406:) started to drift away from Africa and South America. The Pacific Plate grew, and subduction led to a shrinking of its bordering plates. The Pacific Plate continues to move northward. Around 130 million years ago the South Atlantic started to form, as South America and Africa started to separate. At around this time India and Madagascar rifted northwards, away from Australia and Antarctica, creating seafloor around Western Australia and East Antarctica. When Madagascar and India separated between 90 and 80 million years ago, the spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean were reorganized. The northernmost part of the Atlantic Ocean was also formed at this time when Europe and Greenland separated. About 60 million years ago a new rift and oceanic ridge formed between Greenland and Europe, separating them and initiating the formation of oceanic crust in the Norwegian Sea and the Eurasian Basin in the eastern Arctic Ocean.
196:
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221:. With this approach the five main ocean basins are still the North and South Atlantic, North and South Pacific and the Arctic Ocean, but with different boundaries between the basins. These boundaries show the lines of very little surface connectivity between the different regions which means that a particle on the ocean surface in a certain region is more likely to stay in the same region than to pass over to a different one.
286:
1203:
2112:
462:
and crustal extensions: to compensate the extension of continents due to continental rifting, oceanic crust decreases and therefore so does the volume of the ocean basin. However, the increase in continental area leads to a stretching and thinning of the continental crust, much of which ends up below
203:
The flow in the ocean is not uniform but varies with depth. Vertical circulation in the ocean is very slow compared to horizonal flow and observing the deep ocean is difficult. Defining the ocean basins based on connectivity of the entire ocean (depth and width) is therefore not possible. Froyland et
439:
Changes in biodiversity, floodings and other climate variations are linked to sea-level, and are reconstructed with different models and observations (e.g., age of oceanic crust). Sea level is affected not only by the volume of the ocean basin, but also by the volume of water in them. Factors that
419:
The area occupied by the individual ocean basins has fluctuated in the past due to, amongst other, tectonic plate movements. Therefore, an oceanic basin can be actively changing size and/or depth or can be relatively inactive. The elements of an active and growing oceanic basin include an elevated
386:
208:
model of the surface ocean dynamics using short term time trajectory data from a global ocean model. These trajectories are of particles that move only on the surface of the ocean. The model outcome gives the probability of a particle at a certain grid point to end up somewhere else on the ocean's
377:
The oldest oceanic crust is in the far western equatorial
Pacific, east of the Mariana Islands. It is located far away from oceanic spreading centers, where oceanic crust is constantly created or destroyed. The oldest crust is estimated to be only around 200 million years old, compared to the
444:
Plate tectonics and the volume of mid-ocean ridges: the depth of the seafloor increases with distance to a ridge, as the oceanic lithosphere cools and thickens. The volume of ocean basins can be modeled using reconstructions of plate tectonics and using an age-depth relationship (see also
94:, published by the International Hydrographic Office in 1953, is a document that defined the ocean's basins as they are largely known today. The main ocean basins are the ones named in the previous section. These main basins are divided into smaller parts. Some examples are: the
398:, which started to split up. During the splitting process of Pangea, some ocean basins shrunk, such as the Pacific, while others were created, such as the Atlantic and Arctic basins. The Atlantic Basin began to form around 180 million years ago, when the continent
122:, and many more. The limits were set for convenience of compiling sailing directions but had no geographical or physical ground and to this day have no political significance. For instance, the line between the North and South Atlantic is set at the
130:
had been omitted until 2000, but is now also recognized by the
International Hydrographic Office. Nevertheless, and since ocean basins are interconnected, many oceanographers prefer to refer to one single ocean basin instead of multiple ones.
471:
is shrinking. The
Pacific Ocean is also an active, shrinking oceanic basin, even though it has both spreading ridge and oceanic trenches. Perhaps the best example of an inactive oceanic basin is the Gulf of Mexico, which formed in
70:(20 million km/ 7 million mi). All ocean basins collectively cover 71% of the Earth's surface, and together they contain almost 97% of all water on the planet. They have an average depth of almost 4 km (about 2.5 miles).
337:: also called transform fault, occurs when the movement between the plates is horizontal, so no crust is created or destroyed. It can happen both, on land and in the sea, but most of the faults are in the oceanic crust.
