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0.50 per US gallon). According to Jim Krane, "Saudi Arabia now consumes more oil than
Germany, an industrialized country with triple the population and an economy nearly five times as large." According to a report by Citigroup's analyst Heidy Rehman, "As a result of its subsidies we calculate 'lost' oil and gas revenues to Saudi Arabia in 2011 to be over $ 80 billion", adding that "at the domestic level, we believe the only real way to rationalize energy consumption would be to reduce subsidy levels."
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681:) per day of oil, exporting 1.4 million m (8.9 million bbl) per day. The government is investing over $ 71 Billion to increase oil production to near 1.9 million m (12 million bbl) per day by 2009 and up to 2.0 million m (12.5 million bbl) per day by 2015. This may be attributed to the report that 110 thousand m (700 thousand bbl) of excess capacity are needed to compensate for a natural decline in availability.
292:. Proven natural gas reserves are over 7 trillion m (44 trillion bbl). Global production in 2009 reached 4.6 billion m (29 billion bbl) of oil and 3 trillion cubic metres (110 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas. but due to its sizeable domestic gas markets, is "unlikely to become LNG exporters anytime soon". Saudi Arabia is prioritising upstream gas investment, but for use in the domestic power generation market, not for export.
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1073:, a French engineering company, carried out detailed site characterization studies for Saudi Arabia's proposed nuclear plant, which is planned to have two reactors with a total capacity of 1.2 to 1.6 gigawatts (GW). Following the government's approval of the nuclear program in 2019, Saudi Arabia established the Saudi Nuclear Energy Holding Company in March 2022 to lead its civil nuclear efforts.
285:) per day of petroleum. While most of this is exported, domestic use is rapidly increasing, primarily for electricity production. Saudi Arabia also has the largest, or one of the largest, proven crude oil reserves (i.e. oil that is economically recoverable) in the world (18% of global reserves, over 41 billion m (260 billion bbl)).
778:, they asked Saudi Arabia's oil minister the following question: "Let me be blunt, okay? And ask you to be candid: is it Aramco's hope to prevent a switch away from oil? Somebody said, 'The country is the oil business.' You absolutely need to do this for your own survival". The minister responded by stating that:
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field. ... Finally, Saudi Arabia has not revised its reserve estimate since 1988, even though it has pumped somewhere between 0.8 and 1 million m (5 and 9 million bbl) a day for the intervening two decades, for a total of nearly 7.9 billion m (50 billion bbl)."
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The
General Electricity Corporation (GEC) had overall responsibility for the Kingdom's electricity system and had direct responsibility for the provision of electrical supplies to rural areas not then covered by the consolidated companies. The GEC represented the government equity holdings in all the
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in Saudi Arabia increased sharply during the 1990–2010 period due to rapid economic development. Peak loads reached nearly 24 GW in 2001—25 times their 1975 level-and are expected to approach 60 GW by 2023. The investment needed to meet this demand may exceed $ 90 billion. Consequently, there is
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is the largest oil field in the world, holding over 11 billion m (70 billion bbl). Ghawar is able to produce 800,000 m (5 million bbl) per day of oil. Aramco announced 16,000 m (100,000 bbl) per day expansion and integration with neighboring petrochemical
269:
production. Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil producer and exporter. Saudi Arabia's economy is petroleum-based; oil accounts for 90% of the country's exports and nearly 75% of government revenue. The oil industry produces about 45% of Saudi Arabia's gross domestic product, against 40% from the
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Two ministries share responsibility for the energy sector: the
Ministry of Oil and the Ministry of Water and Electricity. The Ministry of Water was created in 2001 by merging water related sub-departments. Its stated purpose is "to prepare a comprehensive plan to establish water and sewage networks
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Saudi Arabia has the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas, of 6.8 trillion cubic metres (240 trillion cubic feet). One-third of this reserve is found in the Ghawar. Before the master gas system, the oil company flared (burned) the gas as it came from the oil well. Until recently
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Yeah, we admit a fact that yes, we depend on the oil industry. We want it to help us, you know, to develop our economy and develop the economy of the world. So what is good for the wellbeing of Saudi Arabia should be good for the wellbeing of the world, too... we have to be realistic. We don't have
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Saudi Arabia's
Ministry of Energy is advancing its National Renewable Energy Program with a $ 50 billion plan aimed to develop 30 solar and wind projects by 2030. This effort aims to increase electricity generation and reduce oil dependency. The program targets achieving 40 GW of photovoltaic (PV)
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In 1975 (1395 AH), the
Government adopted ambitious plans for economic development requiring investment in industry and electrification. The Ministry of Industry and Electricity was formed, with an Industrial Affairs Agency and an Electricity Affairs Agency. The Electricity Affairs Agency expanded
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Until 1973 the government did not receive a share of the oil drilled within its boundaries. In 1973 the Saudi government gained a 25% share of the interest from Aramco. In 1980 the Saudi government purchased nearly 100% of the Aramco oil business giving Saudi officials complete control over prices
