229:
Bulgarian national identity. Indeed, some of these people did greet the
Bulgarians as liberators, particularly in eastern and central Macedonia, yet the campaign was less successful in German-occupied western Macedonia. At that time most of them felt themselves to be Bulgarians, irrespective of ideological affiliation. However, in contrast with the population of Vardar Macedonia, smaller fraction of the Slav population collaborated in the Greek part of Macedonia, whether in the Bulgarian-occupied eastern section or the German and Italian-occupied zones. Nevertheless, Bulgarian expansionism was better received in some frontier districts, where strong pro-Bulgarian oriented Slav-speakers lived (in Kastoria, Florina and Pella districts).
1813:
1690:
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1979:
1883:
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1591:
1495:
574:. According to a political report in 1962 the number of political emigrants from Greece numbered at 6,529. The policy of communist Bulgaria towards the refugees from Greece was, at least initially, not discriminative with regard to their ethnic origin: Greek- and Slav-speakers were both categorized as Greek political emigrants and received equal treatment by state authorities. However, certain institutions of communist Bulgaria, charged with the national policy, tried progressively to promote certain selection among them privileging Slav-speakers, frequently named
257:, to the zones occupied by the Italian and German troops (central and west Greek Macedonia) to be attached to the German occupying forces as "liaison officers". All the Bulgarian officers brought into service were locally born Macedonians who had immigrated to Bulgaria with their families during the 1920s and 30s as part of the Greek-Bulgarian treaty of the Neuilly which saw 90,000 Bulgarians migrating to Bulgaria from Greece and 50,000 Greeks moving the opposite direction. Most were members of pro-Bulgarian IMRO and followers of
457:/ELAS soon forced Ohrana to retreat and disbanded many of its groups. In one report of Colonel Mirchev to the staff of the army on 5 June 1944, it was reported that the ELAS fighters took captive the local band consisting 28 militiamen. On 21 August 1944 ELAS successfully attacked the IMRO stronghold at the village of Polikerason. During the battle, 20 IMRO militiamen were reported killed in action and 300 militiamen were captured. In September, two IMRO companies were wiped out in the defense of Edessa by an ELAS attack.
1848:
1730:
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221:
24:
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582:” loyalty. Unlike the other countries in the Eastern Bloc, there were no specific organizations founded to deal with specific issues relating to the child refugees, this caused many to cooperate with the "Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia", an association based in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. However, the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s was marked by a decisive turn in the “
820:Венециански документи за историята на България и българите от ХІІ-XV век, София 2001, с. 150, 188/Documenta Veneta historiam Bulgariae et Bulgarorum illustrantia saeculis XII-XV, p. 150, 188, edidit Vassil Gjuzelev (Venetian documents for the history of Bulgaria and Bulgarians, p. 150, 188 - Venetian documents from 14-15th century about Slaves from South Macedonia with Bulgarian belonging/origin)
96:
473:, where the Germans hoped that he could form a Macedonian puppet-state with their support. Seeing that Germany had lost the war, he refused. Ohrana was dissolved in late 1944 after their German and Bulgarian protectors were forced to withdraw from Greece. In autumn 1944 Anton Kalchev escaped northern Greece, and tried to flee with the retreating German army, but was captured in the vicinity of
544:
was determined by the geopolitical position of each village. Depending upon whether their village was vulnerable to attack by the Greek communist guerrillas, or the occupation forces, the peasants would opt to support the side in relation to which they were most vulnerable. In both cases, the attempt
289:
were supplied by the
Italians and were resplendent with shoulder patches bearing the inscription "Italo-Bulgarian Committee — Freedom or Death". The Kastorian unit was called the Macedonian Committee. The reasons of locals for taking arms varied. Some of the men were pre-war members of IMRO, and
445:
districts were actively involved in the German anti-guerilla sweep operations. In June 1944 delegation of IMRO cadres met up with the German
Commander in Edessa with whom they discussed the formation of the volunteer corps. This was in accordance with the agreement Ivan Mihailov and IMRO struck with
368:
In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 local fighters and volunteers from
Bulgaria charged with protection of the local population. During 1944, whole Slavophone villages were armed by the occupation authorities to counterbalance the emerging power of the resistance and especially of
561:
originally accepted very few refugees, government policy changed and the
Bulgarian government actively sought out ethnic Macedonian refugees. It is estimated that approximately 2,500 children were sent to Bulgaria and 3,000 partisans fled there in the closing period of the war. There was a larger
228:
In 1941 Greek
Macedonia was occupied by German, Italian and Bulgarian troops. The Bulgarians occupied the Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace, an area of 14,430 square kilometers, with 590,000 inhabitants. The Bulgarian policy was to win the loyalty of the Slav inhabitants and to instill them a
82:
and
Western Macedonia, under Italian and German occupation and hoped to sway the allegiance of the 80,000 Slavs who lived there at the time. The appearance of Greek partisans in those areas persuaded the Axis to allow the formation of these collaborationist detachments. However, during late 1944,
444:
In spring 1944, the
Germans taking up where the Italians left off, reformed, re-organized and re-armed the village companies in the Kastoria district. Soon after the villages in the Edessa and Florina districts were also armed and prepared for service. The militiamen from the Kastoria and Edessa
484:
After World War II the ruling
Bulgarian Communists declared the Slav-speaking population in Macedonia (including the Bulgarian part) as ethnic Macedonians. The organizations of the IMRO in Bulgaria were completely destroyed. Also, the internment of those people disagreeing with these political
245:
population in Greek
Macedonia, aiming to gain the hearts and minds of the local population that was in the German- and Italian-occupied zones. The Bulgarian clubs soon started to gain support among parts of the population. In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the High Command in
730:
militarily in the hope that Bulgaria would eventually assume the administration there. The appearance of the Greek left wing resistance in western Macedonia persuaded the Italian and German and authorities to allow the formation of Slav security battalions (Ohrana) led by Bulgarian officers.
