New England French

482: 980: 766: 254: 471: 291: 674: 758: 460: 887: 1031:

the age of 5, about 40,000 individuals, spoke French. Some 98.5% of these Franco-Americans had been born in the United States, indicating the persistence of New England French. Nevertheless, the report concluded the French language was no longer inherently part of French-American identity. As part of this effort, in 2012 Maine launched an immersive Maine French Heritage Language Program, designed to have at least four in five classes conducted in French, catering to both the New England dialect and those of immigrants and refugees. However, this program was cut by 2014, when the French Department of the

960:

introduced for preventing the use of French in Catholic schools, but neither would pass their legislatures. A consequence of those laws that were enacted however, were that entire communities where only French was spoken were subject to scrutiny by the state. A threat of penalty or termination of funding for speaking French outside of French classes led to measures in Maine which suppressed the language. Most notably, children were often asked to refrain from speaking anything but English when state officials were present, leading to "silent playgrounds" during days schools were being inspected.

878: 435: 1969: 3549:

for her and for those little ones to teach them in French. Occasionally inspectors from the State would visit the schools. When word came that the inspectors were coming the teachers were told to be sure that only English was spoken in the school and on the grounds. So when the children went out for recess they were told to be sure to only speak English. These little French children played in silent playgrounds when the inspectors were in the area. I can't even imagine a silent playground.

2350: 1002:), that "the Franco-Americans always speak valiantly the French Language, but the French spirit disappears from their families; their children think in English and therefore speak more easily in the English language." Paquin went on to urge families to francize their prayer and song, so future generations "may serve as an extension of ourselves and our ancestors". Such groups, organized at a national and international level in New England, represented more than gatherings of 827:"Our press is barely able to maintain itself ... One of our weeklies has just expired; others live almost exclusively on ads; many get only blame and denigration in return for the free publicity they give to Franco-American works ... It's all the hostility, the apathy, the indifference of Franco-Americans that prevent our newspapers from achieving perfection ... Their defects come from their relative helplessness rather than from their incompetence." 2336: 869: 1035:, providing program curricula, was closed entirely. By 2019, the decline had not seen any changes in trend despite the language's centuries-old presence in the state. Even with renewed bilingualism initiatives, a lack of support for foreign-language programs and a shortage of teachers, as well as the stigmatism of the previous English-only laws were blamed in part for a lack of knowledge in French in Maine's youngest generation. 413:

renewed interest and is supported by bilingual education programs in place since 1987. A continuing trend of reduced bilingual and foreign-language education has affected the language's prevalence in younger generations. However, cultural programs in recent years have led to renewed interest between older generations speaking the dialect, and the language has also been bolstered by newly arrived refugee populations from

844:, a Worcester French-language weekly that folded in 1978 which, in its final years, could hardly be described as in the tradition of its predecessors, as it was mainly syndicated news from France. During a period of revival in preserving New England French in academia and civics, the Ligue des Sociétés de Langue Française ("League of French Language Societies") in 2460:

maintenant au dela d'un million de ce cote-ci de la ligne 45ieme, vous n'y etes pas venus pour d'autre object que celui de gagner votre pain quotidien. Ainsi, tout en ne perdant pas le souvenir de votre origine, souvenez-vous que vous avez des devoirs a remplir comme citoyens de la Republique et que vous devez aimer votre patrie d'adoption.

1972: 1971: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1977: 951:, a Vermont committee found that though the French language was spoken by a large part of its population, they often held disparately lower wealth and educational outcomes than monolingual English-speaking peers, with few resources given to bilingual education. The committee would attribute this in part to the 2472:

Le Deuxieme Congrès devra marquer le commencement d'une ère nouvelle. Esperons que les campagnes d'idées qui le precedent, l'agitation des esprits, les sentiments qu'auront fait germer dans nos coeurs les missionnaires de la pensé française qui nous visitent, nous inciteront comme chefs de famille, à

2469:

Original in French: Ce soir, après vingt-cinq ans, nous pouvons dire à notre tour: les Franco-Américains parlent toujours vaillamment la Langue française, mais l'esprit français disparit de leurs familles; leurs enfants pensent en anglais et par conséquent, s'expriment plus facilement dans la Langue

695:

and others all across the six New England states. By 1899 there were reportedly 120 French-language parishes in New England, and by that time of the 1.5 million people of French-speaking Canada, about 600,000 had migrated to the U.S., primarily to New England. To a degree these newcomers integrated

3548:

Now my mother spoke only French until she went to college to become a teacher. Her first teaching assignment was to teach kindergarten in Madawaska, Maine. All the children came to her speaking only French, and she had to teach them in English. Imagine her stress. It would have been so much easier

1030:

In 2012 the state of Maine, one of two states (along with Vermont) where French was the second-most spoken language, created a Franco-American Task Force to evaluate the current status of the language among Franco-Americans in Maine. Among its findings were that of this population, only 12.3% over

938:

urged a French-Canadian audience, "One of the things that is absolutely essential is to study the English language, the language of country...most of you, if you are now over a million on this side of the 45th line, you have not come for any other object than that of earning your daily bread. So,

412:

The dialect is endangered. After the First World War, laws were instituted banning immersive bilingual teaching outside of dedicated foreign-language classes, and during the 1960s and 1970s some public schools disciplined students for speaking French in school; however, in recent years it has seen

710:

described the newly-arrived French as the "Chinese of the Eastern States" for their refusal to entirely integrate, the use of their labor by mill owners to subvert union wages, and the creation of separate French-language institutions. This statement would serve as a flashpoint of controversy for

715:

remarking in a 1908 immigration speech to the Boston City Club that they "represent one of the oldest settlements on this continent. They have been, in the broad sense, Americans for generations, and their coming to the United States is merely a movement of Americans across an imaginary line."

