774:. "Before 1752, parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the Historical Year 1734 started even though the Civil Year 1733 continued until 24th March. ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms. It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745, for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Civil or the Historical Year. The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS (if indeed it was Old Style) or as 20th January 1745/6. The hyphen (1745-6) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time."
194:
450:
52:
536:, who lived while the British Isles and colonies converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth by using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death by using the Gregorian calendar. At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in the Gregorian calendar. Similarly,
473:. However, for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in Continental Western Europe and in British domains. Events in Continental Western Europe are usually reported in English-language histories by using the Gregorian calendar. For example, the
496:
on 12 July 1691 (Julian). The latter battle was commemorated annually throughout the 18th century on 12 July, following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great
Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date
232:
introduced two concurrent changes to the calendar. The first, which applied to
England, Wales, Ireland and the British colonies, changed the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January, with effect from "the day after 31 December 1751". (Scotland had already made this aspect of the changes, on 1
291:
In
Britain, 1 January was celebrated as the New Year festival from as early as the 13th century, despite the recorded (civil) year not incrementing until 25 March, but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used". To
547:
There is some evidence that the calendar change was not easily accepted. Many
British people continued to celebrate their holidays "Old Style" well into the 19th century, a practice that the author Karen Bellenir considered to reveal a deep emotional resistance to calendar reform.
532:, Benjamin Woolley surmises that because Dee fought unsuccessfully for England to embrace the 1583/84 date set for the change, "England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates". In contrast,
287:
The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the "historical year" (1 January) and the legal start date, where different. This was 25 March in
England, Wales, Ireland and the colonies until 1752, and until 1600 in Scotland.
180:
Countries that adopted the
Gregorian calendar after 1699 needed to skip an additional day for each subsequent new century that the Julian calendar had added since then. When the British Empire did so in 1752, the gap had grown to eleven days; when Russia did so (as its
41:
This article is about the 18th-century changes in calendar conventions used by Great
Britain and its colonies, together with a brief explanation of usage of the term in other contexts. For a more general discussion of the equivalent transitions in other countries, see
292:
reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal even in semi-official documents such as parish registers to place a statutory new-year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading from the end of the following
December,
263:
When recording
British history, it is usual to quote the date as originally recorded at the time of the event, but with the year number adjusted to start on 1 January. The latter adjustment may be needed because the start of the
655:
of the monarch. As these commence on the day and date of the monarch's accession, they normally span two consecutive calendar years and have to be calculated accordingly, but the resultant dates should be
464:
Usually, the mapping of New Style dates onto Old Style dates with a start-of-year adjustment works well with little confusion for events before the introduction of the
Gregorian calendar. For example, the
123:
had made in 1600. The second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, skipping 11 days in the month of September to do so. To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used
492:
in Ireland took place a few months later on 1 July 1690 (Julian calendar). That maps to 11 July (Gregorian calendar), conveniently close to the Julian date of the subsequent (and more decisive)
284:" (New Style). The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution.
367:
It is common in English-language publications to use the familiar Old Style and/or New Style terms to discuss events and personalities in other countries, especially with reference to the
149:
The need to correct the calendar arose from the realisation that the correct figure for the number of days in a year is not 365.25 (365 days 6 hours) as assumed by the Julian calendar but
501:
on 5 November). The Battle of the Boyne was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, both events were combined in the late 18th century, and continue to be celebrated as "
1103:
512:, more or less automatically. Letters concerning diplomacy and international trade thus sometimes bore both Julian and Gregorian dates to prevent confusion. For example, Sir
61:, covering the calendar change in Great Britain. The issue spans the changeover; the date heading reads: "From Tuesday September 1, O.S. to Saturday September 16, N.S. 1752".
321:
268:
year had not always been 1 January and was altered at different times in different countries. From 1155 to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March (
849:
1073:
is by far the most usual indicator, but sometimes the alternative final figures of the year are written above and below a horizontal line, as in a fraction, thus:
300:
to indicate that in the following twelve weeks or so, the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style. Some more modern sources, often more academic ones (e.g. the
169:. The Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these figures, between the years 325 and 1582, by skipping 10 days to set the
241:, or to the combination of the two. It was through their use in the Calendar Act that the notations "Old Style" and "New Style" came into common usage.