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The
Kingdom's consumption of its own oil production has steadily increased and it now consumes about one quarter of its oil production (approximately three million barrels per day). As of 2012 petrol in Saudi Arabia was sold at a price cheaper than bottled water—approximately US$ 0.13 per litre ($
684:
The future of Saudi
Arabian oil is complicated by the fact that the major Saudi oil fields are extremely old and have been producing oil for decades. Corrosion is becoming a large problem in addition to many other problems that come over time. The result is that most of the easily produced oil is
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was established. The Saudi government plans a $ 100 billion program of nuclear power with the goal of generating 110 gigawatts by 2032, using at least 12 nuclear power plants which are intended to begin coming into operation in 2019. They have been negotiating with France, China, Japan, Korea,
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Saudi Arabia is enhancing its electrical power sector infrastructure to accommodate the rising demand from both the residential and commercial sectors, simultaneously advancing its strategy for energy diversification away from traditional oil and gas reliance. The kingdom aims to increase its
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Policies and programs are being developed for public awareness, energy regulation and legislation, and energy information and programming. If energy conservation is successful, demand can be reduced by 5–10%. This is equivalent to 3–6 GW of additional capacity, which represents a possible $
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the country's real oil reserves are 40% lower than the official estimate of 716 billion barrels of oil. House states, "no convincing evidence ever has been provided to support the increase . And tellingly, in 1982 the kingdom and other OPEC oil producers ceased releasing production data by
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The future prospects of energy in Saudi Arabia have been studied extensively by the King
Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC). Furthermore, Saudi officials are not concerned about alternative energy sources hurting the market for its exports. In a recent interview with
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is 1% of utility sales revenues, which for a country like Saudi Arabia could be $ 15–60 million annually. If only savings on air conditioning are considered, the return on investment is equivalent to 400–500 MW of generating capacity—a saving of up to $ 0.25 billion p.a.
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Saudi Arabia is the fastest growing electricity consumer in the Middle East, particularly of transportation fuels. In 2005, Saudi Arabia was the world's 15th largest consumer of primary energy, of which over 60 percent was petroleum-based. The remainder was made up of natural gas.
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Towards the end of 1998, the electricity sector embarked upon a major restructuring program. One of its aims was to achieve sustainable performance. Although progress has been made, remaining challenges, include high demand growth, low generation capacity reserve margins, in
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electricity generation capacity from 83 gigawatts (GW) in 2023 to 110 GW by 2028, supported by a $ 293 billion investment in both conventional power and renewable energy projects. At the heart of this strategy is Saudi Arabia's goal to generate 50% of its electricity from
815:
In
January 2020, Aramco announced a $ 1.85 billion investment to set up the first natural gas storage facility in Saudi Arabia. In 2019, a study presented that natural gas storage is only financially viable if Saudi Arabia meets its natural gas production target in 2030.
627:'s proven reserves were estimated at 41.3 billion m (259.9 billion bbl), comprising about 24% of the world total. They would last for 90 years at the current rate of production. 85% of Saudi oil fields found have not been extracted yet.
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Current sustainable policies, particularly those encouraging energy conservation, led to peak load savings of more than 871 MW in 2001, mainly as a result of collaboration between the
Ministry of Water and Electricity and the Saudi Electricity Company.
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Electricity generation is 40% from Oil 52% from Natural Gas and 8% from steam. Generation capacity is approximately 55 GW. A looming energy shortage requires Saudi Arabia to increase its capacity. Capacity is planned to be increased to 120 GW by 2032.
642:, "some energy experts are convinced that current reserves are substantially lower than those officially claimed by Saudis and that the depletion rate is substantially faster." According to a former senior executive of the state-run Aramco oil company
932:), the Department of Electricity Affairs was established within the Ministry of Commerce, with a mandate to regulate the electricity generation sector and to issue permits and licenses to electricity companies and to encourage national investment.
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The first SCECO (SCECO-East) was created in 1976 (1396/97 AH). This was followed in 1979 (1399/1400 AH) by SCECO-South. Electricity for the southwest is provided by another consolidated company, and the central region is served by SCECO-Central.
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The government has approved the construction of a $ 300 million facility to turn waste into energy. The facility will process 180 tons of waste per day, producing 6 MW of electricity and 250,000 US gallons (950 m) of distilled water.
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New oil fields will add up to 570,000 m (3.6 million bbl) per day to production capacity by 2011. The new fields are Haradh, Khurais, Khusaniyah, Manifa, Neutral Zone (shared with Kuwait), Nuayyin and Shaybah I II & III.
