988:
701:
591:
1112:
772:
418:, which only came into use in the late 16th century. Some contend it is ahistorical to trace a single Old English community back to 1169, for the concept of Ireland's "Old English" community only emerged in the sixteenth century Pale. The earliest known reference to the term "Old English" is in the 1580s. Up to that time the identity of such people had been much more fluid; it was the Loyalist administration's policies which created an oppositional and clearly defined Old English community.
721:
1140:
4558:
1763:
1006:. Many factors influenced the decision of the Old English to join in the rebellion; among these were fear of the rebels and fear of government reprisals against all Roman Catholics. The main long-term reason was, however, a desire to reverse the anti-Roman Catholic policies that had been pursued by the English authorities over the previous 40 years in carrying out their administration of Ireland. Nevertheless, despite their formation of an Irish government in
895:(1579â1583), a prominent Pale lord, James Eustace, Viscount of Baltinglass, joined the rebels from religious motivation. Before the rebellion was over, several hundred Old English Palesmen had been arrested and sentenced to death, either for outright rebellion, or because they were suspected rebels because of their religious views. Most were eventually pardoned after paying fines of up to 100 pounds, a very large sum for the time. However, twenty
25:
713:, writing in the last years of the sixteenth century, shared the latter view of the Anglo-Irish: "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". Moryson's views on the cultural fluidity of the so-called
2300:
1972:, p. 322. "Despite the proclamations of O'Neill ... there is little evidence that the townsfolk and Pale gentry were in sympathy with the Ulster chieftain's war, and in this they had the backing of leading Jesuits such as Father Richard Field SJ. Whatever their common Catholicism, any links with the Spanish monarchy were strongly eschewed by the vast majority of those of 'Old English' origin in Ireland."
1126:
602:
124:
830:
318:
929:. Thirdly, in the 1630s, many members of the Old English landowning class were forced to confirm the ancient title to their land-holdings often in the absence of title deeds, which resulted in some having to pay substantial fines to retain their property, while others ended up losing some or all of their land in this complex legal process (see
2059:(Dublin, 1981) for a discussion of the differences between 'Gaill', 'Gaedhil' and 'Saxain' in late medieval Irish identity. Fionnghaill, fair-haired foreigners, were of Norwegian descent; Dubhghaill, dark-haired foreigners, were of Danish descent. The former had longer roots in Ireland and thus was, as
806:(1595) that a failure to conquer Ireland fully in the past had led the Old generations of English settlers to become corrupted by the native Irish culture. In the course of the 16th century, the religious division had the effect of alienating most of the Old Anglo-Irish from the state, and bolstered by
964:
and civil equality for Roman
Catholics in return for their payment of increased taxes. On several occasions in the 1620s and 1630s, however, after they had agreed to pay the higher taxes to the Crown, they found that the Monarch or his Irish viceroy Thomas Wentworth chose instead to defer some of the
736:
freeholders and tenants. The division between the Pale and the rest of
Ireland was therefore in reality not rigid or impermeable, but rather one of gradual cultural and economic differences across wide areas. Consequently, the English identity expressed by representatives of the Pale when writing in
924:
First, in 1609, Roman
Catholics were banned from holding public office in Ireland forcing many Old English like the Dillons to outwardly adopt Anglican Catholicism. Then, in 1613, the constituencies of the Irish Parliament were changed so that the New English would have a slight majority in the
684:). The most accurate name for the Gaelicised Anglo-Irish throughout the late medieval period was Hiberno-Norman, a name which captures the distinctive blended culture which this community created and within which it operated until the Tudor conquest. In an effort to halt the ongoing
817:
The first confrontation between the Old
English and the English government in Ireland came with the cess crisis of 1556â1583. During that period, the Pale community resisted paying for the English army sent to Ireland to put down a string of revolts which culminated in the
822:(1569â1573 and 1579â1583). The term "Old English" was coined at this time, as the Pale community emphasised their English identity and loyalty to the Stuart Crown and refusing to co-operate with the wishes of the Elizabeth's Parliament as represented in Ireland by the
737:
English to the
English Crown often contrasted radically with their cultural affinities and kinship ties to the Gaelic world around them, and this difference between their cultural reality and their expressed identity is a central reason for the Old English's
741:
support of Roman
Catholicism. There was no religious division in medieval Ireland, beyond the requirement that English-born prelates should run the Irish church. However, most of the pre-16th century inhabitants of Ireland continued their allegiance to
708:
Despite these efforts, by 1515, one official lamented, that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit, and of Irish language." English administrators such as
1717:
There are a number of texts in
Hiberno-Norman French, most of them administrative (including commercial) or legal, although there are a few literary works as well. There is a large amount of parliamentary legislation, including the famous
1014:(1641â1653), the Old English were often accused by the Gaelic Irish of having been too hasty to sign a treaty with Charles I of England at the expense of the interests of Irish landowners and the Roman Catholic religion. The ensuing
1022:(1689â1691) evolving into Jacobitism afterwards. Nevertheless, in the 1700s, Parliamentarians had become the dominant class in the country and with the end of the Jacobites in 1788, the Old Anglo-Irish cause evolved into the
798:. To the New English, many of the Old Anglo-Irish were "degenerate", having "gone native" and adopted Irish customs as well as choosing to adhere to Roman Catholicism after the Crown's official split with Rome. The poet
543:
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of the Old
English were dispossessed in the political and religious conflicts of the 16th and 17th centuries, largely due to their continued adherence to the
1075:
were newly-conforming
Anglican Catholics who retained a certain sympathy and understanding for the difficult position of Roman Catholics, as Burke did in his parliamentary career. Others in the
625:
rather than
English), law, trade, currency, social customs, and farming methods. The Norman community in Ireland was, however, never monolithic. In some areas, especially in the Pale around
717:
were echoed by other commentators such as Richard Stanihurst who, while protesting the Englishness of the Palesmen in 1577, opined that "Irish was universally gaggled in the English Pale".