1397:
Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations...'
602:
in December 1699 (with effect from 1 January 1700), Russia changed its start of year from September to January and adopted the AD era in place of
566:
144:
2148:
1824:
372:
540:
is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar). The philosopher
233:
January 1600.) The second (in effect) adopted the Gregorian calendar in place of the Julian calendar. Thus "New Style" can refer to the
1531:
624:
Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, three extra Julian leap days (in 1700, 1800 and 1900) needed to be taken into account.
198:
1339:
953:
1117:
135:
where no start-of-year adjustment took place, O.S. and N.S. simply indicate the Julian and Gregorian dating systems respectively.
895:
Dates are Old Style, but the year is calculated from 1 January. On occasion, where clarity requires it, dates are written 1687/8.
485:
in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after he had set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar) 1688.
258:
332:
1442:
1352:
1401:
1257:
308:
style for the period between 1 January and 24 March for years before the introduction of the New Style calendar in England.
1595:
1044:
1021:
821:
2450:
615:
Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, only one extra Julian leap day (in 1700) needed to be taken into account.
1942:
1496:
1137:
317:
80:) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, they refer to the change from the
43:
17:
1144:, chapter 19 in История календаря и хронология by Селешников (History of the calendar and chronology by Seleschnikov)
2143:
1739:
1240:
1197:
888:
673:
December 1661: "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ...", which is immediately followed by an entry dated "1
1779:
1454:
1152:
652:
1150:ДЕКРЕТ "О ВВЕДЕНИИ ЗАПАДНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО КАЛЕНДАРЯ" (Decree "On the introduction of the Western European calendar")
1006:
508:
Because of the differences, British writers and their correspondents often employed two dates, a practice called
806:
784:
35:
150:
2189:
1437:
Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–20.
381:
uses the format of "25 October (7 November, New Style)" to describe the date of the start of the revolution.
229:
361:. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date, until
1932:
690:
The Julian calendar had by that time drifted by another three days since 1582 (in 1700, 1800 and 1900, see
111:, there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from 25 March (
2440:
2122:
1992:
1076:
2332:
2312:
859:
477:
is always given as 13 August 1704. However, confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example,
31:
1395:
831:
377:
2322:
2294:
2127:
1906:
1421:
544:, born on 4 February 1747/8 (Julian calendar), in later life celebrated his birthday on 15 February.
116:
1280:
250:
2445:
2389:
1588:
1568:
1434:
525:
225:
2327:
2277:
2064:
1911:
986:
2227:
2028:
1774:
1673:
1453:
478:
470:
174:
170:
932:
1829:
1460:
666:
301:
1546:
1118:"Chocke, Alexander II (1593/4–1625), of Shalbourne, Wilts.; later of Hungerford Park, Berks"
2262:
2203:
2179:
2174:
1425:
280:(Old Style). In newer English-language texts, this date is usually shown as "30 January 164
273:
651:
British official legal documents of the 16th and 17th centuries were usually dated by the
8:
2289:
2184:
2102:
2092:
1867:
1784:
1764:
1754:
1581:
1268:
The Queen's Conjurer, The Science and Magic of Dr. John Dee, Adviser to Queen Elizabeth I
1070:
489:
466:
960:. A demonstration of New Style, meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment.
728:
2414:
2394:
2272:
2257:
2242:
2164:
1963:
1927:
1729:
998:
729:"The London Gazette | From Tuesday September 1 O.S. to Saturday September 16 N.S. 1752"
474:
433:. There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German
162:
85:
57:
444:
193:
2222:
2018:
2013:
1857:
1693:
1492:
1469:
1438:
1348:
1236:
1193:
884:
691:
537:
493:
2419:
2368:
2284:
2232:
2008:
1986:
1852:
1749:
1523:
1308:
990:
704:
578:
533:
498:
453:
449:
2352:
2317:
2304:
2267:
2214:
2072:
1967:
1901:
1862:
1699:
1519:
1391:
1331:
1261:
1156:
1141:
994:
599:
513:
421:
The Latin abbreviations may be capitalised differently by different users, e.g.,
342:
108:
81:
1359:
God's-daddikins! it is my birthday – say something pretty to me on the occasion.
