Net zero emissions

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been moves to create better regulation. The United Nations has operated a certification process for carbon offsets since 2001. This is called the Clean Development Mechanism. It aims to stimulate "sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets." The UK Government's Climate Change Committee says reported emissions reductions or removals may have happened anyway or. not last into the future. This is despite an improvement in standards globally and in the UK.

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is important to state explicitly whether emissions are counted at the location of production or consumption. This helps to prevent double counting. The lengthy manufacturing chains of a globalised market might make this challenging. There are additional challenges with looking at renewable energy systems and electric vehicle batteries. This is because the necessary embodied energy and other effects of raw material extraction are often significant when measuring life-cycle emissions. However the local emissions at the place they are used may be small.

956: 2001: 968: 6168: 6156: 1216: 944: 346: 6192: 6180: 882:.This is in order to "support equity and global transition to a net zero economy, and any subsequent UN global goals which supersede the 2030 SDGs." The UNFCCC's Race to Zero campaign says emissions reductions and removals should "safeguard the rights of the most vulnerable people and communities". It says that organizations should disclose how they will support communities affected by climate impacts and climate transition. 306:. Radiative forcing is the change in the Earth's energy balance that they cause. However, these potent but short-lived gases will drive temperatures higher in the short term. This could possibly push the rise in temperature past the 1.5 °C threshold much earlier. A comprehensive net-zero emissions target would include all greenhouse gases. This would ensure that the world would also urgently reduce non-CO 683:

The lack of an enforcement mechanism surrounding these claims means that many are dubious. In many sectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals, the pathway to reaching net zero in terms of technology remains unclear. Further investment in research and innovation and further regulation will probably be necessary if net zero claims are to become more credible.

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says that residual emissions across most sectors should fall between 5-10% of an organization's baseline emissions. It should be even lower for some sectors with competitive alternatives like the power sector. Sectors such as heavy manufacturing where it is harder to mitigate emissions will probably have a higher percentage of residual emissions by 2050.

137:. Many countries and organizations are setting net zero targets. As of November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global 565:

To achieve net zero, actors are encouraged to set net zero targets for 2050 or earlier. Long-term net zero targets should be supplemented by interim targets for every one to five years. The UN, UNFCCC, ISO, and SBTi all say that organizations should prioritize early, front-loaded emissions reduction.

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Loose regulation of claims by carbon offsetting schemes combined with the difficulties in calculating greenhouse gas sequestration and emissions reductions has also given rise to criticism. This argument is that this can result in schemes that do not adequately offset emissions in reality. There have

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Some authors say that carbon neutrality strategies focus only on carbon dioxide, but net zero includes all greenhouse gases. However some publications, such as the national strategy of France, use the term "carbon neutral" to mean net reductions of all greenhouse gases. The United States has pledged

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Cities and countries pose a challenge when it comes to calculating emissions. This is because the production of products and services within their boundaries might be linked to either internal consumption or exports. At the same time the population also consumes imported products and services. So it

451:, Kevin Smith likened carbon offsets to medieval indulgences. He said they allowed people to pay "offset companies to absolve them of their carbon sins." He said this permits a "business as usual" attitude that stifles required major changes. Many people have criticized offsets for playing a part in 440:

projects. Avoided emissions offsets result from actions that reduce emissions relative to a baseline or status quo. But they do not remove emissions from the atmosphere. Weak standards such as ISO and BSI "carbon neutrality" standards allow organizations to use avoided-emissions carbon credits. They

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Experts and net zero frameworks disagree over the exact percentage of residual emissions that may be allowed. Most guidance suggests this should be limited to a small fraction of total emissions. Sector-specific and geographical factors would determine how much. The Science Based Targets initiative

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To date, 27 countries have enacted domestic net zero legislation. These are laws that legislatures have passed that contain net zero targets or equivalent. There is currently no national regulation in place that legally requires companies based in that country to achieve net zero. Several countries,

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in order to compensate for emissions made elsewhere. Many fossil fuel companies have made commitments to be net zero by 2050. At the same time they continue to increase greenhouse gas emissions by extracting and producing fossil fuels. They claim that they will use carbon credits and carbon capture

682:

More and more nations and private and public-sector organizations are committing to net zero. But the credibility of these claims remains low. There is no binding regulation requiring a transition to net zero. So the overwhelming majority of net zero commitments have been made on a voluntary basis.

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The Race to Zero scheme outlines a set of criteria called the 'starting line', which is "the very minimum procedural requirements for a decent pledge", says Lang. The criteria include having a pledge, plan and published evidence of action taken towards reaching the target. Most states, regions or

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The concept of net zero has attracted criticism for the impact it could have on equity and distribution. The use of removals or carbon credits for offsetting has been particularly controversial. This is because of the possibility that offset projects themselves could have harmful effects. The ISO

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Since 2015, there has been significant growth in the number of actors pledging net zero emissions. Many standards have emerged that interpret the net zero concept and aim to measure progress towards net zero targets. Some of these standards are more robust than others. Some people have criticized

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economist Marc Lee said that net zero had the potential to be a dangerous distraction that reduced political pressure to reduce emissions. "A net zero target means less incentive to get to 'real zero' emissions from fossil fuels, an escape hatch that perpetuates business as usual and delays more

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The guidance from standards institutions says that organizations should choose a base year to measure emissions reductions against. This should be representative of their typical greenhouse gas profile. They should explain the choice of baseline and how they will account for changes in conditions

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means that removals must store greenhouse gases for the same period as the lifetime of the GHG emissions they balance. For example, methane has a lifetime of around 12 years in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide lasts between 300 and 1,000 years. Accordingly, removals that balance carbon dioxide must

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A consortium of climate scientists has tracked net zero commitments. Their research found that net pledges drafted in law or policy documentation have grown from 7% of countries in 2020 to 75% in 2023. However, very few have met the minimum requirements for a "decent pledge". The UN Race to Zero

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Corporate net zero targets vary in how widely they cover emissions related to the company's activities. This can greatly affect the volume of emissions that are counted. Some oil companies, for instance, claim that their operations (Scopes 1 and 2) produce net zero emissions. These claims do not

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at reducing emissions from 1988 to 2021, they said they " at the painful realisation that the idea of net zero has licensed a recklessly cavalier 'burn now, pay later' approach which has seen carbon emissions continue to soar". They concluded: "Current net zero policies will not keep warming to

548:

Scope 3 emission sources include emissions from suppliers and product users (also known as the "value chain"). Transportation of goods, and other indirect emissions are also part of this scope. Scope 3 emissions were estimated to represent 75% of all emissions reported to the Carbon Disclosure

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On average, approximately 29% of companies in EU member states have formulated a respective target to achieve net zero or have already reached this goal. However, these numbers can vary significantly across different industries, countries, and firm sizes. External pressures, such as companies'

473:

Most of the carbon credits on the voluntary market today do not meet UN, UNFCCC, ISO or SBTi standards for permanent carbon dioxide removals. So significant investment in carbon capture and permanent geological storage will probably be necessary to achieve net-zero targets by mid-century.