729:
on the Turkish border. Bulgaria looked longingly toward Salonika and western Macedonia, which were under German and Italian control, and established propaganda centres to secure the allegiance of the approximately 80,000 Slavs in these regions. The Bulgarian plan was to organize these Slavs
212:, the government endorsed violence by nationalist bands, which sowed the seeds of bitterness that kept brewing within the local Slav-speaking population which found the opportunity to come into effect during the Second World War and the occupation of Greece by the Axis forces.
1282:
Im Schatten des Krieges. Besatzung oder Anschluss - Befreiung oder Unterdrückung?. Eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915-1918 und 1941-1944 Reihe: Studien zur Geschichte, Kultur und Gesellschaft Südosteuropas Jahr:
416:. From German information, it is apparent that Mihailov received consent to create battalions consisting of volunteers armed with German weapons and munitions. Moreover, these battalions were to be under the operative command and disposal of Reichsfuhrer of the
392:, and their prime objective was to struggle occupation forces and pro-Bulgarian agents in the Ohrana, and try to persuade its members to join ELAS and fight against the occupation. Nevertheless, in the summer of 1944, members of the Macedonian faction of the
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2165:
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Bulgarian collaborationist bands participated in reprisal missions together with the Nazi troops in the region. In one occasion together with the 7th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment they were responsible for a major massacre in the village of
829:Известия Уральского государственного университета № 0049(2007), с. 138-153. Гуманитарные науки. Выпуск 13. Дмитрий Олегович Лабаури — Берлинский приговор 1878 г. и проблема македонского этноязыкового своеобразия. РГНФ.(Russian)
453:, which envisaged that these battalions would form the avant-garde of the whole Macedonian military effort in Western Macedonia and would spearhead the drives and sweeps against the ELAS forces. However, the guerrilla bands of
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regime, and many took arms in order to defend themselves from the attacks of other Greek paramilitary and resistance movements as the latter saw them as collaborators with the Italian, Bulgarian and German forces.
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424:. Additionally, in Sofia talks were held between high-ranking functionaries of the SS and the IMRO Central Committee members. Despite the confidential character of the negotiations between Mihailov and the
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189:. After the Balkan Wars and especially after the First World War more than 100,000 Bulgarians from Greek Macedonia moved to Bulgaria, as part of the population exchange policy between the two countries.
327:
occupation authorities, Kalchev created the Ohrana para-military unit. In 1943, Ohrana detachments counted a total of around 3,000 members and organized guerrilla activity. In the tradition of the IMRO
1051:
Unlike the activists of the right IMRO of Ivan Mihailov who declared themselves as Bulgarians, the communist orientated Slavic-spacing population of Greece declared themselves as Ethnic Macedonians -
3056:
246:
organising armed units among the Slavic-speaking population in northern Greece. For this purpose, the Bulgarian army, under the approval of the Commander of the German forces in the Balkans -
83:
when the Axis appeared to be losing the war, many Bulgarian Nazi collaborators, Ohrana members and VMRO regiment volunteers fled to the opposite camp by joining the newly founded communist
562:
flow into Bulgaria of refugees as the Bulgarian Army pulled out of the Drama-Serres region in 1944. A large proportion of Slavic speakers emigrated there. The "Slavic Committee" in Sofia (
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2843:
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428:, the Bulgarian government obtained certain information about them. In this connection to the village companies in these counties, there was also formed three volunteer battalions in
2160:
348:, seeing them as an obstacle to an all-Bulgarian Macedonia. The main leaders during the early phase of activity from 1941 to 1942 were Tsvetan Mladenov and Andon Kalchev in the
3109:
141:
Bulgarian communities inhabited parts of southern Macedonia from the Middle Ages. This continued also during 16th and 17th centuries by Ottoman historians and travellers like
3104:
3024:
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Documents of the notary Manoli Braschiano concerning the sale and liberation of slaves of Bulgarian nationality from Macedonia (Kastoria, Seres, region of Thessalonica etc)
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raiding the Italian occupation forces in the district. The name given to the bands armed was 'Ohrana' which in Bulgarian is defined as 'security'. The uniforms of the
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thus harbored deep nationalistic convictions, others because of pro-Nazi sentiments, some to avenge wrongdoings inflicted on them by Greek authorities during the
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481:, and was apprehended to ELAS officials. In Thessaloniki, Kalchev was put on trial as a military criminal and was sentenced to death by the Greek authorities.
