Nintendo Entertainment System

719:, a division that focused solely on hardware. Yamauchi, through extensive discussions with Uemura and other engineers, recognised the potential of the developing console beyond gaming. He envisioned a home-computer system disguised as a toy, which could significantly expand Nintendo's reach if it became popular with children. This popularity would drive demand for games, with Nintendo as the sole provider. Indeed, by 1980 several systems had already been released in Japan by both American and Japanese companies. Yamauchi tasked Uemura with developing a system that would be superior to its competitors and difficult to replicate for at least a year. Uemura's main challenge was economic rather than technological; Yamauchi wanted the system to be affordable enough for widespread household adoption, aiming for a price of ¥9,800 (less than $ 75) compared to existing machines priced at ¥30,000 to ¥50,000 ($ 200 to $ 350). The new system had to outperform other systems, both Japanese and American, while being significantly more affordable. 2737:(FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $ 5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased an NES game between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak given the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States. 1691: 2482: 2091: 2035: 2849: 945: 2221: 2049: 2333: 72: 1017:

audiophile-inspired design elements, such as the grey colour scheme and boxy form factor. Disappointed with the cosmetically raw prototype part they received from Japan, which they nicknamed "the lunchbox", Nintendo of America designers Lance Barr and Don James added the two-tone gray, the black stripe, and the red lettering. To obscure the video game connotation, the NES replaced the top-loading cartridge slot of the Famicom and AVS with a front-loading chamber for software cartridges that kept the inserted cartridge out of view, reminiscent of a

1654: 2061: 2023: 1711:. The socket works well when both the connector and the cartridges are clean and the pins on the connector are new. However, the socket is not truly zero-insertion force. When a user inserts the cartridge into the NES, the force of pressing the cartridge into place bends the contact pins slightly and presses the cartridge's ROM board back into the cartridge. Frequent insertion and removal of cartridges wears out the pins, and the ZIF design proved more prone to interference by dirt and dust than an industry-standard card edge connector. 2932:, when many retailers and adult consumers regarded electronic games as a passing fad, so many believed at first that the NES would soon fade. Before the NES and Famicom, Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing card manufacturer, but the consoles' popularity helped the company grow into an internationally recognized name almost synonymous with video games as Atari had been, and set the stage for Japanese dominance of the video game industry. With the NES, Nintendo also changed the relationship between 2011: 1807: 2700:

Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, who were required to sign a contract that would obligate them to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. The global

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slot to avoid reliability issues with the original console; the redesign also omitted AV output. Conversely, the redesigned Famicom has such output and introduced detachable game controllers, though the microphone functionality was omitted as a result. The redesigned Famicom and NES models are cosmetically similar aside from the presence of a cartridge "bump" on the NES model, which the Famicom model lacks to accommodate its shorter cartridges and as the RAM Adapter for the Famicom Disk System.

54: 2496: 1511: 66: 2075: 1613: 2616: 1499: 11470: 629: 47: 11458: 2586:, which were manufactured in gold-plastic carts. Unlicensed carts were produced in black, robin egg blue, and gold, and are all slightly different shapes than standard NES cartridges. Nintendo also produced yellow-plastic carts for internal use at Nintendo Service Centers, although these "test carts" were never made available for purchase. All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim. For promotion of 983: 1295: 11446: 2551: 2437:. Nintendo also demanded half of the copyright ownership for each game it selected for release on the Disk System, resulting in developers electing to remain on cartridge instead as the latter gained functionality previously considered unique to the former. Developers disliked the lower profit margin of the Disk Writer kiosks, and retailers complained of their use of valuable space as demand for the format waned. 11482: 1537: 1166:, you're gonna sell Nintendo as well. And if you feel that strongly about it, then you ought to just resign the line now." This marketing tactic led to the NES' financial success in North America in its first year; Nintendo of America would later terminate the contract and hired the company's sales staff (whom Atari offered them in 1983), while taking on physical distribution of the console itself. 1638:, emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. A range of Famicom clones was marketed in Argentina during the late 1980s and early 1990s with the name Family Game, resembling the original hardware design. Thailand got Family FR brand famiclones, the 1731:

insertion, pushing the ZIF up and down repeatedly, holding the ZIF down lower than it should have been, and cleaning the connectors with alcohol. Many frequently used methods to fix this problem actually risk damaging gaming cartridges or the system. In 1989, Nintendo released an official NES Cleaning Kit to help users clean malfunctioning cartridges and consoles.

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expansion port. However, such a release never materialized due to its reception in Japan. Most of its games were re-released with workarounds on cartridge for both the Famicom and NES, without the enhanced audio. Although the last game for the Disk System was released in December 1992, Nintendo continued repair and rewrite services for it until September 2003.

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original, copyrighted instruction booklets with its rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced original short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games.

2806:. Historian Steven Kent wrote, "Wisdom Tree presented Nintendo with a prickly situation. The general public did not seem to pay close attention to the court battle with Atari Games, and industry analysts were impressed with Nintendo's legal acumen; but going after a tiny company that published innocuous religious games was another story." 1950:. The redesigned Famicom omits the RF modulator entirely, only outputting composite video via a proprietary "multi-out" connector first introduced on the Super Famicom/SNES; conversely, the redesigned NES features RF modulator output only, though a version of the model including the "multi-out" connector was produced in rare quantities. 1218:, was part of a marketing plan to portray the NES's technology as being novel and sophisticated when compared to previous game consoles, and to portray its position as being within reach of the better established toy market. Though at first, the American public exhibited limited excitement for the console itself, peripherals such as the 1723:(SNES) as a top loader similar to the Famicom. Many players try to alleviate issues in the game caused by this corrosion by blowing into the cartridges, then reinserting them, which actually speeds up the tarnishing due to moisture. One way to slow down the tarnishing process and extend the life of the cartridges is to use 6622: 805:. The project's chief manager Takao Sawano brought a ColecoVision home to his family, impressed by its smooth graphics, which contrasts with the flicker and slowdown commonly seen on Atari 2600 games. Uemura said the ColecoVision set the bar for the Famicom. They wanted to surpass it and match the more powerful 3275:

released in 1979 that was classified as a "consumer electronic device". As such, Nintendo could not reuse the trademark under Japanese law due to the overlap in classification between the two products. Sharp eventually transferred the trademark to Nintendo on October 17, 1985, but the latter retained

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in 1995. In the wake of ever decreasing sales and the lack of new games, Nintendo of America officially discontinued the NES by 1995. Nintendo produced new Famicom units in Japan until September 25, 2003, and continued to repair Famicom consoles until October 31, 2007, attributing the discontinuation

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In 1991, Nintendo provided an add-on called the "Super NES Counter Tester" that tests Super NES components and games. The Super NES Counter Tester is a standard Control Deck on a metal fixture with the connection from the back of the unit re-routed to the front. These connections may be made directly

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The NES Test Station diagnostics machine was introduced in 1988. It is an NES-based unit designed for testing NES hardware, components, and games. It was only provided for use in World of Nintendo boutiques as part of the Nintendo World Class Service program. Visitors were to bring items to test with

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Instead of the Famicom's hardwired controllers, the NES has two proprietary seven-pin ports on the front of the console to support detachable controllers and third-party peripherals. The controllers bundled with the NES are identical and include the START and SELECT buttons, lacking the microphone on

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Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently result in one of the console's most common issues: the blinking red power light, in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second. The lockout chip required constant communication

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The Famicom as released in Japan contains no lockout hardware, which led to unlicensed cartridges (both legitimate and bootleg) becoming extremely common throughout Japan and East Asia. Nintendo tried to promote its "Seal of Quality" in these regions to identify licensed games to combat bootlegs, but

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system acts as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck. The packaging of the launch lineup of NES games bear pictures of close representations of actual onscreen graphics. To reduce consumer confusion, symbols on the games' packaging clearly indicate the genre of the game. A seal of

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in the United States. By the time the NES launched, nearly 100,000 VS. Systems had been sold to American arcades. The success of the VS. System gave Nintendo the confidence to release the Famicom in North America as a video game console, for which there was growing interest due to Nintendo's positive

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The codename for the project was "GameCom", but Masayuki Uemura's wife proposed the name "Famicom", arguing that "In Japan, 'pasokon' is used to mean a personal computer, but it is neither a home nor personal computer. Perhaps we could say it is a family computer." Meanwhile, Hiroshi Yamauchi decided

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On July 14, 2016, Nintendo announced the November 2016 launch of a miniature replica of the NES, named the Nintendo Entertainment System: NES Classic Edition in the United States and Nintendo Classic Mini: Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and Australia. The emulation-based console includes 30

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in the United Kingdom. By 1990, the Master System was the highest-selling console in Europe, though the NES was beginning to have a fast-growing user base in the United Kingdom. During the early 1990s, NES sales caught up with and narrowly overtook the Master System overall in Western Europe, though

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The back of the cartridge bears a label with handling instructions. Production and software revision codes were imprinted as stamps on the back label to correspond with the software version and producer. All licensed NTSC and PAL cartridges are a standard shade of gray plastic, with the exception of

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to reduce costs; blue disks and later Disk Cards included shutters. The rubber belt-based disk drives were also unreliable, with cryptic error codes complicating troubleshooting; even when fully functional, players accustomed to cartridges were annoyed with the introduction of loading times and disk

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in North America, partially caused by a market flooded with uncontrolled publishing of games of poor quality for the home consoles. Nintendo did not want to see that happen with the NES and used the lockout chip to restrict games to only those they licensed and approved for the system. This means of

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In response to these hardware flaws, "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in

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in 1984. The system's success in arcades paved the way for the official release of the NES console. With US retailers refusing to stock game consoles, Yamauchi realized there was still a market for video games in the arcades, so he introduced the Famicom to North America through the arcade industry.

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The NES was the overall bestselling system worldwide of its time. In Japan and the United States, it controlled 85-90% of the market. In Europe, it was at most in 10-12% of households. Nintendo sold 61.91 million NES units worldwide: 19.35 million in Japan, 34 million in the Americas, and 8.56

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Companies that refused to pay the licensing fee or were rejected by Nintendo found ways to circumvent the console's authentication system. Most of these companies created circuits that use a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip. A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia

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In late 1993, Nintendo introduced a redesigned version of the Famicom and NES (officially named the New Famicom in Japan and the New-Style NES in the US) to complement the Super Famicom and SNES, to prolong interest in the console, and to reduce costs. The redesigned NES has a top-loading cartridge

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For its complete North American release, the Nintendo Entertainment System was progressively released over the ensuing years in several different bundles, beginning with the Deluxe Set, the Basic Set, the Action Set, and the Power Set. The Deluxe Set was launched in the 1985 test markets, retailing

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appeared across consoles with substantial variations in graphics, sound, and general quality. In contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence by delivering a singular platform whose graphics could be represented truthfully and whose qualities were clearly

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rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but did not take any formal legal

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in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that it be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to

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expansion port located on the unit's front panel for accessories. In contrast, the design of the original NES features a more subdued gray, black, and red color scheme; it includes a front-loading cartridge slot covered by a small, hinged door that can be opened to insert or remove a cartridge and

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In Europe and Oceania, the NES was released in two separate marketing regions. The first consisted of mainland Europe (excluding Italy) where distribution was handled by several different companies, with Nintendo responsible for manufacturing. The NES saw an early launch in Europe in 1986 although

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began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including photocopies of

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to connect to a licensed game, to use the licensed game's 10NES chip for authentication. To combat unlicensed games, Nintendo of America threatened retailers who sold them with losing their supply of licensed games, and multiple revisions were made to the NES PCBs to prevent unlicensed games from

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for game saving, and declining overall production costs. Nintendo alluded to a Western release for the Disk System, going so far as to successfully file a U.S. patent for it and having the Famicom's cartridge pins used by its RAM Adapter for enhanced audio rerouted to the NES's little-used bottom

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At the 1985 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of the Famicom: a stripped-down and cost-reduced redesign of the Advanced Video System (AVS), having abandoned the home computer approach. Nintendo purposefully designed the system to avoid resembling a video game

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machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even dismantling some from American game consoles to see how they worked. There were concerns regarding the durability of the joystick design and that children might step on joysticks on the floor. Katsuya

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Original plans called for the Famicom's cartridges to be the size of a cassette tape, but ultimately they ended up being twice as big. Careful design attention was paid to the cartridge connectors because loose and faulty connections often plagued arcade machines. As it necessitated 60 connection

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The NES hardware design is also very influential. Nintendo chose the name "Nintendo Entertainment System" for the US market and redesigned the system so it would not give the appearance of a child's toy. The front-loading cartridge input allowed it to be used more easily in a TV stand with other

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In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles

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Initially, the 10NES chip proved a significant barrier to unlicensed developers seeking to develop and sell games for the console. However, hobbyists in later years discovered that disassembling the NES and cutting the fourth pin of the lockout chip would change the chip's mode of operation from

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For distribution purposes, most of Europe and Australasia were divided into two regions by Nintendo. The first of these regions consisted of mainland Europe (excluding Italy) and Scandinavia, which saw the NES released from 1986 to 1988, depending on the country. The console was released in the

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The NES Test Station's front has a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components (AC adapter, RF switch, Audio/Video cable, NES Control Deck, accessories and games), with a centrally-located selector knob to choose which component to test. The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7

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As was the case with unlicensed games, Nintendo has typically gone to the courts to prohibit the manufacture and sale of unlicensed cloned hardware. Many of the clone vendors have included built-in copies of licensed Nintendo software, which constitutes copyright infringement in most countries.