510:. Non-state actors include cities, regional governments, financial institutions, and corporations. One of these is not financing new fossil fuel development. Another is supporting strong climate policy. And another is ensuring that business activities and investments do not contribute to 742:

within 1.5 °C because they were never intended to. They were and still are driven by a need to protect business as usual, not the climate. If we want to keep people safe then large and sustained cuts to carbon emissions need to happen now. The time for wishful thinking is over."

729:, and Wolfgang Knorr argue that the concept of net zero has been harmful for emissions reductions. This is because it allows actors to defer present-day emissions reductions by relying on future, unproved technological fixes. Examples are carbon offsetting, carbon dioxide removal and 533:

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is a group of standards that are the most common in GHG accounting. These standards reflect a number of accounting principles. They include relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy. The standards divide emissions into three scopes:

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As of November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global

1291:

Fankhauser, Sam; Smith, Stephen M.; Allen, Myles; Axelsson, Kaya; Hale, Thomas; Hepburn, Cameron; Kendall, J. Michael; Khosla, Radhika; Lezaun, Javier; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Obersteiner, Michael; Rajamani, Lavanya; Rickaby, Rosalind; Seddon, Nathalie; Wetzer, Thom (2022).

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Many companies often claim a commitment to reach net zero emissions by the year 2050. These promises are often made at the corporate level. Both governments and international agencies encourage businesses to contribute to a national, or international, net zero pledge. The

2840:

Hua, Fangyuan; Bruijnzeel, L. Adrian; Meli, Paula; Martin, Philip A.; Zhang, Jun; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Miao, Xinran; Wang, Weiyi; McEvoy, Christopher; Peña-Arancibia, Jorge Luis; Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Smith, Pete; Edwards, David P.; Balmford, Andrew (20 May 2022).

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Robust net zero standards require actors to reduce their own emissions as much as possible following science-based pathways. They must then balance their residual emissions using removals and offsets. This typically involves shifting from fossil fuels to

353:

A given actor may plan to achieve net zero emissions through a combination of approaches. These would include (1) actions to reduce their own emissions, (2) actions to reduce the emissions of others (third parties), and (3) actions to directly

313:

Some targets aim to reach net zero emissions only for carbon dioxide. Others aim to reach net zero emissions of all greenhouse gases. Robust net zero standards state that all greenhouse gases should be covered by a given actor's targets.

156:

emissions are covered by some sort of net zero target, credible targets cover only 7% of emissions. This low credibility reflects a lack of binding regulation. It is also due to the need for continued innovation and investment to make

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are not left behind in the transition to renewable energy. The green transition is a top priority for Europe. The EU Member States want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels, and become climate neutral by

257:

in the atmosphere would decline. This would be at a rate just fast enough to compensate for this deep ocean adjustment. The result would be approximately constant global average surface temperatures over decades or centuries.

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Strong standards such as the ISO and BSI "net zero" standards only allow removal-based offsets that have the same permanence as the greenhouse gases that they balance. The term for this concept is "like for like" removals.

336:

are often used as if they mean the same thing. In some contexts, however, they have different meanings from each other. The sections below explain this. People often use these terms without rigorous standard definitions.

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One of the main reasons for the low credibility of many net zero claims is their heavy reliance on carbon credits. Carbon credits are often used for offsetting. They reduce or remove emissions of carbon dioxide or other

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They say they should aim to halve emissions by 2030. Specific emissions reduction targets and pathways may look different for different sectors. Some may be able to decarbonize more quickly and easily than others.

803:

and provided 10 recommendations to ensure greater credibility and accountability for carbon neutrality pledges such as requiring non-state actors to publicly disclose and report verifiable information (e.g.

4616: 3383: 3687: 4238: 4066: 869:) by the recommendations of the UN report and found that many these pledges were largely unsubstantiated and more than half of cities had no plan for tracking and reporting compliance with pledges. 466:

There has also been criticisms of non-native and monocultural forest plantations as carbon offsets. This is because of their "limited—and at times negative—effects on native biodiversity" and other

3757: 4500: 3653: 733:. "The problems come when it is assumed that these can be deployed at vast scale. This effectively serves as a blank cheque for the continued burning of fossil fuels and the acceleration of 614:

Leading standards and guidance allow official accreditation bodies to certify products as carbon neutral but not as net zero. The rationale behind this is that until organizations and their

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the Presidency has set a goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% to 52% compared to 2005 levels by 2030, a carbon free power sector by 2035, and for the entire economy to be net zero by

349:

The terms 'carbon neutral' and 'net zero' are often used interchangeably by politicians, businesses and scientists. Some experts use the terms differently, as illustrated by this graphic.

598:. This should include all organizations they have financed, invested in, or insured. Countries and regions should include both territorial emissions released within their boundaries and 302:

does. Therefore there is no need to reduce them to zero to halt global warming. This is because reductions in emissions of short-lived gases cause an immediate decline in the resulting

926:. However, according to the World Resources Institute, all of these countries have net positive greenhouse gas emissions. These countries generally have a high level of forestation. 3980: 3987: 697:

campaign calls them "starting line criteria". This states that they must have a "plan and published evidence of action taken towards reaching the target" besides a stated pledge.

249:

emissions could continue. However global average surface temperatures would continue to increase for many centuries due to the gradual adjustment of deep ocean temperatures. If CO

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by 2050 and to demonstrate that economies will develop without increasing resource usage. However, the Green Deal has measures to ensure that nations that are already reliant on

3030: 1806:

Allen, Myles R.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Girardin, Cécile A.J.; Jenkins, Stuart; Malhi, Yadvinder; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Peters, Glen P.; Rajamani, Lavanya (17 October 2022).

538:

Scope 1 covers all direct GHG emissions within a corporate boundary (owned or controlled by a company). It includes fuel burned by the company, use of company vehicles, and

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voted in 2022 to draft new rules banning gas furnaces and water heaters, and requiring zero emission appliances in 2030. By 2022, four states have gas bans in new buildings.

545:

Scope 2 covers indirect GHG emissions from consumption of purchased electricity, heat, cooling or steam. As of 2010, at least one third of global GHG emissions are Scope 2.

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The International Monetary Fund estimates that compared to current government policies, shifting policies to bring emissions to net zero by 2050 would result in global

554:

cover the emissions produced when the oil is burned by its customers, which are 70 - 90% of oil-related emissions. This is because they count as Scope 3 emissions.

152:

Net zero claims vary enormously in how credible they are, but most have low credibility despite the increasing number of commitments and targets. While 61% of global

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is a British standard for measuring carbon neutrality. According to these standards, carbon neutrality is a short-term target, and net zero is a longer-term target.

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The idea of net zero emissions is often confused with "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere". This is a term that dates from the 1992

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says that global investment in low carbon substitutes for fossil fuels needs to reach US$ 4 trillion annually by 2030 for the world to get to net zero by 2050.

