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and the secular" and that "the supreme Bishop is higher than the Tsar". He also sought to organize the Church with a hierarchy similar to the state's – with the
Patriarch in complete control.. On a personal note, Nikon and Aleksei officialized their bond as the Tsar made the Patriarch godfather of all his children.
566:, known as the party of the protopopes (deans), had accepted the responsibility for the revision of the church service-books inaugurated by the late Patriarch Joasaph, and a few other minor rectifications of certain ancient observances. But they were far too timid to attempt anything really effectual.
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Nikon made it his mission to remove the Church from secular authority, and permanently separate the Church from the state. He believed that the Church and state should work in harmony, while remaining separate from each other. He stated that "There are two swords of authority, that is, the spiritual
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For nearly two years Tsar
Alexius and Nikon remained estranged and their conflict unresolved. In February 1660 a synod was held at Moscow to elect a new Patriarch to the throne, vacant now for nearly two years. The synod decided not only that a new patriarch should be appointed, but that Nikon had
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to re-examine the service-books revised by the
Patriarch Joasaf, and the majority of the synod decided that "the Greeks should be followed rather than our own ancients." A second council, held at Moscow in 1656, sanctioned the revision of the service-books as suggested by the first council, and
344:(schism) in the Russian Orthodox Church. For many years, he was a dominant political figure, often equaling or even overshadowing the Tsar. In December 1667, Nikon was tried by a synod of church officials, deprived of all his sacerdotal functions, and reduced to the status of a simple monk.
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According to Robert Massie, during the proceedings, Nikon staunchly defended his belief that the church's authority and power were, and ought to be, supreme; however, Nikon was rather insisting that the church's authority and power ought to be supreme only in ecclesiastical matters.
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Nikon criticized severely the use of such new-fangled icons; he ordered a house-to-house search for them to be made. His soldiers and servants were charged first to gouge out the eyes of these heretical counterfeits and then carry them through the town in derision. He also issued an
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Nikon survived Tsar Alexis, with whom something of the old intimacy had been resumed in 1671. In 1681, the new tsar Fedor (Alexius's son), on hearing that Nikon was dying, allowed him to return to Moscow and, under a partial pardon, take up residence in his former Moscow home, the
493:, the members believed the problems of the time were the manifestation of a wrathful God, angry with the Russian people's lack of religiosity. The group called for the rebirth of the Russian Orthodox faith, and a renewal of the religious piety of the masses. This group included
814:, contrary to the canons, and of beating and torturing his dependents. His sentence was deprivation of all his sacerdotal functions; henceforth, he was to be known simply as the monk Nikon. The same day he was put into a sledge and sent as a prisoner to the far northern
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But his actions raised up a whole host of enemies against him, and by the summer of 1658 they had convinced
Alexius that the sovereign patriarch was eclipsing the sovereign tsar. Alexius suddenly grew cold towards his own "bosom friend," as he called him.
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from that which was used by the Greeks at the time of Nikon, and the unrevised
Muscovite books were actually older and more venerable than the Greek books, which had undergone several revisions over the centuries, were newer, and contained innovations.
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He served there about ten years. Meanwhile, by 1635, his three little children died. He saw that as a providential sign and decided to become a monk. First he persuaded his wife to take the veil and then withdrew himself to a desolate hermitage on the
526:. He was given some special privileges there. During his tenure, a riot started in the city, and Nikon was severely beaten by the mobs. Nevertheless, he managed to resolve the matters peacefully, by leading a religious procession against the rioters.
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in 1654–1667, when the tsar was away from Moscow with his armies. In 1654, while starting on his great military campaign, the tsar left Nikon at home as the chief ruler. Needless to say, this created some considerable resentment among the high level
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is a prime example) was strictly forbidden, and many old uncanonical churches were demolished to make way for new ones, designed in the "Old
Byzantine" style. This ruthlessness goes far to explain the unappeasable hatred with which the
737:(Russian Legal Code) of 1649, which reduced the status of the clergy, and made the Church in effect subservient to the state. Also, according to this Code, the taxation of monastery lands was used for the benefit of the state.
54:
85:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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fell on their knees, begging him to accept. He only yielded after imposing upon the whole assembly a solemn oath of obedience to him in everything concerning the dogmas, canons and observances of the
Orthodox Church.
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on 17 August 1681. The monastery remained unfinished, however, but the royal family paid particular attention to ensuring its completion. Nikon's cleric later recorded that, for the church's consecration in 1685,
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The
Patriarch and the Tsar I. The Replies of the Humble Nicon, by the Mercy of God Patriarch, against the Questions of the Boyar Simeon Streshneff and the Answers of the Metropolitan of Gaza Paisius Ligarides
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He enriched the numerous and splendid monasteries which he built with valuable libraries. His emissaries scoured
Muscovy and the Orient for precious Greek and Slavonic manuscripts, both sacred and profane.
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merchants who were coming to the area because of a famous trade fair held on
Makaryev Monastery grounds. Through their efforts he was invited to serve as a priest at a populous parish in the capital.
300:
375:. His mother died soon after he was born, and his father remarried. His stepmother mistreated him. He learned reading and writing with the parish priest. At the age of 12 he ran away from home to
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Almost as a test of wills and, perhaps, hoping to dramatize his own importance and indispensability, Nikon publicly stripped himself of his patriarchal vestments in 1658, and went to live at the
791:. It was presided over by "two foreign Patriarchs ... thirteen metropolitans, nine archbishops, five bishops and thirty-two archmandrites." The two patriarchs at the synod were
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protested energetically, and ultimately the whole inquiry collapsed. The tsar was unwilling to enforce the decrees of the synod being unsure of its ecclesiastical validity.
