549:
640:
274:
327:), churches were always full during service, for the duration of his rule — not because of fear of divine punishment, but rather due to fear of the law. Mavrogenes also demanded that Wallachians should lead an austere life and, as such, forbade his people from feasting or lingering in taverns for more than one hour after sunset. On 10 January 1787 he signed a degree which allowed
536:
These victories, together with the predictions astrologer made him confident in a victory and attacked
Kronstadt from July to October 1788, but failed to take the city. As the winter of 1788–1789 was harsh, no further military actions were carried out. After Abdul Hamid died in April, the new sultan,
308:), so that peasants could speak to him. He also attempted to erect stakes on all major crossroads, to show the people what would happen to them if they engaged in theft or murder, or if they failed to attend church services. During the same year, he ordered the building of an
361:, for which he cited as pretext his recurring dreams, in which he claimed to have been commanded random killings or banishments, effects which he was allowed to avert only if paid a certain sum. In order to mock the boyars, he even gave his horse the rank of
438:, as well as reinforcing the walls of inns and monasteries (which were thus turned into crude fortresses). Unlike any other Phanariote ruler, he raised his own army, which reached 5–10,000 men and was equipped with several
264:
Abdul Hamid with 4,000 bags of gold, in order to obtain Yusuf Pasha's ousting from office; nevertheless, the sultan disagreed, and the treasurer of the empire, who had proposed the deal, was arrested, tortured and killed.
627:. His body was buried on the shore of the Danube, while his head was sent to Constantinople, where it was impaled on a stake. His bones were later moved by his daughter, Eufrosina, to the Church of the Holy Apostles in
524:
from the
Turkish yoke". At that time, Mavrogenes' army had about 11,000 soldiers, and there was also an army of about 15,000 Turks assisting him. With these forces, he obtained a few victories in the battles of
484:
monasteries; nevertheless, Mavrogenes continued to dismiss evidence of a
Habsburg-Russian alliance. Two months later, on 28 January 1788, the boyars were summoned and informed that the Russians, led by
29:
650:, the Greek revolutionary who was a clerk for the Wallachian court, considered Mavrogenes "a villain, unworthy to be the ruler of Wallachia"; Feraios had begun a lifelong friendship with
416:
1063:
296:. One of his first decrees was issued four days later, when he announced that all the people of Wallachia could address their grievances directly to him. He even set up a
367:
and assigned him a bedroom right next to his own, on the second floor of the Court Palace. Mavrogenes awarded those people who paid him enough money boyar ranks and
408:
1078:
505:
families, fled to
Transylvania). In order to avoid other betrayals, Mavrogenes arrested all the Wallachian boyars and dispatched them to an Ottoman fortress.
498:
497:, they were ordered to return — it became apparent that Mavrogenes was just testing to see if boyars would betray him (indeed, two of them, members of the
426:
As the city of
Bucharest was spread over a large area and lacked any kind of fortifications, Mavrogenes decided to build some, including the digging of a
579:
658:
and rebel leader, who at the time was a soldier in
Mavrogenes' service — on one occasion, he defended and rescued Pazvantoğlu from the prince's wrath.
278:
461:
whom he trusted, and used both the predictions and his dreams for decisions in time of war, such as attacking the city of
Kronstadt (present-day
435:
447:
590:
Wallachia, while keeping autonomy to the same level as within the
Ottoman Empire. The country was, however, soon hit by a major
1024:
Franz
Leopold von Metzburg und Nicolae Mavrogheni. Momentaufnahmen einer schwierigen Beziehung zweier diplomatischer Welten.
670:
237:
to name
Mavrogenes prince of Wallachia on 6 April 1786. He left the Ottoman capital accompanied by a huge and ostentatious
1028:
Encounters in Europe's Southeast. The Habsburg Empire and the Orthodox World in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.
1083:
1073:
669:
Mavrogenes remained a controversial figure, and historians' opinions about him are often contradictory. The Romanian
384:
1002:("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian Lands at the beginning of the modern era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
196:
1053:
964:
659:
312:, which, although completed, was destroyed during the conflicts that followed his rule, and never fully rebuilt.
443:
346:
1068:
509:
556:
In the meantime, the Russian army reported victories in Moldavia and rendezvoused with the Habsburg Army in
586:. Most Wallachians welcomed Prince Coburg's army, and the local boyars accepted a document which basically
423:
consul, who described Mavrogenes as acting maniacally and being terrified by the prospect of being at war.
