Dutch East Indies - Knowledge

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years progressed and Dutch influence became stronger, many natives began mixing European styles within their traditional clothing. High-ranking natives within the colony, as well as nobility, would wear European-style suits with their batik sarongs for special occasions and even for everyday use. Increasingly, native Indonesians began to dress more European. This came with the idea that those who wore European clothing were more progressive and open towards a European society and the etiquette that came with it. More and more the European influence was gaining precedence within native Indonesians. This probably stems from the fact that many natives were treated better if they wore European clothing. Their European counterparts acknowledged them, and that in turn was most likely a catalyst for adoption western clothing into traditional Indonesian clothing.

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plantations cultivated by Javanese peasants, collected by Chinese intermediaries, and sold on overseas markets by European merchants. In the late 19th century economic growth was based on heavy world demand for tea, coffee and cinchona. The government invested heavily in a railroad network (240 km or 150 mi long in 1873, 1,900 km or 1,200 mi in 1900), as well as telegraph lines, and entrepreneurs opened banks, shops and newspapers. The Dutch East Indies produced most of the world's supply of quinine and pepper, over a third of its rubber, a quarter of its coconut products, and a fifth of its tea, sugar, coffee and oil. The profit from the Dutch East Indies made the Netherlands one of the world's most significant colonial powers. The

4976:("Poenale sanctie") of 1880, which allowed the plantation owners to serve as judge, jury and executioner resulted in widespread atrocities. It included a penal sanction which allowed owners to physically punish their coolies as they saw fit. Punishments that were used against coolies included whippings or beatings, after which the open wounds were rubbed with salt. Other punishments used were electrocution, crucifixion and suspending coolies by their toes or thumbs until they broke. Medical care for the coolies was scarce and often aimed at healing punished coolies so they could return to work or be tortured more extensively. Rape of adult female coolies as well as their children was also common. 6321: 6087: 2134: 716: 4651:. In theory, slave masters did not have free rein to punish their own slaves as they wished. Punishments of slaves had to be decided in court, and certain punishments could only be applied when the slave was found guilty in an official court case. In reality however abuse of slaves by their masters was rampant and often went unpunished. Beatings and whippings were a commonplace punishment for disobedient slaves. Rape of female slaves by their masters was a common occurrence as well, as these women and girls were obliged to provide sexual services for their masters. Refusing to do so could result in severe physical punishment. 5467: 5937:(forced plantation) in Indonesia, farmers were required to deliver, as a form of tax, fixed amounts of specified crops, such as sugar or coffee. Much of Java became a Dutch plantation and revenue rose continually through the 19th century, which was reinvested into the Netherlands to save it from bankruptcy. Between 1830 and 1870, 840 million guilder (€8 billion in 2018) were taken from the East Indies, on average making a third of the annual Dutch government budget. The Cultivation System, however, brought much economic hardship to Javanese peasants, who suffered famine and epidemics in the 1840s. 4957:

one estimate, the mortality rates increased by as much as 30% during this period. Due to widespread criticism of the system, it was abolished in 1870. According to one study, the mortality rate in Java would have been 10–20% higher by the late 1870s if the Cultivation system had not been abolished. The introduction of trucks, railways, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems all contributed to famine elimination in Java which had historically been common. Java experienced rapid population growth during the 19th century and there were no significant famines in Java after the 1840s.

97: 6113:, the existing languages of trade, were adopted. Prior to 1870, when Dutch colonial influence was largely restricted to Java, Malay was used in government schools and training programs such that graduates could communicate with groups from other regions who immigrated to Java. The colonial government sought to standardise Malay based on the version from Riau and Malacca, and dictionaries were commissioned for governmental communication and schools for indigenous peoples. In the early 20th century, Indonesia's independence leaders adopted a form of Malay from Riau, and called it 5317:. Traditional rulers who survived displacement by the Dutch conquests were installed as regents and indigenous aristocracy became an indigenous civil service. While they lost de facto control, their wealth and splendour under the Dutch grew. This indirect rule did not disturb the peasantry and was cost-effective for the Dutch; in 1900, only 250 European and 1,500 indigenous civil servants, and 16,000 Dutch officers and men and 26,000 hired native troops, were required to rule 35 million colonial subjects. From 1910, the Dutch created the most centralised state power in 923: 909: 870: 856: 6997: 702: 772: 5531: 4968:, which was founded on Sumatra in 1869. Large-scale plantations were built to grow cash crops and Javanese, Chinese, Malay, Batak and Indian people were shipped to the plantations in Sumatra and Java to perform harsh labor. It is estimated that over 500,000 coolies were transported to Sumatra during the late 19th and early 20th century. The precise death rate among coolie laborers is hard to estimate due to scarce or unreliable records but has been estimated to be as high as 25% in certain places, with a possible death toll of many tens of thousands. 5527:. Britain was a protector of Aceh and it granted the Dutch request to conduct their anti-piracy campaign. The campaign quickly drove out the Sultan, but across Aceh numerous local Muslim leaders mobilised and fought the Dutch in four decades of expensive guerrilla war, with high levels of atrocities on both sides. Colonial military authorities tried to forestall a war against the population by means of a 'strategy of awe'. When a guerrilla war did take place the Dutch used either a slow, violent occupation or a campaign of destruction. 4655:

whose masters were financially compensated for the loss of their workforce. However, on many other islands where slave masters were more often indigenous rulers, little changed. The main reason for this was financial, as the Dutch state at that time did not want to spend the money necessary to free the slaves on the more distant islands. Another reason was to appease local rulers and to prevent political turmoil. Due to the lax policy of the Dutch state slavery persisted in parts of the Dutch East Indies well into the 20th century.

814: 744: 83: 5299:. From 1815 to 1848 the ministry was under direct authority of the Dutch king. In the 20th century the colony gradually developed as a state distinct from the Dutch metropole with its treasury separated in 1903, public loans being contracted by the colony from 1913, and quasi-diplomatic ties were established with Arabia to manage the Haji pilgrimage from the Dutch East Indies. In 1922 the colony came on equal footing with the Netherlands in the Dutch constitution, while remaining under the Ministry of Colonies. 6936: 1007: 4530: 180: 7124: 895: 951: 730: 842: 828: 7096: 2004: 937: 7110: 4160: 800: 758: 7138: 786: 11596: 4801:. However, from about 1840, Dutch national expansionism saw them wage a series of wars to enlarge and consolidate their possessions in the outer islands. Motivations included the protection of areas already held, the intervention of Dutch officials ambitious for glory or promotion, and the aim to establish Dutch claims throughout the archipelago to prevent intervention from other Western powers during the 5185:

represented by the Republik. This was unacceptable to Sukarno. Sjahrir proposed a compromise, but this was rejected by the Dutch. Sjahrir resigned and was replaced by Sjarifuddin. Sukarno declared a state of emergency in the areas that were in the hands of the Republik and assumed charge of the negotiations. The situation deteriorated further, and the Dutch resorted to military intervention under

11113: 4694:. There were numerous wars and disturbances across the archipelago as various indigenous groups resisted efforts to establish Dutch hegemony, which weakened Dutch control and tied up its military forces. Piracy remained a problem until the mid-19th century. Finally, in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day Indonesia. 6760: 6067:

with 12,000 km of asphalted surface, 41,000 km of metalled road area and 16,000 km of gravel surfaces had been built. In addition 7,500 kilometres (4,700 mi) of railways, bridges, irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares (5,400 sq mi) of rice fields, several harbours, and 140 public drinking water systems had been built.

7001: 6998: 5283:). Until 1903 all government officials and organisations were formal agents of the governor-general and were entirely dependent on the central administration of the 'office of the governor-general' for their budgets. Until 1815 the governor-general had the absolute right to ban, censor or restrict any publication in the colony. The so-called 6681:(nobles) and a few educated native were exposed to European cuisine, and it was held with high esteem as the cuisine of upperclass elite of Dutch East Indies society. This led to the adoption and fusion of European cuisine into Indonesian cuisine. Some dishes which were created during the colonial era are Dutch-influenced: they include 10083: 7000: 6269:(Dutch for "Beautiful Indies") was originally coined as the title of 11 reproductions of Du Chattel's watercolor paintings which depicted the scene of East Indies published in Amsterdam in 1930. The term became famous in 1939 after S. Sudjojono used it to mock the painters that merely depict all pretty things about Indies. 5985:, Dutch businessmen were able to set up large, profitable plantations. Sugar production doubled between 1870 and 1885; new crops such as tea and cinchona flourished, and rubber was introduced, leading to dramatic increases in Dutch profits. Changes were not limited to Java, or agriculture; oil from Sumatra and 6630:, a rice table consisting of 7 to 40 popular dishes from across the colony. More an extravagant banquet than a dish, the Dutch colonials introduced the rice table not only so they could enjoy a wide array of dishes at a single setting but also to impress visitors with the exotic abundance of their colony. 5802:

subjects. According to the 1930 census, 6% of Indonesians were literate; however, this figure recognised only graduates from Western schools and those who could read and write in a language in the Roman alphabet. It did not include graduates of non-Western schools or those who could read but not write

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Within the colony of the Dutch East Indies, fashion played an important role to define ones' status and social class. The European colonials wore European fashion straight out of the Netherlands, or even Paris, while the natives wore their traditional clothing that is distinct in every region. As the

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of the 1940s, and economic stagnation during the politically turbulent 1950s and 1960s meant that much colonial architecture has been preserved through to recent decades. Colonial homes were almost always the preserve of the wealthy Dutch, Indonesian and Chinese elites; however, the styles were often

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From the end of the 19th century, significant improvements to technology, communications and transportation brought new wealth to Java. Modernistic buildings, including train stations, business hotels, factories and office blocks, hospitals and education institutions, were influenced by international

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became a valuable resource for industrialising Europe. Dutch commercial interests expanded off Java to the outer islands with increasingly more territory coming under direct Dutch control or dominance in the latter half of the 19th century. However, the resulting scarcity of land for rice production,

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After this high point in the relations between the two countries, the situation rapidly deteriorated. On both sides more extreme parties got the upper hand. The Dutch unilaterally instituted an interim government for the colony on a "federal" basis, with representation for the parts of the colony not

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followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony; although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia's territory a guerrilla struggle ensued, and the majority of Indonesians, and ultimately international opinion, favoured Indonesian independence. The Netherlands committed war crimes: summary

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While coolies were often paid laborers who worked out of free will, in practice their circumstances often involved forced labor and more closely resembled slavery. They were often misled when signing work contracts or even forced to sign contracts. Others were kidnapped or forced to work due to debts

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like coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco, rubber, sugar and opium, and safeguarded their commercial interests by taking over surrounding territory. Smuggling, the ongoing expense of war, corruption, and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was formally dissolved in 1800

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Including their second-generation descendants, they are currently the largest foreign born group in the Netherlands. In 2008, the Dutch Census Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered 387,000 first- and second-generation Indos living in the Netherlands. Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch

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Later on in the history of the Dutch East Indies, as a new wave of Europeans were brought into the colony, many adopted Indonesian styles, and many even went so far as to wear traditional Javanese kebaya at home. Kebaya and batik sarong became increasingly popular among the resident Dutch over time,

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In 1898, the population of Java numbered 28 million with another 7 million on Indonesia's outer islands. The first half of 20th century saw large-scale immigration of Dutch and other Europeans to the colony, where they worked in either the government or private sectors. By 1930, there were

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and the extreme incentive for profit resulted in widespread abuses. Farmers were often forced to either use more than 20% of their farmland, or the most fertile land, for cultivation of cash crops. The system led to an increase in famine and disease among Javanese peasants in the 1840s. According to

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The fashion influences between colonials and natives were a reciprocal phenomenon. Just as the Europeans influenced the natives, the natives too influenced the European colonials. For example, the thick European fabrics was considered too hot to wear in tropical climate. Thus, the light clothing of

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Most Dutch literature was written by Dutch and Indo-European authors. However, in the first half of the 20th century under the Ethical Policy, indigenous Indonesian authors and intellectuals came to the Netherlands to study and work. They wrote Dutch language literary works and published literature

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Graduates of Dutch schools opened their own schools modelled on the Dutch school system, as did Christian missionaries, Theosophical Societies and Indonesian cultural associations. This proliferation of schools was further boosted by new Muslim schools in the Western mould that also offered secular

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in Roman alphabet with "link" schools preparing bright Indonesian students for entry into the Dutch-language schools. Vocational schools and programs were set up by the Indies government to train indigenous Indonesians for specific roles in the colonial economy. Chinese and Arabs, officially termed

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passed law creating a native militia of 18,000 by a majority of 43 to 4, with only the moderate Great Indonesia Party objecting. After the declaration of war with Japan, over 100,000 natives volunteered. The KNIL hastily and inadequately attempted to transform them into a modern military force able

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The coolie system was heavily criticized, especially after 1900 with the rise of the so-called "Ethical Politics". A critical pamphlet named "De miljoenen uit Deli" was published by J. van den Brand. The document described abuses committed against coolies including the torture and sexual abuse of a

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Due to the high monetary costs of several Dutch conquests in the 19th century, the Cultivation System ("Cultuurstelsel") was implemented in 1830. Under this system it was stipulated that Indonesian farmers had to use 20% of their farmland for the cultivation of cash crops for export such as indigo,

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construction to Indonesia where previously timber and its by-products had been almost exclusively used. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Batavia was a fortified brick and masonry city. For almost two centuries, the colonialists did little to adapt their European architectural habits to the tropical

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was not made the official language of the colony and was not widely used by the indigenous Indonesian population. The majority of legally acknowledged Dutchmen were bilingual Indo-Eurasians. Dutch was used by only a limited educated elite, and in 1942, around two percent of the total population in

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The Dutch school system was extended to Indonesians with the most prestigious schools admitting Dutch children and those of the Indonesian upper class. A second tier of schooling was based on ethnicity with separate schools for Indonesians, Arabs, and Chinese being taught in Dutch and with a Dutch

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were bought by Dutch colonials, but this practice was cut short after 1860 with the abolition of slavery. In the late 19th century, increasing numbers of Dutch immigrants arrived in colonial Indonesia, leading to a shortage of available women, as most immigrants were men. The Dutch then bought the

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experienced significant growth in the Dutch East Indies starting in the last decade of the 19th century, with the emergence of the first football clubs on Java. The existence of city championships was initially documented in the early 1900s, coinciding with the establishment of local and regional

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was directly followed by a steep increase in short term sentencing to forced labour, from 70,000 persons in 1870 to 275,000 in 1900. In that same period the prison population also increased from 80,000 to 320,000 for prison labour and forced labour in especially coal mines. By 1950 a road network

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and coffee trade on which the colony had been built thrived, and rubber, tobacco, tea and oil also became principal exports. Political reform increased the autonomy of the local colonial administration, moving away from central control from the Netherlands, whilst power was also diverted from the

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The colonial exploitation of Indonesia's population and wealth contributed to the industrialisation of the Netherlands, while simultaneously laying the foundation for the industrialisation of Indonesia. The Dutch introduced coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco and rubber, and large expanses of Java became

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Critical public opinion in the Netherlands led to much of the Cultivation System's excesses being eliminated under the agrarian reforms of the "Liberal Period". According to one study, the mortality rate in Java would have been 10–20% higher by the late 1870s if the system of forced labor had not

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during World War II brought about the fall of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government structure as they could, replacing it with their own regime. Although the top positions were held by the Japanese, the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that

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Slavery and its excesses did not end with the bankruptcy of the VOC in 1798, but continued under Dutch state rule. Due to growing international criticism slavery was eventually abolished in the Dutch East Indies in 1860. In reality this was mostly limited to the slaves present on Java and Madura,

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and arbitrary killings of Indonesian villagers and farmers, torture of Indonesian prisoners and execution of prisoners. Ad van Liempt documented the mass murder of 364 Indonesians by Dutch soldiers in the village of Galoeng Galoeng. Alfred Edelstein and Karin van Coevorden, documented later the

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Slaves could be acquired through trade at indigenous slave markets or captured on raids. In certain cases the VOC stirred up ethnic tensions between rivalling populations in the hope they could cheaply buy war captives at slave markets after the conflict. Slaves were transported from islands in

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later would identified as the genre of painting that occurred during the colonial East Indies that capture the romantic depictions of the Indies as the main themes; mostly natural scenes of mountains, volcanoes, rice paddies, river valleys, villages, with scenes of native servants, nobles, and

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across Java and extended throughout the entire colonial period. During the 19th century, involuntary servitude was increased for the construction of roads and railroads, other infrastructure such as bridges and canals, and many other economic activities. Compulsory service could be enforced to

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saw the commodity prices on which the colony depended collapse. Journalists and civil servants observed that the majority of the Indies population were no better off than under the previous regulated Cultivation System economy and tens of thousands starved. Commodity prices recovered from the

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prison on Sumatra prisoners had to perform manual labour in the coal mines. Separate prisons were built for juveniles (West Java) and for women. In the Bulu women's prison in Semarang inmates had the opportunity to learn a profession during their detention, such as sewing, weaving and making

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Note: The Bulu women's prison in Semarang, which housed both European and indigenous women, had separate sleeping rooms with cots and mosquito nets for elite indigenous women and women in the European legal class. Sleeping on the floor like the female peasantry was considered an intolerable

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was limited to an advisory role and only a small portion of the indigenous population was able to vote for its members. The council comprised 30 indigenous members, 25 European and 5 from Chinese and other populations, and was reconstituted every four years. In 1925 the Volksraad was made a

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From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late 16th century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, Dutch control over the Indonesian archipelago was always tenuous. Although Java was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent throughout much of this time, including

6117:. In the latter half of the 19th century, the rest of the archipelago, in which hundreds of language groups were used, was brought under Dutch control. In extending the native education program to these areas, the government stipulated this "standard Malay" as the language of the colony. 8539:

Breman J.C., Koelies, planters en koloniale politiek. Het arbeidsregime op de grootlandbouwondernemingen aan Sumatra's Oostkust in het begin van de twintigste eeuw (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk instituut voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde CXXIII; Dordrecht: Foris Publications,

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Education reforms, and modest political reform, resulted in a small elite of highly educated indigenous Indonesians, who promoted the idea of an independent and unified "Indonesia" that would bring together disparate indigenous groups of the Dutch East Indies. A period termed the

5105:, a vast majority of the indigenous Dutch East Indies population first welcomed the Japanese as liberators from the colonial Dutch empire, but this sentiment quickly changed as the occupation turned out to be far more oppressive and ruinous than the Dutch colonial government. The 6832:

rich and creative combinations of two cultures, so much so that the homes remain sought after into the 21st century. Native architecture was influenced by the introduction of European styles, and Western elements remain an influence on Indonesia's contemporary built environment.

6132:). These words generally had no alternative in Malay and were adopted into the Indonesian vocabulary giving a linguistic insight into which concepts are part of the Dutch colonial heritage. Hendrik Maier of the University of California says that about a fifth of the contemporary 9021:

Harry J. Benda, S.L. van der Wal, "De Volksraad en de staatkundige ontwikkeling van Nederlandsch-Indië: The Peoples Council and the political development of the Netherlands-Indies." (With an introduction and survey of the documents in English). (Publisher: J.B. Wolters, Leiden,

5929:, was appointed to exploit the Indies through Dutch appropriation of its resources. With the Dutch achieving political domination throughout Java for the first time in 1830, it was possible to introduce an agricultural policy of government-controlled forced cultivation. Termed 5041: 6742:

climate. They built row houses which were poorly ventilated with small windows, which was thought as protection against tropical diseases coming from tropical air. Years later the Dutch had learnt to adapt their architectural styles with local building features (long eaves,

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been abolished. Dutch private capital flowed in after 1850, especially in tin mining and plantation estate agriculture. The Martavious Company's tin mines off the eastern Sumatra coast was financed by a syndicate of Dutch entrepreneurs, including the younger brother of King

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law and to indigenous regents and district courts, unless cases were escalated before Dutch judges. Following Indonesian independence, the Dutch legal system was adopted and gradually a national legal system based on Indonesian precepts of law and justice was established.

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Until 1848 the governor-general was directly appointed by the Dutch monarch, and in later years via the Crown and on advice of the Dutch metropolitan cabinet. During two periods (1815–1835 and 1854–1925) the governor-general ruled jointly with an advisory board called the

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The legal system was divided by the three main ethnic groups classified under the Dutch colonial administration— Europeans, Foreign Orientals (Arabs and the Chinese) and the indigenous— which were subject to their own legal systems that were all simultaneously in force.