959:

program, begun in 1919, requiring all students to be taught in English alone, prompting laws in Rhode Island, Maine, and New Hampshire prohibiting immersive teaching, requiring only English in classes not specifically dedicated to foreign language. Connecticut and Vermont would both see bills

2459:

Original in French:l y a une chose qui est tout a fait indispensable, c'est d'etudier la langue anglaise, la langue du pays... Car, apres tout, la grande chose s'est d'abord de gagner le pain de chaque jour; et si vous etes etablis sur le sol americain, la plupart d'entre vous, si vouts etes

2196:

Given the ubiquity of English in the region as well as the close proximity of French and English speaking groups, oftentimes code switching is used extensively by Franco-American families even when French is not spoken by all members of the household. Many of these words are used as terms of

1974: 1998:("vehicle", "automobile"), and represent words regarded as archaic in standardized French or words used in other dialects but of similar, yet distinct, usages. When respondents were presented with more advanced Standard French prompts, however, they generally demonstrated comprehension and 1026:

committees in the New England states, promoting press, cultural institutions and similar. To some degree a Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique would remain active into the 1950s, while meetings of the Société Historique Franco-Américaine would continue in cooperation with other

3143:

Of course they have to pick up some English, but even the little boys who are grandsons of 'the original French' prefer the Gaelic tongue. When they are playing baseball a muff is more than likely to call out a 'sac' nom' than one of the epithets familiar on the lips of Yankee

773:

During the late 19th through mid-20th centuries, the dialect was supported with more than 250 French newspapers extant in New England, many being published weekly and only seeing publication for a few years, while some would endure from the late 1800s and early 1900s into the

2449:

Original in French: "Notre presse réussit à peine à se maintenir...Un de nos hebdomadaires vient encore d'expirer; d'autres vivent presque exclusivement des annonces; plusieurs n'obtiennent que blâme et dénigrement en retour de la publicité gratuite qu'ils donnent aux œuvres

4005:

on a customs form for a box of pineapples that she was sending to Czechoslovakia. The French postal worker gave her a strange look but passed the box through...It wasn't until later that she learned that, in the eyes of the French postal worker, she had sent a box of pine

3272: 690:

Beginning in the late 1840s, greater numbers of French Canadians began to settle in the States, at first for seasonal agricultural jobs, and then eventually brought in by horse and later train, to serve as factory workers for the large mill towns being built by

587:. Six decades later, one of the first publishers of a French textbook in the Americas was Harvard's first salaried French instructor, Joseph Nancrède, who compiled then-contemporary French texts and published them alongside limited English translations in his 933:

A combination of cultural and economic forces would drive a decline in the use of the French language in New England through the end of the 20th century. Attitudes varied among Anglophone Yankees. During a speech in 1891 in Boston, Canadian Prime Minister

618:'s earliest settlers returned to Quebec; however, the Vermont Archaeological Society has noted in the past that a small number of French remained settled, at farms too remote to meet the notice of the fledgling colonial government. Similarly, 2450:

franco-américaines...C'est surtous l'hostilité, l'apathie, l'indifférence des Franco-Américains qui empêchent nos journaux d'atteindre la perfection...Leurs défauts proviennent de leur impuissance relative bien plus que de leur incompétence"

1061:, and the French Cultural Center in Boston. The New England dialect, and some of the vocabulary and mannerisms that characterize it, not unlike Acadian, Canadian, and Cajun French, however, have faced less institutional support, in favor of 831:

Many of these ads would increasingly appear in English, and changing mediums like radio, as well as a frustration with the helpless financial situation leading to more ads only aggravated the decline. One exception to this was Lewiston's

942:

While a sense of civic solidarity with Americans was expressed by Laurier and other French-American and Canadian leaders, economic discrimination also disfavored New England French speakers. Not unlike the exclusion some Francophones in

724:, would often have bilingual signs, and American customs such as baseball gradually adopted by younger generations had their own francized jargon, with it being as common for a muff to be met with an outcry of "sacré nom" by spectators. 2197:

endearment between grandparents referring to their grandchildren, or by their parents, and often picked up by the children themselves, in households of Franco-American families whose youngest generations primarily speak English.

3580:"Discours du President [Region du Conseil d'Administration; Le dimanche 14 février 1937 au Touraine à Boston; Les Franco-Américains et le 2e Congrès de la Langue française; Tous les comités régionaux des États-Unis]" 1973: 840:, in 1938. The bilingual WCOU would outlive the paper, broadcasting regular French programming through at least 1972. A few newspapers were able to retain a readership beyond the 1960s independently. This included 1989:

found a number of features of the New England dialect that were prevalent in the mid-20th century. Some colloquialisms found in New England French are similar to rural Quebec French with the use of words like

2705: 995: 2473:

prendre la ferme résolution de franciser l'atmosphere de nos prière et la chanson, afin que nos enfants ressentent le besoin de parler français et d'être le prolongement de nous-mêmes et de nos aïeux.

1068:

While not approached from a preservation standpoint, in recent years a "French Friendly" policy has been adopted through the Northern Border Regional Commission by the state of New Hampshire and its

3872:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 745:, and studies would continue sporadically covering vocabulary into the late 20th century. By 1924, approximately 1.5 million people, regardless of origin, spoke French in New England, which at the 3993:

Pauline Courchesne (2007), a Franco-American speaker of French from Holyoke, Massachusetts, recounts an episode in which, while in France, she use the term from her region for pineapple, which is

749:

was recorded at 7.4 million residents, placing the proportion of French speakers at about one-fifth of the population, or nearly the same proportion as that of French speakers in Canada in 2016.

1065:. A number of smaller local cultural and language preservation groups remain extant, including Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell and L'Association Francophone de Fall River in Massachusetts. 595:

as a means to foster commerce between the Americans and French-speaking world, and "to convey adequate ideas of the Majesty of Congress to nations who scarcely know that there is one existing."

2951:. Vol. I. Cambridge, Mass.: National Assessment and Dissemination Center, Lesley College; US Department of Education. p. 208 – via Education Resources Information Center (ERIC). 3894:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 3850:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 860:; founded in 1975, the monthly paper would continue to produce French-language content, including the translation of English ads, until December 1995, when it abruptly ceased publication. 572:) only spoke the English of the Bay Province, though he had family who spoke the French language in Boston and overseas, and would correspond with them, having replies translated for him. 1981:

Interview in New England French with a New Hampshire resident discussing common criticisms of the dialect, as well as the mélange of others spoken in the northern New England states, 2015

3824:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All States Within United States, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 2870: 645:, one of the 26 patriot leaders arrested by Canadian authorities for printing articles critical of the British colonial government, went into exile in the States. Formerly publishing 3758: 1986: 2827:

Peter Faneuil who inherited his uncle's firm on condition that he remained unmarried, spoke English and French; in his private correspondence he used French as his main language

653:, he issued a prospectus for a French-language paper in 1838, hoping Americans would support a journal that promoted civil rights and independence in Lower Canada. He set up in 4657: 591:

in 1792. Years before, in 1789, Nancrède established the first French newspaper of Boston, a short-lived weekly published for six months that year which he described in its

761:

Seal of the Alliance des Journaux Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle Angleterre, a trade organization of French-language newspapers in New England extant from 1937 to 1963.