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From Peasant to Patriarch: Account of the Birth, Upbringing, and Life of His Holiness Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Written by His Cleric Ioann Shusherin
338:. Nikon introduced many reforms, including liturgical reforms that were unpopular among conservatives. These divisions eventually led to a lasting schism known as
713:
From 1652 to 1658, Nikon was not so much the minister as the colleague of the Tsar. Both in public documents and in private letters he was permitted to use the
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It was only with the utmost difficulty that Nikon could be persuaded to become the arch-pastor of the Russian Church. He gave in after the Tsar himself and the
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Nikon launched bold reforms. He consulted the most learned of the Greek prelates abroad, invited them to a consultation at Moscow, and finally the scholars of
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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remained without a patriarch. Every year the question of Nikon's deposition became more complicated and confusing. Almost every contemporary
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In 1639, he had a quarrel with the father superior, and fled the monastery by boat; a tempest broke out and his boat was cast ashore on
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prepared gold and silver, arranged for icons to be made, and personally embroidered veils to cover paraphernalia for the eucharist.
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scholar was consulted on the subject, and no two authorities agreed. At last the matter was submitted to a pan-Orthodox synod.
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From Peasant to Patriarch: Account of the Birth, Uprising, and Life of His Holiness Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
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actually in use had very widely departed from the ancient Constantinopolitan models, being for the most part imbued with the
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937:Ограничение привилегий церкви в Соборном Уложении 1649 года // The limiting of Church privileges in the Legal Code of 1649
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On 12 December 1667, the synod pronounced Nikon guilty of reviling the tsar and the whole Muscovite Church, of deposing
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876:Запрещение патриархом Никоном фряжских икон // The banning by Patriarch Nikon of Western-style icons (in Russian)
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Then he returned home due to his parents' insistence, married, and became a parish priest in a nearby village.
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Nikon's residence at the New Jerusalem Cloister is representative of his austere aesthetic views.
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threatening with the severest penalties all who dared to make or use such icons in future.
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Against the second part of the synod's decision, however, the great ecclesiastical expert
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Spinka, Matthew."Patriarch Nikon and the Subjection of the Russian Church to the State."
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Later research was to determine that Muscovite service-books did belong to a different
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In his official capacity, he visited Moscow in 1646, and paid homage to the young Tsar
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Russia, ritual, and reform: the liturgical reforms of Nikon in the 17th century
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In December 1667, Nikon was tried by a synod of church officials, known as the
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convinced Nikon that the Muscovite service-books were heterodox, and that the
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the dissenting minority, which included the party of the protopopes and
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peasant farmer named Mina, he was born on 7 May 1605 in the village of
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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was one of the key theologians preparing the documents of the synod.
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forfeited both his archiepiscopal rank and his priests orders.
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Lobachev, Sergei V. "Patriarch Nikon's Rise to Power."
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Russia and the Russians. From Earliest Times to 2001
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413:. On becoming a monk he took the name Nikon.
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115:{{Translated|pl|Nikon (patriarcha Moskwy)}}
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922:Mouravieff, Andreij Nikolaevich (1842).
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924:A History of the Church of Russia
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325:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
222:Patriarch Joasaphus II of Moscow
150:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
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911:. London: Trübner. p. 662.
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895:Никон (Минов) // Nikon (Minov)
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1026:Bain, Robert Nisbet
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339:
321:Никита Минин
320:
317:Nikita Minin
316:
312:
295:
294:
268:(1681-08-17)
237:Никита Минин
101:edit summary
92:
63:
48:
29:
1141:1681 deaths
1136:1605 births
361: [
358:Veldemanovo
208:Predecessor
1130:Categories
851:References
697:Nikon had
652:(of which
418:Kiy Island
348:Early life
247:7 May 1605
243:1605-05-07
200:Term ended
59:Vietnamese
1028:(1911). "
832:Yaroslavl
715:sovereign
645:in 1654.
614:recension
510:Protopope
411:White Sea
352:Son of a
301:‹See Tfd›
277:Yaroslavl
218:Successor
192:Installed
119:talk page
1112:1652–58
1083:in JSTOR
1059:in JSTOR
940:Archived
879:Archived
583:Frankish
438:Alexei I
426:Novgorod
315:), born
95:provide
1036:(ed.).
1023::
840:Tropino
820:Avvakum
639:reforms
635:Kolomna
587:baroque
513:Avvakum
504:of the
480:secular
409:on the
354:Mordvin
327:of the
305:Russian
117:to the
99:in the
62:.
55:Russian
1101:Joseph
1074:(2008)
1032:". In
1017:
963:
795:, and
724:boyars
681:, and
677:, the
643:plague
637:. The
551:boyars
399:Moscow
381:novice
369:versts
341:Raskol
313:Нїконъ
309:Ни́кон
284:Buried
187:Moscow
174:Church
51:Polish
1030:Nikon
830:. At
755:Istra
622:synod
595:ukase
579:icons
499:Abbot
367:, 90
365:]
296:Nikon
143:Nikon
79:DeepL
961:ISBN
631:Paul
575:Kiev
573:and
478:and
333:Tsar
263:Died
233:Born
203:1666
195:1652
93:must
91:You
57:and
522:of
184:See
81:or
1132::
822:.
799:.
726:.
709:).
685:.
508:,
497:,
452:.
383:.
363:ru
307::
275:,
254:,
164:c.
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241:(
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