973:(1634)), that the true identity of the Old English was now Roman Catholic and Irish, rather than English. English policy thus hastened the assimilation of the Old English with the Gaels.
2024:
899:
from some of the Pale's leading Old English families were executed; some of them "died in the manner of Catholic martyrs, proclaiming they were suffering for their religious beliefs".
1071:, was always an option for any of the King of Ireland's subjects, and an open avenue to inclusion in the officially recognised "body politic", and, indeed, many Old English such as
370:
Historians use different terms to refer to the Normans in Ireland at different times in its existence, depending on how they define this community's sense of collective identity.
1027:
692:
in 1367, which among other things banned the use of the Irish language, the wearing of Irish clothes, as well as prohibiting the Gaelic Irish from living within walled towns.
1018:(1649â1653), saw further defeat of the Roman Catholic cause and the almost wholesale dispossession of the Old English nobility leading to a revival of the cause before the
4525:
936:
The political response of the Old Anglo-Irish community was forced to go over the heads of the New English in Dublin and appeal directly to their sovereign in his role as
965:
agreed concessions. This was to prove culturally counterproductive for the cause of the English administration in Ireland, as it led to Old English writers, such as
3376:
328:
4473:
3396:
1087:
belonged to Old English families who had originally undergone a religious conversion from Rome to Canterbury to save their lands and titles. Some members of the
3493:
414:
After many centuries in Ireland following just a century in Wales or England it appears odd that their entire history since 1169 is known by the description
1581:
4478:
3489:
573:
crisis of the 1580s that a group identified as the Old English actually came to be distinguished from the rest of the Anglo-Irish who surrendered to
276:
ceasing, in most cases, to identify as Norman, whether originally Anglo-Norman, Cambro-Norman, or Scoto-Norman. Other Old English families, like the
1091:
who had thus gained membership in the Irish Ascendancy even became adherents of the cause of Irish independence. Whereas the Old English FitzGerald
914:(1594â1603), the Pale and the Old English towns remained loyal being in favour of outward loyalty to the English Crown during another rebellion.
4335:
339:
3555:
902:
This episode marked an important break between the Pale and the English regime in Ireland, and between the Old English and the New English.
4507:
2203:
3674:
3098:
3010:
848:
Originally, the conflict was a civil issue, as the Palesmen objected to paying new taxes that had not first been approved by them in the
462:
that the poets referred to hibernicised people of Norman stock as Dubhghaill in order to grant them a longer vintage in Ireland than the
4521:
1870:
565:
The community of Norman descent prior to then used numerous epithets to describe themselves (such as "Englishmen born in Ireland" or "
3442:
3320:
1290:
794:
era onwards as a result of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, were more self-consciously English, and were largely (though not entirely)
732:
Beyond the Pale, the term 'English', if and when it was applied, referred to a thin layer of landowners and nobility, who ruled over
558:
by 1700, as they were both barred from positions of wealth and power by the so-called New English settlers, who became known as the
4340:
2976:
917:
However, it was the English Government's administration in Ireland along loyalist lines particularly following the failure of the
4587:
4512:
3536:
3325:
2256:
89:
539:
and Irish towns after the mid-16th century, who became increasingly opposed to the New English who arrived in Ireland after the
3686:
3570:
3230:
2243:
1740:
1143:
1115:
499:
It was noted in 2011 that Irish nationalist politicians elected between 1918 and 2011 could often be distinguished by surname.
61:
1849:
1056:
terms of Roman Catholic, Anglican Catholic and Protestant Nonconformist, rather than ethnic ones. Against the backdrop of the
664:
meaning "foreigners") were at times indistinguishable from the surrounding Gaelic lords and chieftains. Dynasties such as the
4488:
3519:
1888:
1167:
with the same meaning). However, a few names with the prefix "Fitz-" sound Norman but are actually of native Gaelic origin;
396:, could accurately be described as Hiberno-Norman in their political outlook and alliances even after they married into the
4390:
3773:
3659:
2278:
677:
385:
surnames summing up fundamental differences between "English Rebels" (Hiberno-Norman) and "Loyal Lieges" (Anglo-Normans).
225:
68:
3728:
3641:
3598:
2628:
1777:
42:
1172:
1052:
In the course of the eighteenth century under the Protestant Ascendancy, social divisions were defined almost solely in
392:, for instance, could accurately be described as Old English, for that was their political and cultural world. Likewise
4493:
4257:
4160:
3654:
3565:
3340:
3143:
3103:
3091:
3086:
3074:
3002:
681:
4602:
3350:
3069:
776:
357:
108:
1163:
meaning "son of", in surnames like FitzGerald appears most frequently in Hiberno-Norman surnames (cf. modern French
554:
the Jacobites attempted to replace the distinction between "Norman" and "Gaelic Irish" under the new denominator of
75:
4516:
3540:
3172:
3115:
3055:
2817:
2196:
159:
1002:
In 1641, many of the Old English community made a decisive break with their past as loyal subjects by joining the
474:
meaning 'black-haired foreigners', i.e. Danish Vikings). This follows on from his earlier arguments that the term
4153:
3780:
3226:
1727:
1015:
1010:, the Old English identity was still an important division within the Irish Roman Catholic community. During the
3785:
3681:
3355:
3335:
3290:
2988:
891:
portrayed their rebellion as a "Holy War", and indeed received money and troops from the papal coffers. In the
57:
46:
1942:
See Vincent Carey, "Bi-lingualism and identity formation in sixteenth-century Ireland", in Hiram Morgan, ed.,
1783:
3763:
3472:
3386:
2873:
2840:
2792:
2687:
2063:
demonstrated, used as a greater compliment. Normans were, of course, originally "men of the North" i.e. from
1175:
had to take as part of his submission to Henry VIII in 1537, and FitzDermot was Mac Gilla Mo-CholmĂłc of the
1157:
The following is a list of Hiberno-Norman surnames, many of them unique to Ireland. For example, the prefix
4597:
4420:
3738:
3664:
3514:
3447:
3371:
3245:
3202:
2969:
2250:
911:
888:
837:
455:
4582:
3758:
3131:
2321:
2266:
2189:
1129:
921:
in 1605 that would lead to severing the main political ties between the Old English and England itself.