481: 3542:

Bouchard Morin, Amy (Spring 2017). Lisa Desjardins Michaud (ed.). "Nos Histories de L'Ile Stories - Some of the Reasons French Children Were Encouraged to Assimilate".

1985:

Although many variations of French are spoken by populations within New England, including Quebec, Acadian, and European French, a 1961 speaking study conducted by the

3014:

Sacha Richard, "American Perspectives on La fièvre aux États-Unis, 1860–1930: A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England."

2568:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 2548:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Massachusetts, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 4061: 2588:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Rhode Island, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 1072:, and Burlington, Vermont, providing training for service industry employees to provide Canadian French service to a substantial French-Canadian tourist demographic. 2508:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Connecticut, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 2713: 2675:

Pendleton, Clarence M. Jr.; Smith, Mary Louise; Berry, Mary Frances; Ramirez, Blandina Cardenas; Ruckshaus, Jill S.; Saltzman, Murray; Hoff, Philip H. (May 1983).

2608:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 1096:, and the highest per capita residential population in Maine. By county, the 2015 American Community Survey showed the highest populations of French speakers in 939:

while not losing the memory of your origin, remember that you have duties to fulfill as citizens of the Republic and that you must love your adopted homeland."

769:

A map showing a total of 242 Franco-American newspapers published in New England in the French language, extant for some period between the years 1838 and 1938.

4317: 2528:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 4038: 4213:(in English and French). Manchester (N.H.): Association internationale pour la recherche et la diffusion des méthodes audio-visuelles et structuro-globales. 979: 530: 526: 3561: 2607: 2587: 2567: 2547: 2527: 2507: 3823: 806:. However, competition with the daily English press, a lack of public support from non-speakers, and the availability of larger Quebec publications like 3694: 1088:

figures, this provides an estimate of the French-speaking population but speakers of the dialect are not enumerated specifically. According to the 2016

4650: 1045:

Although not taught strictly in the New England dialect, in recent years new efforts have arisen to preserve the language, with a Maine chapter of the

836:, whose publisher-owner, Jean-Baptiste Couture, founded central Maine's first, and New England's only radio station owned by a Franco-American weekly, 5337: 5332: 575:

The French language remained extant in Boston during its time as a British colony, though not abundant, one reason being a fear of the influence of

3798: 3499: 3296: 1015: 2728: 4133:

DuBois, Sylvie; Salmon, Carole (November 2014). "À la recherche du français en Nouvelle-Angleterre: une enquête de terrain à travers six États".

4083: 823:, the editorship described an apathy that had set in with the French community in response to an increase in advertising for financial support- 5278: 2321: 5347: 4643: 3713: 2878: 3766: 2312:, no regular French periodicals are extant within New England today. In other mediums the language is rarely found, with the exception of 5342: 1092:, in total there were about 160,000 residents in New England who spoke some form of the language at home, with the highest population in 1042:, maintains, and develops cultural ties between French-Canadians and Franco-Americans, as well as a number of Francophone organizations. 4310: 3669: 599: 5327: 5322: 564:

to learn the language, but was described as decidedly pro-British after the Revolution, for his disdain at France's reversion of the

1038:

The Massachusetts American and French Canadian Cultural Exchange Commission, though not strictly a linguistic body like Louisiana's

963:

In turn, as the economy of Canada improved, a number of those whose families had moved to the United States would return to Quebec,

5352: 2680: 948: 907: 1128:(374 or 6.3%) were the only other counties with more than 5% of the population speaking French, with Androscoggin County, home to 3311: 2980: 2308:

community events and institutions in New England. With the exception of Francophone group publications such as the newsletter of

4160:. Bilingual Education; Education Resources Information Center (ERIC). UCLA Graduate School of Education; US Dept. of Education. 3735: 947:

would witness, attitudes towards French speakers in New England would also result in disparate outcomes. In a 1983 study by the

765: 5312: 4303: 1288:

French language spoken at home by more than 10% of the population, as estimated for the 2011-2015 American Community Survey:

1054: 956: 560:

who fled persecution to the New World. However, while Faneuil and Bowdoin both spoke fluently, the latter encouraged his son

633:

of the Québécois during the Second Industrial Revolution, one of the earliest examples of New England French arose from the

4524: 4069: 2393: 1141: 583:, when its first instructor was dismissed in 1735, after two years of teaching, due to rumors of converting students from 4277: 4289: 2649: 253: 3893: 3871: 3849: 2611: 2591: 2571: 2551: 2531: 2511: 4237: 3644: 3483: 3103: 3057: 2850: 2820: 2793: 2764: 1899: 673: 258:

Percentage of population speaking French at home, including other dialects but excluding French-based creoles (2015)

3827: 994:

A decline in the French language was evident by the mid-20th century, with Joseph Ubalde-Paquin, a president of the

757: 470: 4046: 3780: 3201:

Locke, William N. (May 1946). "Notes on the Vocabulary of the French-Canadian Dialect Spoken in Brunswick, Maine".

2378: 1104:, with 11,620. Per capita, the only county with more than 10% of residents speaking any form of French at home was 290: 3076:

Uniform hours of labor from the Twelfth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, for 1881

778:, with 21 newspapers and four monthlies in existence in 1937, and a handful publishing through the 1960s, such as 397:. The dialect is the predominant form of French spoken in New England (apart from standard French), except in the 5307: 1097: 398: 3565: 1007: 4271: 4101: 808: 538: 244: 4884: 4603: 3698: 2482:

Contraction of "à cette heure", also found in Louisiana French and colloquially in Northwest parts of France.