389:
This plot shows the age of the oceanic crust. Blue indicates younger crust, red older crust. The dark blue "lines" are regions where continental shelves meet. Data from Heine, C., Yeo, L. G., & MĂĽller, R. D.
703:
217:
are taken. These
Eigenvectors show regions of attraction, aka regions where things on the surface of the ocean (plastic, biomass, water etc.) become trapped. One of these regions is for example the
361:
The Earth's longest trench runs alongside the coast of Peru and Chile, reaching a depth of 8065 m (26460 feet) and extending for approximately 5900 km (3700 miles). It occurs where the oceanic
278:
Tectonic plates move very slowly (5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) per year) relative to each other and interact along their boundaries. This movement is responsible for most of the Earth's
199:
These are the ocean basins defined by
Froyland et al. (2014), based on surface connectivity. The black dashed lines indicate the basins as defined in "Limits of Oceans and Seas".
513:
325:. The most active divergent boundaries lie under the sea. In the ocean, if magma or molten rock ascent from the mantle and fill the gap created by two diverging plates, a
82:
This figure shows the main ocean basins as they are defined in "Limits of Oceans and Seas". The boundaries are based on geography of continents and the equator.
787:
Huerta, Audrey D. and Harry, Dennis L. (2012) "Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North
American Gulf of Mexico continental margin"
187:
plains, than as sedimentary depositories, since most sedimentation occurs on the continental shelves and not in the geologically defined ocean basins.
1842:
564:
International
Hydrographic Organization (IHO), (1953): Limits of Oceans and Seas, International Hydrographic Organization., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA,
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891:
147:
so derived ending up in the ocean basins. This vision is supported by the fact that oceans lie lower than continents, so the former serve as
266:
is composed of the crust (oceanic and continental) and the uppermost part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into sections called
262:. The former is thinner and is composed of relatively dense basalt, while the latter is less dense and mainly composed of granite. The
454:
Marine sedimentations: these influence global mean depth and volume of the ocean, but they are difficult to determine and reconstruct.
803:
Verzhbitsky, E. V.; M. V. Kononov; V. D. Kotelkin (5 February 2007). "Plate
Tectonics of the Northern Part of the Pacific Ocean".
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808:
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Sea-level fluctuations driven by changes in global ocean basin volume following supercontinent break-up. Earth-Science
Reviews
234:
Depending on the chemical composition and the physical state, the Earth can be divided into three major components: the
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884:
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Froyland, G., Stuart, R., van
Sebille, E., 2014. How well-connected is the surface of the global ocean? Chaos 24, 033126.
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305:. It can also take place between an oceanic and a continental crust, forming a mountain range in the continent like the
1990:
1417:
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309:, and it can take place between a continental and continental crust, resulting in large mountain chains, like the
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and volcanic activity. Depending on how the plates interact with each other, there are three types of boundaries.
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321:: the plates move apart from each other. If this occurs on land a rift is formed, which eventually becomes a
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sediments, as well as precipitation sediments. Ocean basins also serve as repositories for the skeletons of
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297:: the plates collide, and eventually the denser one slides underneath the lighter one, a process known as
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The Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean are good examples of active, growing oceanic basins, whereas the
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301:. This type of interaction can take place between an oceanic and an oceanic crust, creating a so-called
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2015:
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in the West Pacific. Its deepest point is 10994 m (nearly 7 miles) below the surface of the sea.
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Older references (e.g., Littlehales 1930) consider the oceanic basins to be the complement to the
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710:. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
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246:. The crust is referred to as the outside layer of the Earth. It is made of solid rock, mostly
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al. (2014) defined ocean basins based on surface connectivity. This is achieved by creating a
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Most commonly the ocean is divided into basins following the continents distribution: the
8:
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1947:
1942:
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1300:
1016:
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Nicky M. Wright, Maria Seton, Simon E. Williams, Joanne M. Whittaker, R. Dietmar MĂĽller,
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2005:
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Sedimentary geology: sedimentary basins, depositional environments, petroleum formation
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American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pages 102–103, ISBN 978-0-87590-414-6
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523:
488:, is still tectonically active although recent changes have been relatively mild.