1027: 654:

Percentage change in world GDP in a net zero scenario. The solid line shows the increase in GDP that would result from efforts to reduce emissions to net zero.

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exposure to risks associated with climate change and its perception as a problem, can influence a company's ambition to adopt specific targets and strategies.

4144: 1781: 662:(GDP) being 7 percent higher. In its estimates, the cost of emissions reductions in 2050 is less than 2% of world GDP, and the cost savings from reducing the 5909: 3375: 492: 224: 3679: 3517: 2498: 4074: 3820: 3749: 5345: 5161: 4357: 3922: 5340: 4342: 4223: 3720: 141:, 88% of emissions, and 89% of the world population. 65% of the largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among 3305: 5208: 4287:"Cabinet approves India's Updated Nationally Determined Contribution to be communicated to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 3897: 3645: 3787: 2761: 678:

Status of net-zero carbon emissions targets as of October, 2023 . The inclusion criteria for net-zero commitments may vary from country to country.

1756: 5188: 5135: 3080: 690: 3615: 4461:"Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: current status, future prospects, challenges, employment, and investment opportunities" 4310: 496: 447:

has been criticized on several fronts. One important concern is that offsets may delay active emissions reductions. In a 2007 report from the

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technology in order to continue extracting and burning fossil fuels. The UN has condemned such pledges as dangerous examples of greenwashing.

506:

The "United Nations High-Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities" has made several recommendations for

4844: 3201: 1161: 972: 862: 762: 1890: 326:

Countries, local governments, corporations, and financial institutions may all announce pledges for achieving to reach net zero emissions.

202: 5077: 1483: 750:

meaningful climate action," he said. "Rather than gambling on carbon removal technologies of the future, Canada should plan for a managed

4961: 3255:"Determinants of firms' initiative and inertia in pursuing climate neutrality strategies—Theoretical explanations and empirical evidence" 3220:"Determinants of firms' initiative and inertia in pursuing climate neutrality strategies—Theoretical explanations and empirical evidence" 2707: 831: 4119: 5230: 5178: 4583: 4385: 3420:

cities that have made pledges have not met the starting line criteria. "We saw no movement whatsoever" in almost every case, says Lang.

3176: 991:(EU) climate neutral in 2050. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the 777: 3786:(Report). NewClimate Institute/Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit/University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/University of Oxford. 318:

to achieve "net zero" emissions by 2050. As of March 2021 it had not specified which greenhouse gases will be included in its target.

50:: Since many climate pledges are not backed by policies, policies announced as of 2022 would limit temperature rise to around 2.5°C. 6109: 5225: 4800: 2149: 599: 198: 618:

are on track for net zero, allowing a product to claim to be net zero at this point would be disingenuous and lead to greenwashing.

118:

with the same meaning. However, in some cases, these terms have different meanings from each other. For example, some standards for

5440: 5151: 4869: 4646: 2102: 130:

require reducing emissions to more than 90% and then only offsetting the remaining 10% or less to fall in line with 1.5°C targets.

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by April 2023, 22 states, plus Washington DC and Puerto Rico had set legislative or executive targets for clean power production.

770: 720: 3551: 3009: 2473: 2316: 382:

publish "carbon neutrality" standards that have higher tolerance for residual emissions than "net zero" standards. For example,

5445: 5408: 5262: 5247: 5156: 4805: 4749: 3105: 1425: 1157: 1150: 1087: 86:). To reach net zero targets requires actions to reduce emissions. One example would be by shifting from fossil fuel energy to 2965: 6104: 5242: 3124: 2978: 2737: 1709: 42:'s proposal for reducing energy-related emissions to net zero by 2050 is consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5°C. 6126: 5072: 5067: 827: 4215: 1782:"Federal Act on Climate Protection Goals, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security - Climate Change Laws of the World" 1130:

The Sustainable Energy Policy, which sets out the government's policies to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.

6218: 5607: 5385: 5203: 5125: 5115: 5098: 5005: 4812: 5130: 3589: 6228: 6036: 5897: 5854: 5350: 2676: 1117: 6223: 5963: 5839: 5656: 4849: 4572:

FACT SHEET: President Biden to Catalyze Global Climate Action through the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate

2651: 1075: 826:

After the release of the report, Net Zero Tracker, a research consortium that includes the NewClimate Institute, the

2634: 1735: 6196: 5834: 5814: 5761: 5713: 4765: 3955: 500: 3329: 2291: 1680: 1652: 693:, has criticized net zero claims by fossil fuel companies, describing them "delusional and based on bad science". 5953: 5904: 5330: 5292: 5237: 4697: 4524: 4239:"India: Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022, Allowing for a Carbon Credit Trading System, Comes into Force" 2951: 4436: 193:. This stated that the world must "achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by 6021: 5305: 5052: 3812: 1430: 1234: 1198: 2523: 1102:

India has set a goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and for the entire economy to be net zero by

898:

According to World Population Review, a number of countries have net zero, or net negative carbon emissions:

6131: 5666: 5198: 1030:

was passed, which legislated that greenhouse gas emissions should be 55% lower in 2030 compared to 1990. The

879: 557:

Robust net zero standards require Scope 3 emissions to be counted, but "carbon neutrality" standards do not.

295: 194: 67: 3867: 3709: 3331: 3287:

Huovila, A., Siikavirta, H., Antuña Rozado, C., Rökman, J., Tuominen, P., Paiho, S., Hedman, Å., Ylén, P.: "

2103:

United Nations’ High‑Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities (2022).

1034:

package is a large set of proposed legislation detailing how the European Union plans to reach this target.

82:

refers to emissions of all greenhouse gases, and in others it refers only to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO

6114: 5786: 5315: 5310: 5215: 5082: 4639: 1624: 1597: 1014:, stated that the European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the moon moment". On 13 December 2019, the 626: 2920: 1194:

with gas or diesel) by 2035 in light duty vehicles, and no longer be bought by federal government by 2027.

5325: 5168: 3779: 1989: 1239: 1110: 571: 197:

of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century". The term "net zero" gained popularity after the

39: 842:

issued a report evaluating the climate neutrality pledges of 116 of 713 regional governments, of 241 of

765:(COP27), the High-Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities of the 46:: Net-zero pledges and other pledges to reduce emissions would limit temperature rise to around 1.7°C. 6184: 5948: 5751: 5708: 5481: 5403: 5257: 1134: 1071: 1064: 738: 444: 409: 399: 294:

assume that some of these emissions such as methane from farming are harder to phase out. Emissions of

123: 91: 4334: 2843:"The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches" 2343: 371:

sources. Residual emissions are emissions that are not practical to reduce for technological reasons.