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In 1972 (1392 AH), the Department of Electricity Services was established. This Department was separated from the Ministry of Commerce and was given the additional responsibility of planning electrical services for the Kingdom as a whole.
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From 1976 to 1981 (1396 – 1401 AH) all community electricity generation was gradually subsumed under the four regional Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies (SCECOs), located in the Central, Eastern, Southern and Western regions.
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In 1998, the Government announced the reorganization of the electricity sector by establishing a stock market company, named the Saudi Electric Company, through the merger of all the electricity companies operating in the Kingdom.
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developed a nuclear bomb. A 17 September 2020 publication by The Guardian claimed that Saudi Arabia holds enough reserves to mine uranium ore to produce nuclear fuel, raising concerns regarding the Gulf nation's interest in the
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the planning, co-ordination and regulatory roles for providing electrical services. The Electricity Corporation was established in 1976 (1396 AH) to coordinate the electricity plans contained in the Kingdom's Development Plan.
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In 1974 (1394 AH), the Ministry of Commerce was divided into the Commerce Agency and the Industry and Electricity Agency. In that same year, the electricity tariff was set for all companies at a level below their actual costs.
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Saudi officials have talked about solar power for years, and even made plans to install 41,000MW over the next 20 years, but whilst China installed 5,000MW in 2012 alone, Saudi Arabia still has virtually no solar generation
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program. The source of the information was a report compiled by the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology (BRIUG) and China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) that have been working for the Saudi Geological Survey.
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gone from these fields and tapping the rest of the oil is probably going to be much more difficult and more expensive. Such increased difficulty and expense may indicate that Saudi Arabian oil fields have already peaked.
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Saudi Arabian power providers pay $ 5 to $ 15 a barrel for its fuel from state-owned Saudi Arabian Oil Co., according to the report. Brent crude, the benchmark for more than half the world's oil, traded at $ 116 a
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Saudi Arabia's proved oil reserves amounted, at the end of 2011, to 265,4 thousand million barrels. Despite the fact that Venezuela, with proved oil reserves of 296,5 thousand million barrels, recently surpassed
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823:, to start production by 2024 to 2036 when fully developed, which is expected to hold 5.7 trillion m (200 trillion cu ft) of wet gas, 21,000 cubic metres (130,000 bbl) per day of
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With the formulation of a coherent development plan and the establishment of the SCECOs, the Government was able to bring electricity to the towns, villages and settlements throughout the Kingdom.
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with 41GW of solar capacity by 2032. Same time was announced investment in 17 new nuclear reactors in next 20 years. Indeed, Saudi Arabia has been ranked the 6th in solar energy potential.
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For many years Saudi's ability to increase production of oil and stabilize price spikes led it to be compared to an international central bank and be called a "central bank of oil'.
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Matar, Walid; Echeverri, Rodrigo; Pierru, Axel (1 December 2015). "The Prospects for Coal-Fired Power Generation in Saudi Arabia". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
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possesses around 17% of the world's proven petroleum reserves. Apart from petroleum, the Kingdom's other natural resources include natural gas, iron ore, gold, and copper.
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The nuclear ambitions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have led to heightened concern in the United States Congress, especially since the crown prince of Saudi Arabia
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Saudi oil policy is shaped by multiple factors and as these factors change and/or as new information becomes available, Saudi Arabia's oil policy will also change.
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all over the Kingdom. It will also develop the country's water policies and propose new regulations to preserve water." In 2003, this department was expanded.
765:. The company is controlled by the government but also has a board of advisors and a CEO. The current CEO and President of Saudi Aramco is Amin H. Al-Nasser.
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Saudi Arabia plans to construct 16 nuclear power reactors over the next 20 years at a cost of more than $ 80 billion, with the first reactor on line in 2022.
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For many years the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been the world's largest petroleum producer and exporter. In 2011 it pumped about 1.7142 million
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private sector. Saudi Arabia has per capita GDP of $ 20,700. The economy is still very dependent on oil despite diversification, in particular in the
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Phase 1: Initially, electricity generation was left to small, local companies. Such companies sold power at varying rates according to local costs.
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has recently completed the Al Shuaibah solar projects, which are expected to supply approximately 2.6 GW of solar electricity to the country.
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812:). On January 1, 2016, the domestic price of natural gas was raised to $ 4.3 per megawatt-hour ($ 1.25 per million British thermal units).
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It projects 17 GWe of nuclear capacity by 2032 to provide 15% of the power then, along with over 40 GWe of solar capacity.
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Also, in February 2020, Aramco initiated a plan to invest $ 110 billion to develop gas reserves in Al-Jafurah field,
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independent electricity generating companies and was a source of finance for those companies' capital requirements.
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The number of electricity customers grew from 216,000 in 1970 (1390 AH) to 3,035,000 in 1996 and 4,955,906 in 2006.
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Venezuela has more oil in the form of tar sands, heavy bitumen which is not currently economically competitive.