1584: 1081: 952: 507:

Dating back to the earliest colonial period, a French presence remained in New England with its proximity to

5102: 1395: 1101: 1032: 990:, represents the most complete collection of Franco-American poetry, with most works in New England French. 603: 5194: 5055: 4809: 606:, the influence of French settlers in New England was diminished almost entirely following the end of the 4854: 4804: 4372: 4283: 3074: 2965:

The History of the State of Maine; from its Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive

1731: 4864: 3986: 3806: 3503: 4948: 4392: 4387: 4351: 2892:

Stern, Madeleine B. (Spring 1976). "Joseph Nancrede, Franco-American Bookseller-Publisher, 1761-1841".

2736: 2289: 1689: 1521: 1121: 1117: 987: 721: 4933: 4583: 4087: 2388: 1151: 1089: 1058: 793: 717: 513: 459: 100: 90: 5096: 3527: 2942:

Albert, Renaud S.; Martin, Andre; Giguere, Madeleine; Allain, Mathe; Brasseaux, Carl A. (May 1979).

657:, what was described as the first French-Canadian American newspaper, publishing the first issue of 5317: 817: 732: 238: 4286:, University of Southern Maine Digital Commons; includes examples of weekly and monthly newspapers 3721: 3622:. Manchester, N.H: Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique; Imprimerie Ballard Frères. 1950. 4896: 4714: 4709: 4666: 4382: 2383: 1105: 853: 852:, which published from 1976 through 1984. The only New England French news outlet to endure into 816:

led to a gradual decline of the New England French newspaper trade. In one 1936 editorial in the

727:

One of the earliest examples of New England French being differentiated from Canadian French and

402: 105: 80: 3601: 3587: 3519:

Language Loss in Cajun Louisiana: Integrative Evolutionary Approaches in Linguistic Anthropology

626:, and during the expulsion of the Acadians, French culture largely left that landscape as well. 5085: 3522: 915: 803: 611: 5160: 3446: 3119: 3091: 1006:, but rather other speakers of the French language as well. For example, a 1938 reception for 886: 5284: 5171: 5060: 4967: 3634: 2840: 2810: 2781: 2754: 2676: 1878: 1710: 1458: 1125: 737: 703: 692: 607: 522: 498: 3676: 2963: 1046: 711:

decades, but others in the Yankee political class would welcome the newcomers, with Senator

5181: 5050: 4791: 4018:

Cagnon, Maurice (Autumn 1969). "New England Franco-American Terms Used in Spoken English".

3378: 2355: 1836: 1815: 1069: 592: 544:

Early figures from French stock who would become a part of the American narrative included

5251: 5154: 2216:), while a 1969 study found other more opaque examples, a small sample of which includes: 2002:. Some examples of responses provided in the study and other regional literature include: 371: 8: 5070: 4928: 4890: 4719: 4504: 4425: 4326: 4123: 3579: 2999: 2403: 1752: 780: 654: 443: 5240: 4692: 3958: 3338:

Ham, Edward Billings (March 1938). "Journalism and the French Survival in New England".

110: 5213: 4869: 4762: 4729: 4635: 4537: 3409:

He directed two French radio programs, the first at WCOU of Lewiston from 1960 to 1972…

3355: 3210: 3183: 3137:"French in New England; Old Time Raiders' Stock Majority of Population in Many Towns". 2917: 2909: 1626: 1605: 1311: 634: 580: 447: 434: 414: 4879: 4532: 3319: 2984: 2300: 5205: 5040: 4908: 4859: 4742: 4415: 4243: 4233: 4214: 4195: 4178: 4161: 3920: 3743: 3650: 3640: 3479: 3382: 3290: 3273:"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]" 3099: 3053: 2921: 2846: 2816: 2789: 2760: 2684: 2645: 1563: 1542: 1500: 1416: 1353: 903: 712: 707: 662: 561: 534: 518: 172: 95: 4752: 877: 5246: 5200: 5176: 5125: 5120: 5108: 4985: 4913: 4757: 4747: 4701: 4542: 4410: 4295: 4142: 3347: 3178: 3173: 3165: 2901: 2398: 1920: 1479: 1437: 1374: 1085: 1003: 382: 367: 85: 3945: 3049:

Souvenir du banquet Laurier, Boston, Mass, Hôtel Vendôme, Mardi, 17 Novembre, 1891

2943: 5234: 5166: 5136: 5035: 4958: 4938: 4918: 4772: 4681: 4552: 4462: 4453: 4402: 4335: 4227: 4208: 3473: 3400: 3047: 2639: 2373: 2368: 2341: 2313: 1857: 1773: 1668: 1647: 1132:, being the sole county not bordering Canada with such a proportion of speakers. 1129: 1062: 1050: 1011: 935: 845: 785: 775: 642: 630: 565: 439: 418: 386: 378: 363: 351: 187: 162: 120: 115: 72: 4826: 4547: 4509: 4125:

Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis

3001:

Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis

2440:

It is unclear if this represents native fluency or fluency as a second-language.

497:(1940); a bilingual ad for Hampden Ale (1948); three girls holding a banner for 394: 5271: 5090: 5080: 4923: 4874: 4821: 4798: 4781: 4737: 4578: 4557: 4514: 4492: 4420: 4356: 4343: 4157:

The Future Past: The Social Context of Franco-American Schooling in New England

3997:(literally, 'apple of pine'). Unaware that the word for pineapple in France is 3736:"Citizens' Guide to State Services, Housing/Community Development- Commissions" 3675:(Report). State of Maine Legislative Franco-American Task Force. Archived from 2905: 2363: 1999: 1794: 1147: 1109: 902:, published in 1789, was the city's first French newspaper, coverage including 746: 728: 623: 494: 390: 4995: 4146: 3654: 5301: 5075: 4902: 4836: 4816: 4624: 4470: 4443: 4377: 4247: 4165: 4086:. Consulate General of France in Boston; République Française. Archived from 2688: 2295: 1332: 1246: 1192: 1113: 1093: 968: 698: 683: 584: 549: 545: 406: 182: 48: 35: 4182: 3608:: 1000. June 1939 – via Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Quebec. 2422:

Including all dialects of French spoken in New England, except French Creole

2223:(noun), to press one's lips together and outwards in a pouty expression or " 1108:(9,800 or 14.6%), due to its geographic proximity to Canada and speakers of 614:, which gave control of the region to the British. During this time many of 579:; academically this prevented the language from gaining early acceptance at 5065: 4943: 4438: 4280:, Eloise A. Briere, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections 4218: 3924: 3386: 2637: 2317: 1941: 1228: 998:, noting during the 2nd Congress of the French Language in Boston in 1937 ( 638: 167: 4199: 5188: 4990: 3919:. Manchester, Me.: Dirigo Edition; Book Craftsmen Associates. p. 5. 2305: 1264: 576: 553: 525:

would leave distance between the Yankee and Franco settlers, the role of

359: 40: 5000: 3784: 3670:

Franco-Americans in Maine: Statistics from the American Community Survey

3141:. Portland, Or. March 5, 1906. p. 3 – via Boston Transcript. 2913: 5148: 5019: 5013: 5006: 4430: 4261: 3421: 3187: 2261:(verb), sit down, particularly in the context of an exclamation as in " 1994:(roughly, "chariot"), compared with the standard French word for car, 798: 177: 3586:(in French). Manchester, N. H.: Société historique Franco-Américaine: 3521:(Master of Arts in Anthropology thesis). Washington State University. 3502:. Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell. 8 January 2014. Archived from 3375:

The Shadows of the Trees, The Story of French-Canadians in New England

3359: 3214: 4979: 4210:

Oral and Nasal Vowel Diphthongization of a New England French Dialect

2224: 1014:

community. In 1938 as well, New Englanders saw representation at the

944: 837: 742: 557: 225: 213: 157: 4105: 4039:"Le français, un investissement dans le Vermont et le New Hampshire" 3231:

Brault, Gerard J. (December 1961). "New England French Vocabulary".

3169: 868: 4155: 3351: 2335: 984:

Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre

813: 650: 568:. In contrast, born to a French household, Revere (anglicized from 294:

Population speaking French at home, including other dialects (2015)

4062:"Le retour du français (et de l'Alliance Française) dans le Maine" 3783:(in English and French). Plymouth State University. Archived from 3156:

Geddes, James (April 1898). "American-French Dialect Comparison".

381:

that developed in what is now the United States, the others being

4973: 4229:

Franco-Americans in Massachusetts: 'No French no mo' 'round here'

3546:. Le Centre Franco-Américain, Université du Maine. pp. 6–7. 3309: 2978: 2200:

Examples include substitutions as simple as calling grandparents

1210: 1039: 964: 615: 52: 4232:. Langewiesen, Germany: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co. 4104:. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from 3639:(in French). Sainte-Foy, Qc.: Université Laval. pp. 70–71. 5142: 5130: 5113: 4847: 4608: 4487: 4480: 4175:

Phonological Variables in a New England French Speech Community

2808: 508: 2638:

Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).

661:

on August 7, 1839, for both Canadians across the border and a

5045: 4842: 4786: 4497: 4475: 1174: 619: 529:

as well as the contributions of French military figures like

44: 4268:, (Network of Francophone and Francophile Cities of America) 4262:

Réseau des Villes Francophones et Francophiles de l'Amérique

3271:

Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (8 February 2017).

3562:"French Canadian Emigration to the United States 1840-1930" 3259:

New England has more than 1,500,000 French-speaking people.

2431:

An error by an outfielder in failing to catch an easy play.

4026:(1). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: 219–225. 3988:

Language in the Real World: An Introduction to Linguistics

2845:. Berkeley Heights, N. J.: Enslow Publishers. p. 70. 2674: 1987:

United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

1053:

in August 2019, adding to others in Hartford, Providence,

3933:(midwife, to you) made it her business to be on hand...") 3759:"Ending the Damaging Myth of "Bad French" in New England" 3239:(2). American Association of Teachers of French: 163–175. 2941: 4665: 3826:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from 3248: 3246: 2610:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from 2590:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from 2570:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from 2550:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from 2530:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from 2510:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from 918:

French weekly extant from 1884 to 1894; a 1943 issue of

4190:

Miller, Mary R; Yelsma, Paul L; Heap, Norman A (1971).

3636:

Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre

3620:

La Vie Franco-Américaine 1950; Treizième Rapport Annuel

3564:. Marianopolis College. August 23, 2000. Archived from 3079:. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co. p. 150. 2756:

Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre

2677:

Franco-Americans In Vermont; A Civil Rights Perspective

2641:

Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties

4290:

Franco-American Recordings, Documents, and Photographs

2735:. New York: French Morning Media Group. Archived from 3243: 971:, as well, into the latter half of the 20th century. 4325: 3052:(in French). Lowell, Mass.: Imprimerie du National. 2894:

The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America

2871:"Teaching French at Harvard and L'Abeille Françoise" 2812:

Connecting Worlds and People: Early Modern Diasporas

2331: 2294:

Though not offering weekly or monthly coverage, the

1010:

saw representation from Louisiana and from Boston's

377:

New England French is one of the major forms of the

3584:

Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-Américaine

2670: 2668: 2320:from Quebec, and an online forum maintained by the 1080:As the French language is only differentiated from 679:

Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-américaine

446:, creator of the first accurate coastal map of the 442:and its natives, by French colonist and geographer 4194:. Tuscaloosa (Ala.): University of Alabama Press. 4128:(in French). Worcester, Mass.: L'Opinion Publique. 3953:. Quebec City: L'Action Sociale. 1930. p. 69. 3478:. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England. 3164:(4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 105–112. 3124:United States Congressional serial set, Issue 5265 3004:(in French). Worcester, Mass.: L'Opinion Publique. 2981:"About Le Patriote canadien. (Montréal) 1839-1840" 2788:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 60–61. 2502: 2500: 2498: 3407:. Vol. 5. Manchester, N.H. 1979. p. 7. 3045: 2968:. Vol. II. Hallowell. pp. 27, 266, 293. 2875:4 Corners of the World; International Collections 2712:. Portland, Maine. April 30, 2019. Archived from 1020:Deuxième Congrès de la langue française au Canada 906:'s inaugural speech in French and English in its 5299: 4189: 3742:. Commonowealth of Massachusetts. Archived from 3692: 3257:. St. Albans, VT. September 9, 1924. p. 8. 2809:Dagmar Freist; Susanne Lachenicht, eds. (2017). 2729:"In Maine, French Culture Experiences a Revival" 2665: 1016:Second Congress on the French Language in Canada 3661: 2706:"French is dying in northern Maine. Here's why" 2495: 1027:French-speaking communities through the 1980s. 681:for 1943, one of many institution created from 4292:, Lowell Folklife Project, Library of Congress 3740:Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 3697:. University of Southern Maine. Archived from 3541: 3346:(1). The New England Quarterly, Inc.: 89–107. 3226: 3224: 2322:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 1022:), which included resolutions to establish 12 362:region of the United States. It descends from 4651: 4311: 3453:. Portland, Me.: University of Southern Maine 3422:"Le Travailleur (Worcester, Mass.) 1931-1978" 3098:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 123. 3032:. New Orleans, La. July 15, 1899. p. 10. 2780:Manuel, Frank E.; Manuel, Fritzie P. (2004). 2748: 2746: 2700: 2698: 622:was claimed by the French to the east of the 493:: French-Canadian American potato farmers in 4272:Les écoles françaises en Nouvelle-Angleterre 4132: 3818: 3816: 3295:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3120:"Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on Immigration" 2779: 2679:(Report). Vermont Advisory Committee to the 2191: 1306:Total population of community (2010 census) 5279:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 3475:The French Canadian Heritage in New England 3333: 3331: 3329: 3221: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2237:(noun), bird, as in "Do you see the little 1135: 696:and learned the English language; however, 4658: 4644: 4318: 4304: 4141:(3). Cambridge University Press: 377–401. 3799:"Burlington, le Vermont 'french friendly'" 3041: 3039: 2961: 2864: 2862: 2786:James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers 2743: 2695: 1283: 1146:The figures below include speakers of any 511:, even after many Acadians were exiled in 252: 3991:. New York: Routledge. 2010. p. 96. 3813: 3711: 3526: 3447:"L'Unité Collection, Franco Publications" 3177: 2304:magazine writes periodic news stories on 2231:like that, your face will stay that way." 370:who immigrated to New England during the 5338:French-Canadian culture in New Hampshire 5333:French-Canadian culture in Massachusetts 4153: 3896:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder 3874:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder 3852:. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder 3695:"Maine French Heritage Language Program" 3372: 3326: 2928: 2681:United States Commission on Civil Rights 1967: 978: 764: 756: 752: 672: 433: 4225: 4121: 3712:Gallagher, Noel K. (October 27, 2014). 3693:Doris A. Bonneau (September 26, 2012). 3516: 3310:National Endowment for the Humanities. 3036: 2997: 2979:South Dakota State Historical Society. 2868: 2859: 2644:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308. 2633: 2631: 974: 358:) is a variety of French spoken in the 5300: 4206: 4172: 4059: 4036: 4017: 3947:Glossaire du Parler Français au Canada 3632: 3471: 3465: 3270: 3230: 3155: 3072: 3028:"Influence of French in New England". 2752: 2726: 1100:, with 16,593 household speakers, and 668: 4639: 4299: 4274:, Consulat Général de France à Boston 3805:(in French). New York. Archived from 3756: 3667: 3318:. Library of Congress. Archived from 3200: 3089: 2983:. Library of Congress. Archived from 2891: 2877:. Library of Congress. Archived from 5348:French language in the United States 4192:Bilingualism in northern New England 4084:"French Associations in New England" 3914: 2869:Spiegel, Taru (September 30, 2019). 2838: 2759:. Université Laval. pp. 70–77. 2628: 2394:French language in the United States 1150:, as estimated during the 2012-2016 1142:French language in the United States 996:Société Historique Franco-Américaine 3965:. Franco American Women's Institute 3765:. Bangor Daily News. Archived from 3668:Myall, James (September 26, 2012). 3337: 3016:Canadian Review of American Studies 2815:. New York: Routledge. p. 52. 922:, published from 1896 to about 1950 501:'s Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste (1986) 13: 5343:French-Canadian culture in Vermont 5283:Languages between parentheses are 4135:Journal of French Language Studies 4115: 2727:Fillak, Jessica (August 7, 2018). 986:, compiled by Paul Chassé for the 14: 5364: 4255: 4060:Thiery, Clément (March 7, 2019). 4037:Thiery, Clément (March 7, 2019). 3517:Fiedler, Michelle Y. (May 2006). 1057:, the Centre Franco-Americain in 1000:2e Congrès de la Langue française 537:, engendered an alliance against 527:France in the American Revolution 16:French variety of New England, US 5328:French-Canadian culture in Maine 5323:French-Canadian American history 4327:Varieties of the French language 4284:Franco Publications and Programs 4278:Recordings of New England French 3714:"Language arts dying out at USM" 2379:Early Franco-American newspapers 2348: 2334: 2247:(noun), eye, as in "Make pretty 885: 876: 867: 702:also endured. On the eve of the 598:Outside of Boston, prior to the 480: 469: 458: 429: 366:because it originally came from 289: 5353:French language in the Americas 4094: 4076: 4053: 4030: 4011: 3979: 3938: 3908: 3886: 3864: 3842: 3791: 3773: 3757:Myall, James (April 15, 2016). 3750: 3728: 3705: 3686: 3626: 3612: 3594: 3572: 3554: 3535: 3510: 3492: 3439: 3414: 3393: 3366: 3303: 3264: 3194: 3149: 3130: 3112: 3083: 3066: 3046:R. C. de Beaumont, ed. (1892). 3021: 3008: 2991: 2972: 2962:Williamson, William D. (1832). 