371:, and even revoked the title for boyars who refused to pay him the amount he demanded. He sometimes staged
285:
156:
36:
1088:
1048:
1012:("History of Bucharest. From the earliest times until our day"), Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966
719:
609:, but, after being attacked and defeated by the Habsburg troops, retreated and, all alone, crossed the
212:
1058:
737:
188:
168:
207:
poorly, and that he was not able to learn any Romanian). He lived among the sailors, and was chosen
368:
316:
204:
972:
473:
412:
309:
110:
681:, but having pity of the low-ranking and poor people". However, another 19th-century historian,
548:
1005:
578:
Mavrogenes fled Bucharest on 26 October, accompanied by an army of 1,000 men, after appointing
64:
54:
682:
493:
as soon as possible, to engage Russian troops. However, just as the boyar contingents reached
208:
1043:
1030:
Eds. Harald Heppner and Eva Posch. Verlag Dr. Dieter Winkler, Bochum, 2012, pp. 75–91.
714:
624:
560:, advancing toward Wallachia. On 21 July 1789 they fought the Wallacho-Ottoman army led by
324:
651:
605:
In June 1790, Mavrogenes, joined by a new Ottoman invading force, occupied the village of
598:; these were still claiming lives after the end of the war and through the early years of
568:
8:
599:
476:, started pressuring the Wallachian border and soon occupied fortified spots such as the
674:
513:
489:, had entered Moldavia, and that 25 of them were to lead military units and leave for
292:, and on 17 May he was ceremoniously crowned and settled at the princely residence of
486:
420:
164:
148:
137:
372:
614:
572:
564:
481:
223:
231:
591:
394:
390:
253:
227:
200:
126:
442:, but it was unruly and poorly trained. In addition, Mavrogenes asked for the
293:
1037:
995:
702:
694:
647:
628:
332:
319:, decreeing that places of worship were to be permanently open; according to
234:
216:
28:
730:
639:
561:
404:
220:
530:
526:
678:
662:, who knew Mavrogenes personally, made him a character in a novel called
520:
in Wallachia which explained the war's purpose and promised to "free the
502:
257:
1019:("Bucharest in the time of the Phanariotes"), Editura Dacia, Cluj, 1974.
1010:
Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre
698:
587:
184:
153:
490:
248:
princes of Wallachia chosen by the Sultan, Mavrogenes was not born in
538:
521:
517:
458:
431:
354:
340:
320:
289:
160:
462:
1000:Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne
686:
583:
571:, with an undecided result. A second confrontation occurred as the
451:
399:
192:
494:
457:
During that period, Mavrogenes used the services of Perdicari, an
273:
606:
542:
477:
238:
97:
533:, and was able to prevent a Habsburg invasion for about a year.
415:
in Wallachia. Severin was soon freed, after the intervention of
690:
619:
610:
595:
439:
363:
297:
249:
245:
677:
considered him an "original and fantastic man, despising the
655:
557:
469:
468:
On 21 November a Habsburg army of 20,000 men, located in the
358:
261:
180:
80:
613:
in a small boat. He wandered from village to village on the
516:, declared war on the Ottoman Empire and started spreading
427:
375:
inspections, to observe the activities of boyar officials.
305:
260:) saw this as a decrease in their influence, they tried to
328:
1064:
People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation
693:for the boyars, priests, merchants and peasants".
389:On 24 August 1787 the Ottomans declared war on the
924:
922:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
1035:
623:sent by the Sultan killed him in the village of
226:, both important figures in the politics of the
919:
575:; more than 10,000 died on the Ottomans' side.
339:neighbourhood of Bucharest for them to build a
163:(reigned 1786–1789). He was the great-uncle of
762:
541:, gave Mavrogenes about 5–6,000 soldiers from
1079:18th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire
552:Coburg's troops being welcomed in Bucharest
403:. Mavrogenes replicated the gesture of the
446:to help him seal the border with Habsburg
174:
27:
664:Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek
638:
634:
547:
272:
393:and imprisoned the Russian ambassador,
1036:
268:
187:, and spoke natively one of the many
147:
697:believed him to be in fact "a great
617:shore, until September 1790, when a
315:Mavrogenes was also involved in the
152:), (1735 – 30 September 1790) was a
817:Giurescu, p.104-105; Ionescu, p.186
643:Mavrogenes in a deer-drawn carriage
284:On 15 May 1786, Mavrogenes reached
219:. Hasan, together with his friend,
13:
969:Anastasius: Or, Memoirs of a Greek
417:Georg Ignaz, Freiherr von Metzburg
378:
14:
1100:
1017:Bucureștii în vremea fanarioţilor
335:and gave them a plot of land in
977:
958:
949:
940:
931:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
705:saw him as maniacal and cruel.