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The country has had plans to diversify its energy sources for some time, developing solar and nuclear power.
727:. The enormous sea shipping capacity is vital to Saudi Arabia given the absence of international pipelines.
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production of natural gas was tightly controlled as it is so closely linked to oil production. The
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Saudi Arabia is the major oil producer in the world accounting for 12.9% of the global production.
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In May 2003, electricity was made the responsibility of the Ministry of Water and Electricity.
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The development of electricity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia can be divided into two stages:
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1769:"Efficient Industrial Energy Use: The First Step in Transitioning Saudi Arabia's Energy Mix"
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criticized the government and Aramco for heavily subsidizing natural gas. According to the
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1939:"Ministry of Water and Electricity – SAMIRAD (Saudi Arabia Market Information Resource)"
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is the world's largest offshore oil loading facility with 6 million barrels per day (950
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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and 79,000 cubic metres (500,000 bbl) per day of gas liquids and condensates.
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1819:"The Phases of Saudi Oil Policy: What Next? - Oxford Institute for Energy Studies"
1080:, claimed in 2018 that the country will immediately follow suit if regional rival
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Saudi Arabia announced its target to receive third of its electricity demand from
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as the Project Management Office (PMO) for its nuclear energy program under the
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World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest
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1921:"Saudi Arabia plans $ 110bn investment in Al-Jafurah unconventional gas field"
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to refineries around the world. Three major ports are used for the shipping.
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2175:"Revealed: Saudi Arabia may have enough uranium ore to produce nuclear fuel"
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2157:"Saudi Arabia reveals plans to be powered entirely by renewable energy"
1941:. Saudinf.com. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 May 2000
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1881:"Viability of seasonal natural gas storage in the Saudi energy system"
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Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) = 11.63 TWh (terawatt-hours).
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2011 report on oil and gas companies, Promoting revenue Transparency
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1.5–3.0 billion saving over 20 years. Typically, investment in
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Saudi Arabia, has one of the largest reserves of natural gas in the
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On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
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On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
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emitter per capita in the world in 2009: 18.56 tonnes per capita.
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International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce
1862:"Samsung Engineering wins $ 1.85bn Aramco gas storage contract"
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2041:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
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Parts of this article (those related to 2012–2016) need to be
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Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts
1243:"Energy Information Agency, Country Analysis Briefs 2007"
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Russia, and Argentina over access to nuclear technology.
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2012R: CO2 calculation criteria changed; numbers updated.
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solar capacity, 16 GW of wind capacity, and 2.7 GW of
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as richest Saudi Arabian in energy business in 2013.
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and production. In 1988 the oil company was renamed
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King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center
136:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2097:"Energy & Water - Sectors & Opportunities"
1067:King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy
1055:King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy
3073:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
1023:(CSP) capacity by 2030. Key projects include the
961:Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies (SCECOs)
739:Saudi crude oil exports by destination, 2015–2019
673:Saudi Arabia produces over 1.6 million
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635:plants in Ras Tanura and Yanbu by 2010 to 2012.
1879:Matar, Walid; Shabaneh, Rami (3 October 2020).
1595:"Have Saudis Overstated How Much Oil Is Left?"
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2081:Saudi Arabia announces $ 109bn solar strategy
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1520:October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
1367:"Solar power shines in oil-rich Saudi Arabia"
1005:2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference
847:Saudi Arabia electricity production by source
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2053:Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020):
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1275:"Is Saudi Arabia really running out of oil?"
2673:Council of Economic and Development Affairs
2127:"Saudis, Emirates push nuclear power plans"
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1429:IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics
1402:. Nuclear Power Association. Archived from
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666:History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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240:Energy consumption by source, Saudi Arabia
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2272:
2020:"Saudi Arabia - Country Commercial Guide"
1896:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
196:Learn how and when to remove this message
2030:
1586:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
987:
842:
834:
734:
610:
577:
300:
235:
227:
3158:OPEC Fund for International Development
1701:The End of the Saudi Oil Reserve Margin
1614:
1189:
693:The majority of the oil is shipped via
232:Development of carbon dioxide emissions
14:
4409:
2151:
1999:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1801:"Saudi Arabia Bullish On Oil's Future"
1671:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1548:
1423:
1173:List of power stations in Saudi Arabia
880:policies for sustainable development.
768:
564:Primary energy includes energy losses.
560:
4261:
4110:
3705:
3298:
3177:
3045:
2246:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1795:
1793:
1364:
1306:
1257:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1592:
1358:
839:Power line in the desert near Riyadh
134:adding citations to reliable sources
105:
69:
28:
1844:"GCC Energy System Overview – 2017"
1823:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
1766:
1593:Walt, Vivienne (10 February 2011).