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The world economy recovered in the late 1890s and prosperity returned. Foreign investment, especially by the British, were encouraged. By 1900, foreign-held assets in the Netherlands Indies totalled about 750 million guilders ($ 300 million), mostly in Java.

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in 1947 and 1948–1949, Dutch efforts to re-establish their colony failed and the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949. The KNIL was disbanded by 26 July 1950 with its indigenous personnel being given the option of demobilising or joining the

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though the Dutch distinguished their own with expensive fabrics and European patterns. Batik was also a big influence for the Dutch. The technique was so fascinating to them that they brought it to their colonies in Africa where it was adopted with African patterns.

5508:' recruiting not only Dutch volunteers, but many other European nationalities (especially German, Belgian and Swiss mercenaries). While most officers were Europeans, the majority of soldiers were indigenous Indonesians, the largest contingent of which were 5771:

did not significantly affect the majority of Indonesians, and Indonesia remained an agricultural colony; by 1930, there were 17 cities with populations over 50,000 and their combined populations numbered 1.87 million of the colony's 60 million.

6784:—being expressed in essentially European buildings with Indonesian trim. Practical responses to the environment carried over from the earlier Indies Style, included overhanging eaves, larger windows and ventilation in the walls, which gave birth to the 4639:

Indonesia itself, or from other countries such as India and China. Estimates of the scale of the slave trade in the Dutch East Indies are scant, but it is suggested that around 1 million slaves were active during its peak in the 17th and 18th century.

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Though initially welcomed as liberators, the Japanese gradually established themselves as harsh overlords. Their policies fluctuated according to the exigencies of the war, but in general their primary object was to make the Indies serve Japanese war

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to protect the Dutch East Indies from Imperial Japanese invasion. On the eve of the Japanese invasion in December 1941, Dutch regular troops in the East Indies comprised about 1,000 officers and 34,000 men, of whom 28,000 were indigenous. During the

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fifty-two days per year per person. On Java and Madura combined, the total number of forced labour was some twenty millions days around 1895. Another source of free labour was obtained through the penal system. The local population was subjected to

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Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions. In contrast to Dutch repression of Indonesian nationalism, the Japanese allowed indigenous leaders to forge links among the masses, and they trained and armed the younger generations.

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Many surviving colonial families and their descendants who moved back to the Netherlands after independence tended to look back on the colonial era with a sense of the power and prestige they had in the colony, with such items as the 1970s book

6062:. Also, long term convicts were subjected to forced labour for constructing infrastructure, including irrigation works, work at coal and tin mines, agricultural production and deployed for military campaigns. The abolishment of forced labour of 4885:

as the technology gap widened. Military leaders and Dutch politicians believed they had a moral duty to free the native Indonesian peoples from indigenous rulers who were considered oppressive, backward, or disrespectful of international law.

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Since the VOC era, the highest Dutch authority in the colony resided with the office of the governor-general. During the Dutch East Indies era the governor-general functioned as chief executive president of colonial government and served as

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Punishments for slaves could be extremely harsh— for instance, runaway slaves and their accomplices could be subject to whipping, chain gangs, or death. Other punishments included the cutting of hands, ears, breasts and noses, forms of

6816:. In the first three decades of the 20th century, the Department of Public Works funded major public buildings and introduced a town planning program under which the main towns and cities in Java and Sumatra were rebuilt and extended. 6999: 5613: 5018:

were forcefully separated from European men, who were put into internment camps. After Sukarno proclaimed an independent Indonesia, the Njai were forced to choose between going with their partners to Europe, or staying in Indonesia.

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society, as the main ethnic minority in the Netherlands, these 'Repatriants' have played a pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch mainstream culture. Practically every town in the Netherlands has a '

7045:(Eurasian), native to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community. In 4634:

by the VOC to be replaced with slaves. Dutch slaves worked in agriculture, manufacturing, and services, but most were used as domestic servants including housemaids and houseboys, cooks, seamstresses, musicians, and concubines.

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When the VOC arrived in the Indonesian archipelago, they started to use and expand upon the then-existing indigenous system of slavery. In certain places slaves were used on plantations such as on the Maluku islands, namely the

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Dutch colonial families, through their domestic servants and cooks, were exposed to Indonesian cuisine, and as a result they developed a taste for native tropical spices and dishes. A notable Dutch East Indies colonial dish is

5201:(17 January 1948). This agreement, however, did not lead to a solution. Provocative actions from both sides led to a tense military situation, and the Dutch for the second time resorted to military intervention with the second 10868: 6470:

The rich nature and culture of the Dutch East Indies attracted European intellectuals, scientists and researchers. Some notable scientists that conducted most of their important research in the East Indies archipelago are

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design. To this day, the ideas of Dutch colonial irrigation engineers continue to exert a strong influence over Indonesian design practices. Moreover, the two highest-internationally ranking universities of Indonesia— the

4934:. The colonial wars in the Dutch East Indies exacted a heavy toll on the Indonesian population, with around 3 to 4 million deaths including both direct war casualties and indirect victims of war due to famine and disease. 4880:

resistance in northern Sumatra was quashed in 1895. Towards the end of the 19th century, the balance of military power shifted towards the industrialising Dutch and against pre-industrial independent indigenous Indonesian

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The economic history of the colony was closely related to the economic health of the Netherlands. Despite increasing returns from the Dutch system of land tax, Dutch finances had been severely affected by the cost of the

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The Dutch government adapted the Dutch codes of law in its colony. The highest court of law, the Supreme Court in Batavia, dealt with appeals and monitored judges and courts throughout the colony. Six councils of justice

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are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported

7403: 5575:. At the time of disbandment the KNIL numbered 65,000, of whom 26,000 were incorporated into the new Indonesian Army. The remainder were either demobilised or transferred to the Netherlands Army. Key officers in the 9995: 7619: 4701:

Collectie Stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen Figure Megalith found year 1931 Location of the Kepaksian Pernong Sekala Brak in Hanibung Batu Brak, independent Dutch control securing British settlements in

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on 10 December, and in this form accepted by the Dutch Parliament on 20 December 1946. It was formally signed by the parties on 25 March 1947 in Djakarta, with the Indonesian side rejecting the "elucidation".

5160:, Lieutenant-Governor General (ex officio). The Commission achieved a cease-fire on 14 October (a month after its arrival in Batavia) and a draft agreement on 15 November with the negotiators for the Republik 4889:

Although Indonesian rebellions broke out, direct colonial rule was extended throughout the rest of the archipelago from 1901 to 1910 and control taken from the remaining independent local rulers. Southwestern

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trade in the 19th century, and coal and oil exploration in the 20th century. The colonial social order was rigidly racial with the Dutch elite living separately from but linked to their native subjects. The

7287:, and named it one of the best books of the year, among several (other) iconic literary works of 1958: 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' by Truman Capote, 'Doctor Zhivago' by Pasternak and 'Lolita' by Nabokov. See: 6966:

are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include the Amsterdam

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The Dutch colonialists formed a privileged upper social class of soldiers, administrators, managers, teachers and pioneers. They lived together with the natives, but at the top of a rigid social and racial

5321:. Politically, the highly centralised power structure established by the Dutch administration, including the exorbitant powers of exile and censorship, was carried over into the new Indonesian republic. 8410:

P. de Zwart, D. Gallardo-Albarrán, A.: 'The Demographic Effects of Colonialism: Forced Labor and Mortality in Java 1834–1879', Wageningen University & Research (WUR) & Universiteit Utrecht, 2021

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and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first locally produced film,

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By 1900 the archipelago was considered "pacified" and the KNIL was mainly involved with military police tasks. The nature of the KNIL changed in 1917 when the colonial government introduced obligatory

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The Portuguese language rolled more easily off Malay tongues than did Dutch or English. Ironically, if any European tongue was the language of merchant intercourse, even in Batavia, it was Portuguese.

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Dutch policy before the 1870s was to take full charge of strategic points and work out treaties with the local leaders elsewhere so they would remain in control and co-operate. The policy failed in

5090:. The rubber plantations and oil fields of the Dutch East Indies were considered crucial for the Japanese war effort. Allied forces were quickly overwhelmed by the Japanese and on 8 March 1942 the 10930: 7959: 6355:, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the 6364: 6009:

shipping line supported the unification of the colonial economy and brought inter-island shipping through to Batavia, rather than through Singapore, thus focusing more economic activity on Java.

4980:

15-year-old female coolie who had rejected sexual advances of a Dutch plantation overseer. The penal sanction was eventually abolished in 1931 and the Coolie Ordinances ended in the early 1940s.

4949:

coffee and sugar. Through this system considerable profits were made; the net profit for the Dutch treasury is estimated at 4% of the Dutch GDP at the time and around 50% of total state revenue.

170: 5350: 7853: 9850: 8465: 6204:. By exploring new literary themes and focusing on indigenous protagonists, they drew attention to indigenous culture and the indigenous plight. Examples include the Javanese prince and poet 9872: 5763:, under which the colonial government had a duty to further the welfare of the Indonesian people in health and education. Other new measures under the policy included irrigation programs, 11020: 5082:

The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. On 10 January 1942, during the

148: 10752: 6954:

founded in the 16th century have developed into leading knowledge centres about Southeast Asian and Indonesian studies. Leiden University has produced academics such as Colonial adviser

5637:

more than 240,000 people with European legal status in the colony, making up less than 0.5% of the total population. Almost 75% of these Europeans were in fact native Eurasians known as

6294:, Oei Tiang Oen and Siauw Tik Kwie. These painters usually exhibit their works in art galleries such as Bataviasche Kuntkringgebouw, Theosofie Vereeniging, Kunstzaal Kolff & Co and 5559:

of 1941–42 the KNIL and the Allied forces were quickly defeated. All European soldiers, which in practice included all able bodied Indo-European males, were interned by the Japanese as

4219:

against indigenous rulers and peoples, which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. Dutch rule reached its greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century with the occupation of

9231: 5209:, in December 1948. This was militarily successful (the Dutch managed to capture Sukarno), but again international political pressure forced the Dutch to back down and be party to the 9422: 7022:, and other books and materials that became quite common in the 1970s and 1980s. Moreover, since the 18th century Dutch literature has a large number of established authors, such as 5388:. This training was held in high esteem and helped re-socialise women once they were outside the correctional facility. In response to the communist uprising of 1926 the prison camp 11624: 6459: 10860: 10951:

Nieuwenhuys, Robert, (1973) Tempo doeloe : fotografische documenten uit het oude Indie, 1870–1914 E. Breton de Nijs (pseud. of Robert Nieuwenhuys) Amsterdam : Querido,

168: 10959:– noting that the era wasn't fixed by any dates – noting the use of Tio, Tek Hong,(2006) Keadaan Jakarta tempo doeloe : sebuah kenangan 1882–1959 Depok : Masup Jakarta 6916: 4860:

in which a Dutch invasion in 1873 was met with indigenous guerrilla resistance and ended with an Acehnese surrender in 1912. Disturbances continued to break out on both Java and

5504:, but a separate military arm commanded by the governor-general and funded by the colonial budget. The KNIL was not allowed to recruit Dutch conscripts and had the nature of a ' 4763: 11634:

Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines

149: 11511: 10033: 7694: 5003:. While officially contract workers, these women enjoyed few rights. They could be bought and sold together with the house they worked in as so-called "Indigenous Furniture" ( 6880:

were considered quite suitable for everyday clothing in hot and humid climate of the East Indies, though the Dutch typically wore European clothes for more formal occasions.

7407: 11451: 9991: 7611: 7589: 7381: 4865: 10031:

ten Horn-van Nispen, Marie-Louise; Ravesteijn, Wim (2009). "The road to an empire: Organisation and technology of road construction in the Dutch East Indies, 1800–1940".

8143: 6613: 6852: 9734: 6146:

to the present day. It includes Dutch, Indo-European, and Indonesian authors. Its subject matter thematically revolves around the Dutch colonial era, but also includes

4922:, requested Dutch protection from independent neighbours thereby avoiding Dutch military conquest and were able to negotiate better conditions under colonial rule. The 7161: 5780: 14158: 11200: 169: 14148: 10899: 8448:

Van Klaveren M., Death among Coolies: Mortality of Chinese and Javanese Labourers on Sumatra in the Early Years of Recruitment, 1882–1909, Cambridge Journals, 1997

8195: 8852: 5550:) for European conscripts older than 32. Petitions by Indonesian nationalists to establish military service for indigenous people were rejected. In July 1941 the 11769: 4813: 4672: 1714: 513: 8169: 6840: 14138: 13027: 7981: 6012: 3809: 5865:(RHS), to train civilian officers and servants. In 1927, STOVIA's status was changed to that of a full tertiary-level institution and its name was changed to 14153: 14143: 10703: 7323:

near The Hague, for the benefit of the victims of the storm disaster of 2 June 1927 in the Netherlands. The market is opened by the minister of Colonies dr.

5367:

dealt with civil matters and less serious offences like estate divorces, and matrimonial disputes. The indigenous population was subject to their respective

5266: 9111: 8912: 11094: 7306:

Some of the university faculties still include: Indonesian Languages and Cultures; Southeast Asia and Oceania Languages and Cultures; Cultural Anthropology

6732: 6279: 4272:. The Dutch, aiming to re-establish control of the archipelago, responded by deploying roughly 220,000 troops, which fought the Indonesian nationalists in 3739: 10922: 9242: 14133: 11647: 11638: 9419:"plechtigheden in Djakarta bij de opheffing van het KNIL Polygoon 1950 3 min. 20;embed=1 Video footage showing the official ceremony disbanding the KNIL" 7955: 4524: 8826: 5010:

By the 1910s the number of Njai had decreased, although prostitution had become more prevalent. The practice had not died out, however, by the time the

10081: 6265:

The natural beauty of East Indies has inspired the works of artists and painters, that mostly capture the romantic scenes of colonial Indies. The term

5007:). Njai were also not allowed custody of the children they had with their Dutch masters, and when they were fired, their children would be taken away. 4964:, a name for low-wage indentured laborers. After the abolition of the Cultivation System in 1870, the economy shifted to private companies such as the 3859: 9643: 9078: 6248: 14173: 11971: 10985: 10141: 8889: 5407: 3679: 1694: 11292: 10920:

To this day the Dutch royal family is in fact the wealthiest family of the Netherlands, one of the foundations of its wealth was the colonial trade.

9842: 9555: 8458: 14168: 12691: 10789: 9880: 9668: 3178: 2184: 334: 10556: 10261: 8842:

Meijer, Hans. 'In Indie geworteld, de Geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders, de twintigste eeuw.' (Publisher Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) P.245

14093: 11759: 6315: 6311: 5287:

of the governor-general allowed him to exile anyone regarded as subversive and dangerous to peace and order, without involving any Court of Law.

4797:'s governor-generalship (1830–1835) confirmed profitability as the foundation of official policy, restricting its attention to Java, Sumatra and 3343: 1674: 10256:

Oost-Indische spiegel. Wat Nederlandse schrijvers en dichters over Indonesië hebben geschreven vanaf de eerste jaren der Compagnie tot op heden.

8802: 4805:. As exploitation of Indonesian resources expanded off Java, most of the outer islands came under direct Dutch government control or influence. 14098: 11165: 11060: 6756:

was one of the first colonial buildings to incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and adapt to the climate, then known as Indies Style.

4751: 3436: 2032: 5363:

dealt mostly with crime committed by people in the European legal class and only indirectly with the indigenous population. The land councils

14178: 11908: 10185: 10174: 7026:, the writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of inspiration. In fact, one of the great masterpieces of 4188: 10811: 10236:'International Conference on Colonial and Post-Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature.' University of California, Berkeley, Website, 2011. 11779: 11621: 11607: 10495: 9418: 6360: 5482: 5457: 5398:. As of 1927, political prisoners, including indigenous Indonesians espousing Indonesian independence, were 'exiled' to the outer islands. 5106: 5057: 5032: 4249: 3719: 1763: 902: 861: 578: 11298:

Prayogo, Wisnu Agung (2009). "Sekilas Perkembangan Perfilman di Indonesia" [An Overview of the Development of Film in Indonesia].

5756:. The Dutch East Indies had two legal classes of citizens; European and indigenous. A third class, Foreign Easterners, was added in 1920. 5542:

for all male conscripts in the European legal class and in 1922 a supplemental legal enactment introduced the creation of a 'Home guard' (

5236:'s government campaigned for Indonesian control of the territory, and with pressure from the United States, the Netherlands agreed to the 4549:, only one third of the original crew made it back to Holland and other Dutch expeditions soon followed. Recognising the potential of the 14103: 9279: 9204:

Blakely, Allison (2001). Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society. Indiana University Press. p. 15

8583:

Herman Theodore Bussemaker, "Paradise in Peril: The Netherlands, Great Britain and the Defence of the Netherlands East Indies, 1940–41,"

6958:

who specialised in native oriental (Indonesian) affairs, and it still has academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures.

6496: 6282:; East Indies-born Dutch painters: Henry van Velthuijzen, Charles Sayers, Ernest Dezentje, Leonard Eland and Jan Frank; Native painters: 5470: 5214: 4873: 4289: 3759: 3273: 2086: 617: 7496: 12840: 11710: 10017: 8490: 6425: 5045: 4849: 4845: 4564:

In March 1602 the VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, and make treaties across Asia. A capital was established in

4296:

after World War II. During the revolution and after Indonesian independence, almost all Dutch citizens repatriated to the Netherlands.

10991: 7053:(short for Indo-European). Of the 296,200 so-called Dutch 'repatriants' only 92,200 were expatriate Dutchmen born in the Netherlands. 4223:. The Dutch East Indies was one of the most valuable colonies under European rule, though its profits depended on exploitative labor. 12588: 11981: 10277: 7222:

Note: The European legal class was not solely based on race restrictions and included Dutch people, other Europeans, but also native

6585:(Scientific Council of the Dutch East Indies) in 1928. It operated as the country's main research organization until the outbreak of 5922: 5261: 5053: 4475:

throughout the region. The islands were known to the Europeans and were sporadically visited by expeditions such as that of Italians

4411:

supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states (the most important were

4073: 3969: 416: 11616: 11508: 10619:

INDOBEX Conf. on Building Construction Technology for the Future: Construction Technology for Highrises & Intelligence Buildings

10465: 9145: 7691: 5993: 5817: 4697: 13381: 12961: 12800: 12716: 12165: 8656: 7291: 5335:

semilegislative body; although decisions were still made by the Dutch government, the governor-general was expected to consult the

3426: 2989: 2985: 7929:

R. Baay(2021), Daar werd wat gruwelijks verricht: Slavernij in Nederlands-Indië, Athenaeum, 4de editie, page 13, 104, 109, 110,113

5841:

toward independence as well in developing medical education in Indonesia, such as Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo, who established the

96: 13180: 11861: 11839: 11448: 10838: 8942:

Van Der Meulen, Jan; Sorters, Joseph (1 July 2005). "Dutch Courage: The Politics of Acceptable Risks. Armed Forces and Society".

7581: 6368: 5940: 5829:

Some higher education institutions were also established. In 1898 the Dutch East Indies government established a school to train

4265: 3689: 2078: 591: 10611: 10518: 6378:

Generally films produced in the Indies dealt with traditional stories or were adapted from existing works. The early films were

12067: 8135: 6307: 5243:

In 2013 the Netherlands government apologised for the violence used against the Indonesian people, an apology repeated by King

5067:

on May 14, 1940. The royal family fled to exile in Britain. Germany and Japan were Axis allies. On 27 September 1940, Germany,

8136:"Het beleid der Commissie Generaal; de uitwerking der beginselen van 1815 in het Regeerings Reglement van 1818 (dissertation)" 6503:, was established in 1778 with the aim to promote research and publish findings in the field of arts and sciences, especially 5313:

The governor-general led a hierarchy of Dutch officials: the residents, the assistant residents, and district officers called

4808: 14007: 14003: 13772: 12951: 12743: 12651: 11913: 11789: 11764: 11537: 11259: 11179: 11090: 9637: 9521: 9190: 9173: 9043: 8558: 8433: 7786: 7740: 7565: 7463: 7438: 6900: 5566:

Following World War II, a reconstituted KNIL joined with Dutch Army troops to re-establish colonial "law and order". Despite

4546: 4542: 4520: 4078: 2858: 1808: 707: 490: 9730: 9388: 9049: 8724: 8622: 7670:

Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India anno 1624–1629

6129: 5302: 4930:), was brought under Dutch administration in 1920. This final territorial range would form the territory of the Republic of 12711: 12701: 12676: 9225: 7151: 6896:

football federations. However, many of these federations were short-lived, often dissolving shortly after their formation.