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40:
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is another example of a relatively inactive oceanic basin. The Japan Basin in the
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which extends for about 2500 km (1600 miles) across the seabed. It is near the
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Movements of tectonic plates and the formation of oceanic ridges and trenches.
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843:(Second ed.). Oxford, England: Open University, Butterworth-Heinemann.
704:"Scientists map Mariana Trench, deepest known section of ocean in the world"
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times and has been doing nothing but collecting sediments since then. The
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200 million years ago nearly all land mass was one large continent called
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183:. More modern sources (e.g., Floyd 1991) regard the ocean basins more as
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and is associated with the upthrust and volcanic activity of the Andes.
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Evaluating global paleoshoreline models for the Cretaceous and Cenozoic
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sea level, thus again leading to an increase in ocean basin volume.
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126:. The Antarctic or Southern Ocean, which reaches from 60° south to
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755:. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, (ahead-of-print), 1-13.,
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726:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 September 2013
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Continent-Ocean Interactions Within East Asian Marginal Seas
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that collect sediment eroded from the continents, known as
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The configuration of the oceanic basins Graficas Reunidas
224:
66:(14 million km/ 5.4 million mi). Also recognized is the
58:(together approximately 155 million km/ 59 million mi),
54:(together approximately 75 million km/ 29 million mi),
254:. The crust that lies below sea level is known as the
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8(2): pp. 374–385, first published on March 6, 2012,
735:
Luyendyk, B. Peter (2016, September 2). Ocean basin.
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414:
751:Heine, C., Yeo, L. G., & MĂĽller, R. D. (2015).
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621:Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, ISBN 978-0-216-92697-4
566:https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/29772/1/IHO1953a.pdf
1843:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
86:
2140:
807:. 47 (5): 705–717. Bibcode:2007Ocgy...47..705V.
777:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103293.
1833:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
840:The Ocean Basins: Their Structure and Evolution
809:doi:10.1134/S000143700705013X. S2CID 140689505.
681:"plate tectonics - Earth's layers | Britannica"
634:Editions Technip, Paris, ISBN 978-2-7108-0802-2
273:
837:Wright, John; et al. (January 26, 1998).
741:https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean-basin
440:influence the volume of the ocean basins are:
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805:Oceanology (In Translation from Okeanologiya)
775:, Volume 208, 2020, 103293, ISSN 0012-8252,
73:
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31:) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by
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514:List of abyssal plains and oceanic basins
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284:
194:
191:Definition based on surface connectivity
77:
578:"Do You Know the World's Newest Ocean?"
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1164:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
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225:Formation of oceanic crusts and basins
873:
39:, most of the ocean basins are large
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642:
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560:
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258:, while on land it is known as the
62:(68 million km/ 26 million mi) and
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1991:National Oceanographic Data Center
1418:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1306:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
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346:The Earth's deepest trench is the
209:surface. With the model outcome a
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1838:Global Sea Level Observing System
858:
637:
555:
549:"How much water is in the ocean?"
415:State of the current ocean basins
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1296:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
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373:History and age of oceanic crust
2026:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1749:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
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143:dominating the latter, and the
98:(with three subdivisions), the
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213:can be created from which the
87:Boundaries based on continents
1:
2159:Coastal and oceanic landforms
865:Global Solid Earth Topography
761:10.1080/08120099.2015.1018321
382:which is 4.6 billion years.