3114:
806:
From the Third Zograf Beadroll, containing the names of donors to the Zograf Monastery at Mt. Athos from settlements and regions indicated as Bulgarian lands
87:. The organization managed to recruit initially 1,000 up to 3,000 armed men from the Slavophone community that lived in the western part of Greek Macedonia.
2298:
1316:
1187:
3814:
3129:
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The Situation in Macedonia and the Tasks of IMRO (United) - published in the official newspaper of IMRO (United), "Македонско дело", Но.185, Април 1934
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occupation authorities in Kastoria, colonel Venieri, who armed the local villages to help combat the growing communist threat presented by the
63:
1131:
2079:
858:
Loring M. Danforth. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
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798:
In the so-called Legend of Thessalonica (12th c.) it is said that the Bulgarian language was also spoken hi the market place of Thessalonica
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400:
villages. Mass involvement of the population was one of the tactics of Ohrana, which thus aims to provide good cover for its activities.
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2388:
590:. As a result, the trend to a discriminative policy, the refugees from Greece – more targeted at the Slav-speakers and less to “ethnic
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In Greece the Bulgarians reacquired their former territory, extending along the Aegean coast from the Struma (Strymon) River east of
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and the potential threat that Bulgaria could pose in the fear of using the pro-Bulgarian oriented minority in Greece as a subversive
166:
897:
3834:
3184:
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1801:
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was to promise "freedom" (autonomy or independence) to the formerly persecuted Slavic minority as a means of gaining its support.
525:
389:
1040:"Macedonia and Bulgarian National Nihilism — Ivan Alexandrov" (Macedonian Patriotic Organization “TA” Australia Inc. 1993)
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and were to carry the name "IMRO Volunteer Battalions". They were formed after the arrival of the IMRO cadres from the Sofia.
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1860:
1250:България и Беломорието (октомври 1940 - 9 септември 1944 г.) Военнополитически аспекти. Димитър Йончев (“Дирум”, София, 1993)
989:
863:
652:
510:
505:. It foresaw unification between Yugoslav ("Vardar") and Bulgarian ("Pirin") Macedonia, as well as a return of the so-called
1257:
1155:
1084:Егеjски бури — Револуционерното движење во Воденско и НОФ во Егеjска Македоница. (Вангел Аjановски Оче), Скопје, 1975.
952:Егеjски бури — Револуционерното движење во Воденско и НОФ во Егеjска Македоница. (Вангел Аjановски Оче), Скопје, 1975.
3722:
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242:
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too. In August 1943, Ivan Mihailov left Zagreb incognito for Germany where he was to visit the main headquarters of the
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During the 1930s a new identity parallel to the Greek and Bulgarian ones began to arose in the region of Macedonia, the
2658:
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454:
337:
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Genocide of Macedonian Children - "Macedonian tribune" newspaper, Fort Wayhe town, No. 3157 from November 4, 1993.
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1338:
810:
Evidence from the Venetian Ambassador Lorenzo Bernardo on the Bulgarian character of the settlements in Macedonia
684:
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3019:
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issued a declaration supporting the development of the new Macedonian identity, which was admitted by the
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which did not recognize anymore the existence of a Macedonian ethnicity different from the Bulgarian one
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494:
849:"Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна)" - Февраль 1934 г, Москва
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During the same year, The German High Command approved the foundation of a Bulgarian military club in
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Modern and Contemporary Macedonia, vol. II, 64-103.Macedonia in the 1940s - Yiannis D. Stefanidis
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1121:Проф. Добрин Мичев. Българското национално дело в Югозападна Македония (1941 – 1944 г.)
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IMRO Militia And Volunteer Battalions Of Southwestern Macedonia, 1943-1944. By Vic Nicholas
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IMRO Militia And Volunteer Battalions Of Southwestern Macedonia, 1943-1944 by Vic Nicholas
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voted a special resolution explained “with the fact that almost all the Macedonians have a
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1991:
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worked about the project to merge the two Balkan countries Bulgaria and Yugoslavia into a
8:
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Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict: The experience in Europe and the Middle East
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Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West Macedonia, 1941-1949
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1414:
1007:"The Pavelic Papers | Documents: The Croatian National Resistance/HNO/Odpor/Otpor"
575:
563:
384: — members of the ELAS. A part of the Slavophone population, with the help of the
43:
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and some of the former collaborators enlisted in the new unit. and took part in the
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By this situation, the Macedonian section of the Greek Communist Party created the
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671:Добрин Мичев. Българското национално дело в Югозападна Македония (1941 — 1944 г.)