6053: 5728: 5703: 5676: 5638: 5555: 5373: 5220: 5173: 4923: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4067:"€33 trillion investor group: strong EU climate targets key to economic recovery & future growth" 3453: 3433: 1264: 663: 253:

emissions that result directly from human activities are reduced to net zero, the concentration of CO

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The Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy (LTLEDS), which outlines India's long-term vision for

6063: 6058: 6048: 5989: 5829: 5335: 5300: 5183: 5110: 4951: 4780: 4716: 4677: 4409: 3332:"Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions" 2816:"United Nations online platform for voluntary cancellation of certified emission reductions (CERs)" 1454: 805: 17: 1653:"Big companies keep increasing their climate commitments—especially when governments tell them to" 674: 517:

65% of the largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among

6172: 6094: 6004: 5746: 5718: 5398: 5047: 5025: 4632: 3710:

Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions

2106:

Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions

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are neutral compared to the absorption of carbon dioxide, and often called "net zero". Like the

1082:

are neutral compared to the absorption of carbon dioxide, and often called "net zero". Like the

173:

The idea of net zero came out of research in the late 2000s into how the atmosphere, oceans and

5771: 5591: 5533: 5450: 5435: 5320: 4956: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 2609: 2212: 892: 659: 405: 395: 355: 138: 71: 2104: 6160: 5806: 5683: 5491: 4941: 4864: 2584: 1710:"More companies setting 'net-zero' climate targets, but few have credible plans, report says" 1298: 1221: 796: 751: 591: 522: 146: 3492:"Exclusive: How just 25 oil companies are set to blow the world's 1.5 °C carbon budget" 3055: 145:

companies, the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and

5999: 5877: 5538: 5103: 5030: 2854: 2429: 2389: 2355: 2032: 1927: 1370: 1307: 1011: 839: 816: 521:

companies the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and

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Carbon credits can also fund initiatives that aim to avoid emissions. One example would be

229: 205:

in 2018, this report stated that "Reaching and sustaining net zero global anthropogenic CO

2157: 2005: 2000: 1914:

Solomon, Susan; Plattner, Gian-Kasper; Knutti, Reto; Friedlingstein, Pierre (2009-02-10).

1824: 1807: 1531: 30: 8: 6016: 5791: 5015: 5010: 4166: 4009: 1988:

Levin, Kelly; Fransen, Taryn; Schumer, Clea; Davis, Chantal; Boehm, Sophie (2023-03-20).

1037: 1023: 996: 984: 980: 936: 866: 734: 595: 3330:

UN High‑Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non‑State Entities.

3001: 2859: 2732:. Oscar Reyes, Timothy Byakola, Carbon Trade Watch. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute. 2433: 2359: 2045: 2036: 2020: 2004: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 1931: 1374: 1311: 1026:

voted to support the deal as well, with requests for higher ambition. A year later, the

773: 5844: 5776: 5693: 5543: 5508: 5460: 5455: 5020: 3254: 3219: 2900: 2455: 1958: 1915: 1847: 1244: 1040:'s climate change strategy, launched in 2020, is focused on a promise to make Europe a 820: 577:

Some analyses have raised concerns that net zero cannot be achieved worldwide by 2050.

368: 87: 6078: 5741: 5486: 5252: 5035: 4998: 4785: 4739: 4482: 4190: 4143:

Jaeger, Carlo; Mielke, Jahel; Schütze, Franziska; Teitge, Jonas; Wolf, Sarah (2021).

3930: 3525: 3406: 3270: 3235: 2974: 2905: 2892: 2884: 2743: 2733: 2459: 2447: 2371: 2050: 1963: 1945: 1851: 1839: 1404: 1396: 1173: 1095: 1041: 812: 780: 539: 467: 303: 283: 213: 4501:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan | BEE | Department of Heavy Industry (DHI)" 3349:"Steel, cement, chemicals: How industry heavyweights aim to become climate friendly" 6121: 5688: 5671: 5612: 5503: 5267: 4981: 4854: 4790: 4472: 4042: 3448: 3262: 3227: 2874: 2864: 2437: 2363: 2040: 1953: 1935: 1829: 1819: 1487: 1386: 1378: 1315: 1229: 1165: 1079: 1015: 992: 809: 788: 437: 227:. The two concepts are not the same. This is because the carbon cycle continuously 4549:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 | ESCAP Policy Documents Management" 1891:"Explainer: Will global warming 'stop' as soon as net-zero emissions are reached?" 6073: 5994: 5958: 5887: 5861: 5849: 5766: 5698: 5573: 5430: 5042: 4993: 4971: 4548: 1124: 755: 686: 507: 190: 158: 55: 4034: 4010:"International investors enter Poland renewable energy market after rule change" 3288: 2367: 602:

related to products and services imported and consumed within their boundaries.

408:

from the atmosphere and sequester it. Alternatively or in addition they can buy

6026: 5882: 5824: 5819: 5661: 5550: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5120: 5057: 4795: 4775: 4734: 4655: 4311:"India Updates its Nationally Determined Contribution to Tackle Climate Change" 3716: 3586:"Dangerous Distractions: Canada's carbon emissions and the pathway to net zero" 3150: 2442: 2417: 2416:

Buck, Holly Jean; Carton, Wim; Lund, Jens Friis; Markusson, Nils (April 2023).

2110: 1382: 1320: 1293: 1169: 1083: 1045: 988: 858: 766: 730: 707: 488: 413: 298:

such as methane do not accumulate in the climate system in the same way that CO

182: 153: 134: 95: 4477: 4032: 3981:

Climate change law in Europe: What do new EU climate laws mean for the courts?

3979:

Higham, Catherine; Setzer, Joana; Narulla, Harj; Bradeen, Emily (March 2023).

3646:"COP27 - Corporate climate pledges rife with greenwashing - U.N. expert group" 955: 6212: 6099: 6031: 5756: 5578: 5563: 5498: 5393: 4486: 4381: 3934: 3750:"COP27: Cities with net zero promises falling short on tracking, report says" 3745: 3675: 3641: 3585: 3529: 3274: 3239: 2888: 2747: 2451: 2375: 2054: 1949: 1843: 1400: 511: 417: 291: 279: 74:

of these gases are in balance over a given period. It is often called simply

4603:'California plans to phase out new gas heaters by 2030' (23 September 2022) 4460: 2869: 2842: 1940: 5984: 5781: 5425: 5415: 5062: 4946: 4859: 2896: 2266: 1967: 1507: 1408: 1391: 1358: 1354: 1049: 1000: 800: 615: 484: 452: 383: 237:

emissions into vegetation and the ocean. This happens even after current CO

174: 4033:

Geden, Oliver; Schenuit, Felix; Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik (2020).

3376:"Global oil companies have committed to 'net zero' emissions. It's a sham" 3202:"Halfway Between Kyoto and 2050: Zero Carbon Is a Highly Unlikely Outcome" 2790: 2727: 2554: 189:

emissions are reduced to net zero. Net zero was basic to the goals of the

6011: 5528: 5520: 4770: 1834: 967: 835: 784: 783:

released a report that stated that the carbon neutrality pledges of many

754:

and invest public resources in bona fide solutions like renewables and a

518: 142: 2815: 1492: 6043: 5420: 4444: 2954:(PDF) (Report). World Resources Institute. Retrieved December 20, 2022. 2879: 2729:

The carbon neutral myth : offset indulgences for your climate sins

1031: 1004: 915: 878:

Net Zero Guidelines say that net zero strategies should align with the

549:

Project, though that percentage varies widely amongst business sectors.