2955: 2885: 2832: 2476: 2463: 2453: 2443: 2434: 2425: 1098:Middlesex County, Massachusetts 356:français de Nouvelle-Angleterre 27:français de Nouvelle-Angleterre 5287:of the language on their left. 3720:. Portland, Me. Archived from 2802: 2773: 2720: 2416: 2227:". For example- "Don't make a 1590:Plantation de la Ville d'hiver 716:Industrial cities as large as 1: 4604:French-based creole languages 4173:Kelley, Henry Edward (1980). 2842:Paul Revere: American Patriot 2489: 1963: 1075: 949:US Commission on Civil Rights 854:the emergence of the internet 5313:Endangered Romance languages 4433:(England, Wales and Ireland) 1102:Hartford County, Connecticut 1033:University of Southern Maine 1008:René Doynel de Saint-Quentin 604:Second Industrial Revolution 285:Speakers by total population 7: 4122:Belisle, Alexandre (1911). 4068:(in French). Archived from 4045:(in French). Archived from 3073:Wright, Carroll D. (1889). 2998:Belisle, Alexandre (1911). 2327: 641:. Following the rebellion, 10: 5369: 4207:Poulin, Norman A. (1973). 4154:Jacobson, Phyllis (1983). 3915:Coté, Gertrude M. (1953). 3472:Brault, Gerard J. (1986). 3373:Ducharme, Jacques (1943). 3255:St. Albans Daily Messenger 2945:A Franco-American Overview 2906:10.1086/pbsa.70.1.24302257 2290:Franco American literature 2287: 1139: 1122:Androscoggin County, Maine 1118:Coos County, New Hampshire 928: 722:Somersworth, New Hampshire 424: 5262: 5227: 5028: 4957: 4771: 4728: 4700: 4691: 4674: 4617: 4596: 4571: 4523: 4461: 4452: 4401: 4365: 4342: 4333: 4147:10.1017/S095926951300029X 3377:. New York & London: 3340:The New England Quarterly 3253:"French in New England". 3096:The Belles of New England 2389:French language in Canada 2192:Code switching in English 1152:American Community Survey 1090:American Community Survey 794:Fall River, Massachusetts 731:came in an 1898 study in 718:Fall River, Massachusetts 251: 237: 223: 211: 206: 150: 69: 59: 31: 26: 21: 3633:Louder, Dean R. (1991). 3018:(2002) 32#1 pp: 105-132. 2409: 2324:, "Bienvenue à Boston". 2283: 1905:Emplacement de Wentworth 1527:Plantation de Saint-Jean 1401:Plantation de Dennistown 1169:Percent French-speaking 1136:French-speakers by state 733:Johns Hopkins University 4667:Gallo-Romance languages 4226:Szlezák, Edith (2010). 3781:"About Bienvenue au NH" 3179:2027/njp.32101073049387 3090:Moran, William (2002). 2753:Louder, Dean R (1991). 2384:French in New Hampshire 1303:Percent French-speaking 1284:Francophone communities 1106:Aroostook County, Maine 920:La Justice de Biddeford 403:Aroostook County, Maine 385:and the nearly extinct 5308:Culture of New England 4177:. Cornell University. 4072:on September 19, 2019. 3506:on September 19, 2020. 3500:"Le Journal de Lowell" 3312:"About L'Indépendente" 2987:on September 27, 2018. 2839:Ford, Barbara (2015). 1982: 1585:Winterville Plantation 991: 957:US Bureau of Education 829: 804:Holyoke, Massachusetts 770: 762: 687: 665:in the United States. 451: 355: 5277:A star (*) indicates 5172:Poitevin-Saintongeais 5103:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 4108:on September 3, 2018. 3763:Parlez-Vous American? 3718:Portland Press Herald 3701:on February 15, 2017. 3401:"Le Canado-Américain" 3379:Harper & Brothers 3158:Modern Language Notes 1980: 1396:Dennistown Plantation 1126:Essex County, Vermont 988:American Bicentennial 982: 848:launched its monthly 825: 768: 760: 753:Historical newspapers 741:, noting variants of 738:Modern Language Notes 704:Chinese Exclusion Act 693:the Boston Associates 676: 608:French and Indian War 600:Industrial Revolution 556:, all descendants of 523:French and Indian War 517:and later settled in 437: 4102:"Bienvenue à Boston" 3830:on February 13, 2020 3787:on October 14, 2019. 3769:on February 3, 2019. 3724:on January 29, 2019. 3682:on February 2, 2017. 3381:. pp. 200–202. 2614:on February 13, 2020 2594:on February 13, 2020 2574:on February 13, 2020 2554:on February 13, 2020 2534:on February 13, 2020 2514:on February 13, 2020 2356:United States portal 1124:(8,913 or 8.8%) and 1070:chambers of commerce 975:Preservation efforts 858:Le Journal de Lowell 659:Le Patriote Canadien 612:1763 Treaty of Paris 514:Le Grand Dérangement 4730:Bourbonnais Creoles 3917:As I Live and Dream 3809:on August 11, 2019. 3451:USM Digital Commons 3426:Library of Congress 3405:Le Canado-Américain 3316:Chronicling America 3277:www12.statcan.gc.ca 2881:on October 6, 2019. 2782:"Huguenot Memories" 2404:New England English 2126:maintenant/astheure 2017:New England French 1522:St. John Plantation 910:; an 1893 issue of 669:The Great Migration 655:Burlington, Vermont 589:L'Abeille Françoise 444:Samuel de Champlain 65:170,000 (2015) 4049:on March 20, 2019. 3746:on March 16, 2018. 3606:Le Canada-français 1983: 1900:Wentworth Location 1166:Number of speakers 1055:Greater Burlington 1047:Alliance Française 992: 955:Department of the 908:May 14, 1789 issue 771: 763: 720:, and as small as 688: 635:Papineau Rebellion 452: 417:in cities such as 415:Francophone Africa 348:New England French 126:New England French 22:New England French 5295: 5294: 5272:extinct languages 5228:Francoprovencalic 5223: 5222: 5206:Wisconsin Walloon 4633: 4632: 4592: 4591: 4434: 4090:on April 8, 2019. 3568:on June 20, 2019. 3233:The French Review 3203:The French Review 3126:. March 20, 1908. 2710:News Center Maine 2298:-based bilingual 2189: 2188: 2056:voiture/auto/char 2014:Laurentian French 1978: 1961: 1960: 1281: 1280: 1198:Nouveau Hampshire 1120:(2,923 or 9.6%), 904:George Washington 900:Courier de Boston 713:Henry Cabot Lodge 708:Carroll D. Wright 663:patriot community 562:James Bowdoin III 535:Siege of Yorktown 519:Spanish Louisiana 399:Saint John Valley 372:Grande Hémorragie 345: 344: 307: 10000-15000 173:Old Gallo-Romance 5360: 5241:Franco-Provençal 5237:/Faetar-Cigliàje 5126:Louisiana French 5121:Louisiana Creole 4934:Saint-Barthélemy 4702:Antillean Creole 4698: 4697: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4584:Saint-Barthélemy 4459: 4458: 4432: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4251: 4222: 4203: 4186: 4169: 4150: 4129: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3954: 3952: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3322:on May 21, 2019. 3307: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3092:"Voyagers South" 3087: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2739:on May 21, 2019. 