1202:"The World Factbook – Saudi Arabia"
1093:
1031:'s PV carport system. In addition,
24:
4427:Petroleum industry in Saudi Arabia
3324:
2007:
1790:
1633:
1388:
1272:
1216:
1117:Regional effects of global warming
25:
4438:
2455:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
977:
802:Energy Information Administration
650:
638:However, according to journalist
44:This article has multiple issues.
4295:
4288:Energy policy of the Middle East
4146:
4090:
4081:
4080:
3685:
3676:
3675:
2347:
1152:
1138:
1061:In 2018, Saudi Arabia appointed
110:
74:
33:
2627:General Intelligence Presidency
2193:
2167:
2145:
2119:
2089:
2074:
2047:
1967:
1931:
1913:
1872:
1854:
1836:
1811:
1760:
1720:
1710:
1703:(behind paywall) By Jim Krane |
1694:
1679:
1523:
1442:2014 (2012R as in November 2015
1396:"Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia"
1342:. Energy Global. Archived from
1049:Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia
891:
121:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
4048:British Indian Ocean Territory
3643:British Indian Ocean Territory
1297:
1045:Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia
830:
790:
746:
715:facility, on the coast of the
13:
1:
3207:and primary energy 2008 (TWh)
2617:Chairman of the General Staff
1686:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
1578:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
1183:
810:million British thermal units
659:
3205:Energy in the OPEC countries
1365:Peixe, Joao (15 June 2013).
596:Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia
582:Saudi Aramco's Core Area in
573:
18:Oil industry in Saudi Arabia
7:
3153:List of secretaries general
2859:Water supply and sanitation
2688:History of the oil industry
2555:Mutaween (religious police)
1336:"The Middle East LNG story"
1131:
984:Solar power in Saudi Arabia
688:
619:according to U.S. EIA, 2017
589:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
532:
529:
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382:
379:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
10:
4443:
4138:Energy in the Middle East
2201:"The World's Billionaires"
1531:"OPEC : Saudi Arabia"
1325:2011 page reserves 114–115
1323:Transparency International
1114:
1042:
1038:
981:
917:
876:an urgent need to develop
804:the price was US$ 2.6 per
663:
593:
537:
514:
491:
468:
445:
422:
399:
376:
353:
281:(10.782 million
4302:
4293:
4153:
4144:
4076:
4035:
3995:
3737:
3671:
3630:
3590:
3332:
3212:
3148:
3080:
3003:
2961:
2867:
2768:
2759:
2653:
2644:
2577:
2498:
2480:National Security Council
2435:
2431:
2422:
2365:
2356:
2345:
2284:
1959:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1898:10.1016/j.esr.2020.100549
1866:Oil & Gas Middle East
1621:Key world statistics 2012
755:
730:
711: m/d) capacity. The
644:Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini
3797:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3392:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2725:Tadawul (stock exchange)
2720:Supreme Economic Council
2668:Capital Market Authority
2622:General Staff Presidency
2475:Mabahith (secret police)
2220:Guardian 31 January 2011
1582:. Knopf. pp. 245–6.
1458:2 September 2014 at the
1111:Carbon dioxide emissions
1021:concentrated solar power
798:World Trade Organization
723:terminal located on the
145:"Energy in Saudi Arabia"
4058:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3653:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2607:Strategic Missile Force
1885:Energy Strategy Reviews
1513:12 October 2009 at the
1491:11 October 2010 at the
1480:27 October 2011 at the
1178:Saudi Arabia energy law
1168:Economy of Saudi Arabia
873:Electricity consumption
868:Electricity consumption
623:In January 2007, Saudi
301:Energy in Saudi Arabia
4417:Energy in Saudi Arabia
2229:"KAPSARC Energy Model"
1748:Cite journal requires
1502:7 October 2013 at the
1027:'s solar endeavor and
1000:
848:
840:
785:
783:the alternatives today
740:
677:(10 million
620:
586:
241:
233:
4422:Energy policy in Asia
3732:Energy policy of Asia
3163:OPEC Reference Basket
3125:Republic of the Congo
2450:Consultative Assembly
1690:. Knopf. p. 245.
1400:Updated December 2013
1069:(KACARE). That year,
991:
846:
838:
780:
738:
614:
581:
239:
231:
4391:United Arab Emirates
4242:United Arab Emirates
3972:United Arab Emirates
3567:United Arab Emirates
3241:United Arab Emirates
3135:United Arab Emirates
1891:. Elsevier: 100549.
1626:9 March 2013 at the
1564:Saudi Aramco History
1469:9 March 2013 at the
1447:5 April 2015 at the
1436:4 March 2016 at the
899:efficient energy use
130:improve this article
3999:limited recognition
3594:limited recognition
2715:Saudi Central Bank
2523:Freedom of religion
2299:Early Islamic State
2181:. 17 September 2020
2155:(19 October 2012).