145:
Gregorian calendar § Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates
30:"Old Style" and "New Style" redirect here. For other meanings of old style, see
2252:
2050:
2038:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1896:
1819:
1744:
1335:
1321:(Both Franklin's and Washington's confusing birth dates are clearly explained.)
1052:
1029:
970:
633:
The Act has to use this formulation since "1 January 1752" was still ambiguous.
541:
389:
The Latin equivalents, which are used in many languages, are, on the one hand,
368:
358:
265:
182:
158:
128:
to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating.
1564:
907:
2434:
2169:
2087:
2082:
2033:
2023:
1663:
1135:История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)
166:
1527:
1134:
2247:
2045:
1759:
1734:
1719:
1685:
1645:
1508:"'Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England"
1417:
876:
572:
51:
173:
to be 21 March, the median date of its occurrence at the time of the
1947:
1844:
1806:
1789:
1724:
1705:
1638:
1618:
762:
678:
560:
509:
502:
297:
254:
125:
1149:
1066:
881:
The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500–1730
763:"Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar"
1714:
1709:
1604:
603:
375:. For example, in the article "The October (November) Revolution", the
1552:
1067:
Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar
1002:
974:
957:
2404:
2384:
2117:
2077:
1814:
1623:
521:
517:
350:
276:
was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 164
154:
2399:
2237:
1881:
1794:
1507:
1303:
445:
Transposition of historical event dates and possible date conflicts
269:
120:
112:
1190:
Abkürzungen aus Personalschriften des XVI. bis XVIII. Jahrhunderts
694:) from astronomical reality, so thirteen days needed to be elided.
2409:
1633:
1628:
1187:
575: – Informal traditional holiday based on the Julian calendar
482:
457:
138:
104:
96:
1558:
157:. The consequence was that the basis for the calculation of the
469:
is well known to have been fought on 25 October 1415, which is
132:
89:
815:
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.
793:
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.
153:(c. 365.242 days). The Julian calendar therefore has too many
1834:
1573:
100:
933:"House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)"
1768:
1650:
1489:
Marking Time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar
606:. However, that event is outside the scope of this article.
322:
List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country
188:
1668:
1122:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629
581: – Alternative title for 6 January ("Old Christmas")
234:
1555:
by Toke Nørby - Details of conversion for many countries
1341:
The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham: Volume I: 1752–76
238:
1188:
Lenz, Rudolf; Uwe Bredehorn; Marek Winiarczyk (2002).
1084:
739:
567:
Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates
524:
a letter dated "12/22 Dec. 1635". In his biography of
1235:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. pp. 258–259.
1166:
1079:
337:
The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on
2149:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1427:
A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History
1258:"Why Bacon, Oxford and Other's Weren't Shakespeare"
837:
811:Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III
789:Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III
259:
Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 § New Year's Day
1547:Untangling Lady Day dating and the Julian Calendar
1455:"General Chronology § Beginning of the year"
1105:. Very occasionally a hyphen is used, as 1733-34."
1097:
913:
1464:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1192:(3 ed.). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 210.
1059:
975:"New Year's Day and Leap Year in English History"
883:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xiii.
2432:
1474:(Online ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007
460:is "Born April 2. 1743. O.S. Died July 4. 1826."
384:
333:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar § Russia
1266:) uses the quote by Benjamin Woolley and cites
185:) in 1918, thirteen days needed to be skipped.
642:The Calendar Act does not mention Pope Gregory
139:Differences between Julian and Gregorian dates
1589:
1120:. In Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P. (eds.).
862:–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree.
563: – Date given in two different calendars
201:, recording his date of death as "28 of Jan:
1211:
1209:
677:January 1661/62". This is an example of the
1416:
1215:
908:The Perpetual Calendar: What about England?
681:system which had become common at the time.