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handled distribution for the second region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Australia and New Zealand. In other European countries, distribution was taken over by smaller companies like Bienengräber in Germany, ASD in France, Concentra in Portugal, Itochu in Greece and Cyprus,

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This was deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, and followed up in Los Angeles in February 1986; the American nationwide release came on September 27, 1986. Nintendo

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Usage of a floppy disk-based medium brought about further complications; Disk Cards were more fragile than cartridges and were prone to data corruption from magnetic exposure. Their unreliability was exacerbated by their lack of a shutter, which Nintendo substituted with a wax sleeve and clear

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To differentiate Nintendo's new home platform from the perception of a troubled and shallow video game market still reeling from the 1983 crash, the company freshened its product nomenclature and established a strict product approval and licensing policy. The overall platform is referred to as

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suggested an eject lever to the cartridge slot which is not necessary, but he believed that children could be entertained by pressing it. Uemura adopted his idea. Uemura added a microphone to the second controller with the idea that it could be used to make players voices sound through the TV

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capabilities in a home system. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, and work began on programming tools. Because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan by that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be

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Although all versions of the Famicom and NES include essentially similar hardware, they vary in physical characteristics. The original Famicom's design is predominantly white plastic, with dark red trim; it featured a top-loading cartridge slot, grooves on both sides of the deck in which the

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The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market in North America. The 1983 video game crash had occurred in large part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had been partially due to

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Users have attempted to solve these problems by blowing air onto the cartridge connectors, inserting the cartridge just far enough to get the ZIF to lower, licking the edge connector, slapping the side of the system after inserting a cartridge, shifting the cartridge from side to side after

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games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers, though strictly on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted in a less stringent way by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft.

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chose the term "Game Pak" for cartridges, "Control Deck" for the console, and "Entertainment System" for the whole platform. Renamed the "Nintendo Entertainment System" (NES), the new and cost-reduced version lacked most of the upscale features added in the AVS but retained many of its

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authentication chip is in every console and in every licensed cartridge. If the console's chip can not detect a counterpart chip inside the cartridge, the game does not load. Nintendo portrayed these measures as intended to protect the public against poor-quality games, and placed a

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on many other systems. The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami. It was soon followed by iNES, which is available in English and is cross-platform, in 1996. It was described as being the first NES emulation software that could be used by a non-expert. The first version of

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games. It was discontinued in North America on April 13, 2017, and worldwide on April 15, 2017. However, Nintendo announced in September 2017 that the NES Classic Mini would return to production on June 29, 2018, only to be discontinued again permanently by December of that year.

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and third-party software developers by restricting developers from publishing and distributing software without licensed approval. This led to higher-quality games, which helped change the attitude of a public that had grown weary from poorly produced games for earlier systems.

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Though selling close to two million units for all of 1986, Nintendo only managed to increase the total to 4.4 million units by 1990, falling well short of internal projections. By then, the Disk System was rendered obsolete due to advancements in ROM cartridge production:

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pounds without a TV. It connects to a television via a combined A/V and RF Switch cable. By actuating the green button, a user can toggle between an A/V Cable or RF Switch connection. The television it is connected to (typically 11" to 14") is meant to be placed atop it.

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instead; however, few games use this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units have square A and B buttons; issues with them getting stuck when pressed down led Nintendo to change their shape to a circular design in subsequent units following the console's recall.

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Nintendo's design styling for US release was made deliberately different from that of other game consoles. Nintendo wanted to distinguish its product from those of competitors and to avoid the generally poor reputation that game consoles had acquired following the

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produced three licensed variants of the Famicom in Japan, all of which prominently display the shortened moniker rather than the official name, Family Computer. One variant was a television set with an integrated Famicom; originally released in 1983 as the

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sold in its first five years. "Computer game makers scared stiff", the magazine said, stating that Nintendo's popularity caused most competitors to have poor sales during the previous Christmas and resulted in serious financial problems for some.

2192:" sliding-disc D-pad in place of the traditional one. Both controllers have a "Turbo" feature, which simulates multiple rapid button presses, for the A and B buttons; the NES Max has manually pressed Turbo buttons, and the NES Advantage offers 964:

cartridge. By the beginning of 1985, more than 2.5 million Famicom units had been sold in Japan, and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that year. The American

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The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES. Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems surpass the functionality of the original hardware, such as a portable system with a color LCD

1470:. The last Famicom, serial number HN11033309, was manufactured on September 25; it was kept by Nintendo and subsequently loaned to the organizers of Level X, a video game exhibition held from December 4, 2003, to February 8, 2004, at the 489:). It was released in US test markets as the redesigned NES in October 1985, and fully launched in the US the following year. The NES was distributed in Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia throughout the 1980s under various names. As a 2196:

for Turbo functionality along with knobs that adjust the firing rate of each button. The latter also includes a "Slow" button that rapidly pauses games, though this function is not intended for games that invoke a pause menu or screen.

1674:). Others have been produced for certain specialized markets, such as a rather primitive personal computer with a keyboard and basic word processing software. These unauthorized clones have been helped by the invention of the so-called 1271:, which licensed Nintendo products in the country for the following decade. The sales of officially licensed products were low, due to the cloning, the quite late official launch, and the high prices of Nintendo's licensed products. 2207:

The original NES controller has become one of the most recognizable symbols of the console. Nintendo has mimicked the look of the controller in several other products, from promotional merchandise to limited edition versions of the

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for both the NES and the Famicom has an oblong brick-like design with a simple four button layout: two round buttons labeled "A" and "B", a "START" button, and a "SELECT" button. Additionally, the controllers use the cross-shaped

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to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and caused no discomfort. Ultimately though, they installed a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an optional arcade-style joystick could be used.

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with the chip in the game to work. Dirty, aging, and bent connectors often disrupt the communication, resulting in the blink effect. In other cases, the console turns on but only displays a solid white, gray, or green screen.

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confusion and misrepresentation in video game marketing. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which did not represent a game's actual graphics. Furthermore, a single game such as

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The original Famicom's controller cables extend into the console itself, connecting to the front of the motherboard. Nintendo considered the idea of detachable controllers, but ultimately scrapped it to reduce production

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and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin. The console remained popular in Japan and North America until late 1993, when the demand for new NES software abruptly plummeted. The final licensed Famicom game released in Japan is

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Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a dominant influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively pursued third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force

1267:, even after the SNES. But the Brazilian market had been dominated by unlicensed NES clones – both locally made, and smuggled from Taiwan. One of the most successful local clones was the Phantom System, manufactured by 3901: 2566:. To reduce costs and inventory, some early games released in North America are simply Famicom cartridges attached to an adapter to fit inside the NES hardware. Early NES cartridges are held together with five small 1625:

emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo issued a legitimate version of the console long time after unlicensed hardware. In particular, the

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quality is on all licensed game and accessory packaging. The initial seal states, "This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product". This text was later changed to "

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protection worked in combination with the Nintendo "Seal of Quality", which a developer had to acquire before they would be able to have access to the required 10NES information prior to publication of their game.

1474:, for a Famicom retrospective in commemoration of the console's 20th anniversary. Nintendo offered repair service for the Famicom in Japan until 2007, when it was discontinued due to a shortage of available parts. 6620:, Nakanishi, Yoshiaki & Nakagawa, Katsuya, "Memory cartridge having a multi-memory controller with memory bank switching capabilities and data processing apparatus", issued August 14, 1990 936:

game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO

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Unlike with the Famicom, Nintendo of America marketed the console primarily to children, instituting a strict policy of censoring profanity, sexual, religious, or political content. The most famous example is

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The design problems were exacerbated by Nintendo's choice of materials. The console slot nickel connector springs wear due to design and the game cartridge's brass plated nickel connectors are also prone to

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Pirated clones of NES hardware remained in production for many years after the original had been discontinued. Some clones play cartridges from multiple systems, such as this FC Twin that plays NES and SNES

1185:" instead of "video games". This allowed Nintendo to gain more traction in selling the system in toy stores. To deter production of games which had not been licensed by Nintendo, and to prevent copying, the 4713: 8847: 3297:

computer system. Although the game had been produced without Nintendo's permission or support, Atari took its release as a sign that Nintendo was dealing with one of its major competitors in the market.

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The system's hardware limitations led to design principles that still influence the development of modern video games. Many prominent game franchises originated on the NES, including Nintendo's own

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was available. Since 1989, there were many Brazilian clones of the NES, and the very popular Phantom System (with hardware superior to the original console) caught the attention of Nintendo itself.

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in 1984, agreed to produce third-party games for a 30% fee for console licensing and production costs. This rate continued in the industry for consoles and digital storefront into the 21st Century.

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The VCR-like loading mechanism of the NES led to problems over time. The design wears connector pins out quickly, and easily become dirty, resulting in difficulties with the NES reading Game Paks.

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The standard game controller was redesigned upon the introduction of the redesigned console. Though the original button layout was retained, the shape of the redesigned controller—nicknamed the "

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On August 14, 1995, Nintendo discontinued the Nintendo Entertainment System in both North America and Europe. In North America, replacements for the original front-loading NES were available for

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Famicom cartridges are shaped slightly differently. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory

8911: 8708: 2684:, a fledgling game publisher founded by former Activision employees, was the first major third-party licensee in the United States to sign on with Nintendo in late 1987. Atari Games (through 676:, who had been Nintendo's president since 1949, realised that breakthroughs in the electronics industry meant that entertainment products could be produced at lower prices. Companies such as 2296:

connected a Famicom to a now defunct proprietary network in Japan which provided content such as financial services. A dial-up modem was never released for the NES after a partnership with

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The original model Famicom features two game controllers, both of which are hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacks the START and SELECT button, featuring a small

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noted that Nintendo's "iron-clad terms" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like

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Although Nintendo committed to exclusively releasing games on the Disk System after its release, numerous external issues plagued its long-term viability. Just four months after launch,

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in 14-inch (36 cm) and 19-inch (48 cm) models, it was later released in the United States in 1989 as a 19-inch model named the Video Game Television. Another variant is the

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at retail stores throughout Japan; at each kiosk, consumers could buy new games to rewrite onto their old disks or onto new disks. Disk Fax kiosks allowed players to submit their

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The console's graphics are handled by a Ricoh 2C02, a processor known as the Picture Processing Unit (PPU) that is clocked at 5.37 MHz. A derivative of the Texas Instruments

6361: 5578: 7973: 735:, expanded memory, and other computer-like capabilities. Yamauchi ultimately instructed Uemura to prioritise simplicity and affordability, omitting these peripherals entirely. 9340: 4176: 2875:(named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful 2836:

By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software.

1794:(regardless of TV signal compatibility). Such regions include North America; most of continental Europe (PAL-B); Asia; and the British Isles, Italy, and Australasia (PAL-A). 4361: 1181:"Entertainment System" instead of a "video game system", is centered upon a machine called a "Control Deck" instead of a "console", and features software cartridges called " 7660: 6722: 6298: 5008: 1260:. Nintendo anticipated the NES would have a 25 per cent share in these countries, and saw particular potential in the United Kingdom. It sold modestly in Europe, however. 7306: 6447: 4966: 743:(RAM), significantly more than Atari's 256 bytes. Larger cartridges also allowed for far more complex games, with thirty-two times the code capacity of Atari cartridges. 7429: 4591: 4211: 952:

Subsequent plans for the Nintendo Advanced Video System likewise never materialized. It was privately demonstrated as a repackaged Famicom console featuring a keyboard,

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reputation in the arcades. It also gave Nintendo the opportunity to test new games as VS. Paks in the arcades, to determine which games to release for the NES launch.

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Boyer, Steven. "A Virtual Failure: Evaluating the Success of Nintendos Virtual Boy." Velvet Light Trap.64 (2009): 23–33. ProQuest Research Library. Web. May 24, 2012.

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The advantages of the format (called "Disk Card") were apparent on launch. It has more than triple the data storage capacity of the then-largest cartridge (used for

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reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit an average of 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges, with some receiving much higher amounts and others almost none.

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The Famicom Family mark appeared in games and peripherals from 1988 that were approved by Nintendo for compatibility with official Famicom consoles and derivatives.

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Nintendo officially referred to such chips as "memory management controllers" (MMC); they were originally described as "multi-memory controllers" in their patents.

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were already selling gaming devices for use with television sets, to moderate success. Yamauchi negotiated a licence with Magnavox to sell its game console, the

8843: 5881: 5734: 2570:. Games released after 1987 were redesigned slightly to incorporate two plastic clips molded into the plastic itself, removing the need for the top two screws. 2429:

in the U.S.) on a cartridge with more data storage capacity than what was possible on Disk Cards, nullifying one of the Disk System's major advantages by using

1021:. The Famicom's pair of hard-wired controllers and the AVS's wireless controllers were replaced with two custom 7-pin sockets for detachable wired controllers. 597:

The NES dominated Japanese and North American markets, but initially underperformed in Europe where it faced strong competition from the Sega Master System and

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cartridge, it allows the user to write programs, especially games, which can be saved on an included cassette recorder. Nintendo of America rejected releasing

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bootleg Famicom games continued to be produced even after Nintendo moved production onto the Super Famicom, effectively extending the lifetime of the Famicom.

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Sachiko, Sugai (September 12, 1994). "【任天堂「ファミコン」はこうして生まれた】第6回：業務用ゲーム機の挫折をバネにファミコンの実現に挑む" [How the Famicom Was Born – Making the Famicom a Reality].

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The 10NES authentication chip (at top) contributes to the system's reliability problems. The circuit was ultimately removed from the remodeled New-Style NES.

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The NES Test station (lower left), SNES counter tester (lower right), SNES test cart (upper right), and the original TV that came with the unit (upper left)

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to release a redesigned Famicom with Atari's name as the Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer

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On May 30, 2003, Nintendo announced the discontinuation of the Famicom in September alongside the Super Famicom and the disk rewriting services for the

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Outside of Japan, regions in greater Asia received an "Asian Version" of the front-loader NES though imported Famicom systems were prevalent. Due to

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that the console should use a red and white theme after seeing a billboard for DX Antenna (a Japanese antenna manufacturer) which used those colors.

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were apparent, with no new advancements present to address them. With this in mind, Nintendo looked at the personal computer (PC) market, where the

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and eliminating the lockout chip. All of the Famicom systems use standard card edge connectors, as do Nintendo's two subsequent game consoles, the

895:, the Famicom's popularity soared, becoming the bestselling game console in Japan by the end of 1984 in what came to be called the "Famicom Boom". 727:

As development progressed on the new video game system, engineers sought Yamauchi's guidance on its features. They questioned whether to include a

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the original Famicom's second controller. The cables for NES controllers are also generally three times longer than their Famicom counterparts.

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the "Family Computer" moniker until the console's discontinuation; the former used the "Famicom" name for all of its licensed console variants.

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magazine stated that "the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared" and that "this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part".