4463:
4102:
3768:
3462:
2670:
1303:
440:
2071:) for English translations of these distinctions made in all the principal late medieval Irish annals.
1999:
4170:
4026:
3746:
3560:
3482:
3467:
3452:
3300:
3235:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3037:
2476:
2390:
1019:
540:
459:
4188:
4415:
3545:
3159:
2755:
2662:
892:
672:, and other customs such as fostering and intermarriage with the Gaelic Irish and the patronage of
480:(Irish people) as we currently know it also emerged during this period in the poetry books of the
332:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
4483:
4432:
4148:
3900:
3649:
3509:
3315:
3260:
3250:
3217:
3050:
2962:
2525:
2519:
2512:
1064:, the old distinction between Old English and Gaelic Irish Roman Catholics gradually faded away,
1023:
1003:
810:
reverts like the Dillons propelled them into making common cause with the Gaelic Irish under the
35:
987:
82:
4503:
4380:
4006:
3526:
3381:
3270:
3221:
2769:
1705:
1591:
1100:
1011:
930:
926:
853:
823:
766:
408:
998:(1642-1652), an independent government composed of Gaelic and Old English Catholic aristocrats
653:), used English law, and in some respects lived in a manner similar to that found in England.
535:, meaning 'old foreigners') began to be applied by scholars for Norman-descended residents of
486:
of Wicklow, as a sign of unity between Gaeil and Gaill; he viewed it as a sign of an emerging
4165:
4136:
3669:
2591:
1568:
1395:
1168:
1047:
852:. The dispute, however, also soon took on a religious dimension, especially after 1570, when
849:
747:
559:
544:
288:, many of these Old English families promoted unity with the Gaels under the denominator of "
281:
700:
335:
4535:
4302:
4073:
4050:
3835:
3721:
3575:
3550:
3419:
3240:
3212:
2807:
2261:
2174:
1880:
1096:
1057:
982:
961:
957:
953:
689:
574:
397:
590:
8:
4410:
4312:
4208:
4096:
3941:
3631:
3621:
3531:
3207:
3064:
3045:
2999:
2775:
2721:
2657:
2586:
2548:
2138:
1719:
1504:
1147:
1007:
884:
870:
610:
605:
Ireland in 1450 showing territories recognising Anglo-Norman sovereignty in blue and grey
595:
551:
297:
285:
193:
4237:
2117:
1099:
when it was abolished in 1800, a scion of that Ascendancy family, the Irish nationalist
4437:
4370:
4365:
4275:
4193:
3880:
3875:
3808:
3437:
3305:
3255:
3192:
3167:
3163:
3081:
3025:
2835:
2802:
2675:
2652:
2497:
2411:
2358:
2238:
1356:
1281:
1119:
1035:
949:
819:
645:, people spoke the English language (though sometimes in arcane local dialects such as
614:
253:
220:
147:
1111:
4468:
4398:
4118:
3980:
3845:
3751:
3701:
3616:
3477:
3391:
2782:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2716:
2711:
2385:
2283:
1981:
1884:
1736:
1652:
1613:
1576:
1484:
1442:
1243:
1180:
1151:
1133:
995:
754:
751:
743:
720:
487:
378:
3974:
3711:
507:
parliamentarians were more likely to bear surnames of Norman origin than those from
4592:
4327:
4307:
4128:
4083:
3457:
3138:
3120:
3007:
2827:
2822:
2726:
2646:
2614:
2597:
2581:
2406:
2335:
2060:
1876:
1838:(Dublin 1987); the third volume in the Helicon history of Ireland paperback series.
1789:
1732:
1644:
1509:
1494:
1400:
1335:
1295:
1254:
1235:
1176:
1092:
1084:
966:
618:
421:
293:
197:
175:
171:
2143:
4427:
4355:
4350:
4180:
4058:
3985:
3626:
3310:
3285:
2797:
2623:
2575:
2443:
1854:
1596:
1499:
1471:
1325:
1231:
1203:
1080:
1031:
991:
937:
834:
780:
634:
630:
609:
Traditionally, London-based Anglo-Norman governments expected the Normans in the
277:
242:
205:
201:
771:
248:
The dominance of the Hiberno-Normans declined during the 16th century after the
4562:
4458:
4297:
4285:
4063:
3126:
3110:
3060:
2787:
2705:
2641:
2635:
2531:
2471:
2342:
1799:
1794:
1768:
1657:
1586:
1460:
1276:
1249:
1239:
918:
887:
which, among other aims, sought to topple her from her thrones. Rebels such as
857:
811:
799:
665:
657:
642:
555:
528:
393:
389:
289:
273:
269:
238:
216:
212:
167:
139:
2537:
1946:(Dublin, 1999) for a study of this aspect of Old English culture and identity.
510:
4576:
4113:
3946:
3820:
3295:
3280:
2933:
2542:
1514:
1346:
896:
725:
710:
685:
646:
622:
404:
382:
163:
4267:
4203:
4198:
4108:
4091:
3916:
3855:
3345:
3330:
2928:
2052:
1816:
1811:
1563:
1447:
1198:
1072:
1068:
1060:
which discriminated against them both, and a country becoming increasingly
841:
673:
257:
245:, derives from Welsh Normans who arrived in Ireland as part of this group.
2000:"Princes of Ossory: Fitzpatrick (No.1) family genealogy - Irish Pedigrees"
4404:
4317:
4016:
3960:
3921:
3182:
2910:
2865:
2502:
2064:
1379:
861:
791:
669:
638:
566:
182:
496:
essentially agreed with him, Tom Dunne and Tom Bartlett were less sure.