244:
1596:
1582:
1559:Side-by-side Old style–New style reference
1226:
1224:
1183:
1181:
1128:
1471:Russia: the October (November) Revolution
1468:
1206:
1172:
1115:
1114:See for example this biographical entry:
925:
799:
2144:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
1370:
1124:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
870:
868:
448:
192:
50:
1330:
1230:
1221:
1178:
969:
189:Britain and its colonies or possessions
34:. For other meanings of new style, see
14:
2433:
1486:
1451:
1304:"What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?"
1301:
919:
843:
199:All Saints' Church, North Street, York
1577:
1534:from the original on 5 December 2014.
1505:
1404:from the original on 21 November 2020
1159:contains the full text of the decree
1042:
1019:
1009:from the original on 2 February 2021.
947:
875:
865:
817:]. 20 December 1699. p. 683.
795:]. 10 December 1699. p. 682.
756:
754:
745:
659:
251:Julian calendar § New Year's Day
1390:
1375:. Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. 33.
855:
827:
760:
272:); so for example, the execution of
1491:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1098:{\displaystyle 17{\tfrac {33}{34}}}
24:
1943:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1400:. London: George Bell & Sons.
1347:. London: UCL Press. p. 294.
1334:, ed. (2017) . "Jeremy Bentham to
1302:Engber, Daniel (18 January 2006).
1020:Pepys, Samuel (31 December 2004).
751:
318:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
311:
239:adoption of the Gregorian calendar
171:ecclesiastical date of the equinox
92:countries between 1582 and 1923.
44:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
25:
2462:
1540:
1255:
1458:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1373:Religious Holidays and Calendars
456:'s tombstone. Written below the
197:Memorial plaque to John Etty in
1825:English and British regnal year
1364:
1324:
1295:
1273:
1249:
1108:
1036:
1013:
963:
900:
697:
684:
645:
636:
627:
497:(as happens, for example, with
119:) to 1 January, a change which
27:Changes in calendar conventions
1603:
1549:by Erin Blake (Folger Library)
1043:Pepys, Samuel (January 2005).
777:
721:
618:
609:
592:
13:
1:
1938:Old Style and New Style dates
1045:"Wednesday 1 January 1661/62"
979:The English Historical Review
714:
385:Latin notation: st.v and st.n
230:Calendar (New Style) Act 1750
1890:Pre-Julian / Julian
735:(9198): 1. 1 September 1752.
7:
2123:Geological history of Earth
1993:Astronomical year numbering
1283:. monticello.org. June 1995
598:By decrees (1735, 1736) of
554:
109:Britain's American colonies
10:
2467:
2451:Time in the United Kingdom
1383:
1022:"Tuesday 31 December 1661"
995:10.1093/ehr/lv.ccxviii.177
954:Death warrant of Charles I
371:and the very beginning of
330:
315:
248:
163:decided in the 4th century
142:
40:
32:Old Style (disambiguation)
29:
2377:
2361:
2345:
2303:
2295:Thermoluminescence dating
2213:
2202:
2190:Samarium–neodymium dating
2157:
2136:
2110:
2101:
2063:
2001:
1956:
1920:
1889:
1880:
1843:
1805:
1684:
1659:
1611:
1231:Lenihan, Pádraig (2003).
1116:Lancaster, Henry (2010).
910:Version 29 February 2000.
326:
228:and its possessions, the
117:Feast of the Annunciation
2009:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1435:Royal Historical Society
1371:Bellenir, Karen (2004).
1233:1690 Battle of the Boyne
935:. British History Online
585:
397:(ablative), abbreviated
245:Start-of-year adjustment
235:start-of-year adjustment
226:Kingdom of Great Britain
2223:Amino acid racemisation
1487:Steele, Duncan (2000).
1216:Cheney & Jones 2000
1155:21 January 2007 at the
1140:17 October 2009 at the
987:Oxford University Press
378:Encyclopædia Britannica
2228:Archaeomagnetic dating
1740:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1553:The Perpetual Calendar
1506:Poole, Robert (1995).
1332:Sprigge, Timothy L. S.
1099:
479:William III of England
461:
221:
175:First Council of Nicea
131:For countries such as
88:as enacted in various
62:
2128:Geological time units
1528:10.1093/past/149.1.95
1461:Catholic Encyclopedia
1452:Gerard, John (1908).