1927:. 22 February 2020.
1705:Wall Street Journal
1318:2 June 2011 at the
1146:Saudi Arabia portal
1078:Mohammed bin Salman
878:energy conservation
821:Al-Ahsa Governorate
769:Future perspectives
640:Karen Elliott House
2730:Telecommunications
2513:Capital punishment
2440:Allegiance Council
2319:Emirate of Diriyah
2304:Rashidun Caliphate
2294:Pre-Islamic Arabia
2107:on 9 February 2020
2063:. (Energy series)
1981:on 15 October 2009
1653:on 9 November 2007
1279:September 30, 2012
1105:Mohammed Al Amoudi
1001:
849:
841:
741:
621:
587:
242:
234:
4404:
4403:
4255:
4254:
4104:
4103:
4041:other territories
3699:
3698:
3636:other territories
3292:
3291:
3171:
3170:
3090:Equatorial Guinea
3039:
3038:
2999:
2998:
2827:Human trafficking
2755:
2754:
2640:
2639:
2573:
2572:
2460:Foreign relations
2418:
2417:
2314:Abbasid Caliphate
2309:Umayyad Caliphate
2161:The Guardian (UK)
2026:. 3 January 2024.
1850:. 4 October 2020.
1124:was the 15th top
911:energy efficiency
862:renewable sources
571:
570:
567:
224:
223:
216:
206:
205:
198:
180:
104:
103:
67:
16:(Redirected from
4434:
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4258:
4150:
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4117:
4108:
4107:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4053:Christmas Island
3739:Sovereign states
3726:
3719:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3648:Christmas Island
3334:Sovereign states
3319:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3019:
3012:
2852:response to ISIL
2766:
2765:
2710:Riyal (currency)
2651:
2650:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2375:Cities and towns
2363:
2362:
2351:
2329:Kingdom of Hejaz
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2103:. Archived from
2093:
2087:
2086:26 November 2012
2078:
2072:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1971:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1876:
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1736:
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1714:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1646:. Archived from
1645:
1637:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1566:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1406:on 17 April 2014
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1273:Atzori, Daniel.
1270:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1239:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1198:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1094:Business persons
707:
706:
632:Ghawar oil field
561:
538:Change 2004–2010
298:
297:
219:
212:
201:
194:
190:
187:
181:
179:
138:
114:
106:
99:
96:
90:
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
4442:
4441:
4437:
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4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4300:
4289:
4286:
4256:
4251:
4151:
4140:
4135:
4105:
4100:
4072:
4040:
4031:
4012:Northern Cyprus
3998:
3991:
3733:
3730:
3700:
3695:
3667:
3635:
3626:
3607:Northern Cyprus
3593:
3586:
3328:
3326:Energy in Asia
3323:
3293:
3288:
3208:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3144:
3076:
3070:
3040:
3035:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2995:
2957:
2919:Public holidays
2863:
2751:
2695:Foreign workers
2636:
2569:
2494:
2485:Nuclear program
2414:
2352:
2343:
2324:Emirate of Nejd
2280:
2271:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2075:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2008:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1975:"Archived copy"
1973:
1972:
1968:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1877:
1873:
1868:. 15 July 2020.
1860:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1799:
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1779:
1771:
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1749:
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1738:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:"Archived copy"
1639:
1638:
1634:
1628:Wayback Machine
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1515:Wayback Machine
1504:Wayback Machine
1493:Wayback Machine
1482:Wayback Machine
1471:Wayback Machine
1460:Wayback Machine
1449:Wayback Machine
1438:Wayback Machine
1428:
1424:
1417:
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1394:
1393:
1389:
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1320:Wayback Machine
1311:
1307:
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1096:
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1043:Main articles:
1041:
986:
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963:
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870:
833:
793:
771:
758:
749:
733:
713:Ras al-Ju'aymah
704:
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691:
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615:A map of world
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5:
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4019:
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3990:
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3209:
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2855:
2854:
2844:
2839:
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2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2800:Discrimination
2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2756:
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2752:
2750:
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2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2632:Military ranks
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:National Guard
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
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2567:
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2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2490:Prime Minister