468:(meaning 'fair-haired foreigners', i.e. Norwegian Vikings as opposed to
4498:
4021:
3931:
3895:
3885:
3691:
2902:
2068:
1747:
composed about 1275, and early 14th century poems about the customs of
1387:
1184:
865:
807:
795:
650:
427:
230:
4142:
1139:
779:
led a revolt after his lands were granted to a "New English" settler,
4530:
4251:
4035:
3890:
3865:
3840:
3265:
2884:
2288:
2181:
2099:
1748:
1061:
1053:
502:
301:
189:
4216:
3936:
2427:
790:, that wave of settlers who came to Ireland from England during the
24:
4442:
4375:
4040:
3926:
3870:
3275:
2812:
2330:
2273:
2223:
2212:
2081:
1558:
1330:
1317:
1262:
1118:, Lord of Maynooth, Naas, and Llansteffan, progenitor of the Irish
536:
249:
186:
2939:
1034:) who chose to comply with the new realities by conforming to the
4360:
4345:
4244:
4031:
4011:
2985:
2954:
2856:
2507:
2449:
2161:
1714:, depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron.
1636:
1479:
1455:
1351:
1311:
876:
272:
Norman-Irish families spread throughout the world as part of the
155:
127:
Ireland in 1300 showing maximum extent of Hiberno-Norman control
4230:
4223:
4068:
4001:
3860:
2433:
2299:
2151:(1 ed.). London: Religious Tract Society. pp. 181â86.
1489:
1437:
1125:
1076:
1030:
through Old English families (and men of Gaelic origin such as
880:
626:
601:
296:
identity, which also included later settler groups such as the
179:
123:
2142:
833:
Monument marking the site of the capture and execution of the
688:
of the Anglo-Irish community, the Irish Parliament passed the
4280:
3850:
2920:
1211:
829:
733:
234:
760:
432:, points out that the Normans were not referred to there as
211:
Some of the most prominent Hiberno-Norman families were the
196:. The Hiberno-Normans were also closely associated with the
2892:
2420:
1918:
The Irish Sections of Fynes Moryson's unpublished itinerary
1432:
1159:
570:
329:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
802:
was one of the chief advocates of this view. He argued in
668:, Butlers, Burkes, and Walls adopted the native language,
518:
3968:
2100:"CELT: Hiberno-Norman French: A Bibliography in Progress"
154:, 'foreigners'), refer to Irish families descended from
3397:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
1903:"State of Ireland & plan for its reformation" in
879:
from her realms as they were seen as being among the
515:, who had a higher concentration of Gaelic surnames.
204:
in Ireland and were responsible for the emergence of
3127:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1850:"FF and FG tribal split traced back to 12th century"
1758:
656:
However, in the provinces, the Normans in Ireland (
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1970:Sixteenth Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest
1957:Sixteenth Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest
1836:From Reformation to Restoration: Ireland 1534â1660
750:of the 1530s, even after the establishment of the
424:, in his study of the poetry of late-16th century
3490:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
1696:The annals of Ireland make a distinction between
569:"), but it was only as a result of the political
4574:
2025:"Archaeological Assessment at Constitution Hill"
1743:(known as "Strongbow"). Other texts include the
4336:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
1067:Changing religion, or rather conforming to the
976:
381:makes a distinction between Hiberno-Norman and
256:" elite settled in Ireland from the end of the
1284:Actually an Irish name adopted by the Normans.
786:In contrast to previous English settlers, the
585:
280:, merged with the New English elite after the
2970:
2197:
1106:
629:, and in relatively urbanised communities in
956:, they sought a package of reforms known as
292:", while others were assimilated into a new
3099:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2158:The Normans in Ireland: Leinster, 1167â1247
868:
676:and music. Such people became regarded as "
508:
500:
491:
481:
475:
469:
463:
447:
441:
433:
425:
4522:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
2977:
2963:
2204:
2190:
1997:
761:Tudor conquest and arrival of New English
358:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4341:Association football in Northern Ireland
1944:Political Ideology in Ireland, 1541â1641
1138:
1124:
1110:
1041:
986:
828:
770:
719:
699:
680:" as a result of this process (see also
600:
589:
223:who over time were said to have become "
122:
3537:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
1933:(Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 29.
1691:
952:, and then from his son and successor,
4575:
2211:
1868:
1741:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
994:, seat of the General Assembly of the
804:A View on the Present State of Ireland
3806:
3596:
3417:
3023:
2958:
2185:
2168:
2155:
2137:
1872:The Oxford Companion to Irish History
2069:http://www.ucc.ie/celt/publishd.html
1881:10.1093/acref/9780199234837.001.0001
1103:, was a brother of the second duke.
905:
875:. In response, Elizabeth banned the
678:more Irish than the Irish themselves
311:
226:more Irish than the Irish themselves
178:, the Hiberno-Normans constituted a
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1931:Contested Island: Ireland 1460â1630
1847:
1778:The Deeds of the Normans in Ireland
1735:of 3,458 lines of verse concerning
13:
3566:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
3341:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
3139:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
2984:
2131:
621:(despite the fact that they spoke
14:
4614:
3351:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
2144:"The Anglo-Norman Invasion"
438:("Old Foreigners") but rather as
403:Some historians refer to them as
162:in the 12th century, mainly from
4556:
3520:Tallest buildings and structures
2298:
2055:, 'Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis',
1761:
960:, which included provisions for
940:which further disgruntled them.
613:to promote the interests of the
454:. He argued in a lecture to the
316:
160:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
158:settlers who arrived during the
23:
16:Medieval ethnic group in Ireland
2110:
2092:
2074:
2057:Late Medieval Ireland 1370â1541
2045:
2017:
1991:
1975:
1728:The Song of Dermot and the Earl
1016:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
307:
260:; and they came to be known as
34:needs additional citations for
4588:Irish people of Norman descent
3356:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1869:Morgan, Hiram (27 July 2002).
1862:
1841:
1828:
1095:held the premier title in the
883:'s most radical agents of the
682:History of Ireland (1169â1536)
411:, invariably uses that term.