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gained footholds in the American market. Many companies emerged to capitalise on the growing industry, including the playing card manufacturer

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capability and lower production costs compared to cartridges, which resulted in lower retail prices for consumers. The add-on also has a new

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lockout chip, which prevents it from running cartridges unapproved by Nintendo. The inclusion of the 10NES was a direct influence from the

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most of the European countries received the console in 1987. The release in Scandinavia was on September 1, 1986, where it was released by

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series. The successes of these machines gave Yamauchi the confidence to expand Nintendo's influence in the fledgling video game industry.

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The "Famicom" name was prevalent among the general public in Japan, but Nintendo solely used the "Family Computer" moniker there because

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format, Nintendo officially released it as the Family Computer Disk System in Japan on February 21, 1986, at a retail price of ¥15,000.

1787:"lock" to "key", removing all effects and greatly improving the console's ability to play legal games, bootlegs, and converted imports. 1415:, or NES-101, and one redesigned "dogbone" game controller. In Australia, this console revision was released with a cartridge compiling 9917: 9809: 7466: 5568: 3498: 739:, which Uemura saw as "less intimidating" to consumers was chosen as the format. The team designed the system to store 2,000 bytes of 11587: 10408: 7970: 7368: 3954: 3009:

NES imagery, especially its controller, has become a popular motif for a variety of products, including Nintendo's Game Boy Advance.

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Several special controllers are intended for use with specific games, though are not commonly used. Such peripherals include the

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connector; however, it is not true RGB video output as the PPU natively outputs composite video in consumer home console models.

1388:. Two more bundle packages were later released with the original model NES console. In 1992, the Challenge Set was released for 11502: 10583: 10202: 9314: 9118: 7578: 7296: 6439: 6244: 6058: 4956: 3317:

are often erroneously listed as launch games. Neither was available until later in 1986. Also, some modern sources question if

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The Power Set of 1989 includes the console, two game controllers, an NES Zapper, a Power Pad, and a triple Game Pak containing

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to distribute the console physically. WoW salesman Jim Whims distinctly recalled delivering an ultimatum: "if you want to sell

828:

The controllers are hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons. The controller designs were reused from the

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by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims. Nintendo successfully sued Tengen for

777:

computer. LEDs on a grid were used with a digitizer to design graphics as no such software design tools existed at that time.

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O'Donnell, Casey (2011). "The Nintendo Entertainment System and the 10NES Chip: Carving the Video Game Industry in Silicon".

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art as the sticker, to different gaming news agencies. The instruction label on the back includes the opening lyric from the

9004: 8238: 8063: 2376: 1278:, NES consoles in India and South Korea were rebranded and distributed by local licensees. The Indian version is called the 11567: 11562: 11557: 9550: 9371: 7169: 6519: 6122: 3598: 1488: 716: 688:. Since Nintendo's operation was not yet sophisticated enough to design its own hardware, Yamauchi forged an alliance with 117: 8372: 2882: 2857:

worldwide. The slogan for this brand was "It can't be beaten". The Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the

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BV. In France, it was released in October 1987, and in Spain most likely in 1988 through distributor Spaco. Also in 1987,

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would mean the immediate end of the NES's dominance. Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the

1742:(New-Style NES) in 1993 toward the end of the NES's lifespan, Nintendo resolved the problems by switching to a standard 1032:" cartridge slot. The change from a top-loader in the Famicom to a front-loader was to make the new console more like a 1028:(CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom, with a new case redesigned by Lance Barr and featuring a " 65: 9066: 4731: 1970: 602: 8816: 7544: 4794: 3541: 1646:: 小天才) was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom; and in Central Europe, especially Poland, the 11507: 11389: 10576: 10265: 10149: 9922: 9345: 8560: 7421: 5748: 5400: 4869: 4774: 4336: 3792: 3752: 2530: 2421: 2313: 10353: 5520: 3859: 11425: 10305: 9095: 6320: 6267: 3039: 2780:

the lockout chip to develop its own "Rabbit" chip. Tengen also obtained a description of the lockout chip from the

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in 1989. Intended for video capture and production, it features internal RGB video generation and video output via

969:

was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, as the industry was still recovering from the

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reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988 alone, almost as many as the number of

2582: 1402:; it included only the console and two controllers, and no pack-in game. Instead, it contained a book called the 8140: 6140: 928:

in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its

11532: 11527: 11522: 11266: 10547: 10317: 10045: 10024: 9187: 8963: 8870: 7932: 3352: 2733:

and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the

2269: 1155: 46: 5315:"Легенда о слоне: как IT-компания Steepler создала Dendy и основала российский консольный рынок — Игры на DTF" 5064: 2664:, which signed on as third-party developers. However, they found resistance with US game developers including 2281:

is an implementation of BASIC for the Famicom, packaged with a keyboard. Similar in concept to the Atari 2600

2204:" controller—resembles that of the Super Famicom and SNES. It retained NES-style detachable controller ports. 1364: 11517: 9263: 8101: 5031: 3103:-based emulator, was released on April 3, 1997. Nintendo offers licensed emulation of some NES games via its 3059: 2818:

began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a

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The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World

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The original Famicom has two hardwired game controllers and a single port for additional input devices. See

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Finally, the console was redesigned for the Australian, North American, and Japanese markets, including the

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As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small

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was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.

11321: 11306: 10968: 10532: 9352: 8765: 6760: 4656: 3924: 3091: 2987: 2534: 2459: 2258: 1378: 1108: 450: 8902:"Nintendo of America President on Switch's Big Risk, 'Smash Bros.' Success and Classic Consoles' Future" 5952:"ファミコン内蔵テレビ 19C-C1Fは1983年10月25日に発売（14型は一足はやく10/4発売）当初は「８ビットマイコン内蔵マイコンピュータテレビ」という名でデビュー。今年でちょうど、30周年です。" 2908:

the Master System maintained its lead in several markets such as the United Kingdom, Belgium and Spain.

2864:

In the early 1990s, gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the

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in exchange for a broken system until at least December 1996, under Nintendo's Power Swap program. The

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second region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Australia, and New Zealand, in 1987.

3205:

second region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Australia, and New Zealand, in 1987.

3034: 1571: 1286:. The console sold very poorly in India due to affordability and lack of lacking consumer awareness. 1114: 867: 3024:

Award" in honour of the console's influence and laying down the foundations for the games industry.

2903:

The NES was initially not as successful in Europe during the late 1980s, when it was outsold by the

2852:

Comparison of NES from different regions. From top: Japanese Famicom, European NES and American NES

2481: 53: 11001: 10668: 10645: 8585: 8357: 8278: 8220: 8191: 3784: 2929: 2734: 2642: 2250: 1896: 1779: 1700: 1194: 1138: 1120: 970: 559: 7125: 6660: 5140:"Videojuegos a 10.000 pesetas y NASA en lugar de NES: así fue la llegada de las consolas a España" 4234: 4072: 2848: 2090: 2034: 1427:. Released in October 1993 in North America and 1994 in Australia, this final bundle retailed for 953: 11292: 10749: 10599: 10300: 9789: 5831: 4160: 2254: 1867: 1818: 1248:

In November 1994, Nintendo signed an agreement with Steepler to permit the continued sale of the

1037: 1033: 1018: 818: 529: 474: 327: 137: 8638: 8437: 4447:

Consalvo, Mia (2006). "Console video games and global corporations: Creating a hybrid culture".

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Original NES consoles sold in different regions have different lockout chips, thereby enforcing

1555:

closed at other times, and an expansion port on the bottom of the unit. The cartridge connector

711:

In 1978, Yamauchi split Nintendo into separate research and development divisions. He appointed

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The VS. System became a major success in North American arcades, becoming the highest-grossing

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display information on up to 64 sprites, and 28 bytes of RAM to store information on the

644:

experienced rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the

11130: 11029: 10790: 10734: 10542: 10500: 10329: 10312: 9825: 9243: 9182: 8703: 6470: 5779: 3044: 2799: 2749: 2681: 2588: 2368: 2048: 1954: 966: 944: 4546: 3776: 2592:, Capcom sent 150 limited-edition gold NES cartridges with the original game, featuring the 1703:. One result of this philosophy is to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading 1339:, has the Control Deck, two controllers, an NES Zapper, and a dual Game Pak containing both 10800: 10557: 10217: 10176: 10161: 10014: 9799: 9794: 9666: 8337: 8274: 7154:. No. 49. Nintendo of America. June 1993. p. 60 – via the Internet Archive. 7085:"The mini NES Classic Edition controller's cable is much, much shorter than the original's" 5955: 4902: 3488: 3453: 3428: 3307: 3053: 2933: 2695:

Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until

2297: 1880: 1855: 1825:, which manufactured different versions between NTSC and PAL regions; NTSC consoles have a 1704: 1029: 948:

The proposed Advanced Video System bundle includes cassette drive and wireless accessories.

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The 2A03 is in NTSC consoles, and the 2A07 is in PAL consoles. Both CPUs are based on the

570:

to produce and distribute games. The NES features several groundbreaking games, including

8: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11216: 10250: 10101: 9975: 9830: 9715: 9615: 9438: 9376: 9177: 8608: 7609:"On Discovering the Famicom Disk System: Nintendo's Alternate Reality Version of the NES" 6478: 6171: 5891: 5801: 5700: 3777: 3225: 3175: 3149: 3135: 2956: 2777: 2563: 2393: 2342: 2309: 1924: 1859: 1843: 1743: 1579: 1467: 1394: 1235:. In the Netherlands, it was released in the last quarter of 1987 and was distributed by 1004: 999: 879: 689: 641: 413: 199: 7750: 7262: 6205: 5631: 1719:

and oxidation. Nintendo sought to fix these problems by redesigning the next generation

1048:, and a front-loading design would be safer if children handled the console carelessly. 898:

Nintendo launched the system with only first-party games, but after being approached by

11462: 11450: 11168: 10996: 10281: 10239: 9992: 8441: 8410: 7476: 7301: 6405: 6356: 4472: 1983: 1931: 1384: 1275: 883:. The Famicom was slow to gather success; a bad chip set caused the early revisions to 9748: 7903: 5370: 2332: 1938:, though video output options vary between models. The original Famicom features only 1653: 554:

The NES is regarded as one of the most influential consoles. It helped revitalise the

11348: 11256: 10485: 10336: 10212: 10154: 10004: 9876: 9835: 9393: 9197: 8994: 8959: 8556: 8071: 7480: 7089: 6990: 6907: 6903: 6587: 6482: 6388: 6236: 6094: 6090: 5947: 5439: 4896: 4865: 4770: 4619: 4513: 4464: 4332: 4246: 4084: 3959: 3788: 3748: 3445: 3420: 3268: 3143: 3029: 2950: 2815: 2567: 2455: 2409: 2401: 2384: 2246: 2177: 1982:

playback. Audio playback speed is dependent on the CPU clock rate, which is set by a

1957:(APU) integrated into the processor. It supports a total of five sound channels: two 1724: 1647: 1622: 1566: 1341: 1132: 1025: 925: 920:

Nintendo targeted the North American market, entering distribution negotiations with

884: 747: 693: 658:(1978) became a phenomenon across arcades worldwide, while home consoles such as the 572: 540: 454: 402: 10029: 7570: 6409: 6048: 4892: 4476: 3271:

held the similarly-pronounced "Famicon" trademark for its Family Convection Oven, a

2400:

channel. Taking advantage of the disk's re-writability, Nintendo set up Disk Writer

2060: 2022: 825:

lines for the memory and expansion, Nintendo decided to produce its own connectors.

11102: 10991: 9861: 9840: 9659: 9637: 9610: 9403: 9058: 6863:(Interview). Super Mario 25th Anniversary. Vol. 2, no. 3. Interviewed by 6397: 5951: 5180: 4456: 4424: 3493: 2889: 2773: 2685: 2209: 2010: 1979: 1806: 1791: 975: 701: 685: 673: 509: 4825: 2916: 2744:

supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the

1927:; the console can display up to 25 colors simultaneously out of 54 usable colors. 11211: 10950: 10785: 10640: 9960: 9912: 9881: 9856: 9736: 9687: 9388: 9278: 9104: 9099: 8984: 8769: 7977: 7958: 7939: 7360: 6981: 6850: 6126: 5373:[Playtronic, the history] (in Portuguese). Nintendopedia Brasilis. 2018. 4859: 4717: 4282: 4276:

GlitterBerri's Game Translations » Synonymous With the Domestic Game Console

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Levin, Martin (November 20, 1985). "New components add some Zap to video games".

3342: 3162: 3120: 3104: 3013: 2824: 2789: 2741: 2726: 2673: 2447: 2119: 2106: 1943: 1627: 1408:, which contained detailed information for every NES game made up to that point. 1249: 1202: 873: 829: 736: 712: 705: 697: 525: 521: 505: 103: 9627: 9110: 8102:"Fusion, Transfusion or Confusion / Future Directions In Computer Entertainment" 7884:

Kunkel, Bill; Worley, Joyce; Katz, Arnie (November 1988). "Video Gaming World".

6119: 5867:. Vol. 6, no. 12 No. 53. Sendai Publishing. December 1993. p. 96. 1439:

with the pack-in game) respectively, and was discontinued with the NES in 1995.

11327: 11297: 11282: 11173: 10864: 10762: 10505: 10448: 10132: 9907: 9886: 9846: 9620: 9605: 9491: 9449: 9319: 9273: 9253: 9207: 7897: 7895: 6475:

The NES Encyclopedia: Every Game Released for the Nintendo Entertainment System

6172:"VC&G Interview: Brian Parker on RetroZone and the PowerPak NES Flash Cart" 6033: 5886: 5552: 4389: 4322: 3272: 2446:

flipping. Furthermore, the rewritable nature of the format resulted in rampant

2434: 2430: 2323: 2166: 1863: 1847: 1583: 1207: 888: 774: 654: 598: 563: 517: 195: 9032: 3523:

Hyundai Super Comboy - The Story of The Super Nintendo Console in South Korea!