1100:
667:Diary of Samuel Pepys
665:For example, see the
452:
405:; and, on the other,
331:Further information:
316:Further information:
302:History of Parliament
249:Further information:
196:
54:
2180:Law of superposition
2175:Isotope geochemistry
1077:
1055:on 24 November 2021.
1032:on 24 November 2021.
958:UK National Archives
530:The Queen's Conjurer
419:"(of/in) new style".
2313:Fluorine absorption
2290:Luminescence dating
2185:Luminescence dating
2093:Milankovitch cycles
1933:Proleptic Gregorian
1765:Hindu units of time
490:Battle of the Boyne
471:Saint Crispin's Day
467:Battle of Agincourt
403:"(of/in) old style"
165:, had drifted from
2441:Gregorian calendar
2415:Terminus post quem
2395:Synchronoptic view
2362:Linguistic methods
2323:Obsidian hydration
2258:Radiometric dating
2243:Incremental dating
2165:Chronostratigraphy
1565:Calendar Converter
1512:Past & Present
1281:"Old Style (O.S.)"
1095:
1093:
1049:www.pepysdiary.com
1026:www.pepysdiary.com
748:, pp. 95–139.
475:Battle of Blenheim
462:
347:1–13 February 1918
222:
86:Gregorian calendar
63:
58:The London Gazette
18:Old Style Calendar
2428:
2427:
2341:
2340:
2198:
2197:
2059:
2058:
2014:Geologic Calendar
1876:
1875:
1444:978-0-521-77095-8
1354:978-1-911576-05-1
1338:, 15 Feb. 1776".
1092:
692:Century leap year
538:George Washington
494:Battle of Aughrim
16:(Redirected from
2458:
2420:ASPRO chronology
2369:Glottochronology
2285:Tephrochronology
2233:Dendrochronology
2211:
2210:
2108:
2107:
1907:Proleptic Julian
1897:Pre-Julian Roman
1887:
1886:
1682:
1681:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1535:
1502:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1432:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1392:Bond, John James
1377:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:on 4 April 2005.
1260:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1246:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1051:. Archived from
1040:
1034:
1033:
1028:. Archived from
1017:
1011:
1010:
967:
961:
956:web page of the
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
929:
923:
917:
911:
904:
898:
897:
872:
863:
853:
847:
841:
835:
825:
819:
818:
807:"Ukase No. 1736"
803:
797:
796:
785:"Ukase No. 1735"
781:
775:
773:
771:
769:
761:Spathaky, Mike.
758:
749:
743:
737:
736:
725:
708:
705:Little Christmas
701:
695:
688:
682:
676:
672:
663:
657:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
596:
579:Little Christmas
569:(ready-reckoner)
534:Thomas Jefferson
499:Guy Fawkes Night
454:Thomas Jefferson
420:
404:
364:
356:
349:, pursuant to a
348:
341:by dropping the
340:
339:14 February 1918
219:
217:
216:
213:
210:
206:
21:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2446:Julian calendar
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2373:
2357:
2353:Molecular clock
2346:Genetic methods
2337:
2318:Nitrogen dating
2305:Relative dating
2299:
2268:Potassium–argon
2215:Absolute dating
2205:
2194:
2153:
2132:
2097:
2073:Cosmic Calendar
2065:Astronomic time
2055:
1997:
1952:
1916:
1902:Original Julian
1872:
1839:
1801:
1700:Ab urbe condita
1678:
1655:
1607:
1602:
1543:
1538:
1520:Oxford Academic
1499:
1477:
1475:
1445:
1430:
1424:, eds. (2000).