365:slides under the continental
1286:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1256:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1012:Luke's variational principle
274:Processes of tectonic plates
215:Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues
16:Geologic basin under the sea
7:
2169:Oceanographical terminology
661:Understanding Global Change
630:Biju-Duval, Bernard (2002)
491:
92:"Limits of Oceans and Seas"
10:
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1351:Ocean dynamical thermostat
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600:Littlehales, G. W. (1930)
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1886:Ocean acoustic tomography
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1291:General circulation model
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927:Benjamin–Feir instability
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519:List of oceanic landforms
74:Definitions of boundaries
2016:Ocean surface topography
1391:Thermohaline circulation
1381:Subsurface ocean current
1321:Hydrothermal circulation
1154:Wave–current interaction
932:Boussinesq approximation
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52:North and South Atlantic
2053:Sea surface temperature
2036:Outline of oceanography
1231:Atmospheric circulation
1169:shallow water equations
1159:Waves and shallow water
1052:Significant wave height
819:Clift, Peter D. (2004)
737:Encyclopædia Britannica
724:Encyclopedia Britannica
410:Changes in ocean basins
56:North and South Pacific
2048:Sea surface microlayer
1413:Wind generated current
793:doi:10.1130/GES00725.1
391:
290:
219:Atlantic garbage patch
200:
83:
2149:Physical oceanography
1881:Deep scattering layer
1863:World Geodetic System
1371:Princeton Ocean Model
1251:Coriolis–Stokes force
901:Physical oceanography
447:Seafloor depth vs age
388:
288:
198:
81:
1901:Underwater acoustics
1461:Perigean spring tide
1326:Langmuir circulation
1037:Rossby-gravity waves
617:Floyd, P. A. (1991)
484:which formed in the
367:South American Plate
2063:Science On a Sphere
1669:Convergent boundary
1341:Modular Ocean Model
1301:Geostrophic current
1017:Mild-slope equation
720:"Peru-Chile Trench"
402:(North America and
295:Convergent boundary
1719:Seafloor spreading
1709:Outer trench swell
1674:Divergent boundary
1574:Continental margin
1559:Carbonate platform
1456:Lunitidal interval
685:www.britannica.com
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335:Transform boundary
319:Divergent boundary
291:
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149:sedimentary basins
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2128:Oceans portal
2088:World Ocean Atlas
2078:Underwater glider
2021:Ocean temperature
1684:Hydrothermal vent
1649:Submarine volcano
1584:Continental shelf
1564:Coastal geography
1554:Bathymetric chart
1436:Amphidromic point
1124:Wave nonlinearity
982:Infragravity wave
850:978-0-08-053793-1
657:"Plate Tectonics"
604:, Madrid, Spain,
469:Mediterranean Sea
260:continental crust
230:Earth's structure
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2043:Pelagic sediment
1981:Marine pollution
1775:Deep ocean water
1644:Submarine canyon
1579:Continental rise
1471:Rule of twelfths
1386:Sverdrup balance
1316:Humboldt Current
1241:Boundary current
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967:Equatorial waves
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1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:Ocean dynamics
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:Coriolis force
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:Stokes problem
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Kinematic wave
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
911:
905:
904:
897:
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889:
882:
874:
868:
867:
860:
859:External links
857:
856:
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696:
672:
648:
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623:
610:
593:
569:
554:
539:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
493:
490:
478:Aleutian Basin
465:
464:
456:
455:
451:
450:
434:oceanic trench
430:abyssal plains
416:
413:
411:
408:
374:
371:
348:Mariana Trench
343:
340:
339:
338:
331:
330:
315:
314:
303:oceanic trench
275:
272:
231:
228:
226:
223:
192:
189:
116:Gulf of Mexico
88:
85:
75:
72:
68:Southern Ocean
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2181:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
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2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
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2079:
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2037:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Marine energy
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Acidification
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:SOFAR channel
1894:
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1707:
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1704:Oceanic crust
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Fracture zone
