400:, the current USN submarine torpedo. The Mark 48 is a very fast, deep-diving, acoustic-homing torpedo with a high performance guidance system. The Mark 48 is 530 mm (21 in) in diameter, has a length of just over 5.8 m (19 ft), and carries a warhead of approximately 290 kg (650 lb) of high explosives. The weapon is estimated to have a speed of 102 km/h (55 kn) and a range of 32,000 m (35,000 yd). A guidance wire spools out simultaneously from the submarine and the torpedo, enabling the submarine to control the "fish" using the larger and more powerful passive sonar of the submarine. The torpedo's gyro places it on an initial bearing to the target. The wire only comes into play if the target's position and movement suggest a change is needed to correct the torpedo's gyro course. In such case, the fire control technician makes the alteration through the wire. The wire is then cut and the torpedo's active homing sonar seeks out the target. Subsequent advances to the Mark 48 include the Mark 48 Mod 3, with advances to the homing system, using TELECOM, which provides two-way data transmissions between the submarine and the torpedo, enabling the torpedo to transmit acoustic data back to the submarine. Over 5,000 Mark 48 torpedoes have been produced.
388:
sent along the wire; there was no contact or influence exploder in the torpedo. Target guidance signals, informed by a gyro and depth gear, could also be sent via the wire connection, as the torpedo had no onboard homing ability. It was 480 mm (19 in) in diameter, and was launched silently from a standard 530 mm (21 in) tube by allowing it to swim out. It was 580 cm (227 in) and weighed 1,000 to 1,100 kg (2,300 to 2,400 lb). There were 2 mods of the Mark 45. The first one, mod 0, was the original nuclear armed version. Mod 1 was a conventionally armed version, refitted from retired mod 0 versions and offered for sale to allied navies as the Mk45 Mod 1 Freedom torpedo. The nuclear warhead offered a large explosion that could destroy high speed, deep diving submarines. Powered by a seawater battery and a 160 ehp electric motor, it could reach 74 km/h (40 kn) and had a maximum range of 14,000 m (15,000 yd). Approximately 600 Mark 45 torpedoes were built from 1963 to 1976.
330:, are new boats laid down in 2012 and 2014 respectively. Status 6 appears to be a deterrent weapon of last resort. It appears to be a torpedo-shaped robotic mini-submarine, that can travel at speeds of 190 km/h (100 kn). More recent information suggests a top speed of 104 km/h (56 kn), with a range of 10,000 km (6,200 mi) and a depth maximum of 1,000 m (3,300 ft). This underwater drone is cloaked by stealth technology to elude acoustic tracking devices. However many commentators doubt that this is a real project, and see it as more likely to be a staged leak to intimidate the US. Amongst other comments on it, Edward Moore Geist wrote a paper in which he says that "Russian decision makers would have little confidence that these areas would be in the intended locations" and Russian military experts are cited as saying that "Robotic torpedo shown could have other purposes, such as delivering deep-sea equipment or installing surveillance devices".
68:
with the traditional caliber torpedo already used in Soviet diesel-powered submarines. The T-15 project began in strict secrecy in 1951. Research and testing was contemporaneous with the other concept, the much smaller and lighter 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo referred to as the T-5. Stalin and the armed forces saw benefits to both calibers of torpedo: the T-5 was a superior tactical option, but the T-15 had a larger blast. Meetings at the
Kremlin were so highly classified that the Navy was not informed. The plans for the T-15 torpedo and for an appropriately redesigned submarine, named project 627, were authorized on September 12, 1952, but were not officially approved until 1953, surprising the Navy, which had been unaware of the central government activity. The T-15 project developed a torpedo that could travel 16 miles (26 km) with a
86:
conclusions to the
Central Council of the Communist Party, where it was determined that the project would be managed by the Navy. In 1954, a committee of naval experts disagreed with continuing the T-15 nuclear torpedoes. Their criticisms centered on a lack of need when considered along with existing weapons in the submarine fleet, as well as skepticism that submarines would be able to approach launch points close enough to the coastline to hit targets within 40 km (25 mi).
380:. The Mark 45 replaced the Mark 44 torpedo, which was appreciably smaller, weighing about 193 kg (425 lb) and 250 cm (100 in) in length. The Mark 44 range was around 5,500 m (6,000 yd) and it could reach speeds of 56 km/h (30 kn). The initial design was undertaken in 1959 or 1960 by the Applied Research Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., and the Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Md. The torpedo entered service in 1963.