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71:
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states, adopted restrictive policies towards its minorities, namely towards its
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and led by officers of the Bulgarian Army. Bulgaria was interested in acquiring
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602:. Eventually, many of these migrants were assimilated into Bulgarian society.
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220:
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1142:Идеолошкиот активизам над Македонците под Грција, Стојан Кочов, Скопје, 2000
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Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)
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Macedonia in the 1940s. Modern and Contemporary Macedonia, vol. II, 64-103.
1010:
261:.These officers were given the objective to form armed Slavophone militias.
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2184:
2102:
2097:
2011:
1983:
1978:
1905:
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1882:
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1100:Егејскиот дел на Македонија (1913-1989). Стојан Киселиновски, Скопје, 1990
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clear Bulgarian national consciousness and consider Bulgaria their homeland
571:
466:
250:
186:
157:. The majority of Slav—speakers after 1870 were under the influence of the
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79:
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67:
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3179:
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830:
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23:
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1255:Във и извън Македония - спомени на Пандо Младенов, Македонска Трибуна.
878:, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002,
583:
341:
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went to the German occupied zone in order to start arming villages in
509:
to Bulgaria. They also supported the Greek Communists and especially
381:
329:
201:
570:) helped to attract refugees that had settled in other parts of the
181:
population in its northern regions, as a result of the aftermath of
2353:
2147:
429:
312:
270:
241:. The Bulgarians organised supplies of food and provisions for the
131:
99:
32:
784:(Slav-Bulgarian population in Chalcidice Peninsula is mentioned),
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1272:"OHRANA" in Aegean Macedonia (1942–1944)- a comparative analysis.
762:
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, G - Reference
537:
450:
349:
17:
1156:"Във и извън Македония. Спомени на Пандо Младенов стр. 97 - 100"
2773:
Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)
2219:
1812:
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579:
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and to prescribe special measures for the attainment of their “
557:
many from these people were expelled from Greece. Although the
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378:
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The initial detachments were formed in 1943 in the district of
174:
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135:
127:
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near Kastoria, that cost the lives of 250 women and children.
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95:
1188:"Greek Genocide of Macedonian Children in "Greek" Macedonia"
744:, Giannēs Koliopoulos, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999,
403:
306:
215:
3007:
2741:
594:” – was given a certain proselytizing aspect. In 1960, the
469:
in September 1944 Ivan Mihaylov arrived in German-occupied
324:
84:
786:
Recueil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux
536:. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the
311:
After their initial success in arming several villages in
264:
3688:
Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance
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439:
161:
and its education system, thus considered themselves as
3290:
1053:Γιά το ζήτημα των Σλαβομακεδόνων — Ρέννος Μιχαλέας
417:
196:(Greek: Σλαβομακεδόνας) and was initially supported by
16:
For the secret police force in the Russian Empire, see
1245:
OHRANA and persecution of Bulgar-Macedonians by Greeks
1229:
Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics
1214:
Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics
984:(2. impr. ed.). London: Duckworth. p. 17.
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with the idea of unification of Greek Macedonia and
3496:
1112:
British Officer Evans. December Report, AV, II, 413
792:Georgii Cedreni compendium, op. cit, pp. 449-456 -
3820:Bulgarian occupation of Greece during World War II
2778:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)
501:. This led to the 1947 cooperation and signing of
432:, Florina and Edessa. These were organized by the
352:prefecture, where there were 600 men under arms.
232:
3850:Military units and formations established in 1943
2754:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA)
1231:. Oxford: St Antony’s College, Oxford. p. 7.
1216:. Oxford: St Antony’s College, Oxford. p. 5.
3845:Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
3801:
2783:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)
2523:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO)
1945:
982:The Vlachs : the history of a Balkan people
682:"The Second World War and the Triple Occupation"
638:Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
2763:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON)
964:
373:(ELAS). Ohrana was also fighting pro-communist
3840:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
2641:
1337:
1324:
948:
946:
796:(Bulgarian population in Servia is mentioned)
622:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
434:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
396:were unable to distinguish friend from foe in
64:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
3278:
1310:
643:Axis occupation of Greece during World War II
66:(IMRO) structures, composed of Bulgarians in
898:"Macedonia in the Maelstrom of World War II"
465:After the declaration of war by Bulgaria on
460:
3037:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN)
943:
511:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front
1317:
1303:
979:
924:
922:
709:. Stanford University Press. p. 129.