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The Famicom game console was at the Computer and Video Game Console Museum of

1762: 1707:(ZIF) cartridge socket, designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a 11496: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11052: 11024: 10897: 10836: 10490: 10106: 10009: 9955: 9902: 9710: 9475: 9443: 9212: 9202: 8730: 8670: 8377: 8075: 7500: 7484: 6994: 6591: 6401: 6098: 5174: 4468: 4460: 4206: 3180: 2992: 2904: 2876: 2872: 2701: 2360: 2293: 2193: 2173: 2066: 1962: 1947: 1851: 1524: 1412: 1369: 1054: 801:

in the United States; the ColecoVision's top-seller was a port of Nintendo's

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Main also officially announced that the die-hard NES platform has 'retired.'

7892: 7536: 5403:[The NES in Brazil] (in Portuguese). The Nes Archive. Archived from 982: 11486: 11474: 11287: 11246: 11057: 10739: 10688: 10678: 10650: 10635: 10568: 10537: 10324: 9945: 9866: 9654: 9649: 9642: 9383: 9192: 9016: 8844:"Nintendo's releasing a miniature NES console packed with 30 classic games" 8699:"Monster Hunter Rise: Sunbreak named 2023's best game at Japan Game Awards" 6864: 6504: 6024: 4961: 4250: 4088: 3157:

display output and a new replica controller, which can also connect to the

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With the NES near the end of its life, many third-party publishers such as

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devices and software packages for the Famicom were released outside Japan.

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console and avoided terms associated with game consoles. Marketing manager

841: 790: 397: 229: 5470:"Tracing the Origins of Gaming in India: 8-Bit Cricket, Sega, and Cloning" 5404: 5223:"A Discussion on the European Gaming Market in the 80s the Genesis Temple" 3329:

state that the system launched with 17 titles, and the Journal references

1634:), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former 1510: 11410: 11312: 11121: 11074: 10973: 10930: 10716: 10050: 9965: 9682: 9632: 9567: 9562: 9398: 9283: 9268: 8953: 7471: 7025: 6986: 6106: 6085: 5499: 5196: 4855: 3738: 3294: 2982: 2803: 2769: 2713: 2665: 2364: 2346: 1966: 1811: 1751: 1144: 1102: 1013: 995: 987: 929: 921: 903: 892: 513: 273: 216: 207: 7054:"Why American NES Controllers Can Kill You & Other Famicom Thoughts" 6049:"ツインファミコンが発売35周年。シャープから発売されたファミコンとディスクシステムが一体化したゲームキッズ羨望の豪華マシン【今日は何の日？】" 2074: 1612: 11241: 11206: 11107: 10813: 10767: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10458: 10453: 10443: 10127: 10122: 9997: 9987: 9940: 9851: 9308: 9258: 9248: 9217: 9092: 7808:"Capcom's Golden DuckTales Promotional Cartridge Is Actually DuckTales" 6859: 5601: 5434: 4116:"How Sharp Accidentally Copyright Trolled Nintendo Almost 40 Years Ago" 3313: 3158: 3048: 2696: 2689: 2669: 2629: 2625: 2604: 2405: 2239: 2142: 2130: 2096: 1958: 1671: 1595: 1368:. In 1990, a Sports Set bundle was released, including the console, an 1312: 1264: 1078: 938: 798: 728: 659: 533: 341: 335: 8986:

I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer/Entertainment System Platform

6129:

Polish review of the most popular NES / Famicom clone – Pegasus IQ-502

5292: 3141:

permanently bundled games from the vintage NES library, including the

2615: 2509:

the station, and could be assisted by a store technician or employee.

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to develop a floppy disk add-on for the Famicom based on the latter's

1498: 628: 11358: 11079: 10960: 10851: 10841: 10777: 10693: 10076: 9461: 9363: 9222: 8990: 8497:"Outstanding Achievement in Technical/Engineering Development Awards" 7422:"Revisiting the Famicom Disk System: mass storage on console in 1986" 7005: 5252:"Nintendo-Erfolg beschert Spielwarenspezialist Stadlbauer Umsatzplus" 5003: 4766: 4684: 3929: 2819: 2785: 2517:

to the test station or to the TV, depending on what is to be tested.

2450:, with Nintendo's attempts at anti-piracy measures quickly defeated. 2442: 2389: 2289:

in the US in favor of its primary marketing demographic of children.

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The original NES released for Western countries in 1985 contains the

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hardwired game controllers could be placed when not in use, and a 15-

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Game Over, Press Start to Continue: How Nintendo Conquered the World

7901: 5804:[List of Products That Are No Longer Accepted for Repairs]. 4711:

The reasons for NES' Western design, explained by its main developer

4385:"Epic's Battle With Apple and Google Actually Dates Back to Pac-Man" 4151:[How the Famicom Was Born – Part 7: Deciding on the Specs]. 3321:

was available on launch day, though contemporaneous sources such as

11457: 11405: 11343: 11302: 10935: 10912: 10874: 10869: 10808: 10229: 10197: 10181: 10142: 9600: 9574: 9415: 9054: 8243: 6941:"Old-school gaming meets new-school tech with wireless NES adapter" 6868: 5739: 5573: 4586: 4551: 3096: 2972: 2921: 2555: 2356: 2201: 2123: 1904: 1871: 1842:

clocked at 1.66 MHz. Both CPUs are unlicensed variants of the

1452: 1373: 1232: 1182: 1126: 1090: 957: 756: 681: 667: 478: 127: 6206:"No More Blinkies: Replacing the NES's 72-Pin Cartridge Connector" 4285:. Glitterberri.com (April 21, 2012). Retrieved on August 23, 2013. 2648:

Nintendo found success with Japanese arcade manufacturers such as

1294: 1211:

to the NES, which Nintendo insisted be considerably watered down.

86:

Family Computer ("Famicom") main unit (with hardwired controllers)

11261: 11183: 11178: 11093: 11062: 11047: 10983: 10711: 10683: 10495: 10463: 10171: 10019: 9288: 8215: 8055: 7844:. Web.archive.org (March 20, 2008). Retrieved on August 23, 2013. 7781:"eBay Guides – What's a Five Screw Nintendo NES game 5 screw huh" 6053: 5971: 5162: 4924: 4547:"30 years later, Nintendo looks back at when NES came to America" 2962: 2705: 2372: 2189: 2185: 2172:

Two official advanced controllers were produced for the NES: the

2080: 1892: 1716: 1587: 1172: 1041: 916:

History of the Nintendo Entertainment System § North America

862: 26:"Control deck" redirects here. For the type of card deck used in 8639:"Special edition Nintendo Vans prove your inner nerd never died" 7163: 7161: 6295:"We Blow Into Video Game Cartridges Because of Weird Psychology" 4650: 2550: 994:

The Famicom hardware first made its North American debut in the

11481: 10828: 10818: 10726: 10660: 10081: 9950: 9227: 9087: 8553:

Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life

7751:"How to Tell if a Copy of Gyromite has a Famicom Adapter in it" 6433: 6431: 5991: 4957:"The NES turns 30: How it began, worked, and saved an industry" 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 3286: 3100: 2977: 2967: 2865: 2709: 2653: 2649: 2416: 2408:

on special blue disks for contests and rankings, predating the

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adapter, four game controllers, and a dual Game Pak containing

1253: 1240: 1236: 1215: 794: 544: 374:

APU, 5 channels: 2 pulse wave, triangle wave, white noise, DPCM

356: 269: 225: 186: 8762: 5503:. Vol. 13, part 4. Thomson Living Media India Limited (1988). 2562:

The NES uses a 72-pin design, as compared with 60 pins on the

2345:

peripheral for the Famicom uses games on Disk Cards with a 3"

1536: 773:

developed from scratch. Early Famicom games were written on a

11384: 11368: 11363: 11317: 11160: 10945: 10902: 10703: 10607: 9584: 8666:"The Famicom Just Won An Award At The Tokyo Game Awards 2023" 8171:. No. 53. EGM Media, LLC. December 1993. pp. 96–98. 7158: 7124:. Nintendo Famicom—20 years of fun. p. 8. Archived from 6900:

Retro Gaming Hacks: Tips & Tools for Playing the Classics

6659:. Nintendo Famicom—20 years of fun. p. 5. Archived from 3378: 3116: 2661: 2657: 2637: 2558:") are significantly larger than Japanese Famicom cartridges. 2225: 2169:

expansion port on the front of the unit to accommodate them.

2111: 1935: 1822: 1775: 1186: 1045: 961: 899: 834: 814: 751: 732: 700:

in Japan. This was followed by a more successful sequel, the

677: 471: 289: 203: 161: 8817:"Nintendo unveils the Classic Mini loaded with 30 NES games" 8784:"Nintendo announces mini NES console with 30 games included" 7201:"30 Weird And Wonderful Peripherals From Nintendo's History" 6887: 6428: 6141:"Researchers Propose $ 12 Computer for Developing Countries" 5321: 4935: 11117: 11039: 11006: 10855: 9871: 7192: 6945: 4763:

Supercade: A Visual History of the Videogame Age, 1971–1984

3955:"The Famicom's creator reflects on 30 years of 8-bit bliss" 3657:"Super Mario Bros: 25 Mario facts for the 25th anniversary" 3154: 3076:

named the NES the greatest video game console of all time.

2997: 2677: 2501:

NES test station AC adapter Pass or Fail test demonstration

1912: 1839: 1826: 1662: 494: 108:

Nintendo Entertainment System (PAL A/PAL B/Southeast Asia)

10280: 8341:. No. 39 (August 5, 1989). August 3, 1989. p. 2. 4031: 4019: 3898:"Iwata Asks – Game & Watch 2: Using a Calculator Chip" 3840: 3285:

Atari broke off negotiations with Nintendo in response to

1971: 481:. It was first released in Japan on July 15, 1983, as the 11089: 11067: 11016: 10940: 10889: 9579: 8735: 7242: 7240: 6821:"The Famicom's Built-In Microphone Was Wonderfully Weird" 5744: 5036: 4788: 4786: 3108: 3072: 2772:

took a different approach with its line of NES products,

2458:

chips for expanded data storage capacity, battery-backed

2253:

peripheral released in 1987, enabled the ability to play

1920: 1551: 528:

hardware. The western model was redesigned to resemble a

6706: 6440:"Standard d'images, télévision et jeux vidéo (partie 3)" 5203: 3983:"How Nintendo Made The NES (And Why They Gave It A Gun)" 3806: 3804: 1335:

cartridge. The Action Set, released April 14, 1988, for

1323:. The Control Deck bundle was first released in 1987 at 1307: (equivalent to $ 550 in 2023), including R.O.B., a 8731:"Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is number 1 – IGN" 7571:"ファミコンディスクシステムが発売された日。500円の書き換えサービスが安価で便利だった【今日は何の日？】" 6843: 6580:"Nintendo brought arcade games into homes 30 years ago" 4043: 3878: 3816: 3530:

from the original on June 26, 2023 – via YouTube.

3489:"Oct. 18, 1985: Nintendo Entertainment System Launches" 8239:"Nintendo to end Famicom and Super Famicom production" 7237: 6237:"Nintendo Redivivus: how to resuscitate an old friend" 5569:"Nintendo to end Famicom and Super Famicom production" 4783: 4611:

Beyond Donkey Kong: A History of Nintendo Arcade Games

4506:

Beyond Donkey Kong: A History of Nintendo Arcade Games

2396:

sound channel and more data storage for the Famicom's

1854:

and consoles; Nintendo ostensibly disabled the 6502's

731:, keyboard, data port, as well as the potential for a 11434: 7170:"Masterpiece: The NES Advantage—God's own controller" 4819: 4817: 4815: 4383:

Mochizuki, Takahashi; Savov, Vlad (August 25, 2020).

3828: 3801: 1578:

console released in 1986 to combine a Famicom with a

8575: 8181: 6812: 5638:(in Japanese). No. 66. Nintendo. January 2004. 4354:"A Tribute to the Nintendo Engineer Masayuki Uemura" 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 3618: 3616: 3356: 3086:

List of video game console emulators § Nintendo

1263:

In Brazil, the console was released late in 1993 by

1252:, an unauthorized hardware clone of the Famicom, in 512:, called for a simple, cheap console that could run 8133:"The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) FAQ v3.0A" 7543:(in Japanese). No. 73. Nintendo. August 2004. 7330:"Five Famicom Peripherals That Never Escaped Japan" 6520:"New NES Cartridge Released, Sells Out Immediately" 6321:"Did Blowing into Nintendo Cartridges Really Help?" 6268:"Did Blowing into Nintendo Cartridges Really Help?" 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4202:"Feature: How ColecoVision Became the King of Kong" 4149:"【任天堂「ファミコン」はこうして生まれた】第7回：業務用機の仕様を家庭用に、LSIの開発から着手" 2460: 1915:of on-die "object attribute memory" (OAM) to store 601:. With 61.91 million units sold, it is one of 8576:Turner, Benjamin; Christian Nutt (July 18, 2003). 8494:National Academy of Television Arts And Sciences. 8358:Computer + Video Games: Complete Guide to Consoles 8182:Turner, Benjamin; Christian Nutt (July 18, 2003). 7083:Frank, Allegra; Sarkar, Samit (November 4, 2016). 6381: 6379: 5911: 5909: 4812: 3779:Core Techniques and Algorithms in Game Programming 3519: 3459:Katei-yō Kasetto-Shiki Bideo Gēmu: Famirī Konpyūta 2729:because of the strict licensing requirements. The 2716:label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip. 1244:Stadlbauer in Austria, Switzerland and the former 853:The console was released on July 15, 1983, as the 9140: 8064:"Talking Deals; How Nintendo Can Help A.T.&T" 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7564: 7562: 6791:Nintendo Entertainment System Instruction Booklet 6616: 5946: 4999:"A complete history of Nintendo console launches" 4680:"7 things I learned from the designer of the NES" 4651:Chad Margetts & M. Noah Ward (May 31, 2005). 4428:. Vol. 4, no. 36. March 1985. p. 9 4005:"7 things I learned from the designer of the NES" 3613: 3591:"Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) – 1985–1995" 3027:The NES library includes some influential games. 1996:List of Nintendo Entertainment System accessories 11494: 9521: 8871:"Nintendo Bringing Back The NES Classic In 2018" 8030: 8028: 7883: 7852: 7850: 7720:"Nintendo World Class Service | Nintendo Player" 7512: 7510: 7413: 7004:from the original on April 20, 2017 – via 6802: 6800: 6742: 6740: 6105:from the original on August 9, 2022 – via 6032:from the original on March 21, 2022 – via 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5398: 5365: 5363: 4288: 3051:in video games. Other two influential games are 1661:hardware clone of the NES that outputs 720p via 1298:The Nintendo Entertainment System's Control Deck 8521:"Nintendo Wins Emmy For DS And Wii Engineering" 8130: 7902:U.S. Court of Appeals; Federal Circuit (1992). 7711: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6376: 5906: 5266:"Nintendo und Stadlbauer beenden Partnerschaft" 3457: 3432: 2645:on all licensed games released for the system. 861:(equivalent to ¥18,400 in 2019) with three 817:for analysis, which led to Ricoh producing the 40:Nintendo Entertainment System / Family Computer 8271:"Nintendo's classic Famicom faces end of road" 8004: 7998: 7904:"Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc" 7593: 7559: 7021:"Every Nintendo Controller Generation, Ranked" 6715:"Nintendo Hardware Refreshes Through The Ages" 4644: 4382: 3774: 2900:of support to insufficient supplies of parts. 855:Home Cassette Type Video Game: Family Computer 81:NES Control Deck (with detachable controllers) 32:Magic: The Gathering deck types § Control 10921:Family Computer/Nintendo Entertainment System 10584: 10266: 9507: 9433:Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc. 9126: 8034: 8025: 7964: 7926: 7856: 7847: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7507: 6797: 6737: 6385: 5719: 5424: 5422: 5360: 4823: 4193: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3229: 2184:and licensed by Nintendo of America; and the 1621:A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware 605:of all time. It was succeeded in 1990 by the 10598: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8446:. November 14, 2005. National Public Radio. 8438:"Smart Bomb: Inside the Video Game Industry" 8361:. Vol. 4. November 1990. pp. 7–23. 7837: 7835: 7833: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7297:"Revenge of Pac-Man: Vintage Games Are Back" 6554: 5394: 5392: 5065:"Historien om Bergsala – 20 år med Nintendo" 4901:. Season 4. Episode 5010. December 1, 2005. 4795:"New Nintendo system way ahead of the field" 3775:Sanchez-Crespo, Daniel (September 8, 2003). 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3542:"Video Games Around the World: South Africa" 3346: 2792:claims against Nintendo were never decided. 2261:; two titles received worldwide releases as 1881: 746:The console's hardware was largely based on 619:History of the Nintendo Entertainment System 594:(1987) which have become major franchises. 8462: 7082: 6783: 6646: 6644: 6020:"Show gives gadget-lover glimpse of future" 5987:"This Nintendo Was Inside A Television Set" 5556:. Vol. 91. December 1996. p. 107. 5127:(in French). Pix'N Love. 2011. p. 133. 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4331:. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. 2600:'s theme song, "Life is like a hurricane". 2554:North American and PAL NES cartridges (or " 2527:List of Nintendo Entertainment System games 2126:on controllers of earlier gaming consoles. 1801: 1205:'s attempts to port the comedy-horror game 764:, with the goal of matching their powerful 524:design was reused from Nintendo's portable 11573:Products and services discontinued in 2003 10591: 10577: 10273: 10259: 9514: 9500: 9133: 9119: 8952:Sheff, David; Eddy, Andy (April 1, 1999). 8472:(Press release). Nintendo. July 16, 2007. 8309:(in Japanese). ITmedia. October 16, 2007. 8175: 8094: 8007:"Just Kids' Play or Computer in Disguise?" 7983: 7877: 7631: 7522: 7519:, pp. 164–167, "PLEASE SET DISK CARD" 7263:"Gotta Love That Fresh "AV Famicom Smell"" 7254: 7116:Nutt, Christian; Turner, Benjamin (2003). 7115: 6971: 6849: 6651:Nutt, Christian; Turner, Benjamin (2003). 6650: 6292: 6228: 5772:"Inside the Nintendo Entertainment System" 5514: 5512: 5419: 5117: 4954: 4677: 4345: 4143: 4141: 4055: 3565: 3563: 2355:By 1986, the cost and size limitations of 1976:Tooltip differential pulse-code modulation 1942:output, and the NES additionally supports 1222:and R.O.B. attracted extensive attention. 632:Original design for the NES as created by 70: 64: 52: 45: 19:"NES" redirects here. For other uses, see 8951: 8539: 8160: 8158: 7945: 7830: 7742: 7444: 6938: 5663:"Spot On: Famicom makes history in Japan" 5463: 5461: 5389: 5327: 5209: 4351: 4049: 4037: 4025: 3916: 3884: 3846: 3822: 3706: 3624:"Consolidated Sales Transition by Region" 2928:The NES was released two years after the 2782:United States Patent and Trademark Office 2028:Original Famicom second player controller 1559:was changed between the Famicom and NES. 1392:with the console, two controllers, and a 1315:, two controllers, and the two Game Paks 1214:The optional Robotic Operating Buddy, or 909: 101:Samurai Electronic TV Game System (India) 8893: 8868: 8696: 8124: 7805: 7419: 6641: 6517: 6468: 6343: 6286: 6138: 5984: 5918:"Hardware Classics: Nintendo AV Famicom" 5915: 5876: 5874: 5735:"Inside Nintendo's Classic Game Console" 5333: 5062: 5029: 4826:"Super Mario's Release Date is Missing!" 4607: 4538: 4499: 4486: 4446: 4199: 3922: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3263: 3261: 2915: 2847: 2614: 2610: 2549: 2219: 2188:, a controller with grip handles and a " 2016:Original Famicom first player controller 1805: 1761: 1689: 1652: 1611: 1472:Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography 1293: 1289: 981: 943: 627: 532:. Nintendo released add-ons such as the 11578:1995 disestablishments in North America 11226:1292 Advanced Programmable Video System 9037:(video). FamicomDojo.TV. March 18, 2015 8938: 8899: 8711:from the original on September 21, 2023 8678:from the original on September 21, 2023 8619:from the original on September 27, 2011 8609:"VC&G Review: Nintendo Power Mints" 8606: 8404:McGill, Douglas C. (December 4, 1988). 8236: 8061: 7748: 7327: 7290: 7288: 7260: 7167: 7051: 6818: 6793:. Nintendo of America. 1989. p. 5. 6352:"The Games Played For Nintendo's Sales" 6349: 6265: 6259: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6169: 5962:from the original on September 18, 2022 5842:from the original on September 14, 2021 5769: 5732: 5707:from the original on September 14, 2022 5593: 5566: 5509: 5339: 5278: 5138:Luna, José Antonio (February 3, 2019). 5063:Bjarneby, Tobias (September 29, 2006). 4931:from the original on September 2, 2012. 4760: 4732:"Video Games, Once Zapped, In Comeback" 4729: 4200:McFerran, Damien (September 18, 2010). 4138: 4126:from the original on September 30, 2021 4113: 3949: 3947: 3852: 3834: 3810: 3560: 3548:from the original on September 25, 2022 3022:Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry 2215: 2165:). The original Famicom has a deepened 11553:Computer-related introductions in 1983 11495: 8982: 8914:from the original on December 12, 2018 8900:Shanley, Patrick (December 11, 2018). 8869:Ashcraft, Brian (September 12, 2017). 8663: 8555:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Brady Games. 8550: 8403: 8385:from the original on November 24, 2021 8155: 7761:from the original on December 11, 2008 7705: 7693: 7681: 7650: 7619:from the original on February 21, 2016 7606: 7581:from the original on February 20, 2022 7516: 7491:from the original on November 23, 2010 7467:"Retroinspection: Famicom Disk System" 7383: 7358: 7309:from the original on February 14, 2011 7294: 7018: 6893: 6831:from the original on February 11, 2020 6806: 6746: 6694:from the original on December 14, 2009 6681: 6635: 6565: 6548: 6530:from the original on February 26, 2010 6518:Hatfield, Daemon (February 23, 2010). 6437: 6422: 6350:Ramirez, Anthony (December 21, 1989). 6301:from the original on December 31, 2014 6234: 6216:from the original on September 2, 2011 6017: 5916:McFerran, Damien (February 18, 2013). 5660: 5612:from the original on February 23, 2011 5521:"Picking Out a Home Video Game System" 5518: 5480:from the original on November 12, 2022 5467: 5458: 5150:from the original on December 13, 2021 5075:from the original on December 13, 2021 5044:from the original on December 21, 2019 5011:from the original on November 13, 2019 4909:from the original on October 16, 2012. 4792: 4730:Pollack, Andrew (September 27, 1986). 3654: 3501:from the original on November 26, 2020 3486: 3289:'s unveiling of an unlicensed port of 2546:Nintendo Entertainment System Game Pak 2303: 1256:in exchange for also distributing the 865:of Nintendo's successful arcade games 696:employees to assist in developing the 321:Nintendo Entertainment System Game Pak 10572: 10254: 9495: 9114: 9007:from the original on January 11, 2020 8814: 8781: 8755: 8697:Robinson, Andy (September 21, 2023). 8476:from the original on February 7, 2023 8450:from the original on November 8, 2018 8313:from the original on October 23, 2007 8112:from the original on January 10, 2020 8082:from the original on February 8, 2015 7568: 7211:from the original on January 26, 2020 7097:from the original on November 5, 2016 6758: 6749:, pp. 250–253, Crystal Heartbeat 6653:"Metal Storm: All About the Hardware" 6577: 6495:from the original on February 7, 2023 6266:Higgins, Chris (September 24, 2012). 6247:from the original on October 15, 2012 6046: 5999:from the original on November 2, 2016 5871: 5812:from the original on October 23, 2017 5673:from the original on December 9, 2003 5187:from the original on February 7, 2023 5105:from the original on October 26, 2017 4996: 4981: 4854: 4793:Semrad, Edward J. (October 5, 1985). 4692:from the original on October 19, 2015 4632:from the original on February 7, 2023 4597:from the original on August 19, 2020. 4544: 4526:from the original on February 7, 2023 4397:from the original on November 6, 2021 3997: 3866:from the original on January 24, 2023 3737: 3578: 3569: 3520:Top Hat Gaming Man (April 28, 2019). 3258: 3242: 2720: 2680:refusing Nintendo's one-sided terms. 1282:and the Korean version is called the 833:Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch 717:Nintendo Research & Development 2 11513:Third-generation video game consoles 9093:NES Classic Edition official website 9034:Famicom – Nintendo's Family Computer 8841: 8664:Hagues, Alana (September 21, 2023). 7607:Parish, Jeremy (February 19, 2016). 7547:from the original on August 29, 2004 7285: 7198: 7064:from the original on August 19, 2013 6875:from the original on August 26, 2022 6855:"The Troubled Early Days of Famicom" 6712: 6568:, pp. 27–30, Scraped to the Die 6364:from the original on August 20, 2016 6194: 6061:from the original on August 30, 2021 5642:from the original on January 6, 2004 5172:[NES, the 8-bit magic box]. 5137: 5032:"The Lie That Helped Build Nintendo" 4955:Cunningham, Andrew (July 15, 2013). 4321: 4214:from the original on January 6, 2012 3944: 3904:from the original on October 9, 2020 3655:Stuart, Keith (September 13, 2010). 1738:With the release of the top-loading 1489:Nintendo Entertainment System models 1398:Game Pak. The Basic Set retailed at 813:arcade cabinet to chip manufacturer 248: (equivalent to ¥18,365 in 2019) 9482:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 8881:from the original on August 8, 2018 7914:from the original on August 8, 2011 7749:Edwards, Benj (November 14, 2005). 7273:from the original on March 21, 2006 7261:Edwards, Benj (February 23, 2006). 7052:Edwards, Benj (February 26, 2006). 6953:from the original on April 26, 2016 6939:Gallagher, Danny (April 26, 2016). 6771:from the original on August 1, 2015 6598:from the original on August 1, 2018 6274:from the original on August 4, 2014 6139:Phillips, Ashley (August 7, 2008). 5894:: Nintendo of America. October 1993 5581:from the original on March 29, 2014 5430:"Korea's NES, N64 and Super Comboy" 5279:Пичугин, Игорь (November 1, 1994). 4559:from the original on April 14, 2021 4545:Stark, Chelsea (October 19, 2015). 4364:from the original on March 15, 2024 4159:. December 19, 1994. Archived from 3975: 3923:Robinson, Martin (March 15, 2020). 3667:from the original on August 9, 2017 3636:from the original on April 27, 2016 3407: 3370: 2755: 2731:United States Department of Justice 2702:1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips 2471: 2465:Tooltip static random-access memory 1748:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1721:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1258:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 848: 607:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 13: 8850:from the original on July 15, 2016 8823:from the original on June 23, 2018 8796:from the original on July 17, 2016 8743:from the original on July 10, 2022 8418:from the original on July 15, 2021 8277:. October 31, 2007. Archived from 8251:from the original on June 19, 2012 8237:Niizumi, Hirohiko (May 30, 2003). 7783:. Reviews.ebay.com. Archived from 7663:from the original on June 19, 2014 7651:Bivens, Danny (October 26, 2011). 7432:from the original on July 27, 2019 7180:from the original on July 21, 2012 7033:from the original on June 17, 2022 7019:Scotti, Nicholas (June 16, 2022). 6759:Urrea, Sebastian (July 29, 2015). 6331:from the original on July 12, 2018 6204:Edwards, Benj (November 7, 2005). 6151:from the original on June 24, 2010 5928:from the original on July 12, 2021 5808:(in Japanese). Nintendo Co., Ltd. 5770:Edwards, Benj (October 14, 2010). 5599: 5567:Niizumi, Hirohiko (May 30, 2003). 5442:. February 9, 2008. Archived from 5377:from the original on June 12, 2018 5291:] (in Russian). Archived from 5030:Skrebels, Joe (December 9, 2019). 4969:from the original on July 16, 2013 4824:Dayton, David (October 18, 2010). 4232: 4070: 4011:. October 18, 2015. Archived from 3989:. October 16, 2015. Archived from 3487:Kohler, Chris (October 18, 2010). 