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2426:
2420:
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2407:
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2397:
2392:
2387:
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1245:. Eia.doe.gov
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1160:Energy portal
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1063:WorleyParsons
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994:solar station
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806:megawatt-hour
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311:Prim. energy
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272:petrochemical
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147: –
146:
142:
141:Find sources:
135:
131:
125:
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119:This article
117:
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107:
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86:
81:
72:
71:
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50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4376:Saudi Arabia
4227:Saudi Arabia
4226:
4037:Dependencies
3967:Turkmenistan
3932:Saudi Arabia
3632:Dependencies
3562:Turkmenistan
3527:Saudi Arabia
3526:
3223:Saudi Arabia
3222:
3130:Saudi Arabia
2842:Prostitution
2815:universities
2788:Demographics
2683:Oil reserves
2677:
2528:Human rights
2470:Crown Prince
2390:Governorates
2274:Saudi Arabia
2232:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2195:
2185:17 September
2183:. Retrieved
2179:The Guardian
2178:
2169:
2160:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2101:Invest Saudi
2100:
2091:
2084:The Guardian
2076:
2061:Wiley - ISTE
2055:
2049:
2023:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1969:
1943:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1915:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
1813:
1804:
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1762:
1741:cite journal
1722:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1655:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1635:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1598:
1588:
1579:
1538:. Retrieved
1535:www.opec.org
1534:
1525:
1425:
1415:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1399:
1390:
1381:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1339:
1330:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1247:. Retrieved
1206:. Retrieved
1122:Saudi Arabia
1120:
1098:
1097:
1075:
1060:
1052:
1029:Saudi Aramco
1017:
1002:
972:
968:
964:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
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921:
907:
903:
895:
892:Conservation
886:
882:
871:
858:
854:
850:
818:
814:
808:($ 0.75 per
794:
786:
781:
772:
763:Saudi Aramco
759:
750:
742:
717:Persian Gulf
708:
695:supertankers
692:
683:
672:
669:
654:
637:
629:
622:
617:oil reserves
606:Saudi Arabia
599:
320:Electricity
294:
290:Persian Gulf
287:
276:
254:Saudi Arabia
252:
249:
244:
243:
225:
210:
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183:
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159:
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140:
128:Please help
123:verification
120:
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84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
4096:Asia portal
3997:States with
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3857:South Korea
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2658:Agriculture
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2385:Earthquakes
2334:Unification
2137:29 November
1657:20 February
1540:11 December
1281:. About Oil
1013:solar power
1003:During the
831:Electricity
791:Natural gas
747:Consumption
314:Production
267:electricity
263:natural gas
4411:Categories
4361:Gaza Strip
4212:Gaza Strip
3977:Uzbekistan
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3867:Kyrgyzstan
3847:Kazakhstan
3767:Bangladesh
3757:Azerbaijan
3572:Uzbekistan
3547:Tajikistan
3462:Kyrgyzstan
3442:Kazakhstan
3362:Bangladesh
3352:Azerbaijan
2907:television
2778:Censorship
2700:Irrigation
1985:26 October
1828:18 January
1371:CS Monitor
1340:01/10/2013
1184:References
1115:See also:
1033:ACWA Power
699:Ras Tanura
664:See also:
660:Production
327:-emission
156:newspapers
49:improve it
4365:West Bank
4357:Palestine
4216:West Bank
4208:Palestine
4063:Hong Kong
4017:Palestine
3942:Sri Lanka
3937:Singapore
3817:Indonesia
3658:Hong Kong
3612:Palestine
3537:Sri Lanka
3532:Singapore
3412:Indonesia
3235:Venezuela
3140:Venezuela
2847:Terrorism
2810:libraries
2805:Education
2740:Transport
2663:Companies
2597:Air Force
2550:Judiciary
2518:Elections
2508:Basic Law
2400:Provinces
2395:Mountains
2358:Geography
2234:6 January
1925:Arab News
1907:226896106
1782:9 October
1778:. KAPSARC
1767:KAPSARC.
1383:capacity.
1204:. Cia.gov
1053:In 2010,
864:by 2030.
574:Petroleum
259:petroleum
257:involves
186:July 2010
55:talk page
4086:Category
4007:Abkhazia
3957:Thailand
3912:Pakistan
3892:Mongolia
3887:Maldives
3882:Malaysia
3782:Cambodia
3681:Category
3602:Abkhazia
3552:Thailand
3507:Pakistan
3487:Mongolia
3482:Maldives
3477:Malaysia
3377:Cambodia
3026:Category
2953:Heritage
2941:football
2924:Religion
2897:Language
2837:Polygamy
2773:Abortion
2579:Military
2560:Passport
2424:Politics
2410:Wildlife
2278:articles
1995:cite web
1955:cite web
1945:28 April
1805:CBS News
1667:cite web
1624:Archived
1606:23 April
1511:Archived
1500:Archived
1489:Archived
1478:Archived
1467:Archived
1456:Archived
1445:Archived
1434:Archived
1410:17 April
1376:17 April
1316:Archived
1285:23 April
1249:28 April
1208:28 April
1132:See also
1071:Assystem
689:Shipping
590:Reserves
334:Million
274:sector.