1407:
1405:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1344:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:Wayback Machine
1145:
1142:Wayback Machine
1133:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1065:Spathaky, Mike
1064:
1060:
1041:
1037:
1018:
1014:
968:
964:
952:
948:
938:
936:
931:
930:
926:
918:
914:
905:
901:
891:
873:
866:
854:
850:
842:
838:
826:
822:
805:
804:
800:
783:
782:
778:
767:
765:
759:
752:
744:
740:
727:
726:
722:
717:
712:
711:
702:
698:
689:
685:
674:
670:
664:
660:
650:
646:
641:
637:
632:
628:
623:
619:
614:
610:
600:Peter the Great
597:
593:
588:
557:
551:
514:William Boswell
447:
418:
402:
387:
362:
355:24 January 1918
354:
346:
338:
335:
329:
324:
314:
312:Other notations
304:) also use the
261:
247:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
202:
191:
147:
141:
82:Julian calendar
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:New Chronology
2387:
2381:
2379:
2378:Related topics
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2253:Paleomagnetism
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2051:New Earth Time
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1912:Revised Julian
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1830:Lists of kings
1827:
1822:
1820:Canon of Kings
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Before present
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1561:by Petko Yotov
1556:
1550:
1542:
1541:External links
1539:
1537:
1536:
1503:
1498:978-0471404217
1497:
1484:
1466:
1449:
1443:
1422:Jones, Michael
1414:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1353:
1336:Samuel Bentham
1323:
1294:
1272:
1248:
1241:
1220:
1205:
1198:
1177:
1173:EB online 2017
1165:
1127:
1107:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1071:oblique stroke
1058:
1035:
1012:
971:Pollard, A. F.
962:
946:
924:
912:
899:
889:
864:
848:
836:
820:
798:
776:
750:
738:
733:London Gazette
719:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
696:
683:
658:
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
590:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
576:
570:
564:
556:
553:
542:Jeremy Bentham
446:
443:
413:, abbreviated
401:, and meaning
393:(genitive) or
386:
383:
369:Russian Empire
359:Vladimir Lenin
353:decree signed
328:
325:
313:
310:
266:civil calendar
246:
243:
190:
187:
183:civil calendar
159:date of Easter
143:Main article:
140:
137:
55:Issue 9198 of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2463:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:Chronological
2201:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Geochronology
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Geologic time
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Metonic cycle
2086:
2084:
2083:Galactic year
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:ISO week date
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Byzantine era
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1686:Calendar eras
1683:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1418:Cheney, C. R.
1415:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1256:Baker, John.
1252:
1244:
1242:0-7524-2597-8
1238:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1218:, p. 19.
1217:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1199:3-515-08152-6
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
959:
955:
950:
934:
928:
921:
916:
909:
906:Nørby, Toke.
903:
896:
892:
890:0-19-925778-7
886:
882:
878:
877:Woolf, Daniel
871:
869:
861:
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
829:
824:
816:
812:
808:
802:
794:
790:
786:
780:
764:
757:
755:
747:
742:
734:
730:
724:
720:
706:
700:
693:
687:
680:
668:
662:
654:
648:
639:
630:
621:
612:
605:
601:
595:
591:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
552:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:wrote to Sir
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
455:
451:
442:
441:" for O.S.).
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
412:
408:
400:
396:
392:
391:stili veteris
382:
380:
379:
374:
373:Soviet Russia
370:
365:
360:
352:
344:
334:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
256:
252:
242:
240:
236:
231:
227:
200:
195:
186:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:slightly less
146:
136:
134:
129:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
59:
53:
49:
45:
37:
36:The New Style
33:
19:
2333:Stratigraphy
2278:Uranium–lead
2248:Lichenometry
2046:Winter count
2029:Mesoamerican
1957:Astronomical
1937:
1775:Mesoamerican
1760:Sothic cycle
1735:Seleucid era
1720:Bosporan era
1708: /
1698:
1646:Paleontology
1515:
1511:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1470:
1459:
1426:
1406:. Retrieved
1396:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1340:
1326:
1313:. Retrieved
1307:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1275:
1267:
1262:the original
1251:
1232:
1189:
1168:
1161:(in Russian)
1146:(in Russian)
1130:
1121:
1110:
1061:
1053:the original
1048:
1038:
1030:the original
1025:
1015:
982:
978:
965:
949:
937:. Retrieved
927:
915:
902:
894:
880:
851:
846:, p. 4.
839:
823:
814:
810:
801:
792:
788:
779:
766:. Retrieved
741:
732:
723:
699:
686:
661:
656:unambiguous.
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
594:
573:Old New Year
550:
546:
529:
507:
487:
463:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:and meaning
414:
410:
406:
398:
395:stilo vetere
394:
390:
388:
376:
366:
363:1 July 1918.