4668: 4049: 3819: 3393: 3323: 3128: 1949: 14088: 13546: 12531: 12140: 11866: 11723: 6006: 5869:(GHS). The GHS occupied the same main building and used the same teaching hospital as the current Faculty of Medicine of 5849:

was established in 1920 by the Dutch colonial administration to meet the needs of technical resources at its colony. One

4790:. The resulting borders between former British and Dutch possessions remain today between modern Malaysia and Indonesia. 4664: 4631: 4452: 3849: 3699: 3619: 3373: 3078: 1909: 88: 11749: 10891: 8303: 8191: 5247:

on a state visit in 2020. To this day, the colonial war is commonly referred to as "police actions" in the Netherlands.

14123: 14118: 13113: 13032: 12825: 12244: 11600: 11111: 9688: 9681:

Cribb, Robert, 'Development policy in the early 20th century ' in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds,

8856: 7357: 6726: 5907: 5478: 5453: 5156:, Dutch Prime Minister from 1945 to 1946; F. De Boer, Liberal politician; Max van Poll, Catholic Party politician; and 5068: 4216: 2539: 2025: 1971: 17: 10205: 9820: 6236:, who is the best-read Dutch author in contemporary Indonesia, and second generation Indo-European immigrants such as 4844:(1859–1863) in southeast Kalimantan resulted in the defeat of the Sultan. After failed expeditions to conquer Bali in 14128: 13208: 12805: 12485: 12468: 12057: 11883: 11493: 11415: 11412: 11366: 11343: 11320: 11278: 11236: 11217: 11044: 11018: 11015: 10964: 10956: 10598: 10170: 10135: 9578: 9542: 9513: 9493: 9469: 9448: 9406: 9358: 9342: 9273: 9209: 8847: 8785: 8743: 8385: 8289: 8165: 8109: 8084: 8040: 7653: 7490: 6110: 4899: 4895: 4853: 4793:

Since the establishment of the VOC in the 17th century, the expansion of Dutch territory had been a business matter.

4448: 4181: 3839: 3333: 1929: 916: 875: 565: 6939:

Dutch imperial imagery representing the Dutch East Indies (1916). The text reads "Netherlands' most precious jewel."

6363:

beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio. The majority of films produced during the occupation were

5894:, the first half of the 20th century saw the nationalist movement develop strongly, but also face Dutch oppression. 14108: 14083: 13444: 12778: 12338: 12249: 12115: 12035: 11878: 7908: 7831: 6813: 6596: 5576: 5572: 3889: 3869: 3569: 3118: 3013: 2880: 1964: 1954: 1944: 1939: 1919: 12706: 10695: 9229: 6278:

painters are European artists: F. J. du Chattel, Manus Bauer, Nieuwkamp, Isaac Israel, PAJ Moojen, Carel Dake and

3353: 14163: 13022: 12845: 12681: 12076: 11903: 11135: 9105: 7648:(Second ed.). Houndmills, Baingstoke, Hampshire and London: The Macmillan Press Limited. pp. 271, 297. 7373: 6764: 5883: 5390: 5197:

did not achieve its goals, and international pressure forced the Dutch government to accept a cease-fire and the

3749: 3406: 3383: 3243: 3108: 2519: 438: 11098: 6320: 13042: 12293: 12201: 12008: 11940: 11784: 11739: 11703: 11680: 10238: 9524:– By 1930 more European women had arrived in the colony, and they made up 113,000 out of the 240,000 Europeans. 9239: 7324: 6971:, an anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography and anthropology. 6912: 6828: 6491:. Many important art, culture and science institutions were established in Dutch East Indies. For example, the 6372: 5958: 5873:. The old links between the Netherlands and Indonesia are still clearly visible in such technological areas as 5858: 5125: 5036: 4269: 4133: 4009: 3999: 3979: 3949: 3599: 3589: 2082: 1981: 1773: 1021: 604: 14039: 6037:

Besides slavery and forced plantation work, the Dutch added to the exploitation of the population by means of

4952:

The system proved disastrous for the local population; at its height, over 1 million farmers worked under the

13135: 13130: 12896: 12850: 12820: 12748: 12647: 12617: 12581: 12446: 12433: 12278: 12179: 12135: 11834: 11809: 11794: 11430: 9760: 8823: 8711: 7009:

and Indigenous people from the Dutch East Indies performing traditional dance and music in traditional attire

5838: 5617: 5326: 5210: 5102: 5072: 4727: 3959: 3799: 3729: 3629: 3488: 3416: 3233: 2854: 2664: 2018: 1986: 1976: 1959: 1924: 1848: 1818: 1753: 1583: 1286: 1109: 986: 467: 13628: 10861:"Did you know Dutch East Indies, erstwhile Indonesia, were the first flagbearers of Asia in FIFA World Cup?" 7041:

The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are

5295:(Indies Council). Colonial policy and strategy were the responsibility of the Ministry of Colonies based in 4238:

was used for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals conceived

82: 13643: 13374: 13076: 12738: 12451: 12343: 12028: 11893: 11754: 9620: 9303: 9146:"Chapter 4: The Netherlands Indies, 1800–1942 | Digital Atlas of Indonesian History – by Robert Cribb" 9074: 6500: 6124:

the Dutch East Indies spoke Dutch, including over 1 million indigenous Indonesians. A number of Dutch

6086: 5921:, and the Dutch loss of Belgium in 1830 brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. In 1830, a new 5428:

were both divided into residencies, but while the residencies under the provincies were divided again into

5091: 5049: 4174: 4098: 4083: 4039: 3989: 3899: 3829: 3579: 3499: 3088: 2999: 2798: 2113: 1602: 1295: 393: 10125: 8881: 7881:""The World's Oldest Trade": Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century" 7804:""The World's Oldest Trade": Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century" 5193:). The Commission General was dissolved on 15 November 1947 after Schermerhorn and Van Poll resigned. The 2133: 13253: 13170: 13062: 12931: 12810: 12150: 11935: 11849: 11799: 9584: 8638:

Shigeru Satō: War, nationalism, and peasants: Java under the Japanese occupation, 1942–1945 (1997), p. 43

7166: 6955: 6752: 5891: 4088: 3919: 3909: 3539: 3213: 2509: 1828: 374: 13967: 13701: 11530:

The corporation that changed the world : how the East India Company shaped the modern multinational

10184:

Groeneboer, K (1993) Weg tot het westen. Het Nederlands voor Indie 1600–1950. Publisher: KITLEV, Leiden.

7938:

R. Baay(2021), Daar werd wat gruwelijks verricht: Slavernij in Nederlands-Indië, Athenaeum, 4de editie,

6232:

in Dutch Indies literature has been written by Indo-European authors led by the "avant garde visionary"

5861:. In 1924, the colonial government again decided to open a new tertiary-level educational facility, the 5217:

then started on 22 August 1949, which led to the agreement to transfer sovereignty to a Republic of the

5113:

According to a UN report, four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.

14078: 13869: 13564: 13423: 12956: 12881: 12835: 12793: 12768: 12555: 12478: 12381: 12328: 12125: 12062: 11898: 11873: 10548: 10259: 9301:

Groen, Petra (2012). "Colonial warfare and military ethics in the Netherlands East Indies, 1816–1941".

7171: 5592: 5567: 5556: 5505: 5218: 5083: 5028: 4759: 4747: 4565: 4019: 3879: 3609: 3098: 2624: 2090: 1783: 930: 673: 539: 526: 405: 363: 231: 8648: 7374:"Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/816 - Wikisource, the free online library" 6579:

With growing interest in scientific research, the government of the Dutch East Indies established the

6443:. A less elite form of theatre, popular with both European and indigenous people, were the travelling 5224:

In December 1949 the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty with the exception of the

13004: 12992: 12815: 12783: 12505: 12398: 12368: 12234: 12211: 12013: 11998: 11966: 11856: 11696: 11674: 11664: 11056: 9353:

Willems, Wim 'Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942).' (COMT, Leiden, 1994). Chapter I, P.32-36

9337:

Willems, Wim 'Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942).' (COMT, Leiden, 1994). Chapter I, P.32-33

8798: 8378:

Het gelijk van Multatuli : het handelen van Eduard Douwes Dekker in rechtshistorisch perspectief

6911:. However, their journey was cut short in the first round, as they suffered a 0–6 defeat against the 6295: 5638: 5152:(Commission General for the Dutch Indies) on 14 September 1946. This Commission-General consisted of 5144:

After the political situation in Indonesia devolved into a deadlock the new Dutch government, led by

4554: 2614: 1934: 11617:

Chapter 4: The Netherlands Indies, 1800–1942 | Digital Atlas of Indonesian History – By Robert Cribb

14113: 13667: 13404: 13334: 13284: 13160: 13103: 13057: 13009: 12997: 12911: 12886: 12773: 12574: 12423: 12358: 12145: 12110: 10201: 6472: 4923: 4726:, but shortly after his arrival, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including 4362: 4208: 3789: 3709: 3549: 3138: 2808: 2574: 2400: 1914: 1335: 8521:

Makdoembaks N., Foute dokters en de tabaksindustrie van Sumatra, Uitgeverij de Woordenwinkel, 2019

5466: 5079:

signed a treaty outlining "spheres of influence". The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere.

13367: 13145: 12987: 12763: 12495: 12391: 12313: 12308: 12023: 11426: 10803: 6686: 6520: 6464: 6440: 6384: 6229: 6209: 6147: 6139: 6081: 5990:

combined with dramatically increasing populations, especially in Java, led to further hardships.

5879: 5870: 4735: 4731: 4123: 4093: 4029: 3939: 3519: 3278: 3253: 3003: 1081: 11522:

Riding the Dutch Tiger: The Dutch East Indies Company and the Northeast Coast of Java, 1680–1743

10487: 8057:

Riding the Dutch Tiger: The Dutch East Indies Company and the Northeast Coast of Java, 1680–1743

6844:

Javanese nobles adopted and mixed some aspects of European fashion, such as this couple in 1890.

6788:. The largest stock of colonial era buildings are in the large cities of Java, such as Bandung, 6717:

commonly found in front of schools and marketplaces are believed to be derived from poffertjes.

4722:

as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. In 1811 Daendels was replaced by Governor-General

137: 13972: 13731: 13696: 13294: 13123: 13098: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12916: 12901: 12403: 12376: 12323: 12160: 12072: 12003: 11986: 11976: 11822: 11562:

Lindblad, J. Thomas (1989). "The Petroleum Industry in Indonesia before the Second World War".

6979: 6476: 6397: 6042: 5926: 5764: 5501: 5486: 4911: 4816: 4719: 4572:), which became the center of the VOC's Asian trading network. To their original monopolies on 4408: 4293: 4232: 4204: 3669: 3639: 2940: 2788: 2714: 2674: 847: 271: 9263: 7480: 6697:. Cakes and cookies also can trace their origin to Dutch influences; such as kue bolu (tart), 13390: 13175: 13140: 13108: 13052: 12921: 12891: 12753: 12726: 12686: 12461: 12456: 12413: 12408: 12303: 12298: 12191: 12120: 11954: 11804: 11744: 10988:"Novels: Coming to terms with Calvinism, colonies and the war." (NRC Handelsblad. July 1998) 6595:(Organisation for Scientific Research). This organization was the predecessor of the current 6488: 6038: 5173: 4999:"Njai", who were indigenous women who officially served as maids but were often also used as 3929: 3446: 3158: 2900: 1838: 1565: 1030: 805: 749: 327: 221: 11585:(1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. 11483: 9485: 9479: 8076: 8070: 4882: 4284:

if they did not agree to transfer sovereignty to Indonesia, leading to Dutch recognition of

14015: 13741: 13589: 13439: 13228: 13223: 13165: 13088: 12864: 12788: 12661: 12622: 12524: 12490: 12353: 12226: 12216: 12155: 12098: 12051: 12045: 11993: 11930: 11888: 11844: 11731: 10989: 8503:

J. Breman, Controversial Views on Writing Colonial History,2011, Cambridge University Press

6892: 5760: 5608: 5584: 4504: 4464: 4397: 3559: 3484: 3363: 3263: 3033: 2778: 2486: 2145: 1866: 1629: 1592: 1545: 1475: 1445: 1415: 1385: 995: 305: 13665: 13402: 11658: 10549:"Dutch Food Influences – History of Dutch Food – Culinary Influences on the Dutch Kitchen" 10285: 7350:

Surabaya City Of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900–2000 (Ohio RIS Southeast Asia Series)

6424:'s archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the 5798:"foreign orientals", could not enrol in either the vocational schools or primary schools. 4856:

brought northern Bali under Dutch control. The most prolonged military expedition was the

8: 13821: 13797: 13767: 13327: 13320: 13195: 13155: 13047: 12975: 12876: 12830: 12609: 12601: 12386: 12333: 12273: 12206: 12130: 10522: 10457: 9265:

The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

9149: 8512:

R. Baay, Daar werd wat gruwelijks verricht, page 242, Uitgeverij Atheneum, 4de druk(2021)

7404:"INDES NEERLANDAISES Passeport 1931 DUTCH EAST INDIES Passport - Revenues - Delcampe.net" 6975: 6904: 6809: 6421: 6133: 6114: 6098: 5767:, communications, flood mitigation, industrialisation and protection of native industry. 5688: 5153: 4907: 4794: 4723: 4707: 4480: 4436: 4419:). Since centuries BCE the islands were part of migratory and commercial exchange within 2910: 2604: 2122: 2062: 1684: 1649: 1515: 1435: 1305: 888: 60: 11422:

Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century

8652: 7288: 7005:

Dutch newsreel dated 1927 showing a Dutch East Indian fair in the Netherlands featuring

5172:, Junior Minister of Health, chairman of the Indonesian Christian Party. This so-called 13791: 13711: 13213: 13150: 13118: 12671: 12627: 12540: 12418: 12348: 12318: 12288: 12283: 12268: 12239: 12196: 11923: 11918: 11248: 11174:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. 11161: 10783: 10050: 9925: 9896:"The Demographic Effects of Colonialism: Forced Labor and Mortality in Java, 1834–1879" 9662: 9320: 8959: 8716: 7900: 7823: 7236: 7129: 6944: 6608: 6532: 6351: 6063: 6051: 5903: 5672: 5625: 5588: 5276: 5237: 5229: 5198: 4943: 4927: 4829: 4743: 4739: 4308: 4304: 4253: 4220: 4145: 2828: 2748: 2564: 2496: 2342: 2208: 1889: 1874: 1535: 1505: 1425: 1345: 1178: 791: 11420: 10834: 10743:

Lukman, Christine Claudia; Piliang, Yasraf Amir; Sunarto, Priyanto (30 October 2013).

6016:

Workers pose at the site of a railway tunnel under construction in the mountains, 1910

4894:

was occupied in 1905–06, the island of Bali was subjugated with military conquests in

13777: 13721: 13479: 13449: 13343: 13258: 13243: 13238: 13218: 13185: 13093: 13014: 12666: 12550: 12473: 12083: 11543: 11533: 11489: 11408: 11362: 11355: 11339: 11316: 11274: 11255: 11232: 11213: 11207: 11175: 11086: 11040: 11011: 10960: 10952: 10622: 10594: 10166: 10131: 10054: 10011: 9929: 9917: 9633: 9574: 9538: 9517: 9509: 9489: 9465: 9444: 9402: 9354: 9338: 9324: 9269: 9221: 9220:

Cribb, R.B. (2004) 'Historical dictionary of Indonesia.' Scarecrow Press, Lanham, US.

9205: 9186: 9169: 9039: 8963: 8853:"Extremists Run Amok Against Indische-Nederlanders | Dutch-Indonesian Community" 8843: 8781: 8739: 8720: 8554: 8484: 8429: 8389: 8381: 8295: 8285: 8105: 8080: 8036: 7892: 7815: 7782: 7736: 7649: 7561: 7486: 7459: 7434: 7353: 7235:

Note: Adat law communities were formally established throughout the archipelago e.g.

7143: 6959: 6951: 5966: 5811: 5768: 5524: 5523:, in northern Sumatra, where the Sultan tolerated pirates who raided commerce in the 5186: 5157: 5130: 4822: 4545:

set sail to reach the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. After

4484: 4428: 4353: 4273: 4212: 4128: 3168: 3043: 2433: 2423: 2322: 1704: 1485: 1375: 1365: 1325: 1060: 1012: 819: 721: 5530: 13988: 13935: 13893: 13762: 13464: 13289: 12906: 12545: 12018: 11571: 11398: 11394: 10745:"Kebaya Encim as the Phenomenon of Mimicry in East Indies Dutch Colonial's Culture" 10042: 9907: 9312: 9259: 9099: 8951: 8706: 8698: 7939: 7101: 7027: 6824: 6820: 6785: 6535:

established in 1817, with the aim to study the flora and fauna of the archipelago.

6448: 6356: 6143: 5539: 5513: 5244: 5225: 5169: 5165: 4300: 4140: 4118: 3659: 3509: 3313: 2960: 2870: 2818: 2684: 2529: 2443: 2332: 2279: 2008: 1884: 1639: 1465: 1455: 1148: 944: 833: 777: 7280: 6542: 6484: 6177: 13623: 13348: 13248: 13233: 12926: 12696: 11628: 11575: 11515: 11467: 11455: 11117: 11024: 10995: 10749:

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

10265: 10242: 10087: 9692: 9316: 9246: 9235: 9033: 8850:. Note: Citing Dutch newspaper 'De Haagsche Post', article dated 4 December 1954. 8830: 8683: 8626: 7698: 7295: 7276: 7156: 7115: 7019: 6401: 6287: 6253: 6233: 6046: 6021: 5978: 5629: 5509: 5494: 5461: 5206: 5076: 5011: 4973: 4972:

or were criminals sentenced to forced labour by the colonial justice system. The

4841: 4802: 4779: 4715: 4332: 4164: 3649: 3529: 3303: 3203: 2768: 2473: 2463: 2410: 2387: 1879: 1620: 1495: 1395: 1355: 1188: 121: 115: 11445:

The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800–2000

11197:

The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800–2000

9384: 9371:

Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India

5485:(ML-KNIL), were established in 1814 and 1915, respectively. Naval forces of the 5137:

also targeted Dutch and Eurasian civilians, particularly under the direction of

4902:, as were the remaining independent kingdoms in Maluku, Sumatra, Kalimantan and 13716: 13574: 13037: 12642: 12637: 12441: 12263: 11582: 11438:

Roots of violence in Indonesia: Contemporary violence in historical perspective

8955: 8619: 7674:

The official register at Castle Batavia, of the census of the Dutch East Indies

7262:

Note: In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),

7046: 7023: 6935: 6908: 6805: 6801: 6737:

The 16th- and 17th-century arrivals of European powers in Indonesia introduced

6405: 6340: 6161: 6120: 6106: 5962: 5830: 5807: 5794: 5543: 5318: 5121: 4783: 4648: 4602: 4538: 4508: 4496: 4468: 4463:, local kingdoms and tribes were all connected through trade, creating a mixed 4420: 4340: 4324: 4261: 2890: 2738: 2734: 2654: 2594: 2453: 2054: 1555: 1525: 1405: 1228: 1158: 1006: 735: 262: 257: 46: 11505:

Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942

11332: 11306:] (Bachelor's of History Thesis) (in Indonesian). University of Indonesia. 9912: 9895: 8422: 7688:

Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900–1942

7560:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. pp. 248–249. 7458:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. pp. 168–169. 7065:' (night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year. 4593:

and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago (including much of

4529: 179: 14072: 14054: 14041: 13903: 13898: 13554: 13531: 13526: 13510: 13474: 13469: 13454: 13274: 13203: 12758: 12656: 12632: 11547: 11300:

Kebijakan Pemerintahan Orde Baru Terhadap Perfilman Indonesia Tahun 1966–1980

9921: 9622:

De Privaatrechterlijke Toestand: Der Vreemde Oosterlingen Op Java En Madoera

8166:"KERAJAAN ADAT KEPAKSIAN PERNONG SEKALA BRAK MENJAWAB SEJARAH_compressed.PDF" 7896: 7854:"Indonesië krijgt geen excuses, terwijl de slavenhandel daar juist floreerde" 7819: 7204: 7069: 6558: 6546: 6221: 6213: 6055: 5161: 4903: 4798: 4758:

that would define the government of the colony for a century. Under the 1824

4627: 4577: 4500: 4492: 4472: 4281: 4277: 3769: 3474: 3023: 2634: 2584: 2309: 2094: 1208: 266: 157: 11673: 11405:

Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920

11008:

Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920

9686: 9180: 8299: 6633:

Throughout the colonial period the Dutch introduced European dishes such as

6553:

in 1912, after an aeroplane crash accident in 1911 and rumours about living

13888: 13691: 13505: 13500: 13484: 13459: 13300: 10197: 9812: 9683:

Development and social welfare: Indonesia's experiences under the New Order

9508:

Beck, Sanderson, (2008) South Asia, 1800–1950 – World Peace Communications

9133:

Balans van beleid. Terugblik op de laatste halve eeuw van Nederlands-Indië.