1:
3418:
2118:"Song of Dermot and the Earl"
2082:"Hiberno-Norman French Texts"
1822:
1704:. The former were split into
1028:Protestant Irish Nationalists
943:
519:"Old English" vs. New English
300:further English settlers and
4421:Northern Ireland flags issue
3597:
3372:List of conflicts in Ireland
3116:Southern Ireland (1921â1922)
977:Resisting English Parliament
969:to argue (as Keating did in
889:James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald
838:James FitzMaurice FitzGerald
7:
3807:
3392:Gaelic clothing and fashion
3024:
1920:(Dublin: IMC, 1998), p. 50.
1916:Cited in Graham Kew (ed.),
1875:. Oxford University Press.
1754:
1725:The major literary text is
695:
586:Normans in medieval Ireland
233:and intermarrying with the
10:
4619:
2171:Ireland in the Middle Ages
1107:Norman surnames in Ireland
1045:
980:
764:
580:
4552:
4451:
4389:
4326:
4266:
4179:
4127:
4082:
4049:
3994:
3959:
3909:
3828:
3819:
3815:
3802:
3737:
3640:
3609:
3605:
3592:
3502:
3430:
3426:
3413:
3364:
3152:
3036:
3032:
3019:
2995:
2919:
2901:
2883:
2864:
2855:
2736:
2698:
2607:
2568:
2561:
2487:
2461:
2399:
2378:
2371:
2351:
2314:
2307:
2296:
2231:
2220:
1929:Cited in S. J. Connolly,
1722:and municipal documents.
1173:Brian Mac Giolla PhĂĄdraig
1020:Williamite war in Ireland
617:, through the use of the
541:Tudor conquest of Ireland
509:
501:
492:
482:
460:University College Dublin
448:
442:
426:
237:. One of the most common
4603:Ethnic groups in Ireland
2149:The ancient Irish church
1150:through his marriage to
893:Second Desmond Rebellion
4513:Prostitution (Republic)
2222:(*) : state where
2156:Lomas, Richard (2022).
1986:Guide to Irish Surnames
1024:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1004:Irish Rebellion of 1641
840:in Glanageenty forest,
728:siege of Dublin in 1535
151:
3382:List of Irish kingdoms
2004:www.libraryireland.com
1784:Later Medieval Ireland
1154:
1136:
1122:
1101:Lord Edward Fitzgerald
1012:Irish Confederate Wars
999:
931:Plantations of Ireland
927:Irish House of Commons
869:
854:Elizabeth I of England
845:
824:Lord Deputy of Ireland
783:
767:Reformation in Ireland
729:
705:
661:
606:
598:
532:
476:
470:
464:
434:
409:Trinity College Dublin
338:by rewriting it in an
143:
128:
4489:Mass media (Republic)
4433:National coat of arms
3321:IRA Northern Campaign
1998:O'Hart, John (1892).
1142:
1128:
1114:
1048:Protestant Ascendancy
1042:Protestant Ascendancy
990:
981:Further information:
971:Foras Feasa ar Ăirinn
850:Parliament of Ireland
832:
774:
748:Henrician Reformation
723:
703:
604:
593:
560:Protestant Ascendancy
282:Henrician Reformation
268:) at this time. Many
126:
4411:County coats of arms
4303:List of Irish people
3377:List of Irish tribes
3227:Cromwellian conquest
3213:Plantation of Ulster
3144:Ireland (since 1922)
2169:Duffy, SeĂĄn (1997).
1905:State Papers Ireland
1692:Hiberno-Norman texts
1097:Irish House of Lords
983:Penal Laws (Ireland)
962:religious toleration
690:Statutes of Kilkenny
594:Coat of Arms of the
575:Anglican Catholicism
493:BreandĂĄn Ă Buachalla
58:"Normans in Ireland"
43:improve this article
4598:Lordship of Ireland
4526:in Northern Ireland
4517:in Northern Ireland
4258:Legendary creatures
4171:Traditional singing
4007:Saint Patrick's Day
3642:Republic of Ireland
3571:Tourist attractions
3556:ROI–UK border
3541:of Northern Ireland
3494:in Northern Ireland
3326:IRA Border Campaign
3301:War of Independence
3271:Second Great Famine
3256:Act of Union (1800)
3208:Flight of the Earls
3065:Lordship of Ireland
3000:Republic of Ireland
2284:South Africa (Zulu)
2032:Dublin City Council
1907:, Henry VIII, ii, 8
1745:Walling of New Ross
1720:Statute of Kilkenny
1008:Confederate Ireland
885:Counter-Reformation
871:Regnans in Excelsis
611:Lordship of Ireland
596:Lordship of Ireland
552:Glorious Revolution
375:Surnames of Ireland
286:Glorious Revolution
194:Lordship of Ireland
4583:Normans in Ireland
4563:Ireland portal
3881:Skirts and kidneys
3387:List of High Kings
3306:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3246:First Great Famine
3231:Settlement of 1652
3203:Tyrone's Rebellion
3193:Desmond Rebellions
3082:Kingdom of Ireland
1848:Collins, Stephen.
1187:, County Dublin).
1155:
1137:
1123:
1120:FitzGerald dynasty
1116:Maurice FitzGerald
1036:Established Church
1000:
910:In the subsequent
846:
820:Desmond Rebellions
784:
730:
706:
615:Kingdom of England
607:
599:
456:MĂcheĂĄl Ă ClĂ©irigh
388:The Geraldines of
377:, Irish historian
340:encyclopedic style
327:is written like a
231:merging culturally
129:
4570:
4569:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
3955:
3954:
3846:Bacon and cabbage
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3665:Foreign relations
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3515:Notable buildings
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2851:
2850:
2765:Baltic countries
2557:
2556:
2367:
2366:
1982:Edward MacLysaght
1890:978-0-19-923483-7
1834:Canny, Nicholas,
1806:Normans elsewhere
1737:Dermot McMurrough
1152:Aoife MacMurrough
1093:Dukes of Leinster
996:Irish Confederacy
906:Emerging Loyalism
777:Sir Edmund Butler
755:Church of Ireland
752:Anglican Catholic
744:Roman Catholicism
726:Earl of Kildare's
488:Irish nationalism
394:Butlers of Ormond
379:Edward MacLysaght
368:
367:
360:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4610:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4238:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
3826:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3739:Northern Ireland
3717:
3707:
3697:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3291:Home Rule crisis
3121:Northern Ireland
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:Northern Ireland
2979:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2911:Marshall Islands
2862:
2861:
2737:Central, Eastern
2566:
2565:
2376:
2375:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2173:(1st ed.).