360:, proposed an air-launched uranium-type nuclear warhead torpedo. This concept never advanced. It was not until the late 1950s, when deep-diving, fast Soviet nuclear submarines appeared, that heavier weaponry was needed. In 1960, the United States revealed its development of nuclear warheads that could be dropped from the delta-winged
544:, the U.S. was unaware that the U.S.S.R. possessed nuclear-armed-torpedoes. Before the crisis, the U.S. had been stalking and documenting most Soviet submarines. During the crisis, the U.S. imposed a blockade to eradicate all Soviet presence in the Caribbean Sea. A dangerous incident may have occurred on
147:
powerful enough to crack the hull of a submerged submarine. However, like the U.S. Mark 45 torpedo, the T-5 was not optimized for deep diving and had limited guidance capability. As its thermal operational range was between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F), this decreased its effectiveness in the
94:
revisited the idea after the successful testing of his new 52 megaton bomb, which was too large for aircraft. When he introduced the concept to the navy they did not welcome the idea, being turned off by the wide area effect which would kill so many innocent people. Technological advances led to
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low-yield tactical nuclear warhead, whose extensive blast radius would destroy an enemy boat by a proximity detonation, rather than precision delivery. To ensure full control was maintained over the nuclear weapon, a wire control carried out the detonation. The warhead was detonated only by a signal
72:
warhead. The 1550 mm T-15 design was 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter and weighed 36,000 kg (40 short tons). The large size of the weapon limited the capacity of a modified submarine to a single torpedo that could only travel at a speed of 56 km/h (30 kn). The torpedo speed was
63:
The Soviet Union's development of nuclear weapons began in the late 1940s. The Navy had put itself forward as the most suitable branch of the Soviet armed forces to deliver a nuclear strike, believing its submarine technology and tactics to be superior to the rest of the world. In theory, long-range
85:
waves. The front compartment of the T-15 submarines held the massive torpedo, which occupied 22% of the length of the submarine. A submarine could only hold one T-15 at a time, but it was also equipped with two 533-mm torpedo tubes intended for self-defense. In 1953, the T-15 project presented its
130:
detonated with a yield of 4.8 kilotons 20 m (66 ft) under the surface of the bay, sending a huge plume of highly radioactive water high into the air. Three decommissioned submarines were used as targets at a distance of 10.5 km (6.5 mi). Both S-20 and S-34 sank while S-19
67:
In the early 1950s, the Soviet
Ministry of Medium Machine Building secretly initiated plans for incorporating nuclear warheads into submarine warfare. One concept, the T-15 project, aimed to provide a nuclear warhead with a diameter of 1,550 mm (61 in), which was completely incompatible
117:
From the early 1950s, when the
Soviets succeeded in engineering atomic bombs of their own, an effective means of delivery was sought. The T-5 torpedo carried an RDS-9 nuclear warhead with a yield of 5 kilotons. The first test of this warhead on the Semipalatinsk nuclear proving ground in
89:
Project 627 was modified to provide reactors for a new vessel that would be capable of deploying 533 mm caliber torpedoes in the T-5 project. However, the termination of the T-15 program in 1954 was not the last time a large torpedo would be considered as means of deployment. In 1961,
134:
In 1958, the T-5 became fully operational as the Type 53-58 torpedo. The weapon, which could be deployed on most Soviet submarines, had an interchangeable warhead for either nuclear or high explosive. This permitted quick tactical decisions on deployment. The T-5, like the
559:. Captain Valentin Savitsky, unable to establish communications with Moscow, with a crew suffering from heat and high levels of carbon dioxide, ordered the T5 nuclear torpedo to be assembled for firing. The Deputy Brigade Commander Second Captain
27:
armed with a nuclear warhead. The idea behind the nuclear warheads in a torpedo was to create a much bigger explosive blast. Later analysis suggested that smaller, more accurate, and faster torpedoes were more efficient and effective.
563:
calmed
Savitsky down and they made the decision to surface the submarine. This narrative is controversial, as other submarine commanders have found it improbable that Savitsky would have given such an order.
403:
The decommissioned Mark 45 torpedoes were refashioned, replacing the nuclear warheads with conventional warheads. These "Freedom" torpedoes were offered for foreign sale without much success.
64:
submarines that can surface just prior to launching a nuclear weapon offer a large tactical advantage in comparison to deploying weapons by long range bomber planes that can be shot down.
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201:, who by happenstance was using the boat as his command vessel, refused to endorse the command. After an argument, it was agreed that the submarine would surface and await orders from
227:
The ASB-30 was a nuclear warhead, deployed by the Soviet Navy in 1962, which could replace high-explosive warheads on 533 mm (21-inch) torpedoes while the submarine was at sea.
1086:
1239:
Friedman N. U.S. Naval
Weapons: Every Gun, Missile, Mine, and Torpedo Used by the U.S. Navy from 1883 to the Present Day. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1982.