8684:"Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves" 7943: 7251:

Balans van beleid. Terugblik op de laatste halve eeuw van Nederlands-Indië.

7031: 6968: 6710: 6706: 6670: 6550: 6291: 6237: 6205: 6169: 6156: 6094: 6054:, by which local administrators could sentence minor offenders directly to 5974: 5970: 5945: 5753: 5621: 5141:

who personally supervised the summary executions of hundreds of civilians.

5064: 5014:

invaded and occupied the Indies. During the occupation, the Njai and their

4965: 4588:, the company and later colonial administrations introduced non-indigenous 4488: 4483:

in 1321. The first Europeans to establish themselves in Indonesia were the

4243: 3223: 3148: 3053: 2950: 2758: 2070: 1198: 1128: 1091: 763: 297: 285: 13867: 11556:

The Social World of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in Colonial Indonesia

11083:

Indisch is een gevoel, de tweede en derde generatie Indische Nederlanders.

8702: 8393: 6045:

who forced tens of thousands of locals to work on the construction of the

6025:

recession, leading to increased investment in the colony. The sugar, tin,

5977:). From 1870, the Indies were opened up to private enterprise. Due to the 5806:, Malay or Dutch, or those who could write in non-Roman alphabets such as 13845: 13726: 13584: 13559: 12500: 9035:

Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée

8279: 7433:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 142. 7223: 7077: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7042: 7006: 6698: 6694: 6674: 6586: 6512: 6508: 6444: 6379: 6345: 6328: 6283: 6059: 5998: 5704: 5375:

By 1920 the Dutch had established 350 prisons throughout the colony. The

5177: 5087: 5015: 4787: 4553:

trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the

4550: 4440: 4432: 2155: 1315: 1238: 1040: 453: 13359: 11657: 11633: 10046: 7904: 7880: 7827: 7803: 7781:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 32. 7735:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 30. 4299:

In 1962, the Dutch turned over their last possession in Southeast Asia,

13633: 13599: 12255: 10744: 7073: 6682: 6662: 6627: 6618: 6432: 6375:

several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers.

6259: 5986: 5874: 5842: 5395: 5380: 5376: 5145: 5000: 4995: 4711: 4617:) were nationalized under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies. 4476: 4460: 4451:. By the 16th century, a large part of the archipelago was ruled under 4252:

dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the

3779: 2920: 2694: 2644: 2299: 2254: 2195: 1258: 13819: 11131: 10612:"Architectural Design Consideration for Modern Buildings in Indonesia" 9873:"Indonesia's Infrastructure Problems: A Legacy From Dutch Colonialism" 7582:"How studying 1945-1949 wars can benefit Indonesia - The Jakarta Post" 6947:

was established in 1815, much of its wealth came from colonial trade.

6128:

are used in present-day Indonesian, particularly technical terms (see

4738:

becoming Lieutenant Governor. Following Napoleon's defeat at the 1815

13840: 13613: 13579: 11719: 11688: 11291:- translated from Dutch by E. M. Beekman (Publisher: Periplus, 1999) 10609: 9570: 7068:

Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the

7035: 6777: 6714: 6666: 6658: 6554: 6409: 6151: 6125: 5918: 5821:

Dutch, Eurasian and Javanese professors of law at the opening of the

5296: 5116:

Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, nationalist leaders

4931: 4915: 4833: 4775: 4746:, independent Dutch control was restored in 1816 on the basis of the 4589: 4416: 4412: 4285: 4239: 4227: 2724: 2704: 2362: 2352: 2219: 2074: 1268: 1218: 1168: 1071: 969: 12566: 10235: 6290:, Mas Soeryo Soebanto and Henk Ngantunk; and also Chinese painters: 6142:

has been inspired by both colonial and postcolonial Indies from the

5563:. Twenty-five percent of the POWs did not survive their internment. 5240:

which ceded the territory to Indonesian administration in May 1963.

4280:

threatened to terminate financial aid for the Netherlands under the

14011: 13706: 13279: 12597: 10776:

The Netherlands East Indies at the Tropenmuseum: a colonial history

8570:

Jack Ford, "The Forlorn Ally—The Netherlands East Indies in 1942,"

6984: 6797: 6793: 6781: 6743: 6702: 6569: 6562: 6538: 6105:

Across the archipelago, hundreds of native languages are used, and

5914: 5596: 5490: 5307: 4891: 4869: 4857: 4837: 4767: 4644: 4585: 2168: 2102: 1050: 973: 552: 293: 289: 247: 11648:

Yasuo Uemura, "The Depression and the Sugar Industry in Surabaya"

11057:"Official CBS website containing all Dutch demographic statistics" 10804:"Indonesian Batik – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO" 7249:

aggravation of the legal sanction. See: Baudet, H., Brugmans I.J.

5886:, established in 1920— were both founded during the colonial era. 4718:

to the Dutch throne, which led to the 1808 appointment of Marshal

13686: 13608: 13569: 12039: 10458:"NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJKE raad voor Nederlandsch-Indie te Batavia" 9756: 7956:"Over deze Nederlandse slavernijgeschiedenis hebben we het nooit" 7200: 6789: 6768: 6747: 6738: 6646: 6573: 6516: 6504: 6480: 6225: 6217: 6157:

Max Havelaar: Or The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company

5854: 5580: 5233: 5134: 5117: 4961: 4919: 4861: 4771: 4606: 4598: 4569: 4257: 2098: 1138: 312: 301: 236: 10727:

Chic in kebaya: catatan inspiratif untuk tampil anggun berkebaya

10165:

Meijer, Hans (2004) In Indie geworteld. Publisher: Bert bakker.

10078:

The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society.

6750:, large windows and ventilation openings), and the 18th-century 5837:(STOVIA). Many STOVIA graduates later played important roles in 5176:

was first "elucidated" by the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs

4533:

Expansion of the Dutch East Indies in the Indonesian Archipelago

13919: 13757: 13736: 13638: 13618: 13536: 11639:

Yasuo Uemura, "The Sugar Estates in Besuki and the Depression"

11595: 10282:

Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta

9894:

Zwart, Pim de; Gallardo-Albarrán, Daniel; Rijpma, Auke (2022).

8681: 6990: 6924: 6877: 6870: 6861: 6856:

Dutch colonial couple in the early 20th century wearing native

6654: 6650: 6638: 6393: 5982: 5803: 5138: 5086:, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the 4691: 4687: 4614: 4610: 4581: 4573: 4444: 4226:

The colony contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and

3293: 2930: 2289: 1248: 217: 11132:"Indisch-eten Startpagina, verzameling van interessante links" 8647: 6653:

and tea were also popular in the colonial East Indies. Bread,

6208:, a writer and journalist, and the Dutch language writings of 6030:

central Batavia government to more localised governing units.

4447:

were dominant; however, increasing trade links instigated the

4215:

government in 1800. During the 19th century, the Dutch fought

10645: 10643: 10030: 7081: 7061:' (Dutch Indonesian Shop) or Indonesian restaurant and many ' 7038:

in 1860 as criticism of exploitative Dutch policies in Java.

6963: 6920: 6874: 6857: 6642: 6634: 6026: 5949: 5385: 5379:

prison in Batavia incarcerated the unruliest inmates. In the

4877: 4754:

reformed the public finances of the colony and drew up a new

4424: 4311:. At that point, the entirety of the colony ceased to exist. 1118: 281: 11289:

Mirror of the Indies: A History of Dutch Colonial Literature

9893: 8620:

Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942

8428:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 254. 4864:

during the remainder of the 19th century. This included the

4439:

onwards the archipelago was also a major part of the global

10864: 9401:"Last Post – the End of Empire in the Far East", John Keay 8281:

Krakatoa : the day the world exploded, August 27, 1883

7982:"Slavernij en slavenhandel in Nederlands-Indië (1820–1900)" 6332: 5520: 5368: 5280: 5133:. The independence movement during the later phases of the 4989: 4937: 4683: 4679: 4594: 4456: 10640: 10372: 10360: 8913:"Dutch king apologises for colonial killings in Indonesia" 7612:"Decolonization of the Dutch East Indies/Indonesia | EHNE" 7162:

Postage stamps and postal history of the Dutch East Indies

6907:, making them the first Asian country to participate in a 1011:"Netherlands' most precious jewel", Dutch imperial art by 11608:

11 Dutch Indies objects in 'The European Library Harvest'

10384: 9731:"TU Delft Colonial influence remains strong in Indonesia" 6274:

sometimes bare-chested native women. Some of the notable

5560: 10336: 8736:

History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition

6759: 5063:

The Netherlands capitulated their European territory to

4994:

During earlier stages of colonization female indigenous

11675:"Surabaya or Soerabaya. The largest city in Java" 10892:"The Dutch East Indies, a colonial team at a World Cup" 10679: 10542: 10540: 9798: 9796: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9563:

De demografische geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders

9537:, Report no.64 (Publisher: NIDI, The Hague, 2002) P.36 9535:

De demografische geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders

9181:

Cribb, R. B; Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (2000),

7717: 7715: 6930: 6677:

during the colonial era. Some of the native upperclass

5131:

execution of hundreds of men in the village of Rawagede

4491:

and fortresses throughout the region, including at the

4203:

The Dutch East Indies was formed from the nationalised

2097:

to Britain, leading to its eventual incorporation into

11622:

Historical Documents of the Dutch Parliament 1814–1995

10417: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8192:"Paksi Pak Skala Brak"Gedung Dalam Kepaksian Pernong"" 7754: 7752: 5343:

was dissolved in 1942 during the Japanese occupation.

4814:

The Submission of Prince Dipo Negoro to General De Koc

27:

Dutch colony in Southeast Asia and Oceania (1800–1949)

14014:

in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the

11650:

Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

11641:

Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

11384:

Indonesian Economic History in the Dutch Colonial Era

11304:

New Order Policy Towards Indonesian Films (1966–1980)

10516: 10438: 10396: 10348: 8941: 8406: 8404: 8402: 7522:

Indonesian Economic History in the Dutch Colonial Era

6989:, a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in 6022:

worldwide recession of the late 1880s and early 1890s

4840:(1825–30) ended significant Javanese resistance. The 4292:. Indonesia became one of the leading nations of the 2073:

with territory mostly comprising the modern state of

11095:"IMES/ Second&third generations Dutch Eurasians" 10742: 10537: 10324: 10312: 10300: 9843:"Promotie Huib Ekkelenkamp op 9 april 2019 TU Delft" 9793: 9697: 9464:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 8799:"How the Netherlands Hid Its War Crimes for Decades" 8778:

War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War

7712: 7091: 6733:

List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta

6582:

Natuurwetenschappelijke Raad voor Nederlandsch-Indië

6493:

Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen

5270:

The governor-general's palace in Batavia (1880–1900)

11039:(Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) pp.12–13 9757:"URAP – University Ranking by Academic Performance" 9373:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), 236. 9135:(Publisher: Van Gorcum, Assen, 1984) P.76, 121, 130 9107:

Features – The Indonesian Legal System: An Overview

8327: 7749: 6661:, sandwiches filled with ham, cheese or fruit jam, 11354: 11331: 11247: 8421: 8399: 8361:P. Hagen (2018), Koloniale oorlogen in Indonesie. 8348: 8346: 8344: 7076:, a colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as 6359:. The rate of production declined again after the 5793:curriculum. Ordinary Indonesians were educated in 5306:House of the Resident (colonial administrator) in 4774:, and the British secured the Dutch settlement of 4256:on 15 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leaders 4246:, setting the stage for an independence movement. 8712:20.500.11755/c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092 6974:The traditions of the KNIL are maintained by the 6685:(solo salad), bistik jawa (Javanese beef steak), 6592:Organisatie voor Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek 5408:Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies 5330:for the Dutch East Indies commenced in 1918. The 4514: 14159:1940s disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies 14070: 11481: 10571: 10127:The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade 9986: 9984: 9258: 9100:http://alterisk.ru/lj/IndonesiaLegalOverview.pdf 9069: 9067: 5022: 52: 14149:1942 disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies 11338:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 11172:History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java 8341: 7315:Note: 1927 garden party, at the country estate 6316:List of film directors of the Dutch East Indies 6312:List of film producers of the Dutch East Indies 5759:In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the 5591:and Chief of Staff of the Indonesian army; and 4868:in the aftermath of the tremendous eruption of 4525:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 10837:. The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 10610:W. Wangsadinata and T.K. Djajasudarma (1995). 10258:, (Publisher: Querido, Amsterdam, 1978) p.555 9725: 9723: 9567:The demography of the Dutch in the East Indies 9185:, Curzon; Singapore : New Asian Library, 8230:Vickers (2005), p. 10; Ricklefs (1991), p. 131 8217: 8215: 8213: 8133: 7767:Ricklefs (1991), p. 110; Vickers (2005), p. 10 6451:, made popular by Auguste Mahieu (1865–1903). 6396:; later films would be in Dutch, Malay, or an 6286:, Mas Pirngadi, Abdullah Surisubroto, Wakidi, 6150:discourse. Masterpieces of this genre include 5628:), R. Sastro Widjono and M. N. Dwidjo Sewojo ( 4752:Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies 14139:States and territories disestablished in 1949 13375: 12582: 11704: 11250:Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen 10889: 10546: 10519:"The rise and fall of Indonesia's rice table" 10112: 9981: 9624:( The private law situation: Java and Madoera 9064: 8530:Van den Brand J., De miljoenen uit Deli, 1902 8363:Vijf eeuwen verzet tegen vreemde overheersing 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 6873:fabrics and the comfortable and easy to wear 6776:styles. The early-20th-century trend was for 6673:were commonly consumed by colonial Dutch and 6101:was decided to be the national language, 1928 5412:The Dutch East Indies was divided into three 4211:, which came under the administration of the 4182: 2026: 14154:1945 establishments in the Dutch East Indies 14144:1800 establishments in the Dutch East Indies 11485:Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy 11436:Colombijn, Freek, and Thomas Lindblad, eds. 11271:The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950 11129: 10788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10593:, p. 8, 1994 Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, 9667:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9553: 9462:Netherlands India: a Study of Plural Economy 8104:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. p. 44. 8035:. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 23–25. 8025: 8023: 5483:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force 5458:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force 5033:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 4960:Another source of profit were the so-called 4630:where most of the local population had been 4459:that retained a Hindu majority. Sultanates, 4307:), to Indonesia under the provisions of the 903:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 862:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 113: 11407:(University of Michigan, NUS Press, 2008), 11010:(University of Michigan, NUS Press, 2008), 9720: 9382: 9163: 9031: 8876: 8874: 8553:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu. 8284:. New York: HarperCollins. pp. Ch. 9. 8210: 8072:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 8021: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7779:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7733:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7646:A History of Modern Indonesian since c.1300 7558:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7456:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7431:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7084:are still very popular in the Netherlands. 6771:, designed by architect Henri Maclaine-Pont 6590: 6589:in 1942. In 1948 the institute was renamed 6580: 6497:Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences 6408:writes that all films from before 1950 are 5471:Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem 5401: 642:1,919,440 km (741,100 sq mi) 155: 135: 38: 14134:States and territories established in 1800 13833: 13382: 13368: 12589: 12575: 11711: 11697: 11313:A Modern History of Indonesia, 2nd edition 11167:Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa 10773: 8752: 8277: 8242: 6800:. Notable architects and planners include 6426:Netherlands Government Information Service 6075: 5835:School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen 5416:—Groot Oost, Borneo and Sumatra—and three 4368:Scholars writing in English use the terms 4189: 4175: 2033: 2019: 178: 14018:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010. 13389: 10923:"In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals" 10890:van de Vooren, Jurryt (8 February 2022). 10724: 10591:The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia 9911: 9459: 9103: 8710: 6093:(Indonesian Students Union) delegates in 5979:exploitation of Chinese migrant labourers 5579:that were former KNIL soldiers included: 5262:Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 5255: 5148:of the Catholic People's Party, formed a 5054:governor-general of the Dutch East Indies 14174:19th-century establishments in Indonesia 11561: 11310: 11254:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 11231:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 10198:"A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia" 9618: 8871: 8733: 8682:Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). 8551:Nyai & Pergundikan di Hindia Belanda 8158: 8000: 7776: 7730: 7643: 7555: 7453: 7428: 6995: 6934: 6901:Dutch East Indies national football team 6851: 6839: 6758: 6612: 6458: 6420:) records several as having survived at 6319: 6247: 6085: 6011: 5992: 5939: 5816: 5786:School Tot Opleiding Van Indische Artsen 5779: 5612: 5534:Decorated indigenous KNIL soldiers, 1927 5529: 5465: 5349: 5301: 5265: 5150:Commissie-Generaal voor Nederlands-Indië 5040: 4938:Cultivation System and Coolie Ordinances 4906:. Other rulers including the Sultans of 4807: 4696: 4528: 4407:At the time when Europeans arrived, the 14169:1800 establishments in the Dutch Empire 11564:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 11352: 11297: 11229:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia 10832: 10423: 9484:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9104:Tabalujan, Benny S. (2 December 2002), 8653:"Indonesia :: Japanese occupation" 8068: 7639: 7637: 6392:; 1930) generally considered the first 6369:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 5215:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 4605:, and the hinterlands of ports such as 4347:) was translated by the English as the 4290:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 3760:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 618:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 592:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 14: 14094:Former countries in Indonesian history 14071: 11718: 11527: 11329: 11245: 11205: 10984:Etty, Elsbeth literary editor for the 10835:"Dutch East Indies – Football History" 10738: 10736: 10585: 10583: 10107: 10016:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 9477: 9443:John Keegan, page 314 "World Armies", 9425:from the original on 27 September 2011 9387:. Dutch East Indies Campaign website. 8489:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 8419: 8127: 8030: 7592:from the original on 26 September 2023 6308:List of films of the Dutch East Indies 6130:List of Dutch loan words in Indonesian 5595:, founder of the elite special forces 4803:European push for colonial possessions 14099:Former countries in Malaysian history 13866: 13818: 13664: 13401: 13363: 12596: 12570: 11692: 11226: 11160: 10902:from the original on 16 November 2023 10774:Legêne, S., & Dijk, J. V (2011). 10498:from the original on 21 November 2019 10468:from the original on 24 February 2021 10444: 10402: 10390: 10378: 10366: 10354: 10342: 10330: 10318: 10306: 10226:Nieuwenhuys (1999) pp. 126, 191, 225. 10195: 10144:from the original on 16 November 2023 9737:from the original on 25 February 2021 9300: 9052:from the original on 16 November 2023 9012:Cribb, R.B., Kahin, pp. 140 & 405 8805:from the original on 1 September 2020 8380:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Lubberhuizen. 8306:from the original on 16 November 2023 8146:from the original on 16 November 2023 8099: 7988:from the original on 13 February 2023 7962:from the original on 13 February 2023 7911:from the original on 13 November 2020 7860:from the original on 13 February 2023 7834:from the original on 13 November 2020 7622:from the original on 21 November 2023 7384:from the original on 24 December 2018 7341: 7266:was the best university in Indonesia. 7226:, Indo-Chinese and indigenous people. 6693:), sayur kacang merah (brenebon) and 6431:Theatre plays by playwrights such as 6404:. The American visual anthropologist 6091:Perhimpunan Pelajar-Pelajar Indonesia 5650:1930 census of the Dutch East Indies 4521:Company rule in the Dutch East Indies 2093:, the Dutch ceded the governorate of 184:Map of Dutch Expansion in Indonesia: 14179:1940s disestablishments in Indonesia 13028:States and municipalities by exports 12717:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis 11268: 10755:from the original on 14 January 2024 10706:from the original on 15 January 2024 10208:from the original on 19 January 2012 10123: 9998:from the original on 19 October 2023 9114:from the original on 17 January 2023 8994:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, pp. 87, 295 8659:from the original on 9 February 2007 8471:from the original on 19 October 2023 8198:from the original on 19 October 2022 7878: 7801: 7634: 7516: 7514: 7478: 7347: 7253:(Publisher: Van Gorcum, Assen, 1984) 7152:Freemasonry in the Dutch East Indies 6931:Colonial heritage in the Netherlands 5620:members in 1918: D. Birnie (Dutch), 5124:declared Indonesian independence. A 4778:as well as Dutch possessions in the 4706:In 1806, with the Netherlands under 4050:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 14006:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; 11614:Digital Atlas of Indonesian History 11085:(Amsterdam University Press, 2009) 10933:from the original on 6 October 2008 10733: 10580: 10559:from the original on 5 October 2011 10080:(UNSW Press, Sydney, 2003) P.87-89 9763:from the original on 6 October 2014 9166:Digital atlas of Indonesian history 8923:from the original on 18 August 2021 8910: 8616:The Netherlands East Indies 1941–42 7479:Hart, Jonathan (26 February 2008). 6301: 6007:Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij 5847:De Technische Hogeschool te Bandung 5440:first before being subdivided into 5354:The Supreme Court Building, Batavia 4402: 3850:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 24: 14104:Former countries in Southeast Asia 13666:Colonies and trading posts of the 13403:Colonies and trading posts of the 11770:French and British era (1806–1816) 11464:(Cambridge University Press, 2008) 11376: 11190:Historical dictionary of Indonesia 11138:from the original on 30 March 2010 9391:from the original on 26 July 2011. 9282:from the original on 23 April 2016 9081:from the original on 31 March 2012 8892:from the original on 22 March 2023 8730:from the original on 19 July 2018. 8585:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 7499:from the original on 18 March 2015 6727:Colonial architecture of Indonesia 6435:(1869–1948) were performed at the 6041:. This started under the reign of 5933:(cultivation system) in Dutch and 5908:Liberal Period (Dutch East Indies) 5479:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 5454:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 5046:Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer 4658: 4559:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie 4501:Portugal formed a union with Spain 3690:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 3610:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 2132: 25: 14190: 11589: 11063:from the original on 11 June 2010 10871:from the original on 13 July 2023 10841:from the original on 23 June 2023 10200:. Institute of European Studies, 10196:Maier, H.M.J. (8 February 2005). 10173:. P.33, 35, 36, 76, 77, 371, 389 10130:. Kodansha America. p. 203. 9853:from the original on 8 March 2021 9649:from the original on 24 July 2011 8824:Who is responsible for 'Bersiap'? 8172:from the original on 27 July 2022 7511: 7275:Note: In December 1958, American 7239:. See: Cribb, R.B., Kahin, p. 140 6829:Indonesia's independence struggle 6649:. As the producer of cash crops; 5583:, second president of Indonesia; 5568:two successful military campaigns 4365:'s documents of the early 1620s. 3860:Attacks against places of worship 2081:on 17 August 1945. Following the 917:Japanese occupation of New Guinea 876:Japanese occupation of New Guinea 566:Second Dutch intervention in Bali 317: 12677:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 11594: 11462:The idea of Indonesia: A history 11334:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 11123: 11075: 11049: 11029: 11000: 10978: 10969: 10945: 10914: 10883: 10853: 10826: 10796: 10767: 10718: 10688: 10670: 10661: 10652: 10603: 10510: 10480: 10450: 10429: 10408: 10270: 10248: 10229: 10220: 10189: 10178: 10159: 10101: 10092: 10070: 10061: 10024: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9945: 9936: 9887: 9865: 9835: 9805: 9784: 9775: 9749: 9711: 9675: 9612: 9603: 9594: 9547: 9527: 9502: 9453: 9437: 9411: 8424:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 7544:The idea of Indonesia: A history 7309: 7300: 7269: 7256: 7136: 7122: 7108: 7094: 6597:Indonesian Institute of Sciences 5961:. Mining began in 1860. In 1863 5788:(STOVIA) aka Sekolah Doctor Jawa 5644: 5577:Indonesian National Armed Forces 4872:in 1883. However, the island of 4766:and British settlements such as 4158: 3820:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 2085:, Indonesia and the Netherlands 2002: 1005: 949: 935: 921: 907: 893: 868: 854: 840: 826: 812: 798: 784: 770: 756: 742: 728: 714: 700: 166: 146: 95: 81: 13727:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies 11790:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 11488:. Cambridge U.P. p. viii. 11433:, 2011, retrieved: 23 May 2011. 11227:Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). 11154: 11037:De uittocht uit Indie 1945–1995 10814:from the original on 3 May 2017 10696:"The Architecture of Indonesia" 9900:The Journal of Economic History 9823:from the original on 7 May 2020 9395: 9376: 9363: 9347: 9331: 9294: 9252: 9240:Netherlands Ministry of Defense 9214: 9198: 9138: 9125: 9093: 9025: 9015: 9006: 8997: 8988: 8985:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, p. 140 8979: 8976:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, p. 108 8970: 8935: 8904: 8882:"Tijdbalk Indonesische kwestie" 8836: 8817: 8791: 8770: 8761: 8675: 8641: 8632: 8608: 8599: 8590: 8577: 8564: 8543: 8533: 8524: 8515: 8506: 8497: 8451: 8442: 8413: 8370: 8355: 8318: 8271: 8262: 8233: 8224: 8184: 8118: 8093: 8062: 8049: 7974: 7948: 7932: 7923: 7872: 7846: 7795: 7770: 7761: 7724: 7703: 7680: 7662: 7604: 7574: 7549: 7536: 7533:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, p. 118 7527: 7289:Official Maria Dermout Website. 7242: 7229: 7216: 6950:Universities such as the Royal 6765:Bandung Institute of Technology 6720: 6576:during his work in the Indies. 6371:in 1945 and during the ensuing 5965:obtained a concession from the 5884:Bandung Institute of Technology 5882:, established in 1898, and the 5602: 5493:, supplemented by the colonial 5447: 4874:Lombok came under Dutch control 4351:, to keep it distinct from the 4250:Japan's World War II occupation 3680:Penang terminal bridge collapse 2665:Separation of Perlis from Kedah 439:Pieter Gerardus van Overstraten 12058:People's Consultative Assembly 11681:New International Encyclopedia 11399:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe276 11361:. Cambridge University Press. 11273:. Melbourne: Longman Pty Ltd. 10778:. Amsterdam: KIT. p. 146. 9619:Cornelis, Willem, Jan (2008). 9268:. Cambridge U.P. p. 104. 8649:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7472: 7447: 7422: 7396: 7366: 7193: 7184: 6913:Hungary national football team 6617:Dutch family enjoying a large 5973:) for a large tobacco estate ( 5859:Indonesian National Revolution 5673:Indigenous islanders (Pribumi) 5324:A People's Council called the 5037:Indonesian National Revolution 4983: 4515:Dutch East Indies Company rule 4465:Hindu-Buddhist-Islamic culture 4270:Indonesian National Revolution 3590:Campbell Shopping Complex fire 2083:Indonesian War of Independence 1715:French and British interregnum 605:Indonesian National Revolution 514:French and British interregnum 13: 1: 12648:Japanese occupation of Malaya 11800:Transitional period (1965–66) 11785:National Revolution (1945–49) 11780:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 11775:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 11431:Institute of European History 11357:A History of Modern Indonesia 11315:. MacMillan. chapters 10–15. 10667:Schoppert (1997), pp. 102–105 10658:Schoppert (1997), pp. 104–105 9813:"Waarde van de gulden / euro" 9481:A History of Modern Indonesia 9385:"Dutch East Indies 1941–1942" 9183:Historical atlas of Indonesia 7334: 6819:A lack of development in the 6243: 5839:Indonesia's national movement 5500:The KNIL was not part of the 5250: 5126:four-and-a-half-year struggle 5103:Indonesian National Awakening 5023:World War II and independence 4764:Kepaksian Pernong Sekala Brak 4647:, being burned alive and the 4547:many skirmishes and hardships 4487:who established a network of 3800:2002 Taman Hillview landslide 2855:Japanese occupation of Malaya 2314: 2173: 335:Head of the Batavian Republic 144:("Those in whom Dutch blood") 12962:State legislative assemblies 12682:Sarawak communist insurgency 11576:10.1080/00074918812331335569 11472:The perspective of the World 11330:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 11212:. Harvard University Press. 10488:"Selamat Ulang Tahun, LIPI!" 10245:Retrieved: 24 September 2011 10034:Journal of Transport History 9317:10.1080/14623528.2012.719365 9304:Journal of Genocide Research 8420:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 8268:Ricklefs (1991), pp. 138–139 8124:Ricklefs (1991), pp. 111–114 6587:World War II in Asia Pacific 6529:Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense 6501:National Museum of Indonesia 6188:in literary reviews such as 5857:, whom later would lead the 5775: 5481:(KNIL) and its air arm, the 5092:Royal Dutch East Indies Army 4445:Hindu-Buddhist civilizations 4314: 4040:2024 Lumut helicopters crash 3960:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 3840:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 3119:North Borneo self-governance 1603:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow 502:• Direct Dutch control 7: 13181:Water supply and sanitation 12707:1997 Asian financial crisis 12166:Water supply and sanitation 11476:Civilization and Capitalism 11447:(U. of Hawaii Press, 2002) 11440:(Leiden: KITLV Press, 2002) 11199:(U. of Hawaii Press, 2002) 10649:Schoppert (1997), pp. 72–77 10577:Schoppert (1997), pp. 38–39 10517:Geotravel Research Center. 9554:Van Nimwegen, Nico (2002). 8075:. Westview Press. pp. 7676:]. Vol. VOC. 1624. 7279:praised the translation of 7167:The Portuguese in Indonesia 7087: 6956:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje 6917:Vélodrome Municipal Stadium 6753:Dutch Indies country houses 6705:), spiku (lapis Surabaya), 6390:Karnadi the Frog Contractor 6097:, an important event where 5892:Indonesian National Revival 5052:, the last and penultimate 4736:Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 4294:Asian independence movement 3890:Genting Highlands bus crash 3870:Cameron Highlands bus crash 3570:AIA building hostage crisis 3540:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 3489:Philippine militant attacks 3294:Federal Territory of Labuan 3224:Declaration of Rukun Negara 3214:National Operations Council 3179:Second communist insurgency 1110:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms 10: 14195: 14089:Former colonies in Oceania 13870:Kingdom of the Netherlands 12744:Cities, towns and villages 12702:1988 constitutional crisis 11795:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 11760:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 11665:Collier's New Encyclopedia 10284:(in Dutch). Archived from 9978:Dick, et al. (2002), p. 97 9942:Dick, et al. (2002), p. 95 9131:Baudet, H., Brugmans I.J. 9038:. NUS Press. p. 177. 9032:Tagliacozzo, Eric (2009). 8956:10.1177/0095327X0503100405 8944:Armed Forces & Society 8691:Eighteenth-Century Studies 8278:Winchester, Simon (2005). 7172:Netherlands Indies guilder 6835: 6730: 6724: 6606: 6602: 6572:disease was discovered by 6499:), the predecessor of the 6454: 6412:. However, JB Kristanto's 6365:Japanese propaganda shorts 6305: 6252:The romantic depiction of 6079: 6070: 5901: 5897: 5705:Dutch people and Eurasians 5606: 5557:Dutch East Indies campaign 5451: 5405: 5259: 5219:United States of Indonesia 5084:Dutch East Indies Campaign 5029:Dutch East Indies campaign 5026: 4987: 4941: 4748:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 4662: 4620: 4543:the first Dutch expedition 4518: 4395: 4391: 4020:2022 Batang Kali landslide 3334:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 2091:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1784:United States of Indonesia 1621:Chinese Kongsi federations 931:United States of Indonesia 527:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 364:Carel de Vos van Steenwijk 14124:20th century in Indonesia 14119:19th century in Indonesia 13997: 13981: 13960: 13944: 13928: 13912: 13881: 13877: 13862: 13829: 13814: 13786: 13750: 13679: 13675: 13660: 13598: 13545: 13519: 13493: 13432: 13416: 13412: 13397: 13314: 13267: 13194: 13084: 13075: 12983: 12974: 12872: 12863: 12734: 12725: 12608: 12518: 12432: 12367: 12225: 12187: 12178: 12106: 12097: 11962: 11953: 11909:Provincial highest points 11830: 11821: 11730: 11482:Furnivall, J. S. (1944). 10621:. Jakarta. Archived from 10113: 9913:10.1017/S0022050721000577 9460:Furnivall, J.S. (1967) . 