118:in 1912–1913, following the defeat of the
3815:Bulgarian collaborators with Nazi Germany
3231:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
3090:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
3013:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA)
764:, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,
404:Ohrana and Mihailov's plans for Macedonia
307:The Edessa and Florina Ohrana detachments
216:Bulgarian occupation and policy in Greece
114:,” became especially prominent after the
3830:Expatriate military units and formations
969:. Center for Research in Social Systems.
700:
698:
696:
354:
336:population, including Greek-identifying
323:region. In Edessa, with the help of the
219:
94:
22:
3062:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI)
3008:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
1226:
1211:
919:
895:
782:A charter of Romanus II, 960 Pulcherius
521:to the new state under Communist rule.
265:The Kastorian Italo-Bulgarian Committee
3802:
704:
173:consciousness. Greece, like all other
165:. Part of them were influenced by the
3825:Bulgarian revolutionary organisations
3780:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?
3633:
3482:
3277:
3020:National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
2747:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN)
2742:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)
2640:
1944:
1336:
1298:
932:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995,
693:
653:National Liberation Front (Macedonia)
440:Re-organization and clashes with ELAS
169:, which resulted in the formation of
3052:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ)
2824:Protests against labour mobilization
707:Bulgaria During the Second World War
277:with the support of the head of the
253:sent a handful of officers from the
62:detachments organized by the former
3241:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing")
122:and the subsequent division of the
13:
1267:Southwestern Macedonia 1941 - 1944
876:The struggle for Greece, 1941-1949
648:National Liberation Front (Greece)
628:Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia
363:
14:
3866:
3634:
2737:Union of People's Democracy (ELD)
1238:
1055:, ΕΛΑΣ, Θεσσαλονίκη 13.XI.1944 (
2146:
2073:
1977:
1881:
1846:
1811:
1763:
1728:
1688:
1589:
1554:
1493:
1434:
1339:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign
485:activities was organized at the
332:, these bands pursued the local
3835:Greek Macedonia in World War II
2732:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE)
2727:Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
2421:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos
1220:
1205:
1179:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1094:
1078:
1045:
1034:
1025:
998:
973:
958:
889:
869:
852:
843:
233:The Thessaloniki Bulgarian club
2533:Greek National Socialist Party
2528:National Union of Greece (EEE)
1831:Central Macedonia Army Section
1826:Eastern Macedonia Army Section
1579:Western Macedonia Army Section
834:
823:
814:
775:
755:
735:
675:
664:
371:Greek People's Liberation Army
1:
3810:1943 establishments in Greece
3248:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe
705:Miller, Marshall Lee (1975).
658:
559:People's Republic of Bulgaria
497:according to the projects of
208:. During the 1930s under the
90:
3855:Thessaloniki in World War II
3110:Execution of Josef Salminger
1947:Occupation and collaboration
548:
477:by communist partisans from
224:Triple Occupation of Greece.
7:
3484:Liberation and road to the
3146:Expulsion of Cham Albanians
2404:Jewish cemetery of Salonica
2255:Cephalonia (Acqui Division)
605:
499:Balkan Communist Federation
10:
3871:
3717:Captain Corelli's Mandolin
3673:Holocaust Museum of Greece
2309:Larissa concentration camp
2304:Haidari concentration camp
1518:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca
1326:Greece during World War II
1227:Marinov, Tchavdar (2004).
1212:Marinov, Tchavdar (2004).
540:, Italians, Bulgarians or
495:Balkan Federative Republic
408:Ohrana was supported from
273:by Bulgarian army officer
15:
3701:
3678:Kalavryta Massacre Museum
3660:
3644:
3640:
3629:
3576:
3506:
3492:
3478:
3398:
3352:
3301:
3286:
3280:Greek government-in-exile
3273:
3218:
3172:
3158:
3138:
3077:
3000:
2924:
2917:
2890:5/42 Regiment dissolution
2877:
2791:
2719:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2636:
2603:
2541:
2510:
2444:
2433:
2414:Expropriation of property
2389:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2379:
2327:
2197:
2144:
2071:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1879:
1844:
1809:
1800:
1761:
1726:
1686:
1679:
1638:
1625:
1587:
1552:
1545:
1491:
1432:
1425:
1362:
1349:
1345:
1332:
980:Winnifrith, T.J. (1987).
612:Democratic Army of Greece
596:Bulgarian Communist Party
567:
534:Democratic Army of Greece
461:The dissolution of Ohrana
394:Communist Party of Greece
55:
47:
3759:The 11th Day: Crete 1941
3514:National Bands Agreement
3375:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
3160:British Military Mission
2768:National Solidarity (EA)
2337:Greek economy, 1941–1944
2051:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller
1866:2nd New Zealand Division
1410:Italian spring offensive
1133:by Yiannis D. Stefanidis
965:Doris M. Condit (1967).
