:
631:
560:
277:from 14 years previously. The
1:
3607:Church of England instruments
1286:Pre-parliamentary legislation
553:
444:
435:
422:
399:
1317:the Kingdom of Great Britain
549:– equivalent US legislation.
468:
376:foreign intelligence service
257:
7:
525:– companion UK legislation.
516:
496:Progress through Parliament
332:
315:Secret Intelligence Service
167:Status: Current legislation
10:
3644:
248:
202:National Security Act 2023
120:20 December 2023 (in part)
25:National Security Act 2023
21:United Kingdom legislation
16:United Kingdom legislation
3575:
3534:
3474:
3450:
2258:
2229:
1945:Acts of Parliament of the
1944:
1924:
1323:
1311:
1285:
999:, 2023 c. 32 (s. 27)
541:Official Secrets Act 1939
535:Official Secrets Act 1920
529:Official Secrets Act 1911
523:Official Secrets Act 1989
243:Official Secrets Act 1939
239:Official Secrets Act 1920
235:Official Secrets Act 1911
186:
179:
172:
165:
157:Official Secrets Act 1939
152:Official Secrets Act 1920
147:Official Secrets Act 1911
139:
129:
124:
114:
104:
99:
67:
54:
43:
34:
29:
2262:of the United Kingdom of
1948:Kingdom of Great Britain
1293:List of English statutes
85:The Lord Sharpe of Epsom
1731:Interregnum (1642–1660)
638:Scott, Paul F. (2024).
1925:Parliament of Scotland
3577:Secondary legislation
2232:Parliament of Ireland
1324:Parliament of England
1242:National Security Act
1218:The National Archives
1084:The National Archives
997:The National Archives
851:The National Archives
547:Espionage Act of 1917
3498:Acts of Senedd Cymru
3429:European Communities
1298:Charter of Liberties
346:Foreign interference
3403:Halsbury's Statutes
1315:of states preceding
1313:Acts of parliaments
1188:. 14 September 2023
1182:Asia Fact Check Lab
709:. 17 September 2023
656:10.1017/lst.2023.39
387:Preparatory conduct
281:stated that former
279:Ministry of Defence
26:
3409:Legislation.gov.uk
2260:Acts of Parliament
1213:legislation.gov.uk
1113:. 11 January 2023.
1079:legislation.gov.uk
992:legislation.gov.uk
846:legislation.gov.uk
619:. 20 December 2023
326:Secretary of State
223:Director General,
192:legislation.gov.uk
134:Terrorism Act 2000
24:
3615:
3614:
3600:Acts of Adjournal
3571:
3570:
3563:1972–2009/2015–16
3536:Orders in Council
3452:Church of England
3446:
3445:
1940:
1939:
1807:Habeas Corpus Act
1718:Petition of Right
504:on 11 July 2023.
297:Prohibited places
275:life imprisonment
198:
197:
125:Other legislation
30:Act of Parliament
3635:
3595:Acts of Sederunt
3555:Northern Ireland
3550:
3549:
3423:relating to the
3420:
3419:
1321:
1320:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:at parliament.uk
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1004:
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311:Security Service
94:
81:
39:
38:
27:
23:
3643:
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3636:
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3611:
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3475:Legislation of
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3418:
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2767:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2225:
1946:
1936:
1920:
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1307:
1281:
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1238:
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1206:
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1201:
1191:
1189:
1186:Radio Free Asia
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689:. 11 July 2023.
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1236:External links
1234:
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1220:, SI 2023/1272
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1158:. 13 July 2023
1141:
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1086:, SI 2023/1249
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214:United Kingdom
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1129:UK Parliament
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3479:institutions
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2230:Acts of the
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1303:Magna Carta
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1192:30 December
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1030:30 December
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857:30 December
713:30 December
686:Home Office
623:30 December
72:Priti Patel
3427:(formerly
554:References
445:Section 57
436:Section 56
423:Section 39
400:Provisions
45:Long title
2250:1751–1800
2245:1701–1750
2041:1760–1764
2036:1755–1759
2031:1750–1754
2026:1745–1749
2021:1740–1744
2016:1735–1739
2011:1730–1734
2006:1725–1729
2001:1720–1724
1996:1715–1719
1373:1422–1460
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1162:19 August
1134:19 August
971:19 August
943:19 August
915:19 August
884:19 August
741:19 August
664:0261-3875
475:Guy Black
469:Criticism
463:polygraph
264:espionage
258:Espionage
3622:Category
3477:devolved
3454:measures
517:See also
339:sabotage
333:Sabotage
56:Citation
2240:to 1700
1932:to 1707
825:21 July
797:21 July
769:21 July
249:The act
208:of the
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513:date.
130:Amends
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100:Dates
93:Lords
63:c. 32
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