2165:
2160:(1st ed.).
2152:
2146:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2061:Brendan Bradshaw
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1790:Tribes of Galway
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1733:chanson de geste
1171:was the surname
1148:Lord of Leinster
1144:Richard de Clare
1081:Viscounts Dillon
967:Geoffrey Keating
897:landed gentlemen
874:
746:, following the
704:The Pale in 1488
619:English language
514:
513:
506:
505:
495:
494:
485:
484:
479:
473:
467:
451:
450:
445:
444:
437:
431:
430:
422:Brendan Bradshaw
407:â SeĂĄn Duffy of
363:
356:
352:
349:
343:
320:
319:
312:
294:Irish Protestant
284:. Following the
198:Gregorian Reform
176:Late Middle Ages
172:High Middle Ages
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4557:
4555:
4540:
4508:outside Ireland
4479:Historic houses
4447:
4428:Irish Wolfhound
4399:Brighid's Cross
4385:
4356:Gaelic handball
4351:Gaelic football
4322:
4293:Hiberno-Normans
4262:
4175:
4123:
4078:
4059:Hiberno-English
4045:
3990:
3951:
3905:
3811:
3790:
3733:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3636:
3627:Ulster loyalism
3601:
3580:
3498:
3422:
3401:
3360:
3286:Dublin lock-out
3222:Confederate War
3173:Norman invasion
3160:Battles of Tara
3148:
3104:1801–1923
3092:1691–1800
3087:1536–1691
3075:1169–1536
3028:
3015:
2991:
2983:
2953:
2944:
2915:
2897:
2879:
2847:
2738:
2732:
2694:
2636:The Netherlands
2603:
2553:
2483:
2457:
2395:
2363:
2347:
2303:
2294:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2134:
2132:Further reading
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1867:
1863:
1855:The Irish Times
1846:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1694:
1689:
1238:(deriving from
1109:
1062:Parliamentarian
1050:
1044:
1032:William Conolly
992:Kilkenny Castle
985:
979:
946:
938:King of Ireland
912:Nine Years' War
908:
835:Earl of Desmond
781:Sir Peter Carew
769:
763:
698:
588:
583:
521:
364:
353:
347:
344:
336:help improve it
333:
321:
317:
310:
206:Hiberno-English
202:Catholic Church
192:, known as the
132:Hiberno-Normans
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4568:
4567:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Heritage Sites
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Irish diaspora
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4286:Gaelic Ireland
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4029:
4027:Rose of Tralee
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:List of dishes
3832:
3830:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:D'Hondt method
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:Seanad Ăireann
3709:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Extreme points
3450:
3445:
3443:Climate change
3440:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:1803 Rebellion
3258:
3253:
3251:1798 Rebellion
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Williamite War
3233:
3224:
3218:1641 Rebellion
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Spanish Armada
3195:
3190:
3188:Tudor conquest
3185:
3180:
3178:Bruce campaign
3175:
3170:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3123:(1921âpresent)
3118:
3113:
3111:Irish Republic
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:800–1169
3061:Gaelic Ireland
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3005:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:Samoan Islands
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:United Kingdom
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2647:United Kingdom
2644:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2336:post-Columbian
2333:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2091:
2073:
2044:
2016:
1990:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1889:
1861:
1840:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1800:Norman Ireland
1797:
1795:Irish nobility
1792:
1787:
1786:(1185 to 1284)
1781:
1773:
1772:
1769:Ireland portal
1756:
1753:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1108:
1105:
1046:Main article:
1043:
1040:
978:
975:
945:
942:
919:Gunpowder Plot
907:
904:
858:excommunicated
812:Irish Catholic
800:Edmund Spenser
765:Main article:
762:
759:
697:
694:
587:
584:
582:
579:
556:Irish Catholic
550:Following the
545:Roman Catholic
520:
517:
405:Cambro-Normans
366:
365:
324:
322:
315:
309:
306:
290:Irish Catholic
274:Irish diaspora
270:Roman Catholic
239:Irish surnames
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4615:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4565:
4564:
4551:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Public houses
4529:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3787:
3786:Peace process
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3716:(upper house)
3714:
3710:
3708:
3706:(lower house)
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Republicanism
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Peace process
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:The Emergency
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Easter Rising
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Fenian Rising
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Early history
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2663:Great Britain
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2477:Indo-European
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:pre-Columbian
2329:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:Colm Lennon,