930:Who are the Macedonians?
388:, organized itself into
27:Detachment of Ohrana in
3693:Thessaloniki War Museum
3385:Christodoulos Tsigantes
3380:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
3210:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz
1871:6th Australian Division
1713:Konstantinos Bakopoulos
1459:Charalambos Katsimitros
2869:Killing of Franz Krech
2616:Executions of Kokkinia
2502:Dionysios Papadongonas
2497:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos
1911:1st Parachute Division
1630:(April–May 1941)
1478:Dimitrios Papadopoulos
896:Koliopoulos, Ioannis.
586:” policy of Bulgaria,
360:
225:
107:
36:
3594:Archbishop Damaskinos
3551:Percentages agreement
2977:Konstantinos Ventiris
2364:Occupation Reichsmark
1916:5th Mountain Division
1743:Henry Maitland Wilson
1569:8th Infantry Division
386:Greek Communist Party
359:Bulgaria during WWII.
358:
223:
206:Greek Communist Party
98:
26:
3766:The Guns of Navarone
3731:Ill Met by Moonlight
3410:3rd Mountain Brigade
3205:George Psychoundakis
3190:Patrick Leigh Fermor
2854:Pinerolo disarmament
2452:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1861:1st Armoured Brigade
1853:British Commonwealth
1735:British Commonwealth
1718:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1464:Konstantinos Davakis
794:a passage in English
790:a passage in English
143:Hoca Sadeddin Efendi
3745:Ipolochagos Natassa
3589:Georgios Papandreou
3365:Emmanouil Tsouderos
3236:Operation "Animals"
3226:Operation "Albumen"
2947:Komninos Pyromaglou
2905:Red Terror (Greece)
2849:1943 Athens protest
2814:Gorgopotamos Bridge
2711:Evripidis Bakirtzis
2659:National Liberation
2554:Alcibiades Diamandi
2518:Security Battalions
2492:George S. Mercouris
2467:Sotirios Gotzamanis
2409:Baron Hirsch ghetto
2036:XXII Mountain Corps
1836:Epirus Army Section
1574:Epirus Army Section
905:macedonian heritage
633:Macedonian Question
617:Security Battalions
532:on the side of the
159:Bulgarian Exarchate
124:Region of Macedonia
112:Macedonian Question
29:Lakkomata, Kastoria
3683:Kalpaki War Museum
3536:Lebanon Conference
3402:in the Middle East
3400:Greek Armed Forces
3390:Pafsanias Katsotas
3370:Sofoklis Venizelos
3057:Hellenic Army (ES)
2992:Kimonas Zografakis
2967:Vasileios Sachinis
2952:Antonis Fosteridis
2918:Non-EAM resistance
2583:Cham collaboration
2564:Vassilis Rapotikas
2487:Nikolaos Bourantas
2482:Friedrich Schubert
2457:K. Logothetopoulos
2107:Carlo Vecchiarelli
1708:Alexandros Papagos
1454:Alexandros Papagos
1260:2012-02-18 at the
687:2007-07-02 at the
576:ethnic Macedonians
375:Slavic Macedonians
361:
226:
167:Greek Patriarchate
108:
37:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3710:Aera! Aera! Aera!
3668:Athens War Museum
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3609:Nikos Zachariadis
3561:Treaty of Varkiza
3546:Operation "Manna"
3541:Caserta Agreement
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3329:April 1944 mutiny
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3195:Bill Stanley Moss
3154:
3153:
3105:Skala Paramythias
2982:Manolis Paterakis
2942:Dimitrios Psarros
2937:Georgios Kartalis
2913:
2912:
2885:Feneos executions
2696:Alexandros Svolos
2676:Aris Velouchiotis
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2559:Nicolaos Matussis
2429:
2428:
2314:200 of Kaisariani
2193:
2192:
2024:LXVIII Army Corps
1997:Hermann Neubacher
1992:Günther Altenburg
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1901:XXXX Panzer Corps
1796:
1795:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1541:
1540:
1354:(1940–1941)
1351:Greco-Italian War
991:978-0-7156-2135-6
864:978-0-691-04357-9
568:Славянски Комитет
487:Belene labor camp
426:Sicherheitsdienst
414:Sicherheitsdienst
183:Second Balkan war
106:, borders in grey
102:campaigns during
3862:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3527:
3504:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3299:
3298:
3292:Greek government
3288:
3287:
3275:
3274:
3253:Damasta sabotage
3170:
3169:
2922:
2921:
2758:National Council
2706:Markos Vafeiadis
2701:Ilias Tsirimokos
2691:Georgios Siantos
2681:Stefanos Sarafis
2666:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2638:
2637:
2442:
2441:
2435:Collaborationist
2372:
2181:
2169:
2151:
2150:
2125:
2093:Pellegrino Ghigi
2078:
2077:
2043:Alexander Andrae
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1896:XVIII Army Corps
1886:
1885:
1851:
1850:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1768:
1767:
1753:Bernard Freyberg
1733:
1732:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1646:Operation Lustre
1636:
1635:
1631:
1594:
1593:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1508:Benito Mussolini
1498:
1497:
1473:Ioannis Pitsikas
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1190:. Archived from
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1161:. Archived from
1160:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:on July 20, 2006
1009:. Archived from
1002:
996:
995:
977:
971:
970:
962:
956:
950:
941:
926:
917:
916:
914:
912:
902:
893:
887:
873:
867:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