4046: 233:

or absorbs a small percentage of cumulative historical human-caused CO

4988: 3266: 3231: 3103: 2950:

Ranganathan, J.; Corbier, L.; Bhatia, P.; Schmitz, S.; et al. (2004)

2652:"Methane and climate change – Global Methane Tracker 2022 – Analysis" 456: 379: 216:

would halt anthropogenic global warming on multi-decadal timescales (

34:

Estimated global warming by 2100 associated with various scenarios:

3842: 3306:"Benefits of Accelerating the Climate Transition Outweigh the Costs" 3081:"Emissions targets in the oil and gas sector: How do they stack up?" 1486:(Report). OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers. Paris: OECD. 345: 3923:"European Green Deal to press ahead despite Polish targets opt-out" 3002:"Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard" 1990:"What Does "Net-Zero Emissions" Mean? 8 Common Questions, Answered" 1913: 1757:"Evolving regulation of companies in climate change framework laws" 1133:

The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, which aims to promote

1120:(NDCs), which set out India's emissions reduction targets for 2030. 943: 923: 1805: 1357:; Geden, Oliver; Cowie, Annette; Reisinger, Andy (16 March 2021). 133:

In the last few years, net zero has become the main framework for

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Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment

3680:"UN experts demand crackdown on greenwashing of net zero pledges" 3518:"UN experts demand crackdown on greenwashing of net zero pledges" 3085:

Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment

2762:"Dutch Ad Watchdog Tells Shell to Pull 'Carbon Neutral' Campaign" 1761:

Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment

1191: 1109:

The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022, which empowers the

903: 275: 3469:"Which major oil companies have set net-zero emissions targets?" 2474:"How can companies handle so-called 'residual emissions'? - CDP" 404:

To balance residual emissions, actors may take direct action to

5979: 4358:"India Outlines a Long-Term Decarbonization Strategy at COP 27" 1482:

Jeudy-Hugo, Sirini; Re, Luca Lo; Falduto, Chiara (2021-10-27).

1019: 919: 911: 899: 4584:

Clean Energy States Alliance, Table of clean electricity goals

3550:

Dyke, James; Watson, Robert; Wolfgang, Knorr (22 April 2021).

2499:"The net-zero transition for hard-to-abate sectors | McKinsey" 58:, the world was on a trajectory for global warming of 3.5°C. 5893:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

4976: 3898:"EU Commission unveils 'European Green Deal': The key points" 3552:"Climate scientists: concept of net zero is a dangerous trap" 3289:

Carbon-neutral cities: Critical review of theory and practice

3031:

CDP Technical Note: Relevance of Scope 3 Categories by Sector

1916:"Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions" 1742: 1569: 1190:

all cars or light vehicles will have zero emissions (i.e. no

1172:, and countries worldwide, the United States has implemented 1091: 907: 737:", they said. By tracing the history of previous failures in 3616:"Net zero emissions: muddying the waters or real solutions?" 1865: 1290: 4088: 1181: 1176:

measures and law reform at both federal and state levels:

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measures and law reform at both federal and state levels:

721:

Carbon offsets and credits § Limitations and drawbacks

455:. This argument appeared in a 2021 watchdog ruling against 4386:"COP27: India lays out plan for long-term decarbonization" 3978: 1018:

decided to press ahead with the plan, with an opt-out for

983:, approved in 2020, is a set of policy initiatives by the 441:

do not specify how permanent or durable a credit must be.

165:

for example Switzerland, are developing such legislation.

6069:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

4525:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 – Policies" 4142: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3056:"Inside Top Oil Exporter Saudi Arabia's Plan to Go Green" 2585:"PAS 2060 - Carbon Neutrality Standard and Certification" 2559: 1359:"Net-zero emissions targets are vague: three ways to fix" 1353: 241:

emissions are reduced to zero. If the concentration of CO

4191:"COP26: India PM Narendra Modi pledges net zero by 2070" 4145:"The European Green Deal – More Than Climate Neutrality" 3866:

Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (2019-12-11).

2952:

GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard

2705: 1987: 429:

last much longer than removals that balance methane.

2839: 2415: 1681:"Taking stock: A global assessment of net zero targets" 168: 4216:"India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions" 3884: 3431: 3407:"Net-zero pledges are growing — how serious are they?" 203:

Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15)

5910:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4459:

Kumar. J, Charles Rajesh; Majid, M. A. (2020-01-07).

1426:"What does carbon neutral mean and what is net zero?" 1265:"Key findings – World Energy Outlook 2022 – Analysis" 895:, 88% of emissions and 89% of the world population. 266:

It will be quicker to reach net-zero emissions for CO

3036:(Report). Carbon Disclosure Project. 2022. p. 6 2677:"The Atmosphere: Getting a Handle on Carbon Dioxide" 1211: 823:) that substantiates compliance with such pledges. 4410:"India's Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy" 4335:"India's long-term low-carbon development strategy" 4096:"Europe needs to forge ahead with renewable energy" 3104:Race to Zero Expert Peer Review Group (June 2022). 1484:

Understanding countries' net-zero emissions targets

1481: 799:around the world often amount to nothing more than 778:

Canadian Minister of Environment and Climate Change

4343:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 4224:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 3549: 2317:"Carbon neutral and net zero – what do they mean?" 3865: 1294:"The meaning of net zero and how to get it right" 6210: 6110:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4263:"The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022" 3447:Goodward, Jenna; Kelly, Alexia (1 August 2010). 4243:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 3374:Berman, Tzeporah; Nathan, Taft (3 March 2021). 2715:(Government Report). UK Government. p. 38. 2348:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 1920:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 691:Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative 3253:Unger, Benedikt; Nippa, Michael (2024-01-26). 3218:Unger, Benedikt; Nippa, Michael (2024-01-26). 1808:"Net Zero: Science, Origins, and Implications" 528: 497:International Organization for Standardization 389: 4845:History of climate change policy and politics 4640: 4458: 3543: 3446: 2025:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2018: 1704: 1702: 763:2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference 700: 245:in the atmosphere were kept constant, some CO 27:Rate of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions 4437:"Draft: National Energy Policy - NITI Aayog" 3674: 3640: 3373: 2342:Murray, Joy; Dey, Christopher (2009-03-01). 880:United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 4962:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 3618:. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. 3588:. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. 963:emissions per capita in the European Union. 832:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 594:should also include emissions within their 584: 6191: 6179: 5636: 4647: 4633: 3252: 3217: 1888: 1812:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1699: 1455:"A Beginner's Guide to Climate Neutrality" 1113:to specify a carbon credit trading scheme. 1010:The president of the European Commission, 865:(whose pledges cover more than 90% of the 261: 5931: 5737:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 4870:United Nations Climate Change conferences 4476: 3956:"Parliament supports European Green Deal" 3404: 2904: 2878: 2868: 2858: 2681:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 2441: 2418:"Why residual emissions matter right now" 2341: 2044: 1957: 1939: 1833: 1823: 1491: 1390: 1319: 609: 356:remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 329:In climate change discussions, the terms 199:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5441:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 3609: 3607: 3579: 3577: 2973:. World Resources Institute. p. 6. 2785: 2783: 966: 954: 942: 863:25 countries with the greatest emissions 673: 625: 344: 29: 5797:National Adaptation Programme of Action 5586:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 3953: 3174: 2709:Voluntary Carbon Markets and Offsetting 2524:"Unlocking the "Hard to Abate" Sectors" 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 987:with the overarching aim of making the 14: 6211: 5446:Economics of climate change mitigation 5409:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 4922: 4750:Scientific consensus on climate change 4380: 3920: 3744: 3515: 3489: 3367: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2394:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1685:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit 1675: 1673: 1647: 1645: 1619: 1617: 1592: 1590: 1536:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit 1158:Carbon neutrality in the United States 1151:Carbon neutrality in the United States 503:(SBTi) promote more robust standards. 410:carbon credits that "offset" emissions 6105:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5930: 5635: 5371: 4921: 4833: 4714: 4666: 4628: 3895: 3807: 3805: 3780:Recommendations and current realities 3604: 3592:from the original on 20 November 2021 3574: 3405:Sanderson, Katharine (20 June 2023). 3259:Business Strategy and the Environment 3224:Business Strategy and the Environment 2963: 2780: 2725: 2579: 2577: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2411: 2409: 1884: 1882: 1825:10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-105050 1349: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1286: 1284: 846:cities with populations greater than 412:. Carbon credits can be used to fund 361: 286:. The net-zero target date for non-CO 6127:Representative Concentration Pathway 5068:Tipping points in the climate system 4744:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 3622:from the original on 2 November 2021 3562:from the original on 2 November 2021 3012:from the original on 31 January 2021 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1477: 1475: 1449: 1447: 1420: 1418: 872: 828:Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit 181:emissions. This research found that 169:History and scientific justification 5898:Nationally determined contributions 5608:Individual action on climate change 4813:World energy supply and consumption 3868:"Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled" 3678:; Jessop, Simon (8 November 2022). 3644:; Jessop, Simon (8 November 2022). 3613: 3583: 2937: 2694: 2627: 2602: 2230: 2172: 2117: 2061: 2046:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054843 1974: 1670: 1642: 1614: 1587: 1118:Nationally Determined Contributions 885: 830:, the Data-Driven EnviroLab of the 752:wind down of fossil fuel production 666:are approximately 9% of world GDP. 621: 380:British Standards Institution (BSI) 94:their residual emissions by buying 24: 6037:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 4654: 4465:Energy, Sustainability and Society 3802: 3175:Stanley, Andrew (September 2021). 2574: 2542: 2406: 2019:Pierrehumbert, R.T. (2014-05-30). 1879: 1858: 1328: 1281: 290:emissions is later partly because 209:emissions and declining net non-CO 25: 6240: 5964:Satellite temperature measurement 5569:forestry for carbon sequestration 4850:History of climate change science 3954:Benakis, Theodoros (2020-01-15). 3823:from the original on Dec 26, 2023 2706:Climate Change Committee (2022). 2344:"The carbon neutral free for all" 2213:"IWA 42:2022 Net zero guidelines" 1625:"CAT net zero target evaluations" 1598:"CAT net zero target evaluations" 1549: 1472: 1444: 1415: 929: 477: 274:plus other greenhouse gases like 6190: 6178: 6167: 6166: 6154: 5815:Climate Change Performance Index 5194:Destruction of cultural heritage 4609: 4597: 4588: 4577: 4565: 4541: 4517: 4493: 4452: 4429: 4402: 4374: 4350: 4327: 4303: 3813:"Carbon-Negative Countries 2024" 3516:Morton, Adam (8 November 2022). 3490:Ferris, Nick (26 January 2023). 3386:from the original on 6 July 2021 3199: 1999: 1214: 1149:This section is an excerpt from 1143: 1076:India's greenhouse gas emissions 1063:This section is an excerpt from 951:emissions in the European Union. 935:This section is an excerpt from 501:Science Based Targets initiative 483:weak standards for facilitating 331:net zero, carbon neutrality, and 5954:Instrumental temperature record 5905:Sustainable Development Goal 13 4279: 4255: 4231: 4208: 4183: 4159: 4136: 4112: 4059: 4026: 4002: 3972: 3947: 3921:Rankin, Jennifer (2019-12-13). 3914: 3859: 3835: 3790:from the original on 2023-03-25 3772: 3760:from the original on 2023-05-10 3738: 3726:from the original on 2023-03-17 3702: 3690:from the original on 2023-02-28 3668: 3656:from the original on 2023-05-10 3634: 3509: 3483: 3461: 3440: 3425: 3398: 3341: 3323: 3298: 3281: 3246: 3211: 3193: 3168: 3143: 3117: 3097: 3073: 3048: 3023: 2994: 2957: 2913: 2833: 2808: 2754: 2719: 2669: 2644: 2516: 2491: 2466: 2382: 2335: 2309: 2284: 2021:"Short-Lived Climate Pollution" 2012: 1907: 1889:Hausfather, Zeke (2021-04-29). 1799: 1774: 1749: 1728: 725:Climate scientists James Dyke, 6022:Climate variability and change 5372: 5053:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 3896:Simon, Frédéric (2019-12-11). 