9369:John Sydenham Furnivall, 8776:Cited in: Dower, John W. 7352:. Ohio University Press. 6887: 6418:Indonesian Film Catalogue 6140:Dutch language literature 6043:governor-general Daendels 5211:Roem–Van Roijen Agreement 5191:first "politionele actie" 4828:The Dutch subjugated the 4728:the Spice islands in 1810 4555:United East India Company 3950:Movida Bar grenade attack 3700:Bright Sparklers disaster 3600:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 3580:National Monument bombing 3550:Kuala Lumpur flash floods 3344:Royal Immunity Amendments 3089:Singapore self-governance 3000:Crown Colony of N. Borneo 2615:Siamese invasion of Kedah 1935:Javanese historical texts 965: 679: 669: 665: 655: 651: 646: 636: 631: 627: 614: 601: 588: 575: 562: 549: 536: 523: 510: 500: 487: 483: 475: 463: 459: 444: 429: 425: 415: 411: 399: 389:• 1816–1840 (first) 387: 383: 373: 369: 357: 347: 343: 333: 328:Dutch Colonial government 323: 311: 277: 253: 243: 227: 213: 177: 130: 109: 77: 70: 32: 14129:19th century in Malaysia 13968:Curaçao and Dependencies 13702:Curaçao and Dependencies 13680:Colonies in the Americas 13668:Dutch West India Company 13405:Dutch East India Company 13234:Malay ethnic nationalism 12692:Second Malayan Emergency 11967:Administrative divisions 11500:, comprehensive coverage 11454:25 December 2019 at the 11353:Vickers, Adrian (2005). 10685:Schoppert (1997), p. 105 10589:Dawson, B., Gillow, J., 10241:13 November 2011 at the 10202:University of California 9609:Reid (1974), p. 170, 171 9179:from the earlier volume 8829:28 November 2016 at the 8587:(2000) 31#1 pp: 115–136. 8574:(1993) 11#1 pp: 105–127. 8031:Witton, Patrick (2003). 7885:Journal of World History 7808:Journal of World History 7777:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7731:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7556:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7454:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7429:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7348:Dick, Howard W. (2002). 7177: 7049:they are referred to as 6905:1938 World Cup in France 6136:can be traced to Dutch. 5867:Geneeskundige Hogeschool 5402:Administrative divisions 5168:, Defense Minister, and 5097:Fuelled by the Japanese 4632:deported or exterminated 4537:Following disruption of 4503:, and therewith entered 4363:Dutch East India Company 4209:Dutch East India Company 3970:Darul Quran madrasa fire 3790:2001 Kampung Medan riots 3710:Highland Towers collapse 3407:Pakatan Harapan takeover 2809:Unfederated Malay States 2401:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1695:Dutch East India Company 1336:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 708:Dutch East India Company 491:Dutch East India Company 401:• 1948–1949 (last) 353:Augustijn Gerhard Besier 14109:Maritime Southeast Asia 14084:Former colonies in Asia 13751:Trading posts in Africa 13485:Northeast coast of Java 11532:. London: Pluto Press. 11514:9 November 2017 at the 11427:European History Online 11311:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). 11246:Heider, Karl G (1991). 11192:(Scarecrow Press, 2004) 11188:Cribb, R.B., Kahin, A. 10124:Corn, Charles (1999) . 9478:Vicker, Adrian (2005). 9383:Klemen, L (1999–2000). 8767:Ricklefs (1991), p. 199 8758:Vickers (2005), page 85 8734:Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). 8614:L., Klemen, 1999–2000, 8605:Ricklefs (1991), p. 195 8239:Ricklefs (1991), p. 142 8221:Ricklefs (1991), p. 131 8134:Oranje, D.J.P. (1936). 7697:9 November 2017 at the 7485:. Polity. p. 200. 7285:The Ten Thousand Things 6549:was first described by 6531:was a major centre for 6521:Bogor Botanical Gardens 6447:theatre shows known as 6441:Gedung Kesenian Jakarta 6385:Karnadi Anemer Bangkong 6210:Soewarsih Djojopoespito 6182:The Ten Thousand Things 6082:Dutch Indies literature 6076:Language and literature 5880:University of Indonesia 5871:University of Indonesia 5720:Other foreign orientals 5101:war propaganda and the 4866:Banten Peasant's Revolt 4732:Java the following year 4673:French and British rule 4669:Second Dutch Expedition 4030:2023 Elmina plane crash 4010:2021-22 Malaysia floods 3990:2020-21 Malaysia floods 3980:2018 Subang Temple riot 3940:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 3920:2014–15 Malaysia floods 3830:Bukit Gantang bus crash 3274:South China Sea dispute 3254:1977 Kelantan Emergency 3244:Federal Territory of KL 3139:Sarawak self-governance 2213:65,000–40,000 BCE 2051:Netherlands East Indies 14164:1949 disestablishments 13033:Science and technology 12141:Science and technology 11982:Regencies & Cities 11269:Reid, Anthony (1974). 11116:7 January 2016 at the 9790:Ricklefs (1991), p 119 9245:1 October 2011 at the 8596:Morison (1948), p. 191 8376:Phijffer, Tom (2000). 7721:Ricklefs (1991), p. 27 7644:Ricklefs, M C (1991). 7018:(Old times) by author 7010: 6980:Royal Netherlands Army 6940: 6865: 6845: 6772: 6622: 6591: 6581: 6467: 6465:Buitenzorg Plantentuin 6463:Museum and lab of the 6437:Schouwburg Weltevreden 6414:Katalog Film Indonesia 6336: 6262: 6230:postcolonial discourse 6102: 6017: 6001: 5953: 5927:Johannes van den Bosch 5826: 5789: 5633: 5547: 5535: 5502:Royal Netherlands Army 5487:Royal Netherlands Navy 5474: 5355: 5310: 5279:of the colonial army ( 5271: 5256:Law and administration 5060: 4825: 4762:the Dutch secured the 4720:Herman Willem Daendels 4714:appointed his brother 4703: 4665:First Dutch Expedition 4534: 4409:Indonesian archipelago 4344: 4328: 4286:Indonesian sovereignty 3640:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 3510:Brunei's Limbang claim 3354:Asian financial crisis 2941:Sandakan Death Marches 2789:Federated Malay States 2675:Crown Colony of Labuan 2137: 2066: 2058: 1746:Emergence of Indonesia 848:Sultanate of Palembang 156: 136: 114: 53: 39: 14004:constituent countries 13537:West coast of Sumatra 13391:Dutch colonial empire 12687:Singapore in Malaysia 11750:Hinduism-Buddhism era 11603:at Wikimedia Commons 11554:Taylor, Jean Gelman. 11528:Robins, Nick (2012). 11443:Dick, Howard, et al. 11391:The Dutch East Indies 11195:Dick, Howard, et al. 11023:23 April 2016 at the 10725:Pentasari, R (2007). 10700:The Fact of Indonesia 10676:Vickers (2005), p. 24 10098:Taylor (2003), p. 289 10086:23 April 2016 at the 10076:Sneddon, James (2003) 10067:Taylor (2003), p. 288 9969:Vickers (2005), p. 18 9960:Vickers (2005), p. 16 9951:Vickers (2005), p. 20 9802:Taylor (2003), p. 240 9717:Taylor (2003), p. 287 9708:Taylor (2003), p. 286 9234:23 April 2016 at the 9003:Vickers (2005), p. 15 8738:. London: MacMillan. 8703:10.1353/ecs.1998.0021 8549:Baay, Reggie (2010). 8338:Vickers (2005), p. 14 8324:Vickers (2005), p. 13 8142:(in Dutch). Utrecht. 7879:Vink, Markus (2003). 7802:Vink, Markus (2003). 7758:Vickers (2005), p. 10 7264:Universitas Indonesia 7004: 6938: 6855: 6843: 6823:, the turmoil of the 6762: 6616: 6462: 6323: 6251: 6089: 6039:involuntary servitude 6015: 5996: 5943: 5851:Technische Hogeschool 5820: 5814:, Chinese or Arabic. 5783: 5616: 5533: 5469: 5353: 5339:on major issues. The 5305: 5269: 5174:Linggadjati Agreement 5094:surrendered in Java. 5044: 4924:Bird's Head Peninsula 4811: 4700: 4532: 4335:). The original name 3880:Hulu Langat landslide 3560:Malaysian haze crisis 3324:Constitutional crisis 3159:Singapore in Malaysia 3149:Formation of Malaysia 3014:Anti-cession movement 2901:Parit Sulong Massacre 2380:Rise of Muslim states 2304:100 BCE–1474 CE 2136: 2079:declared independence 1801:Republic of Indonesia 1667:European colonization 1566:Riau-Lingga Sultanate 806:Sultanate of Bulungan 750:Riau-Lingga Sultanate 254:Common languages 14016:Netherlands Antilles 13063:World Bank Relations 12801:World Heritage Sites 12779:environmental issues 12662:Federation of Malaya 11884:Environmental issues 11627:4 April 2012 at the 11382:Booth, Anne, et al. 11209:Indonesian Destinies 10994:20 July 2011 at the 10896:Sportgeschiedenis.nl 10833:Stokkermans, Karel. 10702:. 15 November 2015. 10462:opac.perpusnas.go.id 10435:Heider (1991), p. 14 10414:Heider (1991), p. 15 10381:, pp. 334, 340. 10369:, pp. 319, 332. 10278:"Mooi Indie, Aliran" 10264:28 June 2012 at the 10110:Weg tot het Westen ( 9883:on 24 November 2012. 9691:23 June 2018 at the 9600:Vickers (2005), p. 9 9573:: NIDI. p. 35. 9164:Cribb, R. B (2010), 8625:26 July 2011 at the 8365:, De Arbeiderspers.' 8259:Friend (2003), p. 21 8194:. 11 February 2022. 8069:Schwarz, A. (1994). 7856:. 14 December 2022. 7520:Booth, Anne, et al. 7482:Empires and Colonies 7294:2 April 2012 at the 7190:as High Commissioner 6903:participated in the 6568:and its relation to 6525:Herbarium Bogoriense 5997:De Javasche Bank in 5944:Headquarters of the 5609:Dutch Ethical Policy 5432:, residencies under 4710:domination, Emperor 4398:History of Indonesia 3810:Indian Ocean tsunami 3500:Singapore race riots 3485:North Borneo dispute 3264:Pedra Branca dispute 3079:Malayan Independence 3034:Federation of Malaya 2799:Anglo-Siamese Treaty 2779:Mat Salleh Rebellion 2575:Dutch–Portuguese War 2294:100 BCE–642 CE 2246:11,000–200 BCE 2059:Nederlands(ch)-Indië 2049:, also known as the 2009:Indonesia portal 1630:Heshun Confederation 1546:Yogyakarta Sultanate 1476:Kalinyamat Sultanate 1446:Sultanate of Jailolo 1416:Sultanate of Ternate 1129:Tarumanagara Kingdom 349:• 1800 (first) 306:Traditional Religion 272:Indigenous languages 138:Wien Neêrlands Bloed 73:1942–1945 (in exile) 14051: / 13822:Noordsche Compagnie 13820:Settlements of the 13798:Society of Suriname 13644:Vietnam (1637–1643) 13417:Governorate General 12831:Peninsular Malaysia 11805:New Order (1966–98) 11765:VOC era (1603–1800) 11403:Bosma U., Raben R. 11389:Borschberg, Peter, 11206:Friend, T. (2003). 11162:Biran, Misbach Yusa 11081:De Vries, Marlene. 11006:Bosma U., Raben R. 10547:Karin Engelbrecht. 10393:, pp. 367–370. 10047:10.7227/TJTH.30.1.5 9781:Dick, et al. (2002) 9533:Van Nimwegen, Nico 8859:on 10 December 2011 8100:Kumar, Ann (1997). 7958:. 19 October 2017. 6976:Regiment Van Heutsz 6814:C. P. W. Schoemaker 6810:Henri Maclaine Pont 6780:influences—such as 6709:(coconut tart) and 6422:Sinematek Indonesia 6398:indigenous language 6361:Japanese occupation 6134:Indonesian language 6099:Indonesian language 5845:political society. 5651: 5587:, commander of the 5573:Indonesian military 5394:was established in 5361:(Raad van Justitie) 5154:Willem Schermerhorn 5107:Japanese occupation 5016:mixed-race children 4795:Graaf van den Bosch 4724:Jan Willem Janssens 4481:Odoric of Pordenone 4437:classical antiquity 4361:is recorded in the 4165:Malaysia portal 4000:LRT train collision 3770:Al-Ma'unah incident 3750:Tropical Storm Greg 3234:New Economic Policy 3071:Independence period 2911:Battle of Singapore 2605:Straits Settlements 2540:Kubang Pasu Kingdom 2259:500 – 200 BCE 1774:National Revolution 1764:Japanese occupation 1650:Santiaogou Republic 1516:Palembang Sultanate 1436:Sultanate of Tidore 1306:Peureulak Sultanate 1239:Dharmasraya Kingdom 889:Straits Settlements 579:Japanese occupation 359:• 1806 (last) 162:(Dutch) (1932–1949) 142:(Dutch) (1815–1932) 13792:Society of Berbice 13151:Malaysian diaspora 13043:Telecommunications 12672:Malaysia Agreement 12628:Portuguese Malacca 12151:Telecommunications 11862:Biosphere reserves 11643:, Vol.4 page.30-78 10975:Nieuwenhuys (1999) 10929:. 30 August 2007. 10729:. Jakarta: Esensi. 10345:, pp. 61, 68. 10288:on 1 November 2011 10254:Nieuwenhuys, Rob. 10108:Groeneboer, Kees. 9152:on 19 January 2012 8801:. 31 August 2020. 8352:Reid (1974), p. 1. 7919:– via JSTOR. 7842:– via JSTOR. 7325:J.C. Koningsberger 7130:Netherlands portal 7011: 6982:and the dedicated 6962:and in particular 6945:Dutch royal family 6941: 6866: 6846: 6773: 6713:(cheese cookies). 6623: 6609:Indonesian cuisine 6541:was discovered by 6533:botanical research 6468: 6352:Loetoeng Kasaroeng 6337: 6280:Romualdo Locatelli 6263: 6103: 6064:the cultuurstelsel 6018: 6002: 5954: 5904:Cultivation System 5827: 5790: 5649: 5634: 5589:Siliwangi Division 5536: 5475: 5436:were divided into 5356: 5311: 5277:commander-in-chief 5272: 5238:New York Agreement 5230:Western New Guinea 5213:(7 May 1949). The 5203:politionele actie, 5199:Renville Agreement 5164:, Prime Minister, 5061: 4944:Cultivation System 4928:Western New Guinea 4836:(1821–38) and the 4832:of Sumatra in the 4826: 4760:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 4756:Regeringsreglement 4744:Congress of Vienna 4740:Battle of Waterloo 4704: 4541:access to spices, 4535: 4485:Portuguese in 1512 4386:colonial Indonesia 4382:Netherlands Indies 4345:Nederlandsch-Indië 4309:New York Agreement 4305:Western New Guinea 4268:, instigating the 4254:Japanese surrender 4221:Western New Guinea 3740:Pos Dipang mudflow 3520:Penang Hartal riot 3364:Reformasi Movement 3109:Sarawak Insurgency 2829:Kelantan rebellion 2749:Jementah Civil War 2655:Kingdom of Sarawak 2625:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 2565:Portuguese Malacca 2497:Selangor Sultanate 2146:Prehistoric period 2138: 1853:1998–present 1754:National Awakening 1584:Christian kingdoms 1550:1755–present 1540:1745–present 1536:Surakarta Sunanate 1506:Kingdom of Kaimana 1460:1526–present 1426:Sultanate of Bacan 1346:Pagaruyung Kingdom 1287:Islamic sultanates 1179:Shailendra Dynasty 792:Pagaruyung Kingdom 18:Netherlands Indies 14079:Dutch East Indies 14034: 14033: 14030: 14029: 14026: 14025: 14012:full independence 13952:Dutch East Indies 13858: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13810: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13656: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13357: 13356: 13310: 13309: 13136:Income inequality 13131:Human trafficking 13071: 13070: 12970: 12969: 12952:Political parties 12897:Foreign relations 12859: 12858: 12667:Malayan Emergency 12564: 12563: 12514: 12513: 12202:Human trafficking 12174: 12173: 12093: 12092: 12084:Wawasan Nusantara 12068:Political parties 12009:Foreign relations 11949: 11948: 11652:, Vol.3 page.1-54 11601:Dutch East Indies 11599:Media related to 11539:978-1-84964-691-8 11287:Nieuwenhuys, Rob 11261:978-0-8248-1367-3 11181:978-979-3731-58-2 11130:Startpagina B.V. 11101:on 17 August 2009 11091:978-90-8964-125-0 10763:– via CORE. 10525:on 7 October 2011 10494:(in Indonesian). 9877:The Jakarta Globe 9639:978-0-559-23498-9 9632:. Bibiliobazaar. 9522:978-0-9792532-3-2 9192:978-0-7007-0985-4 9175:978-87-91114-66-3 9045:978-9971-69-424-1 8780:(1986; Pantheon; 8572:War & Society 8559:978-979-3731-78-0 8435:978-0-300-10518-6 7788:978-0-8047-6130-7 7742:978-0-8047-6130-7 7567:978-0-8047-6130-7 7465:978-0-8047-6130-7 7440:978-0-8047-6130-7 7378:en.wikisource.org 7205:Dutch East Indies 7144:New Guinea portal 7002: 6960:Leiden University 6952:Leiden University 6763:Ceremonial Hall, 6174:Country of Origin 6111:Portuguese Creole 5967:Sultanate of Deli 5863:Rechts Hogeschool 5823:Rechts Hogeschool 5769:Industrialisation 5749: 5748: 5525:Strait of Malacca 5285:exorbitant powers 5195:Politionele Actie 5187:Operation Product 5158:Hubertus van Mook 5058:Japanese invasion 4974:Coolie Ordinances 4914:(Kalimantan) and 4854:1849 intervention 4823:Nicolaas Pieneman 4429:Arabian peninsula 4388:interchangeably. 4378:Dutch East Indies 4354:Dutch West Indies 4349:Dutch East Indies 4274:attrition warfare 4199: 4198: 4058: 4057: 3720:Genting landslide 3670:Ming Court Affair 3458: 3457: 3437:Bornean Amendment 3417:COVID-19 pandemic 3374:H1N1 flu pandemic 3282: 3187: 3186: 3169:ASEAN Declaration 3062: 3061: 3044:Malayan Emergency 2969: 2968: 2837: 2836: 2548: 2547: 2487:Sarawak Sultanate 2464:Pattani Sultanate 2424:Malacca Sultanate 2371: 2370: 2317:100 CE–1025 2263: 2262: 2047:Dutch East Indies 2043: 2042: 1857: 1856: 1809:Liberal democracy 1792: 1791: 1737: 1736: 1725:Dutch East Indies 1658: 1657: 1611: 1610: 1593:Larantuka Kingdom 1574: 1573: 1486:Mataram Sultanate 1386:Cirebon Sultanate 1366:Malacca Sultanate 1326:Ternate Sultanate 1277: 1276: 1259:Singhasari Empire 1253:1000s–1300s 1219:Kahuripan Kingdom 1100: 1099: 1013:Johan Braakensiek 979: 978: 961: 960: 957: 956: 881: 880: 820:Sultanate of Sulu 722:British Bencoolen 431:• 1800–1801 318:Dutch East Indian 171: 164:("The Wilhelmus") 151: 126:("I will uphold") 34:Dutch East Indies 16:(Redirected from 14186: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14044: 14019: 13879: 13878: 13868:Colonies of the 13864: 13863: 13831: 13830: 13816: 13815: 13796:Governed by the 13790:Governed by the 13677: 13676: 13662: 13661: 13414: 13413: 13399: 13398: 13384: 13377: 13370: 13361: 13360: 13337: 13330: 13323: 13082: 13081: 13018: 12981: 12980: 12870: 12869: 12732: 12731: 12591: 12584: 12577: 12568: 12567: 12534: 12527: 12185: 12184: 12104: 12103: 12046:National capital 11960: 11959: 11828: 11827: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11677: 11669: 11661: 11659:"Surabaya" 11598: 11579: 11551: 11520:Nagtegaal, Luc. 11503:Gouda, Frances. 11499: 11468:Braudel, Fernand 11372: 11360: 11349: 11337: 11326: 11307: 11284: 11265: 11253: 11242: 11223: 11185: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11127: 11121: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11097:. Archived from 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11053: 11047: 11033: 11027: 11004: 10998: 10982: 10976: 10973: 10967: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10867:. 3 March 2023. 10857: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10787: 10779: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10740: 10731: 10730: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10692: 10686: 10683: 10677: 10674: 10668: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10650: 10647: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10627: 10616: 10607: 10601: 10587: 10578: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10544: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10521:. Archived from 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10454: 10448: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10412: 10406: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10370: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10346: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10274: 10268: 10252: 10246: 10233: 10227: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10193: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10149: 10121: 10116: 10115: 10114:Road to the West 10105: 10099: 10096: 10090: 10074: 10068: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10015: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9988: 9979: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9952: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9915: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9879:. Archived from 9869: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9809: 9803: 9800: 9791: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9727: 9718: 9715: 9709: 9706: 9695: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9666: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9648: 9631: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9601: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9590:on 23 July 2011. 9589: 9583:. Archived from 9560: 9551: 9545: 9531: 9525: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9475: 9457: 9451: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9415: 9409: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9380: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9351: 9345: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9260:Nicholas Tarling 9256: 9250: 9218: 9212: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9178: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9148:. Archived from 9142: 9136: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9102:, 2002 version: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9071: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9004: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8986: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8917:Belfasttelegraph 8908: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8878: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8855:. Archived from 8840: 8834: 8833:The Jakarta Post 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8795: 8789: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8759: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8731: 8729: 8714: 8688: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8630: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8588: 8581: 8575: 8568: 8562: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8504: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8488: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8427: 8417: 8411: 8408: 8397: 8374: 8368: 8359: 8353: 8350: 8339: 8336: 8325: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8240: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8066: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8027: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7952: 7946: 7936: 7930: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7728: 7722: 7719: 7710: 7707: 7701: 7686:Gouda, Frances. 7684: 7678: 7677: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7641: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7553: 7547: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7406:. Archived from 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7345: 7328: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7298: 7273: 7267: 7260: 7254: 7246: 7240: 7233: 7227: 7220: 7208: 7207:from 1818 - 1825 7203:was part of the 7197: 7191: 7188: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7104: 7102:Indonesia portal 7099: 7098: 7097: 7028:Dutch literature 7003: 6825:Second World War 6821:Great Depression 6812:, J. Gerber and 6786:New Indies Style 6594: 6584: 6449:Komedie Stamboel 6367:. Following the 6357:Great Depression 6302:Theatre and film 6255:De Grote Postweg 6144:Dutch Golden Age 5923:governor-general 5784:Students of the 5652: 5648: 5593:A. E. Kawilarang 5540:military service 5377:Meester Cornelis 5245:Willem-Alexander 5226:Dutch New Guinea 5170:Johannes Leimena 5166:Amir Sjarifuddin 4453:Islamic kingdoms 4443:. For centuries 4403:Before the Dutch 4301:Dutch New Guinea 4191: 4184: 4177: 4163: 4162: 4161: 3930:Sabah earthquake 3471: 3470: 3454: 3427:Political crisis 3401: 3384:Sedition Dragnet 3314:Operation Lalang 3288: 3276: 3200: 3199: 3075: 3074: 2982: 2981: 2978:Formative period 2961:Jesselton revolt 2881:Bornean Campaign 2871:Malayan campaign 2850: 2849: 2819:Battle of Penang 2685:Pahang Civil War 2561: 2560: 2504: 2481: 2444:Pahang Sultanate 2418: 2411:Brunei Sultanate 2395: 2384: 2383: 2316: 2276: 2275: 2253: 2242: 2231: 2207: 2183: 2175: 2167: 2151: 2150: 2126: 2108: 2107: 2089:in 1949. In the 2035: 2028: 2021: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1819:Guided Democracy 1805: 1804: 1750: 1749: 1671: 1670: 1640:Lanfang Republic 1626: 1625: 1589: 1588: 1510:1600s–1926 1500:1528s–1877 1466:Banjar Sultanate 1456:Banten Sultanate 1440:1500s–1967 1356:Brunei Sultanate 1292: 1291: 1269:Majapahit Empire 1169:Srivijaya Empire 1149:Kalingga Kingdom 1115: 1114: 1082:Toba catastrophe 1065:94,000–12,000 BP 1036: 1035: 1009: 999: 981: 980: 953: 952: 945:Dutch New Guinea 939: 938: 925: 924: 911: 910: 897: 896: 885: 884: 872: 871: 858: 857: 844: 843: 834:Banjar Sultanate 830: 829: 816: 815: 802: 801: 788: 787: 778:Lanfang Republic 774: 773: 760: 759: 746: 745: 732: 731: 718: 717: 704: 703: 697: 696: 681: 680: 623:27 December 1949 540:Treaty of London 506:31 December 1799 449: 434: 417:Governor-General 206: 200: 194: 188: 182: 173: 172: 161: 153: 152: 141: 119: 99: 85: 65: 64: 56: 50: 42: 40:Nederlands-Indië 30: 29: 21: 14194: 14193: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14114:New Imperialism 14069: 14068: 14059: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14022: 14001: 13993: 13977: 13956: 13940: 13924: 13908: 13873: 13850: 13825: 13802: 13782: 13746: 13671: 13648: 13594: 13541: 13515: 13489: 13428: 13408: 13393: 13388: 13358: 13353: 13340: 13333: 13326: 13319: 13306: 13263: 13254:Public holidays 13190: 13171:Sex trafficking 13067: 13016: 12966: 12932:Law enforcement 12855: 12721: 12697:13 May incident 12604: 12595: 12565: 12560: 12537: 12530: 12523: 12510: 12501:Personification 12428: 12363: 12344:Public holidays 12329:National heroes 12221: 12170: 12089: 11945: 11914:Natural history 11817: 11755:Spread of Islam 11726: 11717: 11672: 11656: 11629:Wayback Machine 11612:Cribb, Robert, 11592: 11583:Panikkar, K. M. 11540: 11516:Wayback Machine 11496: 11460:Elson, Robert. 