1953:The console produces sound via an 1862:against or licensing fees towards 1601: 1442: 789:The Famicom was influenced by the 253: (equivalent to $ 510 in 2023) 14: 11599: 10150:GameCube technical specifications 9025: 8645:from the original on July 3, 2016 8607:Edwards, Benj (August 19, 2007). 8062:Freitag, Michael (June 8, 1989). 7806:Hilliard, Kyle (August 7, 2013). 7371:from the original on May 12, 2009 7340:from the original on May 10, 2020 7199:Lane, Gavin (December 26, 2019). 7168:Kuchera, Ben (January 17, 2011). 6920:from the original on May 31, 2022 6819:Bertoli, Ben (February 9, 2020). 6725:from the original on May 31, 2022 6450:from the original on May 15, 2014 6235:Nelson, Rob (February 12, 2003). 6182:from the original on July 6, 2010 6093:. September 5, 2019. p. 70. 5661:Tochen, Dan (December 2, 2003) . 5348:from the original on July 9, 2018 5340:Barboni, Flavio (July 13, 2013). 5183:. July 14, 2017. pp. 10–15. 4836:from the original on July 7, 2013 4742:from the original on June 6, 2021 4678:O'Kane, Sean (October 18, 2015). 4590:. November 23, 1985. p. 39. 4257:from the original on June 6, 2019 4095:from the original on June 6, 2019 2941:entertainment devices, such as a 2883:Takahashi Meijin no Bōken Jima IV 2531:List of Famicom Disk System games 2314:List of Famicom Disk System games 1831: 1482: 1280:Samurai Electronic TV Game System 1195:Official Nintendo Seal of Quality 11588:Discontinued video game consoles 11480: 11468: 11456: 11444: 9072:. March 17, 2007. Archived from 8862: 8835: 8808: 8775: 8772:. Retrieved on January 10, 2015. 8723: 8690: 8657: 8631: 8600: 8569: 8513: 8488: 8430: 8397: 8365: 8345: 8325: 8293: 8263: 8230: 8206: 7859:"Games Hot, but Cartridges Cool" 7857:Keizer, Gregg (September 1988). 7799: 7773: 7717: 7699: 7687: 7675: 7420:Linneman, John (July 27, 2019). 7401:from the original on May 2, 2013 7359:Kohler, Chris (March 11, 2007). 7352: 7321: 7295:Totilo, Stephen (June 3, 2004). 7248:NES Advantage Instruction Manual 7223: 7140: 7109: 7076: 7045: 7012: 6972:Eglowstein, Howard (July 1990). 6965: 6932: 6752: 6675: 6629: 6610: 6571: 6542: 6511: 6462: 6416: 6313: 6170:Edwards, Benj (August 7, 2007). 6163: 6132: 6113: 6073: 6040: 6011: 5985:Plunkett, Luke (April 1, 2011). 5733:Edwards, Benj (August 7, 2008). 5531:from the original on May 2, 2013 5468:Alwani, Rishi (March 20, 2015). 5281:"Соглашение Steepler и Nintendo" 4997:Welch, Oli (February 24, 2017). 4927:. July 21–25, 2003. p. 22. 4183:. April 21, 2012. Archived from 4181:GlitterBerri's Game Translations 3685: 3394: 3384: 3363: 2494: 2480: 2331: 2322: 2122:systems, to replace the bulkier 2114:, designed by Nintendo employee 2089: 2073: 2059: 2054:Redesigned "dog bone" controller 2047: 2033: 2021: 2009: 1872: 1866:, which was owned by then-rival 1535: 1523: 1509: 1497: 1405:Official Nintendo Player's Guide 1225: 750:, particularly the hardware for 11583:2003 disestablishments in Japan 9051:"Nintendo Entertainment System" 8975: 8333:"The rise and rise of Nintendo" 7980:. Retrieved on August 26, 2013. 7961:. Retrieved on August 26, 2013. 7942:. Retrieved on August 26, 2013. 7397:. October 3, 1989. p. D5. 7328:Markley, John (July 15, 2015). 6974:"Reach Out and Touch Your Data" 5978: 5940: 5854: 5824: 5794: 5763: 5685: 5654: 5624: 5560: 5543: 5492: 5307: 5272: 5258: 5244: 5236:"NINTENDO O KOSMOS TOU 2.000". 5229: 5215: 5170:"NES, la caja magica de 8-bits" 5131: 5125:L'Histoire de Nintendo Volume 3 5087: 5056: 5023: 4990: 4921:"25 Smartest Moments in Gaming" 4913: 4885: 4848: 4754: 4723: 4720:. Vandal.net, February 29, 2020 4704: 4671: 4608:Horowitz, Ken (July 30, 2020). 4601: 4571: 4500:Horowitz, Ken (July 30, 2020). 4440: 4412: 4376: 4352:Alt, Matt (December 14, 2021). 4269: 4226: 4107: 3890: 3768: 3679: 3648: 3439: 3414: 3369:French NES consoles include an 3336: 3300: 3279: 3248: 3235: 2809: 2583:Zelda II: The Adventure of Link 2367:was gaining wide adoption as a 1870:. The CPU has access to 2 1685: 1455:and Super NES were covered for 1040:in dry American states such as 562:, and pioneered a now-standard 418:(approx. 10 million units) 407:(approx. 40 million units) 97:Family Computer/Famicom (Japan) 11267:View-Master Interactive Vision 10046:Family Computer Network System 8523:. News.sky.com. Archived from 8381:. March 1995. pp. 56–62. 7659:. Nintendo's Expansion Ports. 6894:Kohler, Chris (October 2005). 6684:"French NES – with RGB output" 5832:"NES Game Pak Troubleshooting" 5519:Brooks, Andree (May 4, 1991). 4579:"Springsteen Sweeps JB Awards" 4265:– via Nikkei Trendy Net. 4114:McClain, K.J. (July 5, 2018). 4103:– via Nikkei Trendy Net. 3688:"The games that sold consoles" 3534: 3513: 3480: 3347: 3218: 3208: 3198: 2270:The 3-D Battles of WorldRunner 2000: 1989: 1940:radio frequency (RF) modulator 784: 1: 11503:Nintendo Entertainment System 10474:Nintendo Entertainment System 9142:Nintendo Entertainment System 9084:Nintendo Entertainment System 8815:Kamen, Matt (July 14, 2016). 8108:. December 1990. p. 26. 6713:Lane, Gavin (July 12, 2021). 6018:Gutman, Dan (June 17, 1985). 3468: 3129: 1516:Sharp C1 Famicom TV (14-inch) 809:arcade hardware; they took a 650:second generation of consoles 623: 464:Nintendo Entertainment System 11252:Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy 10056:Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector 9523:Nintendo video game hardware 8945:Nikkei Business Publications 8782:Biggs, Tim (July 15, 2016). 8613:Vintage Computing and Gaming 8584:. p. 20. Archived from 8353:"The Complete Machine Guide" 8190:. p. 27. Archived from 8068:International New York Times 8005:Ferrell, Keith (July 1989). 7755:Vintage Computing and Gaming 7684:, pp. 209–212, New Maps 7267:Vintage Computing and Gaming 7250:. Nintendo of America. 1987. 7233:. Nintendo of America. 1988. 7058:Vintage Computing and Gaming 6985:. Vol. 15, no. 7. 6902:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 6682:Sketcz (December 11, 2009). 6578:Hongo, Jun (July 15, 2013). 6210:Vintage Computing and Gaming 6176:Vintage Computing and Gaming 5838:. Nintendo of America, Inc. 5600:川島, 圭太 (February 18, 2004). 4765:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4655:. Nintendojo. Archived from 4243:Nikkei Business Publications 4157:Nikkei Business Publications 4081:Nikkei Business Publications 3783:. New Riders Games. p. 3473: 3186:Nintendo World Championships 3079: 3063:, which had established the 3047:and helped popularizing the 2831: 1886:Tooltip random-access memory 722: 99:Hyundai Comboy (South Korea) 7: 11568:Products introduced in 1986 11563:Products introduced in 1985 11558:Products introduced in 1983 11322:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 11307:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 10969:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 10138:Super NES enhancement chips 8842:Paul, Ian (July 14, 2016). 8578:"8-Bit Memories, 1988–1994" 8223:. March 1995. p. 156. 8184:"8-Bit Memories, 1988–1994" 8035:Keizer, Gregg (July 1989). 7569:ウワーマン (February 21, 2022). 7361:"VGL: Koji Kondo Interview" 6761:"NES Sounds as Instruments" 6293:Hill, Kyle (July 1, 2014). 5344:(in Portuguese). TechTudo. 4420:"Nintendo's Final Solution" 4233:高野, 雅晴 (January 16, 1995). 4071:高野, 雅晴 (January 16, 1995). 3458: 3433: 3357: 3169: 2776:. The company attempted to 2539: 2535:List of cancelled NES games 2419:released a Famicom port of 1735:the authorization program. 1477: 797:'s competition against the 10: 11604: 8930: 8768:December 11, 2014, at the 8470:"Nintendo Wins Emmy Award" 8137:ClassicGaming.com's Museum 7933:The Morning Call – Article 7814:. GameStop. Archived from 7479:. April 2010. p. 62. 7231:NES Max Instruction Manual 6896:"Buy a Famicom from Japan" 5505:Advertisement on page 129. 4864:. New York: Random House. 4716:February 29, 2020, at the 4502:"Nintendo "VS." the World" 3925:"The man who made the NES" 3747:. New York: Random House. 3450:家庭用カセット式ビデオゲーム　ファミリーコンピュータ 3133: 3083: 2802:under the subsidiary name 2718: 2543: 2524: 2307: 1993: 1850:prevalent in contemporary 1838:, and PAL consoles have a 1757: 1605: 1582:. Sharp then produced the 1486: 1052:released 17 launch games: 973:. The March 1985 issue of 960:controller, and a special 913: 646:golden age of arcade games 616: 612: 493:, it mainly competed with 25: 18: 11423: 11398: 11377: 11336: 11275: 11234: 11199: 11192: 11159: 11116: 11088: 11038: 11015: 10982: 10959: 10911: 10888: 10850: 10827: 10799: 10776: 10758:Commodore 64 Games System 10748: 10725: 10702: 10659: 10606: 10527:Fourth generation → 10522:← Second generation 10518: 10469:Commodore 64 Games System 10436: 10427: 10369: 10293: 10190: 10115: 10094: 10064: 10038: 9931: 9895: 9818: 9772: 9765: 9729: 9721:Super NES Classic Edition 9703: 9696: 9675: 9593: 9538: 9529: 9471: 9424: 9361: 9346:Famicom Disk System games 9328: 9301: 9236: 9170: 9161: 9148: 8789:The Sydney Morning Herald 8168:Electronic Gaming Monthly 8165:"International Outlook". 7957:October 17, 2013, at the 7938:October 17, 2013, at the 6438:Mortal (April 23, 2014). 6125:January 11, 2013, at the 5864:Electronic Gaming Monthly 5836:Nintendo Customer Service 5693:"テレビゲームの展覧会「レベルX」本日から開催！" 5399:Noviello, Renato (2000). 5095:"Computerspel komt terug" 3597:. GameSpy. Archived from 3572:San Bernardino County Sun 3526:. Event occurs at 7:48. 3449: 3424: 3255:million in other regions. 2911: 2251:active shutter 3D headset 2224:The Japanese Famicom has 1903:—the PPU features 2 1631: 1590:, plus inputs for adding 1026:Consumer Electronics Show 932:computer with Nintendo's 926:Consumer Electronics Show 891:and a reissue with a new 603:the best-selling consoles 446: 436: 426: 388: 378: 370: 362: 355:256 × 240 351: 326: 316: 308: 278:August 14, 1995 257: 241: 153: 143: 133: 123: 113: 91: 61: 44: 11508:Home video game consoles 10600:Home video game consoles 9105:Famicom official website 9098:August 12, 2020, at the 8373:"Finance & Business" 8301: 8213:"CES ProNews Flashes!". 8131:Nielsen, Martin (1997). 7994:. June 1988. p. 50. 7990:"The Nintendo Threat?". 7541:Nintendo Online Magazine 7391:"Stock Link by Nintendo" 6469:Scullion, Chris (2019). 6402:10.1177/1555412010377319 5636:Nintendo Online Magazine 5371:"Playtronic, a história" 4482:(Subscription required.) 4461:10.1177/1461444806059921 4408:(Subscription required.) 3900:. Nintendo. April 2010. 3629:. Nintendo. March 2016. 3230:technical specifications 3191: 2930:video game crash of 1983 2735:Federal Trade Commission 2725:Nintendo was accused of 2520: 2371:medium. Partnering with 2255:stereoscopic video games 1897:video display controller 1802:Technical specifications 1701:video game crash of 1983 986:Nintendo's display at a 971:video game crash of 1983 821:(PPU) chip for the NES. 560:video game crash of 1983 556:American gaming industry 508:. Nintendo's president, 504:The NES was designed by 491:third-generation console 10926:Super Famicom/Super NES 10898:PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 10301:Home video game console 8983:Altice, Nathan (2015). 4616:McFarland & Company 4510:McFarland & Company 4449:New Media & Society 4281:March 29, 2013, at the 4177:"Deciding on the Specs" 3153:series. The system has 2788:infringement. Tengen's 2721:§ Unlicensed games 2643:golden seal of approval 2628:to cease production of 2040:Original NES controller 1930:The console's standard 1868:Commodore International 1819:central processing unit 1657:The RetroUSB AVS is an 1034:video cassette recorder 1019:video cassette recorder 819:Picture Processing Unit 530:video cassette recorder 475:home video game console 166:July 15, 1983 138:Home video game console 106:(Post-Soviet countries) 16:Home video game console 10235:Nintendo optical discs 10225:Game Boy Advance Video 9456:Nintendo Cereal System 8907:The Hollywood Reporter 8551:Kohler, Chris (2004). 6765:Original Sound Version 6584:The Japan Times Online 6327:. September 24, 2012. 6047:ウワーマン (July 1, 2021). 5861:"International News". 4653:"Lance Barr Interview" 3862:. Nintendo of Europe. 3045:action-adventure games 3043:had mostly influenced 2943:videocassette recorder 2925: 2887:, in North America is 2853: 2692:signed on soon after. 2620: 2559: 2359:used in the Famicom's 2235: 1858:mode on them to avoid 1821:(CPU) was produced by 1814: 1767: 1695: 1666: 1618: 1365:World Class Track Meet 1299: 1290:Bundles and redesigns 1154:. Nintendo contracted 1005:arcade machine of 1985 991: 990:in New York City, 1986 954:cassette data recorder 949: 910:North American release 760:(1979) and Nintendo's 637: 568:third-party developers 11533:2000s in video gaming 11528:1990s in video gaming 11523:1980s in video gaming 10791:Super Cassette Vision 10735:Coleco Telstar Arcade 10501:Super Cassette Vision 10459:Atari XE Games System 10414:Eighth (2012–present) 10313:Handheld game console 9826:Famicom Data Recorder 9244:Aladdin Deck Enhancer 9183:Famicom Data Recorder 8704:Video Games Chronicle 8509:on February 28, 2008. 8406:"Nintendo Scores Big" 8302:初代「ファミコン」など公式修理サポート終了 8106:Computer Gaming World 7992:Computer Gaming World 7971:SunSentinel – Article 7886:Computer Gaming World 7842:GameSpy.com – Article 7657:Nintendo World Report 7653:"Famicom Disk System" 6853:; Imanishi, Hiroshi. 6270:. Mental Floss, Inc. 5802:"修理の受付が終了した商品サポート情報" 5778:. IDG. Archived from 5446:on September 21, 2021 5407:on September 22, 2018 5342:"Master System x NES" 5328:Sheff & Eddy 1999 5210:Sheff & Eddy 1999 5101:. November 11, 1988. 5099:Krantenbankzeeland.nl 4799:The Milwaukee Journal 4761:Burnham, Van (2001). 4050:Sheff & Eddy 1999 4038:Sheff & Eddy 1999 4026:Sheff & Eddy 1999 3885:Sheff & Eddy 1999 3847:Sheff & Eddy 1999 3823:Sheff & Eddy 1999 3690:. MSN. Archived from 3327:The Milwaukee Journal 3084:Further information: 3033:is the forerunner of 2934:console manufacturers 2919: 2885:(Adventure Island IV) 2851: 2800:Christian video games 2761:are in the form of a 2719:Further information: 2682:Acclaim Entertainment 2618: 2611:Third-party licensing 2589:DuckTales: Remastered 2553: 2369:computer data storage 2223: 1955:audio processing unit 1829:clocked at 1.79 1809: 1780:1983 video game crash 1765: 1693: 1656: 1615: 1297: 1162:and you want to sell 1038:electrostatic hazards 998:, in the form of the 985: 947: 914:Further information: 631: 11518:1983 in video gaming 10419:Ninth (2020–present) 9923:GBA Wireless Adapter 9918:GCN – GBA Link Cable 9061:on October 20, 2007. 8338:New Computer Express 7976:May 9, 2013, at the 7787:on December 26, 2011 7730:on September 7, 2013 6663:on December 23, 2005 5950:(October 25, 2013). 5703:. December 4, 2003. 5317:. December 14, 2021. 5268:. February 10, 2014. 4830:The Mushroom Kingdom 4015:on October 19, 2015. 3993:on October 16, 2015. 3323:Computer Entertainer 3308:Donkey Kong Jr. Math 3035:side-scrolling games 2727:antitrust violations 2298:Fidelity Investments 2238:Few of the numerous 2216:Japanese accessories 1856:binary-coded decimal 1705:zero-insertion force 1030:zero insertion force 741:random-access memory 28:Magic: The Gathering 21:NES (disambiguation) 11217:Fairchild Channel F 10409:Seventh (2005–2017) 10282:Video game consoles 10116:Integrated circuits 10025:Nintendo Switch Pro 9831:Famicom Disk System 9716:NES Classic Edition 9439:Nintendo VS. System 9377:NES Classic Edition 9178:Famicom Disk System 8527:on October 11, 2012 8281:on November 5, 2007 8037:"Editorial License" 6688:Hardcore Gaming 101 6479:Pen and Sword Books 5892:Redmond, Washington 5701:Softbank Publishing 5632:"編集長の目/企画者からのメッセージ" 4512:. pp. 115–28. 4163:on October 12, 2008 3601:on October 29, 2012 3425:ファミリーコンピュータ (ファミコン) 3226:MOS Technology 6502 3176:History of Nintendo 3150:The Legend of Zelda 3136:NES Classic Edition 3040:The Legend of Zelda 2957:The Legend of Zelda 2893:, and in Europe is 2577:The Legend of Zelda 2394:wavetable synthesis 2310:Famicom Disk System 2304:Famicom Disk System 1860:patent infringement 1844:MOS Technology 6502 1817:The console's main 1744:card edge connector 1580:Famicom Disk System 1468:Famicom Disk System 1395:Super Mario Bros. 3 1276:import restrictions 1000:Nintendo VS. System 704:, and the handheld 690:Mitsubishi Electric 642:video game industry 579:The Legend of Zelda 451:Famicom Disk System 414:Super Mario Bros. 2 382:2 controller ports 41: 11058:Mega Drive/Genesis 10394:Fourth (1987–2004) 10384:Second (1976–1992) 10240:Nintendo Game Card 9993:Classic Controller 9079:on March 17, 2007. 