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The size and weight of the Mark 45's nuclear warhead greatly interfered with the speed the torpedo could reach. From 1972 to 1976, the Mark 45 was replaced by the
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95:
the weapon selection process favoring more tactical approaches that were amenable to quicker execution. After years of decline and reduction of stockpiles the
906:
551:, although some doubts have been raised. Vadim Orlov, who was a communications intelligence officer, stated that on 27 October, U.S. destroyers lobbed
1227:
A Brief
History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development - Part 2." A Brief History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development - Part 2. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2016.
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619:
Branfill-Cook R. Torpedo: The
Complete History of the World's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon. Publisher: Naval Institute Press (August 15, 2014)
1068:
990:
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672:
Polmar N, Moore KJ. (2004). Cold War submarines: The design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books.
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was armed with a T-5. The Soviet captain was not aware of this recent US to Soviet submarine signal instruction and believing that
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527:
383:
The Mark 45 was a submarine-launched, antisubmarine, antisurface ship torpedo with wire guidance capabilities. The warhead was a
356:
U.S. interest in a nuclear torpedo can be traced to 1943, when
Captain William S. Parsons, head of the ordnance division of the
753:
Volpi AD, Minkov VE, Simonenko VA, Stanford GS. (2004). Nuclear shadowboxing: Cold War Redux. Kalamazoo, MI: Fidlar
Doubleday.
681:
Podvig PL, Bukharin O. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Chapter 5: Naval Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2001.
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that it was made known that the submarine was armed with a T-5. A fictional Soviet nuclear torpedo was deployed in the 1965
273:
263:
47:
35:, nuclear torpedoes replaced some conventionally armed torpedoes on submarines of both the Soviet and American navies.
38:
The USSR developed the T15, the T5 and the ASB-30. The only nuclear warhead torpedo used by the United States was the
823:
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593:
242:
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The T-15 was intended to destroy naval bases and coastal towns by an underwater explosion that resulted in massive
711:
Pike J. "Weapons of Mass Destruction" T-15 Nuclear Torpedo. Global Security, 14 Feb. 2016. Web. 5 Apr. 2016. <
206:
866:
1018:
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198:
693:"Russian Nuclear Torpedoes T-15 and T-5." Survincity. Encyclopedia of Safety, 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 7 Apr. 2016.
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up to 500 m (1,600 ft) tall that will radioactively contaminate a wide area on an enemy coasts with
1172:
112:
646:"USA Torpedoes since World War II." USA Torpedoes since World War II. N.p., 28 Dec. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2016.
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in recent years seems to tend to lean toward an increase of its stockpile in terms of quantity and yield of
1260:
Owen D. Anti-Submarine Warfare: An Illustrated History. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007. 201.
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Monroe-Jones E, Roderick SS. Submarine Torpedo Tactics: An American History. Jefferson: McFarland, 2014.
694:
1357:
1051:
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Oliphant R. Secret Russian radioactive doomsday torpedo leaked on television. Telegraph. 13 Nov 2015
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1209:. New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in Association with Rosen Educational Services, 2012. p 141.
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Steven Pifer S. Russia's perhaps-not-real super torpedo. Brookings Institution. November 18, 2015
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Kazakhstan on 10 October 1954 was unsuccessful. A year later, after further development, a test on
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Arkhipov V. (n/a, September 29). The Man Who Saved The World. Retrieved April 10, 2016, from
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Moore Geist Edward (2016). "Would Russia's undersea "doomsday drone" carry a cobalt bomb?".
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in 1963. In 2015, there were rumors that Russia was developing a new nuclear torpedo, the
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on 21 September 1955 succeeded. On 10 October 1957, in another test on Novaya Zemlya, the
42:. The Soviet Union widely deployed T5 nuclear torpedoes in 1958 and the U.S. deployed its
8:
729:"Trump questions the US's nuclear arsenal: Here's how the US's nukes compare to Russia's"
364:, the first operational supersonic bomber, over target points detected by sonar systems.
178:. When the Soviet vessel failed to surface after broadcast communications, the destroyer
1124:
1040:
Russian Mystery Submarine Likely Deployment Vehicle for New Nuclear Torpedo. USNI News.
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1277:"National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 75: The Submarines of October"
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was under way wished to launch the nuclear weapon. However, his flotilla commander,
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In 2015, information emerged that Russia may be developing a new up to 100
1193:"Russia's Status-6: The Ultimate Nuclear Weapon or an Old Idea That Won't Die?"
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269:
171:
149:
100:
1173:"Russia has underwater nuclear drones, newly leaked Pentagon documents reveal"
945:
Why A Russian Super-Radioactive Atomic Torpedo Isn't The News You Think It Is
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hindered by the usage of an electric propelled motor to launch the warhead.
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Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2016, from
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S-144 launched a live T-5 nuclear torpedo. The test weapon, code named
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175:
840:"The Bedford Incident | review, synopsis, book tickets, showtimes ."