357:(Julian) by
336:
305:
296:, a form of
293:
290:
286:
281:
277:
262:
223:
179:
148:
130:
94:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
56:
48:
2273:Radiocarbon
1948:Dual dating
1807:Regnal year
1785:Short Count
1725:Bostran era
1706:Anno Domini
1639:Big History
1619:Archaeology
1569:John Walker
1270:, page 173.
989:: 180–185.
920:Gerard 1908
844:Steele 2000
679:dual dating
653:regnal year
561:Dual dating
510:dual dating
503:The Twelfth
481:arrived at
298:dual dating
255:Regnal year
126:dual dating
2435:Categories
1868:Vietnamese
1780:Long Count
1715:Anno Mundi
1710:Common Era
1612:Key topics
1605:Chronology
1522:: 95–139.
1315:8 February
746:Poole 1995
715:References
604:Anno Mundi
439:alter Stil
431:stili novi
411:stilo novo
407:stili novi
203:170
155:leap years
2405:Year zero
2385:Chronicle
2328:Seriation
2263:Lead–lead
2137:Standards
2118:Deep time
2078:Ephemeris
1964:Lunisolar
1928:Gregorian
1921:Gregorian
1882:Calendars
1845:Era names
1815:Anka year
1694:Human Era
1624:Astronomy
856:Bond 1875
828:Bond 1875
768:19 August
703:See also
522:The Hague
518:John Coke
351:Sovnarkom
345:dates of
274:Charles I
237:, to the
74:New Style
66:Old Style
2400:Timeline
2238:Ice core
2111:Concepts
1858:Japanese
1790:Tzolk'in
1755:Egyptian
1532:Archived
1478:18 March
1408:13 March
1402:Archived
1394:(1875).
1153:Archived
1138:Archived
1007:Archived
973:(1940).
939:18 March
879:(2003).
555:See also
526:John Dee
270:Lady Day
177:in 325.
121:Scotland
113:Lady Day
90:European
2410:Floruit
2158:Methods
2019:Iranian
1987:Islamic
1853:Chinese
1664:Periods
1634:History
1629:Geology
1384:Sources
985:(218).
832:page 91
483:Brixham
458:epitaph
306:1661/62
294:1661/62
224:In the
218:
167:reality
105:Ireland
97:England
84:to the
2206:dating
2002:Others
1968:Hebrew
1863:Korean
1674:Epochs
1495:
1441:
1351:
1239:
1196:
1069:. "An
1003:553864
1001:
887:
675:
671:
669:for 31
343:Julian
327:Russia
257:, and
133:Russia
115:, the
72:) and
2039:Aztec
1983:Lunar
1978:Solar
1972:Hindu
1835:Limmu
1795:Haab'
1750:Hijri
1518:(1).
1431:(PDF)
1345:(PDF)
1309:Slate
1287:6 May
999:JSTOR
874:e.g.
813:[
791:[
586:Notes
520:from
435:a.St.
427:St.N.
423:St.n.
415:st.n.
399:st.v.
161:, as
101:Wales
2034:Maya
1769:Yuga
1669:Eras
1651:Time
1493:ISBN
1480:2007
1439:ISBN
1410:2016
1349:ISBN
1317:2013
1289:2017
1237:ISBN
1194:ISBN
941:2007
885:ISBN
860:xvii
770:2023
488:The
429:for
320:and
107:and
78:N.S.
70:O.S.
1567:by
1524:doi
1516:149
991:doi
505:".
425:or
409:or
95:In
2437::
1970:,
1530:.
1514:.
1510:.
1433:.
1420:;
1357:.
1306:.
1223:^
1208:^
1180:^
1148:.
1090:34
1087:33
1081:17
1047:.
1024:.
1005:.
997:.
983:55
981:.
977:.
893:.
867:^
858:,
830:,
809:.
787:.
753:^
731:.
528:,
437:("
253:,
103:,
99:,
1989:)
1985:(
1974:)
1966:(
1771:)
1767:(
1597:e
1590:t
1583:v
1526::
1501:.
1482:.
1447:.
1412:.
1319:.
1291:.
1245:.
1202:.
1175:.
1163:.
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