11456:Wayback Machine 11379: 11377:Further reading 11369: 11346: 11323: 11281: 11262: 11239: 11220: 11182: 11157: 11152: 11151: 11141: 11139: 11128: 11124: 11118:Wayback Machine 11104: 11102: 11093: 11080: 11076: 11066: 11064: 11055: 11054: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11025:Wayback Machine 11005: 11001: 10996:Wayback Machine 10986:NRC handelsblad 10983: 10979: 10974: 10970: 10950: 10946: 10936: 10934: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10905: 10903: 10888: 10884: 10874: 10872: 10859: 10858: 10854: 10844: 10842: 10831: 10827: 10817: 10815: 10802: 10801: 10797: 10781: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10741: 10734: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10684: 10680: 10675: 10671: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10641: 10631: 10629: 10628:on 14 June 2007 10625: 10614: 10608: 10604: 10588: 10581: 10576: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10545: 10538: 10528: 10526: 10515: 10511: 10501: 10499: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10471: 10469: 10456: 10455: 10451: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10409: 10401: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10377: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10353: 10349: 10341: 10337: 10329: 10325: 10317: 10313: 10305: 10301: 10291: 10289: 10276: 10275: 10271: 10266:Wayback Machine 10253: 10249: 10243:Wayback Machine 10234: 10230: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10194: 10190: 10183: 10179: 10164: 10160: 10147: 10145: 10138: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10093: 10088:Wayback Machine 10075: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10029: 10025: 10009: 10008: 10001: 9999: 9992:"Archived copy" 9990: 9989: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9937: 9892: 9888: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9826: 9824: 9811: 9810: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9789: 9785: 9780: 9776: 9766: 9764: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9740: 9738: 9729: 9728: 9721: 9716: 9712: 9707: 9698: 9693:Wayback Machine 9680: 9676: 9660: 9659: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9629: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9595: 9587: 9581: 9558: 9552: 9548: 9532: 9528: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9472: 9458: 9454: 9442: 9438: 9428: 9426: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9400: 9396: 9381: 9377: 9368: 9364: 9352: 9348: 9336: 9332: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9276: 9257: 9253: 9247:Wayback Machine 9236:Wayback Machine 9219: 9215: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9176: 9162:, sourced from 9155: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9130: 9126: 9117: 9115: 9098: 9094: 9084: 9082: 9075:"Virtueel Indi" 9073: 9072: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9046: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9002: 8998: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8911:Jatmiko, Andi. 8909: 8905: 8895: 8893: 8880: 8879: 8872: 8862: 8860: 8851: 8841: 8837: 8831:Wayback Machine 8822: 8818: 8808: 8806: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8727: 8686: 8680: 8676: 8662: 8660: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8627:Wayback Machine 8613: 8609: 8604: 8600: 8595: 8591: 8582: 8578: 8569: 8565: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8498: 8482: 8481: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8461: 8459:"Archived copy" 8457: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8400: 8375: 8371: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8342: 8337: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8292: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8067: 8063: 8055:Luc Nagtegaal, 8054: 8050: 8043: 8028: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7877: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7699:Wayback Machine 7685: 7681: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7642: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7586:Histori Bersama 7580: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7554: 7550: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7519: 7512: 7502: 7500: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7321:Wassenaarse weg 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7296:Wayback Machine 7274: 7270: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7243: 7234: 7230: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7157:Poenale sanctie 7142: 7137: 7135: 7128: 7123: 7121: 7116:Malaysia portal 7114: 7109: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7020:Rob Nieuwenhuys 6996: 6933: 6890: 6838: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6701:, lapis legit ( 6611: 6605: 6566: 6457: 6439:, now known as 6402:black-and-white 6341:fictional films 6339:A total of 112 6325:Bioscoop Mimosa 6318: 6304: 6296:Hotel Des Indes 6288:Basuki Abdullah 6246: 6234:Tjalie Robinson 6084: 6078: 6073: 6047:great post road 5910: 5900: 5831:medical doctors 5778: 5647: 5611: 5605: 5495:Government Navy 5464: 5462:Government Navy 5452:Main articles: 5450: 5410: 5404: 5264: 5258: 5253: 5207:Operation Kraai 5039: 5027:Main articles: 5025: 5012:Empire of Japan 4992: 4986: 4946: 4940: 4842:Banjarmasin War 4780:Malay Peninsula 4716:Louis Bonaparte 4708:Imperial French 4675: 4661: 4659:Dutch conquests 4623: 4527: 4517: 4449:spread of Islam 4405: 4400: 4394: 4333:Names for India 4317: 4195: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4113: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4068: 4060: 4059: 3730:MH2133 incident 3660:Sabah Emergency 3650:Memali Incident 3530:13 May Incident 3468: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3399: 3304:Memali incident 3286: 3204:13 May incident 3197: 3189: 3188: 3072: 3064: 3063: 2979: 2971: 2970: 2864: 2861: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2769:Pahang Uprising 2558: 2557:Colonial period 2550: 2549: 2502: 2479: 2474:Johor Sultanate 2416: 2393: 2388:Kedah Sultanate 2381: 2373: 2372: 2357:700s–1025 2273: 2265: 2264: 2255:Neolithic Klang 2251: 2243:Perak man/woman 2240: 2232:Bewah man/woman 2229: 2205: 2181: 2169:Lenggong Valley 2165: 2148: 2124: 2117: 2099:Malacca (state) 2039: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1869: 1859: 1858: 1843:1967–1998 1833:1966–1967 1823:1959–1966 1813:1950–1959 1802: 1794: 1793: 1788:1949–1950 1778:1945–1949 1768:1942–1945 1758:1908–1942 1747: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732:1945–1949 1731: 1730:1800–1942 1719:1806–1816 1709:1685–1824 1699:1602–1799 1689:1521–1677 1679:1512–1850 1668: 1660: 1659: 1654:1777–1853 1644:1777–1884 1634:1776–1854 1623: 1613: 1612: 1586: 1576: 1575: 1570:1824–1911 1560:1814–1946 1530:1725–1946 1520:1659–1823 1496:Johor Sultanate 1490:1586–1755 1480:1527–1599 1470:1526–1863 1450:1496–1903 1430:1515–1946 1420:1486–1914 1410:1496–1903 1400:1475–1554 1396:Demak Sultanate 1390:1445–1677 1380:1405–1851 1370:1400–1511 1360:1368–1888 1350:1347–1833 1340:1267–1521 1330:1257–1914 1320:1225–1613 1296:Spread of Islam 1289: 1279: 1278: 1273:1293–1527 1263:1222–1292 1243:1183–1347 1233:1045–1221 1223:1019–1045 1189:Mataram Kingdom 1112: 1102: 1101: 1033: 1016: 997: 990: 972: 950: 936: 922: 908: 894: 869: 855: 841: 827: 813: 799: 785: 771: 757: 743: 729: 715: 701: 658: 639: 620: 607: 594: 581: 568: 555: 542: 529: 516: 503: 493: 470: 454:A. H. J. Lovink 450: 447: 435: 432: 402: 390: 360: 350: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 270: 261: 234: 209: 208: 207: 1900–1942 204: 202: 198: 196: 192: 190: 186: 167: 165: 163: 154: 147: 145: 143: 125: 116:Je maintiendrai 105: 104: 103: 100: 92: 91: 86: 72: 66: 58: 51: 44: 37: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14192: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14032: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14020: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13991: 13985: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13938: 13932: 13930: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13922: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13875: 13874: 13860: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13848: 13843: 13837: 13835: 13827: 13826: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13794: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13754: 13752: 13748: 13747: 13745: 13744: 13742:Virgin Islands 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13717:New Netherland 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13683: 13681: 13673: 13672: 13658: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13605: 13603: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13551: 13549: 13543: 13542: 13540: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13523: 13521: 13517: 13516: 13514: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13436: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13420: 13418: 13410: 13409: 13395: 13394: 13387: 13386: 13379: 13372: 13364: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13351: 13346: 13339: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13200: 13198: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13085: 13079: 13073: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13038:Stock exchange 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13012: 13010:Federal budget 13007: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12957:Prime Minister 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12882:Shadow Cabinet 12879: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12854: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12826:National parks 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12769:climate change 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12735: 12729: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12645: 12643:British Borneo 12640: 12638:British Malaya 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12614: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12594: 12593: 12586: 12579: 12571: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12536: 12535: 12528: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12486:Floral emblems 12483: 12482: 12481: 12471: 12469:Faunal emblems 12466: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12449: 12444: 12438: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12384: 12379: 12373: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12260: 12259: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12231: 12229: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12188: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12146:Stock Exchange 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12107: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12080: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12048: 12043: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11963: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11867:National parks 11864: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11850:Climate change 11842: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11716: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11693: 11687: 11686: 11670: 11654: 11645: 11636: 11631: 11619: 11610: 11591: 11590:External links 11588: 11587: 11586: 11580: 11559: 11552: 11538: 11525: 11518: 11501: 11494: 11479: 11465: 11458: 11449:online edition 11441: 11434: 11417: 11401: 11387: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11367: 11350: 11344: 11327: 11321: 11308: 11295: 11285: 11279: 11266: 11260: 11243: 11237: 11224: 11218: 11203: 11201:online edition 11193: 11186: 11180: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11122: 11074: 11048: 11035:Willems, Wim, 11028: 10999: 10977: 10968: 10944: 10913: 10882: 10852: 10825: 10808:www.unesco.org 10795: 10766: 10732: 10717: 10687: 10678: 10669: 10660: 10651: 10639: 10602: 10579: 10570: 10536: 10509: 10479: 10449: 10447:, p. 351. 10437: 10428: 10416: 10407: 10405:, p. 445. 10395: 10383: 10371: 10359: 10357:, p. 145. 10347: 10335: 10323: 10311: 10299: 10269: 10247: 10228: 10219: 10188: 10177: 10158: 10136: 10100: 10091: 10069: 10060: 10023: 9980: 9971: 9962: 9953: 9944: 9935: 9886: 9864: 9834: 9804: 9792: 9783: 9774: 9748: 9719: 9710: 9696: 9674: 9638: 9611: 9602: 9593: 9579: 9546: 9526: 9501: 9494: 9470: 9452: 9436: 9410: 9394: 9375: 9362: 9346: 9330: 9311:(3): 277–296. 9293: 9274: 9262:, ed. (1992). 9251: 9213: 9197: 9191: 9174: 9137: 9124: 9092: 9063: 9044: 9024: 9014: 9005: 8996: 8987: 8978: 8969: 8950:(4): 537–558. 8934: 8903: 8870: 8835: 8816: 8790: 8769: 8760: 8751: 8744: 8697:(3): 349–355. 8674: 8640: 8631: 8607: 8598: 8589: 8576: 8563: 8542: 8532: 8523: 8514: 8505: 8496: 8450: 8441: 8434: 8412: 8398: 8369: 8354: 8340: 8326: 8317: 8290: 8270: 8261: 8241: 8232: 8223: 8209: 8183: 8157: 8140:bibliotheek.nl 8126: 8117: 8110: 8092: 8085: 8061: 8048: 8041: 7999: 7973: 7947: 7931: 7922: 7871: 7845: 7794: 7787: 7769: 7760: 7748: 7741: 7723: 7711: 7702: 7679: 7661: 7654: 7633: 7603: 7573: 7566: 7548: 7546:(2008) pp 1–12 7542:Robert Elson, 7535: 7526: 7510: 7491: 7471: 7464: 7446: 7439: 7421: 7410:on 27 May 2015 7395: 7365: 7359:978-0896802216 7358: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7308: 7299: 7268: 7255: 7241: 7228: 7224:Indo-Europeans 7214: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7192: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7133: 7119: 7105: 7089: 7086: 7034:", written by 7024:Louis Couperus 6978:of the modern 6932: 6929: 6909:FIFA World Cup 6889: 6886: 6837: 6834: 6806:Thomas Karsten 6802:Albert Aalbers 6725:Main article: 6722: 6719: 6604: 6601: 6564: 6456: 6453: 6406:Karl G. Heider 6303: 6300: 6245: 6242: 6228:. Much of the 6194:De Gemeenschap 6162:Louis Couperus 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6058:, without any 5963:Jacob Nienhuys 5931:cultuurstelsel 5899: 5896: 5777: 5774: 5765:transmigration 5761:Ethical Policy 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5646: 5643: 5639:Indo-Europeans 5604: 5601: 5585:A. H. Nasution 5506:Foreign Legion 5489:were based in 5449: 5446: 5442:regentschappen 5430:regentschappen 5426:gouvernementen 5414:gouvernementen 5406:Main article: 5403: 5400: 5319:Southeast Asia 5293:Raad van Indie 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5122:Mohammad Hatta 5050:B. C. de Jonge 5024: 5021: 5005:Inlands Meubel 4988:Main article: 4985: 4982: 4954:Cultuurstelsel 4942:Main article: 4939: 4936: 4660: 4657: 4649:breaking wheel 4622: 4619: 4516: 4513: 4509:Dutch Republic 4497:Maluku islands 4421:Southeast Asia 4404: 4401: 4393: 4390: 4316: 4313: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4079:Constitutional 4076: 4074:Communications 4070: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3900:MH370 incident 3896: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3620:MH653 incident 3616: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3006: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2891:Battle of Muar 2887: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2735:British Malaya 2731: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2715:Pangkor Treaty 2711: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2595:Pahang Kingdom 2591: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2454:Aceh Sultanate 2450: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2434:Sulu Sultanate 2430: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2337:170–1135 2335: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2274: 2272:Early kingdoms 2271: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2185:Mansuli Valley 2178: 2177: 2176:2,000,0000 BCE 2171: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2067:Hindia Belanda 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1556:Deli Sultanate 1552: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526:Siak Sultanate 1522: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1406:Aceh Sultanate 1402: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1376:Sulu Sultanate 1372: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1310:840–1292 1308: 1302: 1301: 1300:800–1600 1298: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1249:Pannai Kingdom 1245: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229:Kediri Kingdom 1225: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1213:932–1579 1211: 1205: 1204: 1203:914–1908 1201: 1195: 1194: 1193:716–1016 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1159:Melayu Kingdom 1155: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1002: 1001: 992: 991: 984: 977: 976: 967: 963: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 947: 941: 940: 933: 927: 926: 919: 913: 912: 905: 899: 898: 891: 882: 879: 878: 873: 865: 864: 859: 851: 850: 845: 837: 836: 831: 823: 822: 817: 809: 808: 803: 795: 794: 789: 781: 780: 775: 767: 766: 761: 753: 752: 747: 739: 738: 736:Aceh Sultanate 733: 725: 724: 719: 711: 710: 705: 693: 692: 687: 677: 676: 671: 667: 666: 663: 662: 659: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 644: 643: 640: 637: 634: 633: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 615: 612: 611: 608: 602: 599: 598: 597:17 August 1945 595: 589: 586: 585: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 563: 560: 559: 556: 550: 547: 546: 543: 537: 534: 533: 532:13 August 1814 530: 524: 521: 520: 517: 511: 508: 507: 504: 501: 498: 497: 494: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 473: 472: 465: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 445: 442: 441: 436: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 400: 397: 396: 391: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 358: 355: 354: 351: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 315: 309: 308: 279: 275: 274: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 229: 225: 224: 215: 211: 210: 203: 197: 191: 185: 183: 175: 174: 128: 127: 107: 106: 101: 94: 93: 87: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 68: 67: 54:Hindia-Belanda 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14191: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14067: 14064: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14000: 13999: 13996: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13980: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13965: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13943: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13927: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13911: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13871: 13865: 13861: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13823: 13817: 13813: 13799: 13795: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13785: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13768:Loango-Angola 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13749: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13663: 13659: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13518: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13492: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13445:Banda Islands 13443: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13431: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13406: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13385: 13380: 13378: 13373: 13371: 13366: 13365: 13362: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13332: 13329: 13325: 13322: 13318: 13317: 13313: 13303: 13302: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13114:Ethnic groups 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13074: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13023:States by GDP 13021: 13019: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12862: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12806:Hill stations 12804: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12784:deforestation 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12759:East Malaysia 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12657:Malayan Union 12655: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12633:Dutch Malacca 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12592: 12587: 12585: 12580: 12578: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12533: 12529: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12382:Ethnic groups 12380: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12224: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12053: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11874:Deforestation 11872: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11820: 11814: 11812: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11714: 11709: 11707: 11702: 11700: 11695: 11694: 11691: 11683: 11682: 11676: 11671: 11667: 11666: 11660: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11597: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11560: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11531: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11497: 11495:9781108011273 11491: 11487: 11486: 11480: 11477: 11474:, vol III in 11473: 11469: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11419:Bosma, Ulbe. 11418: 11416: 11414: 11413:9971-69-373-9 11410: 11406: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11380: 11370: 11368:0-521-54262-6 11364: 11359: 11358: 11351: 11347: 11345:0-300-10518-5 11341: 11336: 11335: 11328: 11324: 11322:0-333-57690-X 11318: 11314: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11280:0-582-71046-4 11276: 11272: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11252: 11251: 11244: 11240: 11238:0-8014-9108-8 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11219:0-674-01137-6 11215: 11211: 11210: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11137: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11115: 11112: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11062: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11045:90-351-2361-1 11042: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11016:9971-69-373-9 11013: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10981: 10972: 10966: 10965:979-25-7291-0 10962: 10958: 10957:90-214-1103-2 10954: 10948: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10917: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10886: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10791: 10785: 10777: 10770: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10739: 10737: 10728: 10721: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10682: 10673: 10664: 10655: 10646: 10644: 10624: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10600: 10599:0-500-34132-X 10596: 10592: 10586: 10584: 10574: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10543: 10541: 10524: 10520: 10513: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10453: 10446: 10441: 10432: 10426:, p. 14. 10425: 10420: 10411: 10404: 10399: 10392: 10387: 10380: 10375: 10368: 10363: 10356: 10351: 10344: 10339: 10333:, p. 54. 10332: 10327: 10321:, p. 35. 10320: 10315: 10309:, p. 27. 