1965:
1959:, pp. 204â205
1958:
1955:Colm Lennon,
1952:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1146:"Strongbow",
1145:
1141:
1135:
1134:Lord of Meath
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Lords Dunsany
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
984:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
934:
932:
928:
922:
920:
915:
913:
903:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
839:
836:
831:
827:
825:
821:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
778:
773:
768:
758:
756:
753:
749:
745:
740:
735:
727:
722:
718:
716:
712:
711:Fynes Moryson
702:
693:
691:
687:
686:Gaelicisation
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:Norman French
620:
616:
612:
603:
597:
592:
578:
576:
572:
568:
567:English-Irish
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
512:
504:
497:
489:
478:
472:
466:
461:
458:Institute in
457:
453:
452:
436:
429:
423:
419:
417:
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
362:
359:
351:
341:
337:
331:
330:
325:This section
323:
314:
313:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
215:(de Burghs),
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:. During the
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4554:
4524: /
4515: /
4506: /
4484:Homelessness
4403:
4371:Road bowling
4366:Martial arts
4313:Ulster Scots
4292:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4194:Mythological
4141:
4101:
4074:Ulster Scots
4034: /
3973:
3901:Three-in-One
3712:
3703:DĂĄil Ăireann
3702:
3692:
3650:Constitution
3539: /
3510:Architecture
3492: /
3365:Other topics
3346:Celtic Tiger
3331:The Troubles
3229: /
3220: /
3166: /
3162: /
3063: /
3051:Protohistory
2770:Ritterschaft
2768:
2739:and Caucasus
2680:
2448:
2426:
2419:
2226:still exists
2170:
2157:
2148:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:. See CELT (
2056:
2053:Art Cosgrove
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1871:
1864:
1853:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1817:Scoto-Norman
1812:Italo-Norman
1805:
1804:
1776:
1744:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1181:UĂ DĂșnlainge
1179:sept of the
1164:
1158:
1156:
1130:Hugh de Lacy
1088:
1079:such as the
1073:Edmund Burke
1069:State Church
1066:
1051:
1001:
970:
947:
935:
923:
916:
909:
901:
847:
842:County Kerry
816:
803:
787:
785:
738:
734:Gaelic Irish
731:
715:English Pale
714:
707:
674:Irish poetry
670:legal system
655:
608:
564:
549:
524:
522:
498:
439:
428:TĂr ChĂłnaill
420:
415:
413:
402:
398:royal family
387:
383:Anglo-Norman
374:
373:In his book
372:
369:
354:
348:October 2018
345:
326:
308:Nomenclature
298:Ulster Scots
265:
261:
258:Tudor period
247:
224:
210:
136:Norman Irish
135:
131:
130:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4504:Place names
4381:Rugby union
4276:Anglo-Irish
4161:Instruments
4017:The Twelfth
3981:Set dancing
3781:LGBT rights
3687:LGBT rights
3617:Nationalism
3183:Black Death
2866:Australasia
2642:Switzerland
2538:Philippines
2494:Indonesia*
2139:Healy, John
2122:celt.ucc.ie
2104:celt.ucc.ie
2086:celt.ucc.ie
2065:Scandinavia
1707:Fionnghaill
1569:Prendergast
1396:FitzWilliam
1392:FitzStephen
1380:FitzRichard
1373:FitzHerbert
1367:FitzMaurice
1361:FitzEustace
1308:De Bromhead
1216:Blanchfield
1177:UĂ DĂșnchada
1169:Fitzpatrick
1089:Old English
948:First from
862:Pope Pius V
792:Elizabethan
788:New English
666:Fitzgeralds
547:religion.
525:Old English
511:Fianna FĂĄil
477:Ăireannaigh
465:Fionnghaill
443:Fionnghaill
416:Old English
266:Old English
254:New English
221:FitzGeralds
183:aristocracy
4577:Categories
4405:ClĂĄirseach
4308:Travellers
4166:Rock music
4149:Folk music
4084:Literature
3886:Soda bread
3769:Government
3696:parliament
3693:Oireachtas
3670:Government
3610:Ideologies
3241:Penal Laws
3132:since 1922
3046:Prehistory
2903:Micronesia
2808:Montenegro
2756:Azerbaijan
2274:Madagascar
2037:9 February
1823:References
1711:Dubhghaill
1388:FitzSimons
1364:FitzGibbon
1357:FitzGerald
1242:/de BĂșrca/
1192:Archdeacon
1185:Lyons Hill
1132:, the 1st
1058:Penal Laws
958:The Graces
944:The Graces
866:papal bull
814:identity.
796:Protestant
651:Fingallian
641:and south
533:Seanghaill
471:Dubhghaill
449:Dubhghaill
435:Seanghaill
262:Seanghaill
69:newspapers
4536:Squatting
4252:Fomorians
4181:Mythology
4051:Languages
4036:Halloween
4012:Bealtaine
3995:Festivals
3986:Stepdance
3891:Spice Bag
3876:Irish fry
3866:Colcannon
3841:Barmbrack
3764:Education
3722:President
3660:Education
3576:Transport
3551:Provinces
3473:Mountains
3448:Coastline
3420:Geography
3311:Civil War
3266:Tithe War
2921:Polynesia
2885:Melanesia
2874:Australia
2836:Ruthenian
2776:Lithuania
2488:Southeast
2215:by nation
2175:Macmillan
1749:Waterford
1702:Sasanaigh
1686:Whitworth
1630:Stapleton
1618:St. Leger
1525:Morrissey
1505:Mansfield
1376:FitzRalph
1370:FitzHenry
1287:Comerford
1270:Cantillon
1183:based at
1054:sectarian
954:Charles I
523:The term
503:Fine Gael
483:UĂ Bhroin
302:Huguenots
190:oligarchy
148:Old Irish
144:NormĂĄnach
4494:Monastic
4459:Calendar
4443:Shamrock
4438:Red Hand
4376:Rounders
4041:Wren Day
3975:Sean-nĂłs
3927:Guinness
3871:Drisheen
3747:Assembly
3729:Taxation
3632:Unionism
3599:Politics
3532:Counties
3276:Land War
3168:Clontarf
3164:Glenmama
3038:Timeline
2832:Ukraine
2722:Portugal
2706:Holy See
2667:Ireland
2658:Scotland
2543:Thailand
2532:Cambodia
2520:Malaysia
2508:Javanese
2498:Balinese
2444:Nobility
2412:Mongolia
2308:Americas
2257:Ethiopia
2251:Eswatini
2224:monarchy
2213:Nobility
2141:(1892).