8941:Nikkei Electronics 8443:Talk of the Nation 8411:The New York Times 8143:on October 6, 2008 7908:Digital Law Online 7477:Imagine Publishing 7395:The New York Times 7302:The New York Times 6357:The New York Times 5948:Sharp Corporation 5782:on October 4, 2018 5602:"写真で綴るレベルＸ～完全保存版！" 5550:"Nintendo Power". 5525:The New York Times 5330:, p. 413-414. 4736:The New York Times 4187:on April 27, 2012. 4153:Nikkei Electronics 3860:"Nintendo History" 3373:port that outputs 3020:was bestowed "The 2926: 2854: 2816:video rental shops 2621: 2560: 2412:by several years. 2410:online leaderboard 2402:interactive kiosks 2236: 1984:crystal oscillator 1932:display resolution 1815: 1768: 1727:and cotton swabs. 1696: 1667: 1644:Simplified Chinese 1619: 1425:Nintendo World Cup 1385:Nintendo World Cup 1379:Super Spike V'Ball 1372:infrared wireless 1327:with no game, and 1300: 992: 950: 748:arcade video games 692:and hired several 638: 312:61.91 million 298:September 25, 2003 294:September 25, 2003 242:Introductory price 39: 11432: 11431: 11419: 11418: 11349:EVO Smart Console 10669:Super Vision 8000 10566: 10565: 10514: 10513: 10404:Sixth (1998–2013) 10399:Fifth (1993–2006) 10389:Third (1983–2003) 10379:First (1972–1980) 10337:Dedicated console 10248: 10247: 10090: 10089: 10005:Wii Balance Board 9981:WaveBird Wireless 9836:Famicom 3D System 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9489: 9488: 9336:List of NES games 9297: 9296: 9198:Famicom 3D System 9000:978-0-262-02877-6 8761:Fayzullin, Marat 7952:1UP.com – Article 7818:on August 8, 2013 6913:978-0-596-00917-5 6488:978-1-5267-3780-9 6389:Games and Culture 6091:Future Publishing 5958:) (in Japanese). 5669:. CNET Networks. 5440:Enthusiast Gaming 5401:"O NES no Brasil" 5295:on April 27, 2019 5225:. April 30, 2022. 4625:978-1-4766-4176-8 4519:978-1-4766-4176-8 3331:Super Mario Bros. 3319:Super Mario Bros. 3269:Sharp Corporation 3144:Super Mario Bros. 3030:Super Mario Bros. 2951:Super Mario Bros. 2825:Blockbuster Video 2433:chips to perform 2427:Ghosts 'n Goblins 2388:) and introduced 2385:Super Mario Bros. 2247:Famicom 3D System 2228:support with the 2178:arcade controller 1969:channel, and one 1836:Tooltip megahertz 1725:isopropyl alcohol 1567:Sharp Corporation 1342:Super Mario Bros. 1333:Super Mario Bros. 1331:bundled with the 1133:Super Mario Bros. 694:Sharp Electronics 573:Super Mario Bros. 460: 459: 455:Famicom 3D System 403:Super Mario Bros. 390:Best-selling game 191:September 1, 1986 118:Nintendo R&D2 11595: 11485: 11484: 11473: 11472: 11461: 11460: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11440: 11222:Interton VC 4000 11197: 11196: 10992:Magnavox Odyssey 10593: 10586: 10579: 10570: 10569: 10434: 10433: 10286:third generation 10275: 10268: 10261: 10252: 10251: 9862:Game Boy Printer 9841:Super NES CD-ROM 9770: 9769: 9737:Game & Watch 9701: 9700: 9611:Game Boy Advance 9536: 9535: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9493: 9492: 9404:Analogue Nt Mini 9168: 9167: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9112: 9111: 9080: 9078: 9071: 9062: 9057:. Archived from 9046: 9044: 9042: 9020: 9014: 9012: 8969: 8958:. Cyber Active. 8948: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8779: 8773: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8548: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8502:. Archived from 8501: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8139:. Archived from 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8032: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7987: 7981: 7968: 7962: 7949: 7943: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7899: 7890: 7889: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7854: 7845: 7839: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7726:. Archived from 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7648: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7604: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7533: 7520: 7514: 7505: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7463: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7292: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7235: 7234: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7003: 6978: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6851:Uemura, Masayuki 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6795: 6794: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6648: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6471:"Licensed Games" 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6435: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6136: 6130: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6089:. No. 198. 6081:"Famicom Titler" 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5806:Nintendo Support 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5747:. Archived from 5730: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5516: 5507: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5465: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5181:Axel Springer SE 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4952: 4933: 4932: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4821: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4727: 4721: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4659:on July 22, 2016 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4425:Electronic Games 4416: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4319: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4068: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4040:, p. 31-32. 4035: 4029: 4028:, p. 28-29. 4023: 4017: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3849:, p. 27-28. 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3782: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3735: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3694:on March 9, 2008 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3484: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3418: 3408:Transliterations 3401: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358:Hyeondae Keomboi 3350: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3304: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243:game controllers 3239: 3233: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3107:service for the 3099:, an unofficial 2778:reverse engineer 2756:Unlicensed games 2498: 2484: 2472:NES Test Station 2466: 2462: 2335: 2326: 2210:Game Boy Advance 2120:Game & Watch 2093: 2077: 2063: 2051: 2037: 2025: 2013: 1977: 1973: 1887: 1883: 1879:of onboard work 1878: 1877:Tooltip kilobyte 1874: 1837: 1833: 1792:regional lockout 1633: 1539: 1527: 1513: 1501: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1417:Super Mario Bros 1401: 1391: 1356:Super Mario Bros 1338: 1330: 1326: 1306: 1156:Worlds of Wonder 976:Electronic Games 967:video game press 860: 849:Japanese release 830:Game & Watch 706:Game & Watch 702:Color TV-Game 15 686:Magnavox Odyssey 674:Hiroshi Yamauchi 526:Game & Watch 510:Hiroshi Yamauchi 419: 408: 384:1 expansion slot 379:Controller input 366:PPU (Ricoh 2C02) 301: 299: 293: 285: 283: 277: 252: 247: 233: 220: 211: 190: 182:October 18, 1985 181: 173: 171: 165: 94: 74: 68: 56: 49: 42: 38: 11603: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11479: 11467: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11435: 11433: 11428: 11415: 11394: 11373: 11332: 11271: 11230: 11212:Bally Astrocade 11188: 11155: 11112: 11084: 11034: 11011: 11002:Videopac+ G7400 10978: 10955: 10907: 10884: 10880:Xbox Series X/S 10846: 10823: 10795: 10786:Cassette Vision 10772: 10744: 10721: 10698: 10655: 10602: 10597: 10567: 10562: 10529: 10524: 10510: 10429: 10423: 10365: 10289: 10279: 10249: 10244: 10186: 10111: 10086: 10060: 10034: 9961:Super NES Mouse 9927: 9913:Game Link Cable 9891: 9882:Game Boy Player 9857:Game Boy Camera 9814: 9753: 9749:Pokémon Pikachu 9725: 9692: 9671: 9589: 9551:official models 9525: 9520: 9490: 9485: 9479:• Succeeded by 9467: 9420: 9372:Official models 9364:hardware clones 9362:Variations and 9357: 9324: 9293: 9279:Turbo Touch 360 9232: 9157: 9144: 9139: 9100:Wayback Machine 9076: 9069: 9067:"NES game list" 9065: 9049: 9040: 9038: 9031: 9028: 9023: 9010: 9008: 9001: 8978: 8973: 8972: 8966: 8943:(in Japanese). 8933: 8928: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8867: 8863: 8853: 8851: 8840: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8813: 8809: 8799: 8797: 8780: 8776: 8770:Wayback Machine 8760: 8756: 8746: 8744: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8695: 8691: 8681: 8679: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8605: 8601: 8591: 8589: 8588:on May 20, 2009 8574: 8570: 8563: 8549: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8506: 8499: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8479: 8477: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8402: 8398: 8388: 8386: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8252: 8235: 8231: 8219:. No. 68. 8212: 8211: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8194:on May 20, 2009 8180: 8176: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8146: 8144: 8129: 8125: 8115: 8113: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8033: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7978:Wayback Machine 7969: 7965: 7959:Wayback Machine 7950: 7946: 7940:Wayback Machine 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7900: 7893: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7747: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7605: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7577:(in Japanese). 7567: 7560: 7550: 7548: 7535: 7534: 7523: 7515: 7508: 7494: 7492: 7475:. No. 75. 7465: 7464: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7326: 7322: 7312: 7310: 7293: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7259: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7197: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7166: 7159: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7128:on May 20, 2009 7118:"Enter the NES" 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7017: 7013: 7001: 6989:. p. 283. 6976: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6914: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6512: 6498: 6496: 6489: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6384: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6127:Wayback Machine 6118: 6114: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6057:(in Japanese). 6045: 6041: 6028:. p. 16B. 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5983: 5979: 5965: 5963: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5914: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5890:. No. 53. 5880: 5879: 5872: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5751:on July 2, 2010 5731: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5699:(in Japanese). 5691: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5608:(in Japanese). 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5510: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5397: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5190: 5188: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4953: 4936: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4822: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4769:. p. 375. 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4718:Wayback Machine 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4626: 4618:. p. 155. 4606: 4602: 4594: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4498: 4487: 4481: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4398: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4323:Kent, Steven L. 4320: 4289: 4283:Wayback Machine 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4241:(in Japanese). 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4198: 4194: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4155:(in Japanese). 4147: 4146: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4079:(in Japanese). 4069: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3963:. July 10, 2013 3953: 3952: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3736: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3686:Goss, Patrick. 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3589: 3588: 3579: 3568: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3444: 3440: 3434:Famirī Konpyūta 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3368: 3364: 3341: 3337: 3305: 3301: 3284: 3280: 3266: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3172: 3163:Virtual Console 3138: 3132: 3121:Nintendo Switch 3105:Virtual Console 3090:The NES can be 3088: 3082: 3014:Tokyo Game Show 2914: 2834: 2812: 2758: 2742:Electronic Arts 2723: 2674:Electronic Arts 2636:To this end, a 2613: 2548: 2542: 2537: 2523: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2474: 2464: 2448:software piracy 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2316: 2308:Main articles: 2306: 2218: 2107:game controller 2103: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1975: 1944:composite video 1885: 1876: 1835: 1804: 1760: 1688: 1610: 1604: 1602:Hardware clones 1547: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1491: 1485: 1480: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1445: 1443:Discontinuation 1436: 1432: 1428: 1399: 1389: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1304: 1292: 1228: 1203:Lucasfilm Games 1024:At June 1985's 918: 912: 874:Donkey Kong Jr. 858: 851: 787: 737:Game cartridges 725: 713:Masayuki Uemura 698:Color TV-Game 6 634:Masayuki Yukawa 626: 621: 615: 506:Masayuki Uemura 483:Family Computer 422: 417: 406: 383: 347: 344:@ 1.66 MHz 338:@ 1.79 MHz 304: 297: 295: 288: 281: 279: 264: 250: 249: 245: 237: 224: 215: 194: 185: 176: 169: 167: 160: 109: 107: 102: 100: 98: 92: 87: 82: 76: 69: 57: 50: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11601: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11490: 11489: 11477: 11465: 11453: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11408: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11315: 11310: 11300: 11298:FM Towns Marty 11295: 11290: 11285: 11283:Amstrad GX4000 11279: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11203: 11201: 11194: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11165: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11127: 11125: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11105: 11099: 11097: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11065: 11055: 11050: 11044: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11021: 11019: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10988: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10965: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10917: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10861: 10859: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10805: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10782: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10708: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10612: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10596: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10573: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10525: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10506:VTech Socrates 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10449:Amstrad GX4000 10446: 10440: 10438: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10375: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10351: 10349:Hybrid console 10346: 10345: 10344: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10290: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10119: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10072:Nintendo Power 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10030:Poké Ball Plus 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9908:NES Four Score 9905: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9887:Wii MotionPlus 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9847:Super Game Boy 9844: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9776: 9774: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9707: 9705: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9630: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9608: 9606:Game Boy Color 9603: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9560: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9542: 9540: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9487: 9486: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9458: 9453: 9450:Nintendo Quest 9446: 9441: 9436: 9428: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9368: 9366: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9332: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311:microprocessor 9305: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9274:Teleplay Modem 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9254:Homework First 9251: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9208:NES Four Score 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9102: 9090: 9081: 9063: 9047: 9027: 9026:External links 9024: 9022: 9021: 8999: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8964: 8949: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8892: 8861: 8834: 8807: 8774: 8754: 8722: 8689: 8656: 8630: 8599: 8568: 8561: 8538: 8512: 8487: 8461: 8429: 8396: 8364: 8344: 8324: 8292: 8262: 8229: 8205: 8174: 8154: 8123: 8093: 8054: 8024: 7997: 7982: 7963: 7944: 7925: 7891: 7876: 7846: 7829: 7798: 7772: 7741: 7724:NintendoPlayer 7710: 7698: 7686: 7674: 7630: 7592: 7558: 7521: 7506: 7443: 7412: 7382: 7351: 7320: 7305:. p. G5. 