10308: 10303: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10251: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10232: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10192: 10186: 10181: 10175: 10172: 10171:90-351-2617-3 10168: 10162: 10155: 10143: 10139: 10137:1-56836-249-8 10133: 10129: 10128: 10119: 10111: 10104: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10073: 10064: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10027: 10019: 10013: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9985: 9975: 9966: 9957: 9948: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9799: 9797: 9787: 9778: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9714: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9678: 9670: 9664: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9615: 9606: 9597: 9586: 9582: 9580:9789070990923 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9544: 9543:9789070990923 9540: 9536: 9530: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9514:0-9792532-3-3 9511: 9505: 9497: 9495:0-521-54262-6 9491: 9487: 9483: 9482: 9473: 9471:0-521-54262-6 9467: 9463: 9456: 9450: 9449:0-333-17236-1 9446: 9440: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9407:0-7195-5589-2 9404: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9359:90-71042-44-8 9356: 9350: 9344: 9343:90-71042-44-8 9340: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9297: 9281: 9277: 9275:9780521355063 9271: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9226:0 8108 4935 6 9223: 9217: 9211: 9210:0-253-31191-8 9207: 9201: 9194: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9134: 9128: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9101: 9096: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9068: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9028: 9018: 9009: 9000: 8991: 8982: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8891: 8887: 8886:Parlement.com 8883: 8877: 8875: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8848:90-351-2617-3 8845: 8839: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8787: 8786:0-394-75172-8 8783: 8779: 8773: 8764: 8755: 8747: 8745:0-333-57689-6 8741: 8737: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8635: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8602: 8593: 8586: 8580: 8573: 8567: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8536: 8527: 8518: 8509: 8500: 8492: 8486: 8467: 8460: 8454: 8445: 8437: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8416: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8386:90-76314-42-X 8383: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8358: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8291:0-06-083859-0 8287: 8283: 8282: 8274: 8265: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8236: 8227: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8121: 8113: 8111:962-593-244-5 8107: 8103: 8096: 8088: 8086:1-86373-635-2 8082: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8065: 8058: 8052: 8044: 8042:1-74059-154-2 8038: 8034: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7944:9789025313319 7941: 7935: 7926: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7764: 7755: 7753: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7718: 7716: 7709:Taylor (2003) 7706: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7657: 7655:0-333-57690-X 7651: 7647: 7640: 7638: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7539: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7498: 7494: 7492:9780745626130 7488: 7484: 7483: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7340: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7281:Maria Dermoût 7278: 7277:Time magazine 7272: 7265: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7232: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7134: 7131: 7120: 7117: 7106: 7103: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7070:Dutch cuisine 7066: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7030:is the book " 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7008: 6994: 6993:to this day. 6992: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6937: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6899:Notably, the 6897: 6894: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6671:Dutch cheeses 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6559:Komodo Island 6556: 6552: 6548: 6547:Komodo dragon 6545:in 1891. The 6544: 6543:Eugène Dubois 6540: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6347: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6222:Sutan Sjahrir 6219: 6215: 6214:Chairil Anwar 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6198:Links Richten 6195: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6178:Maria Dermoût 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6056:forced labour 6053: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5853:graduate was 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5787: 5782: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5645:Ethnic groups 5642: 5640: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5263: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5162:Sutan Sjahrir 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099:Light of Asia 5095: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5056:, before the 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4904:Nusa Tenggara 4901: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4876:in 1894, and 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4734:, leading to 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4628:Banda islands 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493:spice islands 4490: 4489:trading posts 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473:lingua franca 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4282:Marshall Plan 4279: 4278:United States 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205:trading posts 4201: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3910:MH17 incident 3908: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3475:Brunei revolt 3473: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3196:Modern period 3193: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3024:Malayan Union 3022: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2986:BMA of Malaya 2984: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2635:Burney Treaty 2633: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2585:Dutch Malacca 2583: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2530:Reman Kingdom 2528: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2520:Setul Kingdom 2518: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2510:Besut Kingdom 2508: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2327:424–775 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2311: 2310:Gangga Negara 2308: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2280:Ancient Kedah 2278: 2277: 2269: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2209:Niah cultures 2204: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Dutch Malacca 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1742: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1209:Sunda Kingdom 1207: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1119:Kutai Kingdom 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1000: 994: 993: 988: 983: 982: 975: 971: 968: 966:Today part of 964: 948: 946: 943: 942: 934: 932: 929: 928: 920: 918: 915: 914: 906: 904: 901: 900: 892: 890: 887: 886: 883: 877: 874: 867: 866: 863: 860: 853: 852: 849: 846: 839: 838: 835: 832: 825: 824: 821: 818: 811: 810: 807: 804: 797: 796: 793: 790: 783: 782: 779: 776: 769: 768: 765: 762: 755: 754: 751: 748: 741: 740: 737: 734: 727: 726: 723: 720: 713: 712: 709: 706: 699: 698: 695: 694: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 675: 672: 668: 664: 660: 654: 650: 645: 641: 635: 630: 626: 622: 619: 613: 609: 606: 600: 596: 593: 587: 583: 580: 574: 570: 567: 561: 557: 554: 548: 545:17 March 1824 544: 541: 535: 531: 528: 522: 518: 515: 509: 505: 499: 495: 492: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 466: 462: 458: 455: 452: 443: 440: 437: 428: 424: 420: 418: 414: 410: 407: 404: 398: 395: 392: 386: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 365: 362: 356: 352: 346: 342: 338: 336: 332: 329: 326: 322: 319: 316: 314: 310: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 276: 273: 268: 267:lingua franca 264: 259: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 238: 233: 230: 226: 223: 219: 216: 212: 181: 176: 160: 159: 158:Het Wilhelmus 140: 139: 133: 129: 123: 118: 117: 112: 108: 98: 90: 84: 76: 69: 62: 55: 48: 41: 31: 19: 14036: 13951: 13520:Commandments 13494:Directorates 13433:Governorates 13335:Bibliography 13301:Rukun Negara 13299: 13209:Architecture 13161:Prostitution 13104:Demographics 12998:Central bank 12912:Human rights 12887:Constitution 12774:conservation 12712:1MDB scandal 12399:Homelessness 12369:Demographics 12309:Martial arts 12254: 12235:Architecture 12212:Prostitution 12082: 12050: 12014:Human rights 11999:Constitution 11857:Conservation 11813:(since 1998) 11810: 11774: 11679: 11663: 11649: 11640: 11613: 11593: 11570:(2): 53–77. 11567: 11563: 11555: 11529: 11524:(1996) 250pp 11521: 11504: 11484: 11475: 11471: 11461: 11444: 11437: 11421: 11404: 11390: 11383: 11356: 11333: 11312: 11303: 11299: 11293:Google Books 11288: 11270: 11249: 11228: 11208: 11196: 11189: 11171: 11166: 11155:Bibliography 11140:. 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Retrieved 7377: 7368: 7349: 7343: 7320: 7316: 7311: 7302: 7284: 7271: 7263: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7231: 7218: 7199:The port of 7195: 7186: 7067: 7055: 7040: 7032:Max Havelaar 7016:Tempo Doeloe 7015: 7012: 6983: 6973: 6969:Tropenmuseum 6949: 6942: 6898: 6891: 6882: 6867: 6847: 6818: 6774: 6751: 6736: 6721:Architecture 6711:kaasstengels 6707:klappertaart 6690: 6689:(from Dutch 6678: 6641:, barbecued 6632: 6624: 6621:dinner, 1936 6578: 6551:Peter Ouwens 6537: 6528: 6524: 6492: 6469: 6436: 6430: 6417: 6413: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6350: 6338: 6324: 6292:Lee Man Fong 6275: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6254: 6238:Marion Bloem 6206:Noto Soeroto 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6181: 6173: 6170:E. du Perron 6166:Hidden Force 6165: 6155: 6148:postcolonial 6138: 6119: 6104: 6095:Youth Pledge 6090: 6036: 6032: 6019: 6003: 5975:Deli Company 5971:East Sumatra 5955: 5946:Deli Company 5934: 5930: 5911: 5888: 5866: 5862: 5850: 5846: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5800: 5791: 5785: 5758: 5754:caste system 5750: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5635: 5622:Kan Hok Hoei 5603:Demographics 5565: 5551: 5537: 5518: 5499: 5476: 5448:Armed forces 5441: 5437: 5434:gouvermenten 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5391:Boven-Digoel 5389: 5374: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5314: 5312: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5273: 5242: 5223: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5149: 5143: 5115: 5112: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5062: 5009: 5004: 4993: 4978: 4970: 4966:Deli Company 4959: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4888: 4827: 4812: 4792: 4755: 4705: 4676: 4653: 4641: 4637: 4624: 4563: 4558: 4536: 4479:in 1292 and 4406: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4359:Dutch Indies 4358: 4352: 4348: 4337:Dutch Indies 4336: 4320: 4318: 4298: 4288:at the 1949 4266:independence 4248: 4244:nation state 4234: 4225: 4202: 4200: 4124:Kuala Lumpur 3564:1972–present 3494:1962–present 3394:1MDB scandal 3054:Baling Talks 2951:Si Rat Malai 2857: / 2846:World War II 2759:North Borneo 2218: 2194: 2154: 2071:Dutch colony 2050: 2046: 2044: 1991: 1950:Christianity 1724: 1199:Bali Kingdom 1092:Buni culture 1070: 1055:1,000,000 BP 1039: 764:Bali Kingdom 690:Succeeded by 689: 684: 657:• 1930 638:• Total 446:• 1949 298:Confucianism 286:Christianity 244:Largest city 222:Dutch Empire 131: 111:Motto: 110: 102:Coat of arms 14058: / 13872:(1815–1975) 13846:Smeerenburg 13834:Settlements 13824:(1614–1642) 13778:Slave Coast 13670:(1621–1792) 13602:settlements 13560:Banjarmasin 13547:Residencies 13450:Cape Colony 13407:(1602–1798) 12988:Agriculture 12846:Earthquakes 12764:Environment 12623:Prehistoric 12479:Subdivision 12462:Subdivision 12424:LGBT rights 12359:Video games 12111:Agriculture 12029:Enforcement 11879:Earthquakes 11745:Prehistoric 9906:: 211–249. 9817:www.iisg.nl 8809:6 September 7992:13 February 7966:13 February 7864:13 February 7626:21 November 7596:21 November 7388:27 December 7237:Minangkabau 7078:nasi goreng 7063:Pasar Malam 6699:pandan cake 6513:ethnography 6509:archaeology 6400:. All were 6284:Raden Saleh 6060:due process 5999:Banjarmasin 5959:William III 5935:tanam paksa 5664:Percentage 5438:afdeelingen 5365:(Landraden) 5315:controllers 5178:Jan Jonkman 5088:Pacific War 4984:Njai System 4910:in Maluku, 4830:Minangkabau 4788:Dutch India 4597:, parts of 4551:East Indies 4461:city states 4441:spice trade 4433:east-Africa 4357:. The name 4323:comes from 4134:George Town 4089:Immigration 3129:Konfrontasi 2284:<100 BCE 2189:235,000 BCE 2156:Paleolithic 2123:History of 1915:Archaeology 1910:Agriculture 1316:Aru Kingdom 1041:Paleolithic 996:History of 685:Preceded by 471:(1918–1942) 464:Legislature 201: 1800s 195: 1700s 189: 1600s 14073:Categories 13989:New Guinea 13982:Until 1962 13961:Until 1954 13945:Until 1949 13936:Gold Coast 13929:Until 1872 13913:Until 1853 13894:Coromandel 13882:Until 1825 13773:Senegambia 13763:Gold Coast 13600:Opperhoofd 13465:Coromandel 13229:Literature 13124:Healthcare 13099:Corruption 13017:(currency) 12947:Parliament 12942:Monarchies 12917:Censorship 12902:Government 12457:Historical 12392:Healthcare 12339:Properties 12304:Literature 12256:Rumah adat 12116:Automotive 12024:Censorship 11972:Historical 11142:14 October 11105:4 February 10927:Forbes.com 10759:14 January 10710:15 January 10632:18 January 10492:lipi.go.id 10445:Biran 2009 10403:Kahin 1952 10391:Biran 2009 10379:Biran 2009 10367:Biran 2009 10355:Biran 2009 10343:Biran 2009 10331:Biran 2009 10319:Biran 2009 10307:Biran 2009 10148:22 October 9156:19 January 9118:17 January 8663:21 January 8202:19 October 7915:13 January 7891:(2): 175. 7838:13 January 7814:(2): 160. 7335:References 7317:Arendsdorp 7074:Rijsttafel 6731:See also: 6695:sop buntut 6683:selat solo 6663:poffertjes 6628:rijsttafel 6619:Rijsttafel 6607:See also: 6433:Victor Ido 6373:revolution 6327:cinema in 6306:See also: 6276:Mooi Indië 6271:Mooi Indië 6267:Mooi Indië 6260:Buitenzorg 6244:Visual art 6126:loan words 6115:Indonesian 6080:See also: 6052:police law 5987:Kalimantan 5952:circa 1925 5902:See also: 5875:irrigation 5843:Budi Utomo 5739:60,727,233 5677:59,138,067 5607:See also: 5422:Provincies 5418:provincies 5396:New Guinea 5381:Sawahlunto 5260:See also: 5251:Government 5146:Louis Beel 5001:concubines 4996:sex slaves 4770:, both in 4712:Napoleon I 4663:See also: 4601:, much of 4590:cash crops 4519:See also: 4499:. In 1580 4477:Marco Polo 4396:See also: 3780:Sauk Siege 3447:Green Wave 2921:Sook Ching 2695:Larut Wars 2645:Naning War 2468:1516– 1902 2343:Old Pahang 2300:Langkasuka 2235:16,000 BCE 2196:Mesolithic 2101:of modern 2087:made peace 2063:Indonesian 1972:Mass media 1849:Reform era 1829:Transition 1675:Portuguese 1061:Flores Man 1031:Prehistory 661:60,727,233 647:Population 324:Government 313:Demonym(s) 260:(official) 61:Indonesian 14055:5°S 120°E 13841:Jan Mayen 13712:Essequibo 13624:Mauritius 13590:Pontianak 13580:Palembang 13176:Squatting 13141:Languages 13109:Education 13053:Transport 12922:Judiciary 12892:Elections 12851:Volcanoes 12821:Mountains 12754:Divisions 12749:Districts 12727:Geography 12496:Nusantara 12404:Languages 12377:Education 12324:Mythology 12294:Festivals 12161:Transport 12073:President 12052:Pancasila 12004:Elections 11987:Districts 11977:Provinces 11941:Volcanoes 11904:Mountains 11823:Geography 11811:Reformasi 11720:Indonesia 11548:820849779 11429:, Mainz: 10784:cite book 10212:16 August 10055:110005354 9930:247012562 9922:0022-0507 9663:cite book 9571:The Hague 9476:Cited in 9325:145012445 9228:, p. 221 9085:25 August 8964:145692923 8927:18 August 8863:31 August 8721:161921454 8475:11 August 8394:782917895 8033:Indonesia 7897:1045-6007 7820:1045-6007 7036:Multatuli 6943:When the 6778:modernist 6744:verandahs 6715:Kue cubit 6667:pannekoek 6659:margarine 6563:Vitamin B 6561:in 1910. 6555:dinosaurs 6473:Teijsmann 6190:Het Getij 6152:Multatuli 5919:Padri War 5776:Education 5693:1,233,214 5618:Volksraad 5552:Volksraad 5548:Landstorm 5514:Sundanese 5420:in Java. 5341:Volksraad 5337:Volksraad 5332:Volksraad 5327:Volksraad 5297:The Hague 4932:Indonesia 4916:Palembang 4912:Pontianak 4834:Padri War 4776:Singapore 4561:or VOC). 4507:with the 4455:, except 4417:Majapahit 4413:Srivijaya 4319:The word 4315:Etymology 4264:declared 4240:Indonesia 4235:Indonesia 4228:cash crop 4217:many wars 4112:By region 4014:2021–2022 3924:2014–2015 3824:2006–2007 3764:1998–1999 3630:Dawn Raid 3544:1969–2002 3514:1967–2009 3479:1962–1966 3467:Incidents 3441:2021–2023 3431:2020–2022 3421:2020–2022 3378:2009–2010 3368:1998–2022 3358:1997–1998 3328:1987–1988 3268:1979–2008 3238:1971–1990 3218:1969–1971 3183:1968–1989 3163:1963–1965 3133:1963–1966 3113:1962–1990 3103:1960–2012 3048:1948–1960 3038:1948–1963 3028:1946–1948 3018:1946–1963 3008:1946–1963 2994:1945–1946 2965:1943–1944 2955:1943–1945 2945:1942–1945 2885:1941–1942 2875:1941–1942 2865:1941–1945 2813:1909–1946 2793:1895–1946 2783:1894–1905 2773:1891–1895 2763:1882–1946 2743:1874–1946 2729:1875–1876 2725:Perak War 2709:1867–1874 2705:Klang War 2699:1861–1874 2689:1857–1863 2679:1848–1946 2659:1841–1946 2649:1831–1832 2619:1821–1826 2609:1786–1946 2599:1770–1881 2589:1641–1824 2579:1601–1661 2569:1511–1641 2544:1839–1864 2534:1810–1902 2524:1808–1916 2514:1780–1899 2491:1599–1641 2458:1496–1903 2448:1470–1623 2438:1450–1899 2428:1402–1511 2405:1267–1521 2363:Majapahit 2353:Srivijaya 2333:Old Kedah 2220:Neolithic 2075:Indonesia 2069:), was a 1930:Education 1839:New Order 1607:1670–1950 1597:1515–1904 1183:600s–900s 1173:600s–1025 1163:600s–1347 1153:500s–600s 1143:400s-500s 1133:400s–500s 1086:75,000 BP 1072:Neolithic 998:Indonesia 970:Indonesia 610:1945–1949 584:1942–1945 558:1873–1904 519:1806–1816 496:1603–1799 468:Volksraad 394:William I 278:Religion 248:Soerabaja 71:1800–1949 14008:Suriname 13722:Pomeroon 13707:Demerara 13585:Preanger 13570:Cheribon 13480:Moluccas 13344:Category 13224:Folklore 13166:Religion 13089:Abortion 13015:Ringgit 12937:Military 12865:Politics 12789:wildlife 12618:Timeline 12602:articles 12598:Malaysia 12541:Category 12414:Refugees 12409:Religion 12334:Painting 12245:Colonial 12192:Abortion 12121:Aviation 12036:Military 11955:Politics 11740:Timeline 11724:articles 11625:Archived 11512:Archived 11452:Archived 11393:(2016), 11164:(2009). 11136:Archived 11114:Archived 11061:Archived 11021:Archived 10992:Archived 10931:Archived 10900:Archived 10869:Archived 10839:Archived 10818:19 April 10812:Archived 10753:Archived 10704:Archived 10557:Archived 10502:12 March 10496:Archived 10472:12 March 10466:Archived 10262:Archived 10239:Archived 10206:Archived 10142:Archived 10084:Archived 10012:cite web 9996:Archived 9851:Archived 9821:Archived 9767:18 April 9761:Archived 9735:Archived 9689:Archived 9653:17 March 9644:Archived 9429:21 April 9423:Archived 9389:Archived 9280:Archived 9243:Archived 9232:Archived 9168:, Nias, 9112:archived 9110:, LLRX, 9079:Archived 9050:Archived 8921:Archived 8896:21 March 8890:Archived 8827:Archived 8803:Archived 8725:Archived 8657:Archived 8651:(2007). 8623:Archived 8485:cite web 8466:Archived 8304:Archived 8300:61770835 8196:Archived 8176:4 August 8170:Archived 8150:18 March 8144:Archived 7986:Archived 7960:Archived 7909:Archived 7905:20079204 7858:Archived 7832:Archived 7828:20079204 7695:Archived 7620:Archived 7590:Archived 7497:Archived 7382:Archived 7292:Archived 7088:See also 6985:Bronbeek 6893:Football 6827:and the 6798:Surabaya 6794:Semarang 6782:art-deco 6748:porticos 6703:spekkoek 6570:beriberi 6539:Java Man 6477:Junghuhn 5917:and the 5915:Java War 5833:, named 5812:Javanese 5630:Javanese 5597:Kopassus 5510:Javanese 5491:Surabaya 5308:Surabaya 4892:Sulawesi 4883:polities 4870:Krakatoa 4858:Aceh War 4838:Java War 4768:Bengkulu 4742:and the 4702:Sumatra. 4645:scaphism 4586:cinnamon 4099:Military 4084:Economic 4067:By topic 3099:ISA 1960 2347:449–1454 2125:Malaysia 2114:a series 2112:Part of 2103:Malaysia 2077:, which 1977:Military 1955:Hinduism 1945:Buddhism 1940:Religion 1920:Currency 1903:By topic 1123:350–1605 1051:Java Man 1022:Timeline 987:a series 985:Part of 974:Malaysia 670:Currency 553:Aceh War 294:Buddhism 290:Hinduism 14060:-5; 120 14010:gained 14002:Became 13973:Surinam 13904:Suratte 13899:Malacca 13732:Surinam 13697:Cayenne 13687:Berbice 13609:Myanmar 13565:Batavia 13532:Malabar 13511:Suratte 13475:Malacca 13470:Formosa 13455:Celebes 13424:Batavia 13321:Outline 13268:Symbols 13219:Cuisine 13196:Culture 13156:Poverty 13077:Society 13048:Tourism 12976:Economy 12877:Cabinet 12811:Islands 12739:Borders 12610:History 12551:Gallery 12525:Outline 12447:Costume 12434:Symbols 12354:Theatre 12299:Legends 12284:Cuisine 12279:Costume 12250:Mosques 12227:Culture 12217:Smoking 12180:Society 12156:Tourism 12136:History 12099:Economy 12040:Babinsa 11994:Cabinet 11931:Regions 11894:Islands 11889:Geology 11845:Climate 11835:Borders 11732:History 11684:. 1905. 11668:. 1921. 11507:(1996) 10937:5 March 10906:13 July 10875:13 July 10845:13 July 10002:25 July 9685:(1993) 9569:]. 9286:19 July 7690:(1996) 7616:ehne.fr 7503:19 July 7319:on the 7201:Malacca 6864:fashion 6836:Fashion 6790:Jakarta 6769:Bandung 6739:masonry 6679:ningrat 6647:pancake 6603:Cuisine 6574:Eijkman 6517:physics 6505:history 6489:Wallace 6481:Eijkman 6455:Science 6382:, with 6346:serials 6226:Sukarno 6218:Kartini 6071:Culture 5983:coolies 5898:Economy 5855:Sukarno 5825:in 1924 5723:115,535 5709:240,417 5689:Chinese 5626:Chinese 5581:Suharto 5473:, 1894. 5234:Sukarno 5135:Bersiap 5118:Sukarno 5069:Hungary 5065:Germany 4962:coolies 4920:Sumatra 4862:Sumatra 4772:Sumatra 4621:Slavery 4607:Makasar 4599:Sumatra 4578:peppers 4570:Jakarta 4566:Batavia 4505:the war 4495:of the 4435:. From 4392:History 4258:Sukarno 4207:of the 4146:Sarawak 3453:present 3400:present 3287:present 3279:Spratly 3004:Sarawak 2503:present 2480:present 2417:present 2394:present 2323:Pan Pan 1965:Judaism 1925:Economy 1890:Bandung 1875:Jakarta 1867:Regions 1705:British 1685:Spanish 1139:Kantoli 1096:400 BCE 674:Guilder 616:• 603:• 590:• 577:• 564:• 551:• 538:• 525:• 512:• 489:• 476:History 433:(first) 406:Juliana 375:Monarch 302:Animism 237:Jakarta 232:Batavia 228:Capital 220:of the 132:Anthem: 13920:Dejima 13889:Bengal 13758:Arguin 13737:Tobago 13692:Brazil 13639:Tonkin 13619:Dejima 13614:Canton 13575:Malang 13555:Bantam 13527:Bantam 13506:Persia 13501:Bengal 13460:Ceylon 13349:Portal 13295:Flower 13285:Emblem 13280:Anthem 13275:Animal 13214:Cinema 13119:Health 13058:Unions 13005:Energy 12841:States 12836:Rivers 12794:plants 12652:Borneo 12600: 12546:Portal 12452:Emblem 12442:Anthem 12387:Health 12274:Cinema 12207:Piracy 12131:Energy 12063:Police 11936:Rivers 11840:Cities 11722: 11558:(1983) 11546: 11536: 11509:online 11492: 11478:, 1984 11411: 11386:(1990) 11365: 11342: 11319: 11277: 11258: 11235: 11216: 11178: 11089: 11067:1 June 11043: 11014: 10963: 10955: 10751:: 16. 10597: 10169: 10134: 10053: 9928: 9920: 9636: 9577: 9541: 9520: 9512: 9492: 9468: 9447: 9405: 9357: 9341: 9323: 9272: 9224: 9208: 9189: 9172: 9042: 9022:1965.) 8962: 8846: 8784: 8742: 8719: 8670:needs. 8557: 8432: 8392: 8384: 8310:7 July 8298: 8288: 8108: 8083: 8059:(1996) 8039: 7942: 7903: 7895: 7826: 7818: 7785: 7739: 7692:online 7652: 7564: 7489: 7462: 7437: 7414:27 May 7356: 6991:Arnhem 6987:Museum 6925:France 6888:Sports 6878:sarong 6871:kebaya 6862:kebaya 6796:, and 6655:butter 6651:coffee 6639:cheese 6519:. 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