1677:
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1667:
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1664:
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1656:
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1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
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1614:Oceanic basin
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Abyssal plain
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Internal tide
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Ocean current
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1204:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Wave shoaling
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Ursell number
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:Internal wave
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
937:Breaking wave
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
872:
866:
863:
862:
852:
846:
842:
841:
835:
834:
822:
816:
810:
806:
800:
794:
790:
784:
778:
774:
768:
762:
758:
754:
748:
742:
738:
732:
725:
721:
716:
709:
708:The Telegraph
705:
700:
686:
682:
676:
662:
658:
652:
643:
641:
633:
627:
620:
614:
607:
603:
597:
583:
579:
573:
567:
561:
559:
550:
544:
540:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
506:Oceans portal
501:
496:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
448:
443:
442:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:abyssal hills
423:
407:
405:
401:
397:
387:
383:
381:
370:
368:
364:
359:
357:
354:, a volcanic
353:
349:
336:
333:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
292:
287:
283:
281:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:oceanic crust
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
197:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Norwegian Sea
105:
104:Greenland Sea
101:
97:
93:
80:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:oceanic basin
22:
2083:Water column
2031:Oceanography
2006:Observations
2001:Explorations
1971:Marginal sea
1964:
1922:OSTM/Jason-2
1754:Volcanic arc
1729:Slab suction
1613:
1446:Head of tide
1336:Loop Current
1276:Ekman spiral
1062:Stokes drift
972:Gravity wave
947:Cnoidal wave
839:
820:
815:
804:
799:
788:
783:
772:
767:
752:
747:
736:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
688:. Retrieved
684:
675:
664:. Retrieved
660:
651:
631:
626:
618:
613:
601:
596:
585:. Retrieved
581:
572:
543:
482:Sea of Japan
466:
438:
418:
393:
380:age of Earth
376:
360:
345:
277:
233:
206:Markov Chain
202:
181:foraminifera
177:radiolarians
133:
91:
90:
64:Arctic Ocean
60:Indian Ocean
49:
37:Geologically
28:
24:
18:
2073:Thermocline
1790:Mesopelagic
1763:Ocean zones
1734:Slab window
1599:Hydrography
1539:Abyssal fan
1506:Tidal range
1496:Tidal power
1491:Tidal force
1376:Rip current
1311:Gulf Stream
1271:Ekman layer
1261:Downwelling
1236:Baroclinity
1223:Circulation
1119:Wave height
1109:Wave action
1092:megatsunami
1072:Stokes wave
1032:Rossby wave
997:Kelvin wave
977:Green's law
529:Solid Earth
424:, flanking
363:Nazca Plate
356:archipelago
323:rift valley
264:lithosphere
169:coral reefs
163:-secreting
29:ocean basin
2143:Categories
2011:Reanalysis
1910:Satellites
1891:Sofar bomb
1739:Subduction
1714:Ridge push
1609:Ocean bank
1589:Contourite
1516:Tide gauge
1501:Tidal race
1486:Tidal bore
1476:Slack tide
1441:Earth tide
1361:Ocean gyre
1181:Wind setup
1176:Wind fetch
1139:Wave setup
1134:Wave radar
1129:Wave power
1027:Rogue wave
957:Dispersion
690:2022-04-05
666:2022-04-05
587:2022-04-05
329:is formed.
299:subduction
242:, and the
137:continents
128:Antarctica
112:Laptev Sea
96:Baltic Sea
1873:Acoustics
1825:Sea level
1724:Slab pull
1661:tectonics
1569:Cold seep
1531:Landforms
1408:Whirlpool
1403:Upwelling
1186:Wind wave
1114:Wave base
1042:Sea state
962:Edge wave
952:Cross sea
789:Geosphere
582:ThoughtCo
311:Himalayas
165:organisms
157:carbonate
145:sediments
100:North Sea
45:sea level
21:hydrology
2106:Category
2058:Seawater
1785:Littoral
1780:Deep sea
1639:Seamount
1521:Tideline
1466:Rip tide
1396:shutdown
1366:Overflow
1099:Undertow
942:Clapotis
492:See also
474:Jurassic
400:Laurasia
185:basaltic
167:such as
33:seawater
2116:Commons
1986:Mooring
1936:Related
1927:Jason-3
1917:Jason-1
1800:Pelagic
1795:Oceanic
1770:Benthic
1087:Tsunami
1057:Soliton
608:8506548
486:Miocene
432:and an
404:Eurasia
390:(2015).
280:seismic
252:granite
173:diatoms
153:clastic
141:erosion
139:, with
124:equator
1805:Photic
1634:Seabed
1047:Seiche
847:
396:Pangea
268:plates
248:basalt
238:, the
236:mantle
211:matrix
179:, and
161:silica
159:- and
118:, the
114:, the
110:, the
106:, the
102:, the
1996:Ocean
1965:Alvin
1815:Swash
1659:Plate
1604:Knoll
1594:Guyot
1549:Atoll
1428:Tides
1191:model
1077:Swell
909:Waves
535:Notes
307:Andes
244:crust
23:, an
1963:DSV
1948:Argo
1810:Surf
1266:Eddy
845:ISBN
606:OCLC
250:and
240:core
27:(or
757:doi
436:.
270:.
19:In
2145::
739:.
722:.
706:.
683:.
659:.
639:^
580:.
557:^
449:).
175:,
171:,
47:.
35:.
893:e
886:t
879:v
853:.
759::
693:.
669:.
590:.
551:.
313:.
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