2724: 2718: 2717: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2635: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2399:Louisiana French 2358: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2316:AM repeaters of 2005: 2004: 1979: 1291: 1290: 1157: 1156: 1086:US Census Bureau 1004:Franco-Americans 889: 880: 871: 484: 473: 462: 383:Louisiana French 368:French Canadians 336: 330: 324: 318: 313: 5000-10000 312: 306: 300: 293: 280: 274: 268: 262: 256: 247: 216: 75: 19: 18: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5318:French dialects 5298: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5258: 5219: 5137:Moselle Romance 5097:Karipúna Creole 5024: 4953: 4865:Franco-Ontarian 4767: 4724: 4687: 4682:Canadian French 4670: 4664: 4634: 4629: 4613: 4588: 4567: 4519: 4448: 4397: 4361: 4338: 4336:Standard French 4329: 4324: 4258: 4240: 4118: 4116:Further reading 4113: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4066:France-Amérique 4058: 4054: 4043:France-Amérique 4035: 4031: 4016: 4012: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3968: 3966: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3803:France-Amérique 3797: 3796: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3755: 3751: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3710: 3706: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3540: 3536: 3528:10.1.1.457.9908 3515: 3511: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3371: 3367: 3336: 3327: 3308: 3304: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3269: 3265: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3229: 3222: 3199: 3195: 3170:10.2307/2917284 3154: 3150: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3088: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3009: 2996: 2992: 2977: 2973: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2940: 2929: 2890: 2886: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2751: 2744: 2725: 2721: 2716:on May 1, 2019. 2704: 2703: 2696: 2673: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2636: 2629: 2617: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2374:Canadian French 2369:American French 2354: 2349: 2347: 2342:Language portal 2340: 2333: 2330: 2314:Canadian French 2301:France-Amérique 2292: 2286: 2279:, aunt or uncle 2194: 2011:Standard French 1968: 1966: 1317:Ville-Française 1286: 1144: 1138: 1130:Lewiston, Maine 1078: 1063:Standard French 1049:established in 977: 953:Americanization 936:Wilfrid Laurier 931: 926: 925: 924: 923: 892: 891: 890: 882: 881: 873: 872: 786:Lewiston, Maine 776:interwar period 755: 671: 643:Ludger Duvernay 631:Great Migration 566:Edict of Nantes 521:. Although the 505: 504: 503: 502: 487: 486: 485: 476: 475: 474: 465: 464: 463: 450:and New England 440:Plymouth Harbor 432: 427: 387:Missouri French 379:French language 364:Canadian French 341: 340: 339: 338: 334: 332: 328: 326: 325: 1000-2500 322: 320: 319: 2500-5000 316: 314: 310: 308: 304: 302: 301: >15000 298: 295: 286: 282: 278: 276: 272: 270: 266: 264: 260: 243: 212: 202: 188:Canadian French 163:Classical Latin 153: 146: 121:Canadian French 91:Latino-Faliscan 76: 73:Language family 71: 62: 61:Native speakers 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5366: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5275: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5238: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5091:Haitian Creole 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5061:Burundi Pidgin 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4778: 4776: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4625:Français signé 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4454:North American 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4257: 4256:External links 4254: 4253: 4252: 4238: 4223: 4204: 4187: 4170: 4151: 4130: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4093: 4075: 4052: 4029: 4010: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3937: 3907: 3885: 3863: 3841: 3812: 3790: 3772: 3749: 3727: 3704: 3685: 3660: 3645: 3625: 3611: 3593: 3571: 3553: 3534: 3509: 3491: 3484: 3464: 3438: 3413: 3392: 3365: 3352:10.2307/360562 3325: 3302: 3263: 3242: 3220: 3209:(6): 416–422. 3193: 3148: 3129: 3111: 3104: 3082: 3065: 3058: 3035: 3030:Times-Picayune 3020: 3007: 2990: 2971: 2954: 2927: 2884: 2858: 2851: 2831: 2821: 2801: 2794: 2772: 2765: 2742: 2719: 2694: 2664: 2651:978-0899253565 2650: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2604: 2584: 2564: 2544: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2475: 2462: 2452: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2364:Acadian French 2360: 2359: 2345: 2329: 2326: 2310:Boston Accueil 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2270: 2256: 2242: 2232: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151:pomme de terre 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070:dollar/piastre 2068: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2000:code switching 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909:New Hampshire 1907: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888:New Hampshire 1886: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846:New Hampshire 1844: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825:New Hampshire 1823: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1741:New Hampshire 1739: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720:New Hampshire 1718: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699:New Hampshire 1697: 1695:Ville de Clark 1692: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611:Saint-François 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1548:Nouveau-Canada 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1464:Plantation Cyr 1461: 1459:Cyr Plantation 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1148:French dialect 1140:Main article: 1137: 1134: 1077: 1074: 976: 973: 930: 927: 896:Left to right: 894: 893: 884: 883: 875: 874: 866: 865: 864: 863: 862: 842:Le Travailleur 754: 751: 747:1920 US Census 729:Acadian French 670: 667: 624:Kennebec River 541:at that time. 495:Caribou, Maine 489: 488: 479: 478: 477: 468: 467: 466: 457: 456: 455: 454: 453: 431: 428: 426: 423: 409:predominates. 391:Muskrat French 343: 342: 333: 331: 500-1000 327: 321: 315: 309: 303: 297: 287: 284: 283: 277: 271: 265: 259: 257: 249: 248: 241: 235: 234: 229: 221: 220: 217: 209: 208: 207:Language codes 204: 203: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190: 156: 154: 151: 148: 147: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 129: 128: 79: 77: 70: 67: 66: 63: 60: 57: 56: 33: 32:Native to 29: 28: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5365: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Frainc-Comtou 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4903:Middle French 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4792:St. Marys Bay 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Langues d'oïl 4690: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4525:United States 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4239:9783823374497 4235: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4137:(in French). 4136: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4020:Romance Notes 4014: 4007: 4004: 4003:pommes de pin 4000: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3895: 3889: 3873: 3867: 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