1755:See also
1627:Shortall
1624:Seagrave
1610:Rossiter
1601:Rochford
1559:Plunkett
1522:Molyneux
1476:Malclerk
1452:Kenefick
1331:Devereux
1318:Delamare
1282:Costello
1244:de Burgo
1240:de Burgh
1083:and the
808:Jacobite
775:In 1569
696:The Pale
635:Limerick
631:Kilkenny
537:The Pale
250:Anglican
187:merchant
146: ;
99:May 2017
4593:Normans
4464:Castles
4391:Symbols
4361:Hurling
4346:Camogie
4245:Firbolg
4231:Immrama
4224:Echtrai
4154:session
4137:Ballads
4114:Theatre
4103:Gaeilge
4097:Fiction
4032:Samhain
3947:Whiskey
3821:Cuisine
3809:Culture
3759:Economy
3655:Economy
3463:Islands
3438:Climate
3431:Natural
3026:History
2986:Ireland
2940:Hawaiâi
2857:Oceania
2841:Galicia
2818:Romania
2803:Hungary
2798:Germany
2793:Georgia
2788:Bohemia
2783:Croatia
2761:Austria
2751:Armenia
2746:Albania
2676:Ireland
2653:England
2624:Kingdom
2620:France
2615:Belgium
2587:Iceland
2582:Finland
2576:Denmark
2549:Vietnam
2503:Chinese
2472:Princes
2450:Yangban
2416:Japan*
2386:Lebanon
2327:Mexico
2289:Morocco
2279:Somalia
2262:Nigeria
2244:Mamluks
2162:Birlinn
1665:Wadding
1653:Tyrrell
1649:Testard
1637:Synnott
1614:Russell
1587:Redmond
1582:Quilter
1577:Purcell
1573:Preston
1546:Peppard
1537:Nicolas
1534:Neville
1519:Miniter
1510:Bissett
1485:Marmion
1480:Mansell
1465:Lawless
1461:Lambert
1456:Lambart
1429:Hodnett
1414:Hackett
1384:FitzRoy
1352:Finglas
1343:Fanning
1322:Delaney
1312:de Lacy
1300:D'Alton
1291:Courcey
1277:Colbert
1219:Blewitt
1208:Bennett
1199:Barrett
1195:Aylward
1165:fils de
950:James I
877:Jesuits
643:Wexford
581:History
390:Desmond
334:Please
278:Dillons
217:Butlers
200:of the
164:England
83:scholar
4469:Cinema
4268:People
4217:Aos SĂ
4204:Ulster
4199:Fenian
4189:Cycles
4119:Triads
4109:Poetry
4092:Annals
4069:Shelta
4022:LĂșnasa
4002:Imbolc
3937:PoitĂn
3917:Coffee
3910:Drinks
3861:Coddle
3527:Cities
3478:Rivers
3468:Loughs
3153:Events
3011:topics
3003:topics
2989:topics
2828:Serbia
2823:Russia
2813:Poland
2681:Norman
2671:Gaelic
2629:Empire
2598:Sweden
2592:Norway
2562:Europe
2526:Brunei
2468:India
2440:Korea
2428:DaimyĆ
2391:Turkey
2359:Brazil
2322:Canada
2267:Rulers
2232:Africa
1988:(1965)
1887:
1683:Whitty
1674:Warren
1645:Talbot
1641:Taaffe
1633:Supple
1621:Savage
1552:Petitt
1549:Perrin
1540:Nugent
1531:Nangle
1495:Martin
1490:Marren
1468:Lovett
1443:Jordan
1438:Hussey
1423:Harpur
1420:Harris
1408:Goggin
1401:French
1336:Dillon
1314:/ Lacy
1304:D'Arcy
1296:Cusack
1267:Candon
1255:Curtis
1250:Butler
1236:Bourke
1225:Browne
1222:Bodkin
1077:gentry
881:Papacy
627:Dublin
219:, and
213:Burkes
180:feudal
156:Norman
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4499:Names
4452:Other
4416:Flags
4328:Sport
4281:Gaels
4209:Kings
4143:CĂ©ilĂ
4129:Music
4064:Irish
3961:Dance
3922:Cream
3856:Champ
3851:Boxty
3774:local
3675:local
3561:Towns
3546:Ports
3503:Human
3458:Fauna
2934:Tonga
2727:Spain
2717:Malta
2712:Italy
2699:South
2569:North
2513:Malay
2462:South
2434:Meiji
2407:China
2352:South
2315:North
2239:Egypt
2028:(PDF)
2009:9 May
1698:Gaill
1680:White
1677:Wolfe
1671:Walsh
1662:Tobin
1607:Rouen
1604:Roper
1597:Roach
1592:Tuite
1564:Power
1543:Payne
1528:Nagle
1500:Mason
1472:Lyons
1448:Joyce
1411:Grace
1405:Gault
1340:Fagan
1326:Deane
1263:Clare
1259:Cogan
1232:Burke
1228:Bruce
1212:Blake
1204:Barry
739:later
662:Gaill
658:Irish
529:Irish
243:Walsh
235:Gaels
229:" by
168:Wales
140:Irish
134:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
4318:Yola
3932:Mist
3896:Stew
3829:Food
3483:list
2893:Fiji
2608:West
2421:Kuge
2400:East
2379:West
2372:Asia
2343:Cuba
2051:See
2039:2024
2011:2023
1885:ISBN
1739:and
1731:, a
1700:and
1668:Wall
1658:Troy
1555:Pims
1433:Hore
1426:Hill
1417:Hand
1273:Codd
1234:and
1160:Fitz
1026:the
856:was
724:The
649:and
647:Yola
639:Cork
571:cess
446:and
185:and
174:and
166:and
152:Gall
62:news
3969:Jig
3942:Tea
3682:Law
1877:doi
1709:or
1515:Mee
1347:Fay
933:).
864:'s
860:by
208:.
45:by
4579::
2649:*
2147:.
2120:.
2102:.
2084:.
2030:.
2002:.
1984:,
1883:.
1852:.
1751:.
1038:.
826:.
757:.
660::
637:,
633:,
577:.
562:.
531::
490:.
400:.
304:.
241:,
150::
142::
2978:e
2971:t
2964:v
2936:*
2876:*
2729:*
2708:*
2638:*
2617:*
2600:*
2594:*
2578:*
2545:*
2534:*
2528:*
2522:*
2324:*
2291:*
2253:*
2205:e
2198:t
2191:v
2177:.
2164:.
2124:.
2106:.
2088:.
2041:.
2013:.
1893:.
1879::
1858:.
1246:)
844:.
527:(
361:)
355:(
350:)
346:(
342:.
264:(
252:"
138:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