95:May 2016
4347:Lebanon
4307:Bahrain
4198:Lebanon
4158:Bahrain
3982:Vietnam
3897:Myanmar
3877:Lebanon
3807:Georgia
3762:Bahrain
3752:Armenia
3577:Vietnam
3492:Myanmar
3472:Lebanon
3402:Georgia
3357:Bahrain
3347:Armenia
3283:Ecuador
3247:Algeria
3229:Nigeria
3120:Nigeria
3085:Algeria
3010:Outline
2963:Symbols
2948:Theatre
2892:Cuisine
2869:Culture
2832:Obesity
2761:Society
2735:Tourism
2646:Economy
2445:Cabinet
2380:Climate
2370:Borders
2286:History
2111:9 April
1848:KAPSARC
1776:KAPSARC
1733:2749596
1292:Riyadh,
1103:ranked
1039:Nuclear
918:History
725:Red Sea
584:Dhahran
317:Export
308:Capita
170:scholar
85:updated
4386:Turkey
4342:Kuwait
4337:Jordan
4332:Israel
4312:Cyprus
4237:Turkey
4193:Kuwait
4188:Jordan
4183:Israel
4163:Cyprus
4027:Taiwan
3962:Turkey
3927:Russia
3862:Kuwait
3842:Jordan
3832:Israel
3792:Cyprus
3777:Brunei
3772:Bhutan
3622:Taiwan
3557:Turkey
3522:Russia
3457:Kuwait
3437:Jordan
3427:Israel
3387:Cyprus
3372:Brunei
3367:Bhutan
3277:Angola
3259:Kuwait
3110:Kuwait
3075:(OPEC)
3031:Portal
2981:Emblem
2971:Anthem
2887:Cinema
2678:Energy
2276:
2205:Forbes
2067:
1905:
1731:
1717:barrel
1100:Forbes
998:Khafji
825:ethane
756:Aramco
731:Export
625:Aramco
246:Energy
172:
165:
158:
151:
143:
4396:Yemen
4381:Syria
4371:Qatar
4317:Egypt
4247:Yemen
4232:Syria
4222:Qatar
4168:Egypt
4068:Macau
3987:Yemen
3947:Syria
3922:Qatar
3902:Nepal
3837:Japan
3812:India
3802:Egypt
3787:China
3663:Macau
3582:Yemen
3542:Syria
3517:Qatar
3497:Nepal
3432:Japan
3407:India
3397:Egypt
3382:China
3271:Libya
3265:Qatar
3231:1,293
3225:1,879
3219:2,350
3115:Libya
3095:Gabon
3017:Index
2991:Motto
2976:Dance
2936:Sport
2929:Islam
2914:Music
2902:Media
2793:youth
2783:Crime
2543:Women
2405:Wadis
1903:S2CID
1772:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1644:(PDF)
1350:9 May
1009:Qatar
721:Yanbu
527:4,882
524:7,146
521:2,235
518:28.83
504:4,949
501:7,269
498:2,329
495:28.29
492:2012R
481:4,700
478:6,998
475:2,176
472:28.08
458:4,551
455:6,258
452:1,969
449:27.45
435:4,324
432:6,145
429:1,836
412:4,796
409:6,734
406:1,879
389:4,606
386:6,412
383:1,748
366:4,811
363:6,469
360:1,633
177:JSTOR
163:books
4352:Oman
4327:Iraq
4322:Iran
4203:Oman
4178:Iraq
4173:Iran
3907:Oman
3872:Laos
3827:Iraq
3822:Iran
3502:Oman
3467:Laos
3422:Iraq
3417:Iran
3253:Iraq
3217:Iran
3105:Iraq
3100:Iran
2986:Flag
2745:rail
2705:OPEC
2592:Navy
2587:Army
2538:Rape
2533:LGBT
2465:King
2236:2019
2187:2020
2139:2012
2113:2019
2065:ISBN
2001:link
1987:2009
1961:link
1947:2011
1830:2017
1784:2016
1754:help
1729:SSRN
1673:link
1659:2012
1608:2014
1600:Time
1542:2022
1508:2006
1497:2009
1486:2010
1475:2011
1464:2012
1453:2013
1431:2015
1412:2014
1378:2014
1352:2014
1287:2014
1251:2011
1210:2011
1082:Iran
1047:and
630:The
602:OPEC
556:37%
533:472
515:2013
510:459
487:457
469:2012
464:446
446:2010
441:410
426:25.4
423:2009
418:389
403:24.7
400:2008
395:358
380:24.2
377:2007
372:324
357:24.0
354:2004
346:TWh
343:TWh
340:TWh
337:TWh
261:and
149:news
4039:and
3634:and
3285:120
3279:128
3273:212
3267:281
3261:306
3255:395
3249:431
3243:680
3237:745
2877:Art
2500:Law
2131:UPI
1893:doi
1630:IEA
1518:IEA
1462:,
1007:in
996:in
776:CBS
679:bbl
553:48%
550:-5%
547:-3%
544:21%
541:15%
530:264
507:248
484:227
461:219
438:199
415:187
392:175
369:148
349:Mt
283:bbl
132:by
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