450:and reinforce the borders with
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
347:History of the Jews in Romania
1:
989:
199:later attested that he spoke
149:[nikoˈla.emavroˈɡenʲ]
889:Ionescu, p.208; 210-211; 215
385:Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792
252:and, as the Greek elites of
7:
708:
10:
1105:
720:Wallachian military forces
382:
1084:18th-century Greek people
744:
735:
727:
685:thought of him as "a new
169:Greek War of Independence
130:
106:
96:
86:
74:
70:
60:
50:
42:
35:
26:
21:
1074:Executed Romanian people
756:
474:Prince Josias of Coburg
215:, the commander of the
179:Mavrogenes was born on
175:Early life and election
136:(Greek: "Blackbeard"),
1054:Dragomans of the Fleet
1006:Constantin C. Giurescu
701:and organizer", while
644:
553:
409:Ivan Ivanovich Severin
281:
141:
65:Michael Drakos Soutzos
55:Michael Drakos Soutzos
1022:Peter Mario Kreuter,
642:
635:Legacy and reputation
551:
276:
209:Dragoman of the Fleet
1069:Princes of Wallachia
715:History of Bucharest
508:On 9 February 1788,
325:Dionisie Eclesiarhul
748:Habsburg occupation
738:Prince of Wallachia
683:Mihail Kogălniceanu
600:Alexander Mourousis
337:mahalaua Popescului
277:Mavrogenes and the
197:Ienăchiţă Văcărescu
167:, a heroine of the
134:Nikolaos Mavrogenis
131:Νικόλαος Μαυρογένης
119:Nicholas Mavrogenes
37:Prince of Wallachia
22:Nicholas Mavrogenes
16:Prince of Wallachia
971:, downloadable at
946:Ionescu, p.226-227
916:Ionescu, p.217-218
898:Ionescu, p.215-216
880:Ionescu, p.206-207
862:Ionescu, p.202-204
844:Ionescu, p.192-194
835:Ionescu, p.185-190
790:Ionescu, p.172-175
645:
554:
514:Holy Roman Emperor
282:
269:Ruler of Wallachia
183:island to a noble
142:Nicolae Mavrogheni
1089:Mavrogenis family
1049:People from Paros
754:
753:
745:Succeeded by
652:Osman Pazvantoğlu
580:Dumitru Turnavitu
569:Battle of Focşani
487:Alexander Suvorov
353:Mavrogenes often
185:Mavrogheni family
165:Manto Mavrogenous
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102:Mavrogenis family
90:30 September 1790
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1015:Ştefan Ionescu,
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728:Preceded by
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675:Nicolae Bălcescu
573:Battle of Rymnik
565:Koca Yusuf Pasha
230:, convinced the
224:Koca Yusuf Pasha
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18:
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781:Giurescu, p.105
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522:Romanian people
512:, the Habsburg
407:, and arrested
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379:In the 1787 War
357:money from the
317:Orthodox Church
302:Târgul de afară
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937:Ionescu, p.223
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907:Ionescu, p.217
900:
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882:
873:
871:Ionescu, p.196
864:
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853:Ionescu, p.201
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391:Russian Empire
383:Main article:
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562:Grand Vizier
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436:Oborul Vechi
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405:Grand Vizier
400:Seven Towers
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1044:1790 deaths
965:Thomas Hope
679:aristocracy
660:Thomas Hope
503:Cantacuzino
472:and led by
411:, Russia's
294:Curtea Nouă
258:Phanariotes
213:Hasan Pasha
123:Mavrogenous
51:Predecessor
1038:Categories
990:References
742:1786–1789
731:Mihai Suţu
518:manifestos
499:Câmpineanu
459:astrologer
369:privileges
333:tax exempt
321:chronicles
154:Phanariote
145:pronounced
654:, future
615:Bulgarian
539:Selim III
531:Câmpulung
527:Târgu Jiu
510:Joseph II
432:Cotroceni
397:, in the
373:incognito
341:synagogue
290:Bucharest
286:Văcăreşti
161:Wallachia
61:Successor
46:1786–1789
709:See also
687:Caligula
602:' rule.
584:Caimacam
452:Moldavia
421:Habsburg
355:extorted
310:aqueduct
193:Cyclades
138:Romanian
111:Orthodox
107:Religion
699:patriot
671:radical
607:Calafat
588:annexed
567:in the
543:Rumelia
491:Focşani
478:Tismana
440:cannons
288:, near
239:retinue
205:Turkish
191:of the
691:tyrant
629:Brussa
620:kapucu
611:Danube
596:famine
592:plague
482:Sinaia
463:Braşov
419:, the
413:consul
364:clucer
359:boyars
331:to be
298:gazebo
250:Phanar
232:Sultan
157:Prince
757:Notes
656:pasha
625:Byala
558:Adjud
495:Buzău
470:Banat
430:from
262:bribe
256:(the
246:Greek
201:Greek
181:Paros
127:Greek
98:House
92:Byala
81:Paros
43:Reign
1026:In:
689:, a
594:and
529:and
501:and
480:and
428:moat
345:see
329:Jews
306:Obor
203:and
121:(or
87:Died
78:1735
75:Born
465:).
434:to
350:).
300:in
211:to
159:of
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921:^
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140::
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343:(
304:(
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