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911:
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210:
32:
1098:"Pentagon Confirms Russia's Thermonuclear Submarine Bomb is Real"
301:
246:
82:
24:
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202:
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280:" by Pentagon officials. This weapon is designed to create a
1306:"Thank you Vasili Arkhipov, the man who stopped nuclear war"
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309:
305:
1275:
William Burr; Thomas S. Blanton, eds. (October 31, 2002).
815:
Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
1155:"Russia reveals giant nuclear torpedo in state TV 'leak'"
961:"Russia reveals giant nuclear torpedo in state TV 'leak'"
764:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/t-15.html
1052:
What Is The Purpose Of Russia's Deadly Status-6 Torpedo
980:"The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military"
713:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/t-15.htm
376:, also known as ASTOR, was a United States Navy (USN)
312:. Two potential carrier submarines, the Project 09852
804:
802:
1247:
1245:
907:"'Secret' Russian nuclear torpedo blueprint leaked"
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613:
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789:"Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Submarines Attack?"
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1019:"Revealed: Russia's Top Secret Nuclear Torpedo"
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776:http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=News
139:, was not designed to make direct hits but to
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159:On 27 October 1962, at the height of the
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141:maximize a blast kill zone in the water
113:Soviet atomic bomb project § RDS-9
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867:"Bedford Incident, The Review (1965)"
735:from the original on 4 September 2017
337:confirmed the existence of Status-6.
252:
928:"Status-6 Ocean Multipurpose System"
818:. New York: Henry Holt. p. 74.
787:Stricker, Brent (January 12, 2023).
274:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
264:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
950:
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245:is allegedly able to carry nuclear
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1113:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
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594:List of supercavitating torpedoes
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143:. The detonation would create
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1133:10.1080/00963402.2016.1195199
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205:. It was not until after the
189:as a warning to surface. The
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7:
842:timeout.com. Archived from
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272:thermonuclear torpedo, the
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10:
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131:received critical damage.
110:
1281:National Security Archive
1207:War At Sea and in the Air
599:List of torpedoes by name
222:
869:. thespinningimage.co.uk
321:, and the Project 09851
292:defense systems such as
207:fall of the Soviet Union
294:anti-ballistic missiles
187:signaling depth charges
124:Whiskey class submarine
58:
978:TrakimaviÄŤius, Lukas.
893:www.globalsecurity.org
553:practice depth charges
304:that might disable an
288:, and to be immune to
106:
323:Yasen-class submarine
314:Oscar-class submarine
1304:(October 27, 2012).
1161:. November 12, 2015.
1017:Gady, Franz-Stefan.
967:. November 12, 2015.
731:. 23 December 2016.
579:Underwater explosion
542:Cuban Missile Crisis
536:Cuban Missile Crisis
362:Convair B-58 Hustler
216:The Bedford Incident
161:Cuban Missile Crisis
1125:2016BuAtS..72d.238G
915:. 12 November 2015.
540:At the time of the
170:was pursued in the
1195:. 20 January 2018.
1181:. 14 January 2018.
1100:. 8 December 2016.
699:2021-05-12 at the
584:Nuclear depth bomb
492:800 lb HBX-3
475:800 lb HBX-3
253:Russian Federation
137:US Mark 45 torpedo
97:Russian Federation
1358:Soviet inventions
546:Soviet submarine
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517:anti-ship missile
358:Manhattan Project
165:Soviet submarine
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989:. Archived from
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333:In January 2018
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889:"VA-111 Shkval"
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865:Clark, Graeme.
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846:on 2 March 2014
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199:Vasili Arkhipov
185:began dropping
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101:nuclear weapons
92:Andrei Sakharov
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77:Discontinuation
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44:Mark 45 torpedo
40:Mark 45 torpedo
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1119:(4): 238–242.
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480:Mk 48 ADCAP
392:Replacement
145:shock waves
31:During the
1332:Categories
1205:Curley R.
1000:2021-10-15
605:References
520:75 nm
503:30 nm
327:Khabarovsk
1353:Torpedoes
1141:147795467
514:UGM 84a/c
352:Rationale
286:cobalt-60
176:U.S. Navy
1348:Cold War
1317:June 19,
1286:June 19,
1178:Newsweek
1159:BBC News
965:BBC News
912:Fox News
812:(2004).
733:Archived
697:Archived
568:See also
421:Warhead
318:Belgorod
302:railguns
258:Status-6
247:warheads
211:Cold War
48:Status-6
33:Cold War
1121:Bibcode
489:various
483:torpedo
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368:Mark 45
243:torpedo
174:by the
128:Korall,
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409:Weapon
278:Kanyon
223:ASB-30
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163:, the
154:Arctic
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994:(PDF)
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715:>.
528:WDU18
463:Mk 48
446:Mk 45
440:HBX-3
426:Mk 37
308:or a
213:film
182:Beale
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557:B-59
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310:SLBM
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180:USS
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385:W34
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