2390:"Untangling our climate goals" 2150:"UNFCCC Race to Zero Campaign" 1524: 1500: 1431:Natural History Museum, London 1257: 1235:Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance 1199:California Air Resources Board 669: 321: 13: 1: 6132:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5667:Climate emergency declaration 4615:S&P Global (9 June 2022) 3293:Journal of Cleaner Production 3151:"Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis" 3125:"Carbon neutral verification" 2967:GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance 2292:"Net Zero vs. Carbon Neutral" 1459:United Nations Climate Change 1250: 1162:U.S. greenhouse gas emissions 769:formed the previous March by 758:from fossil fuels," he said. 640: Chronic damages avoided 340: 90:sources. Organizations often 68:emissions of greenhouse gases 6115:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 5341:Middle East and North Africa 4667: 4553:policy.asiapacificenergy.org 3432:Collins English Dictionary. 3295:, Volume 341, 20 March 2022. 2820:offset.climateneutralnow.org 975:by jurisdiction (as of 2015) 714: 560: 120:carbon neutral certification 70:due to human activities and 7: 5189:Depopulation of settlements 4834: 4035:"Unconventional Mitigation" 2368:10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.07.004 2296:Corporate Finance Institute 1532:"Net Zero: A short history" 1240:Carbon Neutrality Coalition 1207: 646: Acute damages avoided 572:International Energy Agency 529:Scopes of emissions sources 390:Carbon removals and offsets 101:People often use the terms 40:International Energy Agency 10: 6245: 6219:Climate change and society 5949:Global surface temperature 5840:Popular culture depictions 5752:Ecosystem-based adaptation 5482:Carbon capture and storage 5404:Carbon offsets and credits 4715: 3614:Lee, Marc (17 June 2021). 3584:Lee, Marc (17 June 2021). 3434:"Carbon offset definition" 2443:10.1038/s41558-022-01592-2 1866:"Global Warming of 1.5 °C" 1383:10.1038/d41586-021-00662-3 1321:10.1038/s41558-021-01245-w 1192:internal combustion engine 1148: 1135:electric vehicles in India 1072:Carbon neutrality in India 1065:Carbon neutrality in India 1062: 1022:. On 15 January 2020, the 934: 806:greenhouse gas inventories 718: 701:The role of carbon credits 400:Carbon offsets and credits 393: 6229:Climate change mitigation 6161:Climate change portal 6148: 6087: 6054:Extreme event attribution 5972: 5941: 5937: 5926: 5870: 5805: 5727: 5677:School Strike for Climate 5649: 5645: 5631: 5600: 5556:Climate-smart agriculture 5517: 5474: 5384: 5380: 5367: 5291: 5144: 5091: 4934: 4930: 4917: 4840: 4829: 4758: 4727: 4723: 4710: 4693:Climate change adaptation 4688:Climate change mitigation 4683:Effects of climate change 4673: 4662: 4478:10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1 3454:World Resources Institute 2528:World Resources Institute 1994:World Resources Institute 1090:and countries worldwide, 859:publicly listed companies 664:effects of climate change 652: Costs of mitigation 66:describe the state where 6224:Greenhouse gas emissions 6064:Global warming potential 5871:International agreements 5518:Preserving and enhancing 4952:Arctic methane emissions 4874:Years in climate change 4781:Greenhouse gas emissions 4678:Causes of climate change 4100:European Investment Bank 4014:European Investment Bank 3847:www.climatewatchdata.org 3449:"Bottom Line on Offsets" 1629:climateactiontracker.org 1602:climateactiontracker.org 1057: 973:carbon dioxide emissions 585:Comprehensive accounting 6095:Climate change scenario 5747:Disaster risk reduction 5399:Carbon emission trading 5209:U.S. insurance industry 5179:Civilizational collapse 5026:sea surface temperature 4505:evyatra.beeindia.gov.in 3817:World Population Review 3006:Greenhouse Gas Protocol 2870:10.1126/science.abl4649 2267:"The Net-Zero Standard" 1941:10.1073/pnas.0812721106 1508:"The Net-Zero Standard" 747:Dangerous Distractions, 592:Financial organizations 449:Transnational Institute 262:Types of greenhouse gas 6088:Research and modelling 5772:Nature-based solutions 5592:Nature-based solutions 5534:Carbon dioxide removal 5451:Fossil fuel divestment 5436:Climate risk insurance 5346:Small island countries 4957:Arctic sea ice decline 2925:climate-pact.europa.eu 2635:"Race to Zero Lexicon" 976: 964: 952: 797:financial institutions 776:and chaired by former 771:U.N. Secretary-General 679: 660:gross domestic product 655: 610:Standards for products 396:Carbon dioxide removal 350: 59: 6049:Earth's energy budget 5932:Background and theory 5820:Climate crisis (term) 5492:Fossil fuel phase-out 5386:Economics and finance 5351:by individual country 5293:By country and region 5268:Security and conflict 5263:Psychological impacts 4942:Abrupt climate change 4865:Charles David Keeling 4698:By country and region 4594:Executive Order 14057 2726:Smith, Kevin (2007). 2610:"Net zero guidelines" 2422:Nature Climate Change 2271:Science Based Targets 1512:Science Based Targets 1299:Nature Climate Change 1222:Climate change portal 970: 958: 946: 677: 634: Net GDP benefit 629: 600:consumption emissions 523:government regulation 406:remove carbon dioxide 394:Further information: 348: 147:government regulation 33: 5878:Glasgow Climate Pact 5539:Carbon sequestration 5104:Mass mortality event 4167:"Net Zero Coalition" 3748:(15 November 2022). 3107:Interpretation Guide 2964:Sotos, Mary (2015). 2321:World Economic Forum 1736:"Get Net Zero Right" 1028:European Climate Law 1012:Ursula von der Leyen 840:University of Oxford 821:financial securities 793:regional governments 745:In his 2021 report, 590:since the baseline. 270:alone rather than CO 185:will only stop if CO 6017:Climate sensitivity 5792:The Adaptation Fund 5248:Infectious diseases 5145:Social and economic 4617:Market Intelligence 4124:consilium.europa.eu 3756:. Thomson Reuters. 3652:. Thomson Reuters. 2860:2022Sci...376..839H 2434:2023NatCC..13..351B 2360:2009IJGGC...3..237M 2037:2014AREPS..42..341P 1932:2009PNAS..106.1704S 1493:10.1787/8d25a20c-en 1375:2021Natur.591..365R 1312:2022NatCC..12...15F 1164:to the point where 1160:refers to reducing 1078:to the point where 1074:refers to reducing 1038:European Commission 1024:European Parliament 997:building renovation 985:European Commission 981:European Green Deal 937:European Green Deal 867:gross world product 836:Net Zero Initiative 735:habitat destruction 177:were reacting to CO 5588:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 5560:Forest management 5544:Direct air capture 5509:Sustainable energy 5466:Net zero emissions 5461:Low-carbon economy 5456:Green Climate Fund 5243:Indigenous peoples 5136:Plant biodiversity 4924:Effects and issues 4362:www.globaldata.com 4039:SWP Research Paper 3471:. 16 December 2020 3177:"Net Zero by 2050" 2530:. 24 February 2020 1574:netzerotracker.net 1570:"Net Zero Tracker" 1461:. 26 February 2021 1245:Low-carbon economy 1111:central government 977: 965: 953: 680: 656: 540:fugitive emissions 468:ecosystem services 369:sustainable energy 362:Reducing emissions 351: 334:climate neutrality 128:net zero standards 115:climate neutrality 103:net zero emissions 88:sustainable energy 64:net zero emissions 60: 54:: Before the 2015 6206: 6205: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6079:Radiative forcing 5922: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5742:Adaptive capacity 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5487:Energy transition 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5073:Tropical cyclones 4999:Urban heat island 4913: 4912: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4786:Carbon accounting 4740:Greenhouse effect 4706: 4705: 4047:10.18449/2020RP08 3960:European Interest 3353:Clean Energy Wire 3131:. 13 January 2020 2980:978-1-56973-850-4 2853:(6595): 839–844. 2739:978-90-71007-18-7 1687:. 25 October 2021 1369:(7850): 365–368. 1174:carbon neutrality 1096:carbon neutrality 947:Development of CO 873:Equity and impact 789:local governments 781:Catherine McKenna 445:Carbon offsetting 434:energy efficiency 416:projects such as 304:radiative forcing 296:short-lived gases 284:fluorinated gases 214:radiative forcing 124:carbon offsetting 108:carbon neutrality 78:. In some cases, 16:(Redirected from 6236: 6194: 6193: 6182: 6181: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6122:Paleoclimatology 5939: 5938: 5928: 5927: 5689:Ecological grief 5672:Climate movement 5647: 5646: 5633: 5632: 5613:Plant-based diet 5504:Renewable energy 5382: 5381: 5369: 5368: 5204:Economic impacts 5126:Invasive species 4982:Coastal flooding 4932: 4931: 4919: 4918: 4855:Svante Arrhenius 4831: 4830: 4801:from agriculture 4791:Carbon footprint 4776:Greenhouse gases 4725: 4724: 4712: 4711: 4664: 4663: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4574:(April 20, 2023) 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4073:. Archived from 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3985: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3784:Net Zero Tracker 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3556:The Conversation 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3267:10.1002/bse.3698 3250: 3244: 3243: 3232:10.1002/bse.3698 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2882: 2872: 2862: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2791:"CDM: About CDM" 2787: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2768:. 