827:
821:
818:
812:
788:. III, p. 331 –
779:
773:
759:
753:
739:
733:
732:
702:
691:
679:
673:
668:
569:
507:Western Outlands
479:Vardar Macedonia
422:Heinrich Himmler
147:Mustafa Selaniki
60:collaborationist
57:
50:, "Protection";
49:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3785:
3702:Popular culture
3697:
3656:
3636:
3613:
3599:Georgios Grivas
3572:
3521:
3519:Plaka agreement
3488:
3462:
3401:
3394:
3348:
3293:
3282:
3257:
3214:
3185:Monty Woodhouse
3150:
3134:
3073:
2996:
2972:Lela Karagianni
2962:Ilias Degiannis
2957:Kostas Perrikos
2932:Napoleon Zervas
2909:
2873:
2844:Kournovo Tunnel
2787:
2715:
2660:
2649:
2620:
2599:
2537:
2506:
2477:Georgios Poulos
2436:
2425:
2375:
2366:
2359:Compulsory loan
2329:
2323:
2189:
2175:
2173:Trifon Trifonov
2163:
2145:
2140:
2129:VIII Army Corps
2119:
2072:
2067:
2002:Walter Schimana
1976:
1968:
1959:
1949:
1920:
1880:
1875:
1845:
1840:
1810:
1792:
1762:
1757:
1727:
1722:
1687:
1675:
1629:
1628:
1627:German invasion
1613:
1588:
1583:
1553:
1537:
1492:
1487:
1483:Georgios Kosmas
1449:Ioannis Metaxas
1433:
1421:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1328:
1323:
1262:Wayback Machine
1241:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1003:
999:
992:
978:
974:
963:
959:
951:
944:
927:
920:
910:
908:
900:
894:
890:
874:
870:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
828:
824:
819:
815:
780:
776:
760:
756:
740:
736:
727:Alexandroupolis
717:
703:
694:
689:Wayback Machine
680:
676:
669:
665:
661:
608:
555:Greek Civil War
551:
530:Greek Civil War
515:Greek Civil War
491:Georgi Dimitrov
463:
442:
406:
398:Slav Macedonian
366:
364:Ohrana activity
309:
267:
243:Slavic-speaking
235:
218:
194:Slav Macedonian
93:
72:Greek Macedonia
21:
12:
11:
5:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3458:336th Squadron
3455:
3453:335th Squadron
3450:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3421:Vasilissa Olga
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:King George II
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3302:Events/Battles
3296:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Themis Marinos
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:Petrakogiorgis
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Drama uprising
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Andreas Tzimas
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Georgios Bakos
2469:
2464:
2462:Ioannis Rallis
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
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198:IMRO (United)
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155:Evliya Çelebi
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3752:Mediterraneo
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3568:White Terror
3441:
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3095:Agia Kyriaki
3085:ESPO bombing
3067:
2839:Sarantaporos
2809:Mikro Chorio
2570:
2549:Roman Legion
2394:Thessaloniki
2342:Great Famine
2330:exploitation
2185:Asen Sirakov
2103:Carlo Geloso
2098:Piero Parini
2047:Bruno Bräuer
2012:Army Group E
1906:Luftflotte 4
1788:Kurt Student
1778:Wilhelm List
1651:Metaxas Line
1533:Carlo Geloso
1523:Ubaldo Soddu
1400:Klisura Pass
1228:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1163:the original
1150:
1138:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1096:
1080:
1052:
1047:
1036:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1000:
981:
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929:
909:. Retrieved
904:
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777:
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723:Thessaloniki
720:
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584:Macedonistic
572:Eastern Bloc
552:
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467:Nazi Germany
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367:
310:
297:
286:
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239:Thessaloníki
236:
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191:
187:Fifth Column
151:Hadji Khalfa
140:
109:
80:Thessalonica
76:World War II
39:
38:
3556:Dekemvriana
3522: [
3497:Prelude to
3442:Papanikolis
3415:Sacred Band
3319:Wadi Akarit
3309:Mareth Line
3180:Eddie Myers
2829:Fardykambos
2661:Front (EAM)
2647:Free Greece
2593:Xhemil Dino
2367: [
2280:Kallikratis
2176: [
2164: [
2161:Ivan Markov
2120: [
2031:Hubert Lanz
1967:Leaders and
1666:Thermopylae
1390:Morava–Ivan
1086:стр.126-127
954:стр.122-123
489:. Tito and
338:Slavophones
116:Balkan wars
104:World War I
3804:Categories
3531:Red Terror
3324:Dodecanese
3314:El Alamein
3219:Operations
3139:Atrocities
3078:Operations
2878:Atrocities
2864:Agorelitsa
2792:Operations
2643:Resistance
2611:Paramythia
2604:Atrocities
2437:government
2399:Zvi Koretz
2319:Chortiatis
2284:Kali Sykia
2198:Atrocities
2134:XXVI Corps
2063:Max Merten
1405:Trebeshina
1198:2008-10-19
1172:2007-11-16
1017:January 3,
659:References
553:After the
382:communists
342:Aromanians
330:Komitadjis
163:Bulgarians
91:Background
70:-occupied
3499:Civil War
3486:civil war
3344:Santorini
3115:Xirovouni
3068:others...