7284: 7253: 7236: 7222: 7191: 7157: 7152:Nintendo Power 7148:"Take Control" 7139: 7108: 7075: 7044: 7011: 6964: 6931: 6912: 6904:O'Reilly Media 6886: 6842: 6811: 6796: 6782: 6751: 6736: 6705: 6674: 6640: 6628: 6609: 6570: 6553: 6541: 6510: 6487: 6481:. p. 12. 6461: 6427: 6415: 6375: 6342: 6312: 6285: 6258: 6227: 6193: 6162: 6131: 6120:Pegasus IQ-502 6112: 6072: 6039: 6034:Newspapers.com 6010: 5977: 5939: 5905: 5887:Nintendo Power 5870: 5853: 5823: 5793: 5762: 5718: 5697:Softbank Games 5684: 5653: 5623: 5592: 5559: 5553:Nintendo Power 5542: 5508: 5491: 5474:Gadgets360.com 5457: 5418: 5388: 5359: 5332: 5320: 5306: 5271: 5257: 5243: 5228: 5214: 5212:, p. 413. 5202: 5179:(in Spanish). 5161: 5146:(in Spanish). 5130: 5116: 5086: 5071:(in Swedish). 5055: 5022: 4989: 4980: 4934: 4912: 4884: 4870: 4847: 4811: 4782: 4775: 4753: 4722: 4703: 4670: 4643: 4624: 4600: 4570: 4537: 4518: 4485: 4455:(1): 117–137. 4439: 4411: 4390:Bloomberg News 4375: 4358:The New Yorker 4344: 4337: 4287: 4268: 4225: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4137: 4106: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 3996: 3974: 3943: 3915: 3889: 3877: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3800: 3793: 3767: 3753: 3705: 3678: 3647: 3612: 3595:Classic Gaming 3577: 3574:. p. A-4. 3559: 3533: 3512: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3438: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3393: 3383: 3362: 3335: 3299: 3278: 3273:microwave oven 3257: 3247: 3234: 3217: 3207: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3134:Main article: 3131: 3128: 3119:, and via its 3081: 3078: 3006:| franchises. 2913: 2910: 2833: 2830: 2820:video cassette 2811: 2808: 2757: 2754: 2612: 2609: 2568:slotted screws 2544:Main article: 2541: 2538: 2522: 2519: 2500: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2456:memory mapping 2435:bank switching 2431:discrete logic 2361:ROM cartridges 2340: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2305: 2302: 2217: 2214: 2194:toggle buttons 2095: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1991: 1988: 1961:channels, one 1948:RCA connectors 1864:MOS Technology 1852:home computers 1848:microprocessor 1803: 1800: 1759: 1756: 1687: 1684: 1606:Main article: 1603: 1600: 1584:Famicom Titler 1572:My Computer TV 1542:Famicom Titler 1541: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1487:Main article: 1484: 1483:Configurations 1481: 1479: 1476: 1463:respectively. 1444: 1441: 1291: 1288: 1284:Hyundai Comboy 1227: 1224: 1208:Maniac Mansion 911: 908: 889:product recall 887:. Following a 850: 847: 786: 783: 724: 721: 655:Space Invaders 625: 622: 617:Main article: 614: 611: 599:microcomputers 564:business model 558:following the 458: 457: 448: 444: 443: 438: 434: 433: 428: 424: 423: 421: 420: 409: 394: 392: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 372: 368: 367: 364: 360: 359: 353: 349: 348: 346: 345: 339: 332: 330: 324: 323: 318: 314: 313: 310: 306: 305: 303: 302: 286: 261: 259: 255: 254: 243: 239: 238: 236: 235: 222: 213: 192: 183: 174: 157: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 95: 89: 88: 77: 62: 59: 58: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11600: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11452: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11427: 11422: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11390:Steam Machine 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11151:PlayStation 5 11149: 11147: 11146:PlayStation 4 11144: 11142: 11141:PlayStation 3 11139: 11137: 11136:PlayStation 2 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11053:Master System 11051: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11025:RCA Studio II 11023: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10837:Intellivision 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10589: 10587: 10582: 10580: 10575: 10574: 10571: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10523: 10517: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10491:Master System 10489: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10464:Casio PV-1000 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10354:Retro console 10352: 10350: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10271: 10269: 10264: 10262: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10107:PlayChoice-10 10105: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10010:Wii U GamePad 10008: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9956:NES Advantage 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9903:NES Satellite 9901: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9742:Mini Classics 9740: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9711:Color TV-Game 9709: 9708: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9512: 9510: 9505: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9477: 9476:Color TV-Game 9470: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9445: 9444:Nintendo hard 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9360: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9264:Miracle Piano 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9213:NES Satellite 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9203:NES Advantage 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9188:Famicom Modem 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9129: 9124: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9029: 9018: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8936: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8865: 8849: 8845: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8758: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8715:September 21, 8710: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8682:September 21, 8677: 8673: 8672: 8671:Nintendo Life 8667: 8660: 8644: 8641:. June 2016. 8640: 8634: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8562:0-7440-0424-1 8558: 8554: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8433: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8378:Screen Digest 8374: 8368: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8348: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8178: 8170: 8169: 8161: 8159: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8029: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7967: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7948: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7896: 7888:. p. 54. 7887: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7851: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7817: 7813: 7812:Game Informer 7809: 7802: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7714: 7708:, p. 194 7707: 7702: 7696:, p. 347 7695: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7563: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7537:"ディスクシステムとは?" 7532: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7518: 7513: 7511: 7502: 7501:Nintendo Life 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7289: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7243: 7241: 7232: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7205:Nintendo Life 7202: 7195: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6968: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6935: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6809:, p. 356 6808: 6803: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6743: 6741: 6724: 6720: 6719:Nintendo Life 6716: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6645: 6637: 6632: 6619: 6613: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6477:. Yorkshire: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6449: 6446:(in French). 6445: 6441: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6396:(1): 83–100. 6395: 6391: 6390: 6382: 6380: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6198: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6065:September 20, 6060: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6003:September 20, 5998: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5966:September 20, 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5927: 5923: 5922:Nintendo Life 5919: 5912: 5910: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5882:"The New NES" 5877: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5857: 5846:September 20, 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5816:September 20, 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5711:September 14, 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5677:September 14, 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5646:September 14, 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5616:September 14, 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5462: 5450:September 20, 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5198: 5191:September 20, 5186: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5175:HobbyConsolas 5171: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4873: 4871:0-679-40469-4 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4804:September 12, 4800: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4776:0-262-52420-1 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 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3893: 3887:, p. 28. 3886: 3881: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3837:, p. 17. 3836: 3831: 3825:, p. 27. 3824: 3819: 3813:, p. 16. 3812: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3794:0-13-102009-9 3790: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3771: 3756: 3754:0-679-40469-4 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3698:September 24, 3693: 3689: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3640:September 12, 3632: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3552:September 25, 3547: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3460: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3397: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3181:Nintendo hard 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3161:for use with 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3016:in 2023, the 3015: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2993:Final Fantasy 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2918: 2909: 2906: 2905:Master System 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896:The Lion King 2892: 2891: 2890:Wario's Woods 2886: 2884: 2878: 2877:NEC PC Engine 2874: 2873:Super Famicom 2870: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2842:Commodore 64s 2839: 2829: 2826: 2823:action until 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2753: 2751: 2748:and then the 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2579: 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1875: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1676:NES-on-a-chip 1673: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1624: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1538: 1526: 1512: 1504:New-Style NES 1500: 1490: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1454: 1440: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:New-Style NES 1409: 1407: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1370:NES Satellite 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1334: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1296: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226:Other markets 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1151:Wrecking Crew 1147: 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Games like 651: 647: 643: 635: 630: 620: 610: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 592: 587: 586: 581: 580: 575: 574: 569: 566:of licensing 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 499:Master System 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 473: 469: 465: 456: 452: 449: 445: 442: 439: 435: 432: 431:Color TV-Game 429: 425: 416: 415: 411:Stand-alone: 410: 405: 404: 399: 396: 395: 393: 391: 387: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 343: 340: 337: 334: 333: 331: 329: 325: 322: 319: 315: 311: 307: 291: 287: 275: 271: 267: 263: 262: 260: 256: 244: 240: 231: 227: 223: 218: 214: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 184: 179: 175: 163: 159: 158: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 105: 96: 93:Also known as 90: 85: 80: 75: 73: 67: 60: 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 29: 22: 11288:Apple Pippin 11247:Arcadia 2001 11169:CreatiVision 10920: 10740:ColecoVision 10689:Apple Pippin 10558:Manufacturer 10473: 10325:Microconsole 9946:Family BASIC 9896:Connectivity 9867:Transfer Pak 9843:(unreleased) 9650:Nintendo 3DS 9628:Pokémon Mini 9545: 9480: 9474: 9473:Preceded by 9460: 9448: 9431: 9411:Terminator 2 9384:Micro Genius 9341:best-selling 9193:Family BASIC 9141: 9074:the original 9059:the original 9041:November 19, 9039:. Retrieved 9033: 9017:Google Books 9015:– via 9011:September 2, 9009:. Retrieved 8985: 8976:Bibliography 8954: 8940: 8918:December 13, 8916:. Retrieved 8905: 8895: 8883:. Retrieved 8874: 8864: 8852:. Retrieved 8837: 8825:. Retrieved 8810: 8798:. Retrieved 8787: 8777: 8757: 8745:. Retrieved 8734: 8725: 8713:. Retrieved 8702: 8692: 8680:. Retrieved 8669: 8659: 8647:. Retrieved 8633: 8621:. Retrieved 8612: 8602: 8590:. Retrieved 8586:the original 8581: 8571: 8552: 8529:. Retrieved 8525:the original 8515: 8504:the original 8490: 8478:. Retrieved 8464: 8452:. Retrieved 8442: 8432: 8420:. Retrieved 8409: 8399: 8387:. Retrieved 8376: 8367: 8356: 8347: 8336: 8327: 8315:. Retrieved 8307:ITmedia News 8306: 8295: 8283:. Retrieved 8279:the original 8265: 8253:. Retrieved 8242: 8232: 8224: 8214: 8208: 8196:. Retrieved 8192:the original 8187: 8177: 8166: 8145:. Retrieved 8141:the original 8136: 8126: 8116:November 17, 8114:. Retrieved 8105: 8096: 8084:. Retrieved 8067: 8057: 8047:November 11, 8045:. 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