27 August 2021 2758: 2752: 2751: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2589:www.bsigroup.com 2581: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2555:"ISO/FDIS 14068" 2551: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2503:www.mckinsey.com 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2445: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2323:. 23 August 2022 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2263: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2209: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2156:. Archived from 2146: 2115: 2114: 2100: 2059: 2058: 2048: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1985: 1972: 1971: 1961: 1943: 1926:(6): 1704–1709. 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1827: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1786:climate-laws.org 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1594: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1566: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1479: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1394: 1351: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1288: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1261: 1230:Carbon footprint 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1166:carbon emissions 1094:has implemented 1080:carbon emissions 1046:greenhouse gases 1016:European Council 993:circular economy 886:Country examples 857: 853: 849: 845: 810:carbon footprint 774:António Guterres 708:greenhouse gases 651: 645: 639: 633: 622:Financial impact 508:non-state actors 438:renewable energy 358:(carbon sinks). 21: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6155: 6153: 6136: 6083: 6074:Orbital forcing 5968: 5933: 5914: 5888:Paris Agreement 5866: 5862:Warming stripes 5801: 5767:Managed retreat 5762:Loss and damage 5723: 5657:Business action 5641: 5619: 5596: 5519: 5513: 5470: 5431:Climate finance 5376: 5355: 5287: 5140: 5116:Extinction risk 5092:Flora and fauna 5087: 5048:Permafrost thaw 5043:Ozone depletion 4972:Extreme weather 4926: 4909: 4836: 4817: 4754: 4719: 4702: 4669: 4658: 4653: 4623: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4457: 4453: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4421: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4392: 4379: 4375: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4049: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3843:"Climate Watch" 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3582: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3445: 3441: 3430: 3426: 3412: 3410: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3251: 3247: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3129:carbontrust.com 3123: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2704: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2414: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2148: 2147: 2118: 2101: 2062: 2017: 2013: 1986: 1975: 1912: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1887: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1480: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1352: 1329: 1289: 1282: 1273: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1154: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1125:decarbonisation 1068: 1060: 1055: 1054: 962: 950: 940: 932: 888: 875: 855: 851: 847: 843: 756:just transition 723: 717: 703: 689:, chair of the 687:Tzeporah Berman 672: 653: 649: 647: 643: 641: 637: 635: 631: 624: 612: 587: 563: 531: 499:(ISO), and the 480: 402: 392: 364: 343: 324: 309: 301: 289: 273: 269: 264: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 218:high confidence 212: 208: 191:Paris Agreement 188: 180: 171: 159:decarbonization 122:allow a lot of 85: 56:Paris Agreement 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6242: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6164: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6029: 6027:Cloud feedback 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5883:Kyoto Protocol 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5837: 5835:Media coverage 5832: 5827: 5825:Climate spiral 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5714:Public opinion 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5664: 5662:Climate action 5659: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5574:REDD and REDD+ 5571: 5566: 5558: 5553: 5551:Carbon farming 5548: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5378: 5377: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5283:Water security 5280: 5278:Water scarcity 5275: 5273:Urban flooding 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5121:Forest dieback 5118: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5058:Sea level rise 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5031:stratification 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4927: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4796:Carbon leakage 4793: 4788: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4737: 4735:Climate system 4731: 4729: 4721: 4720: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4659: 4656:Climate change 4652: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4621: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4587: 4576: 4564: 4540: 4516: 4492: 4451: 4428: 4401: 4384:(2022-11-14). 4382:Dickie, Gloria 4373: 4349: 4326: 4302: 4278: 4254: 4230: 4207: 4182: 4171:United Nations 4158: 4149:Intereconomics 4135: 4111: 4087: 4058: 4025: 4001: 3971: 3946: 3913: 3883: 3858: 3834: 3801: 3771: 3746:Dickie, Gloria 3737: 3717:United Nations 3701: 3676:Dickie, Gloria 3667: 3642:Dickie, Gloria 3633: 3603: 3573: 3542: 3508: 3496:Energy Monitor 3482: 3460: 3439: 3424: 3397: 3366: 3355:. 28 June 2019 3340: 3322: 3297: 3280: 3245: 3210: 3200:Smil, Vaclav. 3192: 3167: 3142: 3116: 3096: 3072: 3047: 3022: 2993: 2979: 2956: 2936: 2921:"GHG Protocol" 2912: 2832: 2807: 2795:cdm.unfccc.int 2779: 2753: 2738: 2718: 2693: 2668: 2643: 2626: 2601: 2573: 2541: 2515: 2490: 2465: 2428:(4): 351–358. 2405: 2381: 2354:(2): 237–248. 2334: 2308: 2283: 2229: 2171: 2116: 2111:United Nations 2060: 2031:(1): 341–379. 2011: 1973: 1906: 1878: 1857: 1818:(1): 849–887. 1798: 1773: 1748: 1727: 1716:. 11 June 2023 1698: 1669: 1641: 1613: 1586: 1548: 1523: 1499: 1471: 1443: 1414: 1327: 1280: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1185: 1170:European Union 1155: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1084:European Union 1069: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1003:, farming and 989:European Union 960: 948: 941: 933: 931: 930:European Union 928: 887: 884: 874: 871: 767:United Nations 739:climate policy 731:geoengineering 716: 713: 702: 699: 671: 668: 648: 642: 636: 630: 623: 620: 611: 608: 586: 583: 562: 559: 551: 550: 546: 543: 530: 527: 479: 478:Implementation 476: 414:carbon removal 391: 388: 363: 360: 342: 339: 323: 320: 307: 299: 287: 271: 267: 263: 260: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 225:Rio Convention 210: 206: 201:published its 186: 183:global warming 178: 170: 167: 154:carbon dioxide 135:climate action 96:carbon credits 83: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6241: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6199: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:Climate model 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6032:Cloud forcing 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5807:Communication 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:Vulnerability 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757:Flood control 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 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