2895:Meligalas
2299:Kleisoura
2260:Mesovouno
2245:Domenikon
2235:Lingiades
2230:Kalavryta
2215:Alikianos
2205:Kondomari
2112:11th Army
1958:Occupying
1609:11th Army
564:Bulgarian
549:Aftermath
287:Ohranists
202:Comintern
100:Bulgarian
44:Bulgarian
3435:Katsonis
3294:in exile
2588:Këshilla
2354:DEGRIGES
2328:Economic
2210:Kandanos
2153:Bulgaria
1969:commands
1604:9th Army
1415:Hill 731
1258:Archived
1102:стр. 133
940:, p. 109
911:22 April
886:, p. 67.
866:. p. 73.
685:Archived
606:See also
430:Kastoria
313:Kastoria
301:Klisoura
271:Kastoria
132:Bulgaria
126:between
35:in 1943.
33:Orestida
3661:Museums
3652:Ohi Day
3162: (
3120:Trahili
2819:Meritsa
2289:Anogeia
2275:Viannos
2270:Vorizia
2250:Drakeia
2240:Distomo
2225:Kommeno
1984:Germany
1888:Germany
1770:Germany
1680:Leaders
1639:Battles
1426:Leaders
1385:Saranda
1363:Battles
1090:стр.128
538:Germans
513:in the
451:Himmler
350:Florina
317:Kalchev
292:Metaxas
279:Italian
74:during
18:Okhrana
3645:Events
3577:People
3507:Events
3428:Adrias
3353:People
3334:Rimini
3173:People
3130:Dodona
3125:Menina
3047:Apollo
2925:People
2900:Kilkis
2859:Steiri
2669:People
2571:Ohrana
2445:People
2294:Kedros
2265:Pyrgoi
2220:Doxato
1960:powers
1818:Greece
1695:Greece
1561:Greece
1441:Greece
1395:Himara
1370:Pindus
1288:
1144:стр.43
1073:σελ. 5
1069:σελ. 4
1065:σελ. 3
1061:σελ. 2
1057:σελ. 1
988:
936:
882:
862:
768:
748:
713:
624:(IMRO)
592:Greeks
580:ethnic
475:Bitola
471:Skopje
447:Hitler
377:. and
344:, and
325:German
321:Edessa
179:Slavic
175:Balkan
136:Serbia
128:Greece
56:Οχράνα
48:Охрана
40:Ohrana
3526:]
3100:Milia
2834:Porta
2371:]
2180:]
2168:]
2124:]
2080:Italy
1802:Units
1671:Crete
1596:Italy
1546:Units
1500:Italy
1166:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
379:Greek
334:Greek
171:Greek
110:The “
52:Greek
3772:film
3737:film
3723:film
3339:Symi
2804:Ryka
2756:and
2645:and
2347:GWRA
2282:and
2105:and
2049:and
1656:Vevi
1471:and
1286:ISBN
1283:2005
1019:2008
986:ISBN
934:ISBN
913:2012
880:ISBN
860:ISBN
766:ISBN
746:ISBN
711:ISBN
542:ELAS
526:SNOF
449:and
390:SNOF
283:ELAS
251:List
153:and
134:and
85:SNOF
68:Nazi
3164:SOE
725:to
455:EAM
3806::
3524:el
2369:el
2178:bg
2166:bg
2122:it
2045:,
1088:,
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
945:^
921:^
903:.
808:,
804:,
800:,
719:.
695:^
566::
420:,
418:SS
340:,
315:,
149:,
145:,
138:.
130:,
54::
46::
31:,
3166:)
1318:e
1311:t
1304:v
1201:.
1175:.
1075:)
1021:.
994:.
915:.
42:(
20:.
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